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{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Macedon.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Macedonia"}
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Macedonia, click {z,"18.667308,39.265302,25.020137,44.098797",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 25,333 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 24,856 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly larger than Vermont
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 748 km
{3}border countries:{4} Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221
km (all with Serbia)
{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km (landlocked)
{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)
{2}International disputes:{4} dispute with Greece over name; in September 1995, Skopje and Athens
signed an interim accord resolving their dispute over symbols and certain constitutional
provisions; Athens also lifted its economic embargo on the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia
{2}Climate:{4} hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
{2}Terrain:{4} mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes,
each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River
{3}lowest point:{4} Vardar River 50 m
{3}highest point:{4} Korab 2,753 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore,
asbestos, sulfur, timber
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 5%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 5%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 20%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 30%
{3}other:{4} 40%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} NA sq km
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from metallurgical plants
{2}natural hazards:{4} high seismic risks
{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to
Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4} 2,104,035 (July 1996 est.)
{3}note:{4} the Macedonian government census of July 1994 put the population at 1.94 million, but
ethnic allocations were likely undercounted
{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 22% (male 242,593; female 228,563)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 68% (male 728,969; female 703,665)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 10% (male 90,363; female 109,882) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4} 0.46% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4} 13.31 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4} 8.47 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4} -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.08 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.06 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.82 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 71.94 years
{3}male:{4} 69.86 years
{3}female:{4} 74.18 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.82 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Macedonian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Macedonian
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Macedonian 65%, Albanian 22%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, Gypsies 3%, other 4%
{2}Religions:{4} Eastern Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%
{2}Languages:{4} Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
{2}Literacy:{4} NA
{1}Government{4}
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
{3}conventional short form:{4} none
{3}local long form:{4} Republika Makedonija
{3}local short form:{4} Makedonija
abbreviation: FYROM
{2}Type of government:{4} emerging democracy
{2}Capital:{4} Skopje
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 34 counties (opstinas, singular - opstina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar,
Delcevo, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo,
Kumanovo, Murgasevo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar,
Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti
Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica
{2}Independence:{4} 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
{2}National holiday:{4} 8 September
{2}Constitution:{4} adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal
{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) was elected by the Assembly
in 1991 and reelected by popular vote in 1994; election last held 16 October 1994 (next to be held
NA 1997); results - percent of vote NA; note - following a failed assassination attempt on the
president in October 1995, then Parliamentary Speaker Stojan ANDOV was acting president;
GLIGOROV resumed his duties in early 1996
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 September 1992) was
appointed by the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers were elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly;
note - after the withdrawal of the Liberal Party from the ruling coalition in early 1996, the Council of
Ministers was reorganized without LP participation
{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
Assembly (Sobranje): elections last held 16 and 30 October 1994 (next to be held NA November
1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) SDSM 58, LP 29, SPM 8, PDP 10,
NDP 4, independents 7, other 4
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Judicial Council; Judicial Court of
the Republic, judges are elected by the Judicial Council
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist
Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP), Abdurahman
HALITI, president; National Democratic Party (NDP), Ilijas HALINI, president; Alliance of Reform
Forces of Macedonia - Liberal Party (SRSM-LP), Stojan ANDOV, president; Socialist Party of
Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization -
Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI,
president; Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president; Democratic
Party (DP), Petar GOSEV, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity of Albanians (PDPA), Arben
XHAFFERI, president
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); Democratic
Party of Serbs; Democratic Party of Turks; Party for Democratic Action (Slavic Muslim)
{2}International organization participation:{4} CCC, CE, CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Ljubica ACEVSKA
{3}chancery:{4} 3050 K Street, NW, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20007
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 337 3063
{3}FAX:{4} [1] (202) 337 3093
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador-designate Christopher HILL; Charge d'Affaires Victor D. COMRAS
{3}embassy:{4} ul. 27 Mart No. 5, 9100 Skopje
{3}mailing address:{4} United States Liaison Office Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC
20521-7120 (pouch)
{3}telephone:{4} [389] (91) 116-180
{3}FAX:{4} [389] (91) 117-103
{3}note:{4} the US agreed to establish full diplomatic relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia in September 1995, and to upgrade the Liaison Office to an Embassy
{2}Flag:{4} a rising yellow sun with 8 rays extending to the edges of the red field
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the poorest republic
in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own
agricultural and coal resources. Its economic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or
enlarged with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The economy
depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and most of its modern machinery and parts.
An important supplement of GDP is the remittances from thousands of Macedonians working in
Germany and other West European nations. The end of sanctions on Serbia and the lifting of the
Greek embargo on Macedonia have reopened its natural trade corridors, but the country has been
slow to capitalize on these opportunities. Moreover, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's
geographical isolation, technological underdevelopment, and potential political instability place it
far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. An internal commitment to economic
reform would encourage foreign investment over the long run.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $1.9 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 4%
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $880 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 24%
{3}industry:{4} 44%
{3}services:{4} 32%
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 14.8% (1995 est.)
{2}Labor force:{4} 591,773 (June 1994)
{3}by occupation:{4} manufacturing and mining 40% (1992)
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 37% (1995 est.)
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
{2}Industries:{4} coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood products, tobacco
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} -14% (1993)
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 1,600,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 6.046 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 2,941 kWh (1992)
{2}Agriculture:{4} rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, millet, cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables;
beef, pork, poultry, mutton
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
{2}Exports:{4} $916.2 million (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous
manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and
tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% (1990)
{3}partners:{4} principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany,
Greece, Albania
{2}Imports:{4} $199 million (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport
equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials 10%, miscellaneous
manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% (1990)
{3}partners:{4} other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria
{2}External debt:{4} $737.1 million (1994)
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $NA
{3}note:{4} US, $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance); in December 1995, the EU
agreed to provide a credit line of ECU 21.7 million for investment projects
{2}Currency:{4} the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature 26 April 1992, was initially
issued in the form of a coupon pegged to the German mark; subsequently repegged to a basket of
seven currencies
{2}Exchange rates:{4} denar per US$1 - 38.8 (December 1995), 39 (November 1994), 865 (October
1992)
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 699 km
standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (232 km electrified) (1995)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 10,591 km
{3}paved:{4} 5,091 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 5,500 km (1991 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} none, lake transport only
{2}Pipelines:{4} none
{2}Ports:{4} none
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 16
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 12
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 2 (1995 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 125,000
{2}Telephone system:{4}
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} NA
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 6, FM 2, shortwave 0
{2}Radios:{4} 369,000 (1992 est.)
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 5 (relays 2)
{2}Televisions:{4} 327,011 (1992 est.)
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 571,927
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 458,231
males reach military age (19) annually: 16,698 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} 7 billion denars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense
expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results