Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/125.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 15KB | 355 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Kazakst.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Kazakstan"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Kazakstan, click {z,"46.582848,31.384392,88.976109,63.862334",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Central Asia, northwest of China

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 2,717,300 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 2,669,800 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly less than four times the size of Texas

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 12,012 km
{3}border countries:{4} China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km,
Uzbekistan 2,203 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km (landlocked)
{3}note:{4} Kazakstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)

{2}International disputes:{4} Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined

{2}Climate:{4} continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

{2}Terrain:{4} extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to
oasis and desert in Central Asia
{3}lowest point:{4} Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
{3}highest point:{4} Zhengis Shingy 7,439 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel,
cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 15%
{3}permanent crops:{4} NEGL%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 57%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 4%
{3}other:{4} 24%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 23,080 sq km (1990)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its former defense industries
and test ranges are found throughout the country and pose health risks for humans and animals;
industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral
Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical
pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into
noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural
chemicals and salinization from faulty irrigation practices

{2}natural hazards:{4} NA

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Ship Pollution; signed, but not
ratified - Desertification

{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 16,916,463 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 30% (male 2,576,204; female 2,486,937)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 63% (male 5,203,035; female 5,451,404)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 7% (male 384,341; female 814,542) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} -0.15% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 19.02 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 9.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} -10.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.95 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.47 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.93 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 63.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 64.09 years
{3}male:{4} 58.56 years
{3}female:{4} 69.9 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 2.36 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Kazakstani(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Kazakstani

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Kazak (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek
2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official data)

{2}Religions:{4} Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

{2}Languages:{4} Kazak (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of population, Russian
(language of interethnic communication) spoken by two-thirds of population and used in everyday
business

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 98%
{3}male:{4} 99%
{3}female:{4} 96%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Kazakstan
{3}conventional short form:{4} Kazakstan
{3}local long form:{4} Qazaqstan Respublikasy
{3}local short form:{4} none
{3}former:{4} Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} Almaty

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty
Qalasy*, Almaty Oblysy, Aqmola Oblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan
Oblysy (Oral), Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy
(Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Semey
Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan
Oblysy (Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy, Zhambyl Oblysy, Zhezqazghan
Oblysy
{3}note:{4} names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from oblys name

{2}Independence:{4} 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

{2}Constitution:{4} adopted 28 January 1993; has been amended in April 1995 and August 1995

{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since 22 February 1990) was elected
chairman of the Supreme Soviet 22 February 1990, and president by popular election 1 December
1991; was elected for a five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 1 December 1991
(next to be held NA 2000); results - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed; note - President
NAZARBAYEV's term was extended to the year 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April
1995
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since 12 October 1994) and First
Deputy Prime Ministers Nigmatzhan ISINGARIN (since 12 October 1994) were appointed by the
president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister
{3}note:{4} President NAZARBAYEV has expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can
initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve parliament, call
referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities

{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral Parliament
Senate: elections (indirect) last held 5 December 1995 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent
of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) "independent" state officials 25, progovernment parties 11,
other parties 2, vacant 9 (of which 7 are to be nominated by the president)
Majilis: elections last held 9 December and 23 December 1995 (next to be held NA); percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) seats by party NA; note - 172 candidates were forwarded by
parties and social organizations and 113 candidates were independents

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} ALASH party; People's Unity Party (PUP; was Union of People's
Unity), Akhan BIZHANOV, chairman; Democratic Party, Tulegen ZHUKEYEV and Altynbek
SARSENBAYEV, cochairmen; People's Congress of Kazakstan (PCK), Olzhas SULEYMENOV,
chairman; Socialist Party of Kazakstan (SPK; former Communist Party), Petr SVOIK, chairman;
Communist Party, Baidabek TULEPBAYEV; National Democratic Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV,
chairman; AZAT party, Khasen KOZH-AKHMET, chairman; Confederation of Trade Unions of the
Republic of Kazakstan; Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakstan (KPU); Slavic Movement LAD,
Aleksandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman; Party for Social Justice and Economic Revival "Tagibat";
Social Democratic Party, Dos KUSHIMOV, cochairman; People's Cooperative Party, Umirzak
SARSENOV, chairman; Organization of Veterans; Republican Party

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} Independent Trade Union Center, Leonid SOLOMIN, president;
Kazakstani-American Bureau on Human Rights, Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director;
Democratic Committee on Human Rights; Independent Miners Union

{2}International organization participation:{4} AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Bolat NURGALIYEV
{3}chancery:{4} (temporary) 3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone] through 4507
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador A. Elizabeth JONES
{3}embassy:{4} 99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakstan 480012
{3}mailing address:{4} use embassy street address
{3}telephone:{4} [7] [phone], 63-13-75, 63-24-26
{3}FAX:{4} [7] [phone]

{2}Flag:{4} sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring
above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in
yellow


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Kazakstan, the second largest of the former Soviet states in territory,
possesses enormous untapped fossil-fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals
and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands
accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kazakstan's industrial sector rests on the
extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a relatively large machine
building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some
defense items. The breakup of the USSR and the collapse of demand for Kazakstan's traditional
heavy industry products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since 1991, with the
steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. The government has pursued a moderate program of
economic reform and privatization, resulting in a gradual lifting of state controls over economic
activity and a shifting of assets into the private sector. Nevertheless, government control over key
sectors of the economy remains strong. Moreover, continued lack of pipeline transportation for
expanded oil exports has closed off a likely source of economic recovery.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $46.9 billion (1995 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank
estimate for 1994)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} -8.9% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $2,700 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 28.5%
{3}industry:{4} 41.5%
{3}services:{4} 30% (1991 est.)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 60.3% (1995 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 7.356 million
{3}by occupation:{4} industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 26%, other 43% (1992)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 1.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of
underemployed workers (September 1995 est.)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

{2}Industries:{4} oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold,
silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural
machinery, electric motors, construction materials; much of industrial capacity is shut down and/or
is in need of repair

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} -8% (1995)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 17,380,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 65.7 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 3,700 kWh (1995 est.)

{2}Agriculture:{4} grain, mostly spring wheat, cotton; wool, meat

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption;
government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
and North America from Southwest Asia

{2}Exports:{4} $5.1 billion (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat, coal
{3}partners:{4} Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

{2}Imports:{4} $3.9 billion (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas
{3}partners:{4} Russia and other former Soviet republics, China

{2}External debt:{4} $2.5 billion (of which $1.3 billion to Russia)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $10 million (1993)
{3}note:{4} commitments, 1992-95, $4,780 million ($1,795 million disbursements)

{2}Currency:{4} national currency, the tenge, introduced on 15 November 1993

{2}Exchange rates:{4} tenges per US$1 - 64 (yearend 1995), 54 (yearend 1994)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 13,841 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines
{3}broad gauge:{4} 13,841 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1992)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 87,873 km public roads
{3}paved:{4} 82,568 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 5,305 km (1994)

{2}Waterways:{4} 4,002 km on the Syrdariya River and Ertis River

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992)

{2}Ports:{4} Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey
(Semipalatinsk)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 352
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 7
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 23
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 11
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 5
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 9
{3}with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 9
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 8
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 25
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 65
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 190 (1994 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 2.2 million

{2}Telephone system:{4} service is poor
{3}domestic:{4} landline and microwave radio relay
{3}international:{4} international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline
and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and through 8 international
telecommunications circuits at the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations -
1 Intelsat and a new satellite earth station established at Almaty of unknown type

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

{2}Radios:{4} 4.088 million (with multiple speakers for program diffusion 6.082 million)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} NA; Orbita (TV receive only) earth station

{2}Televisions:{4} 4.75 million


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and
border troops); Kazakstan may also be establishing a maritime force - navy or coast guard - on
the Caspian Sea

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 4,399,356
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 3,516,583
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 154,750 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} 18.9 billion tenges, NA% of GDP (1995); note - conversion of defense
expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results