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- =head1 NAME
-
- a2p - Awk to Perl translator
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- B<a2p [options] filename>
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- I<A2p> takes an awk script specified on the command line (or from
- standard input) and produces a comparable I<perl> script on the
- standard output.
-
- =head2 Options
-
- Options include:
-
- =over 5
-
- =item B<-DE<lt>numberE<gt>>
-
- sets debugging flags.
-
- =item B<-FE<lt>characterE<gt>>
-
- tells a2p that this awk script is always invoked with this B<-F>
- switch.
-
- =item B<-nE<lt>fieldlistE<gt>>
-
- specifies the names of the input fields if input does not have to be
- split into an array. If you were translating an awk script that
- processes the password file, you might say:
-
- a2p -7 -nlogin.password.uid.gid.gcos.shell.home
-
- Any delimiter can be used to separate the field names.
-
- =item B<-E<lt>numberE<gt>>
-
- causes a2p to assume that input will always have that many fields.
-
- =item B<-o>
-
- tells a2p to use old awk behavior. The only current differences are:
-
- =over 5
-
- =item *
-
- Old awk always has a line loop, even if there are no line
- actions, whereas new awk does not.
-
- =item *
-
- In old awk, sprintf is extremely greedy about its arguments.
- For example, given the statement
-
- print sprintf(some_args), extra_args;
-
- old awk considers I<extra_args> to be arguments to C<sprintf>; new awk
- considers them arguments to C<print>.
-
- =back
-
- =back
-
- =head2 "Considerations"
-
- A2p cannot do as good a job translating as a human would, but it
- usually does pretty well. There are some areas where you may want to
- examine the perl script produced and tweak it some. Here are some of
- them, in no particular order.
-
- There is an awk idiom of putting int() around a string expression to
- force numeric interpretation, even though the argument is always
- integer anyway. This is generally unneeded in perl, but a2p can't
- tell if the argument is always going to be integer, so it leaves it
- in. You may wish to remove it.
-
- Perl differentiates numeric comparison from string comparison. Awk
- has one operator for both that decides at run time which comparison to
- do. A2p does not try to do a complete job of awk emulation at this
- point. Instead it guesses which one you want. It's almost always
- right, but it can be spoofed. All such guesses are marked with the
- comment "C<#???>". You should go through and check them. You might
- want to run at least once with the B<-w> switch to perl, which will
- warn you if you use == where you should have used eq.
-
- Perl does not attempt to emulate the behavior of awk in which
- nonexistent array elements spring into existence simply by being
- referenced. If somehow you are relying on this mechanism to create
- null entries for a subsequent for...in, they won't be there in perl.
-
- If a2p makes a split line that assigns to a list of variables that
- looks like (Fld1, Fld2, Fld3...) you may want to rerun a2p using the
- B<-n> option mentioned above. This will let you name the fields
- throughout the script. If it splits to an array instead, the script
- is probably referring to the number of fields somewhere.
-
- The exit statement in awk doesn't necessarily exit; it goes to the END
- block if there is one. Awk scripts that do contortions within the END
- block to bypass the block under such circumstances can be simplified
- by removing the conditional in the END block and just exiting directly
- from the perl script.
-
- Perl has two kinds of array, numerically-indexed and associative.
- Perl associative arrays are called "hashes". Awk arrays are usually
- translated to hashes, but if you happen to know that the index is
- always going to be numeric you could change the {...} to [...].
- Iteration over a hash is done using the keys() function, but iteration
- over an array is NOT. You might need to modify any loop that iterates
- over such an array.
-
- Awk starts by assuming OFMT has the value %.6g. Perl starts by
- assuming its equivalent, $#, to have the value %.20g. You'll want to
- set $# explicitly if you use the default value of OFMT.
-
- Near the top of the line loop will be the split operation that is
- implicit in the awk script. There are times when you can move this
- down past some conditionals that test the entire record so that the
- split is not done as often.
-
- For aesthetic reasons you may wish to change the array base $[ from 1
- back to perl's default of 0, but remember to change all array
- subscripts AND all substr() and index() operations to match.
-
- Cute comments that say "# Here is a workaround because awk is dumb"
- are passed through unmodified.
-
- Awk scripts are often embedded in a shell script that pipes stuff into
- and out of awk. Often the shell script wrapper can be incorporated
- into the perl script, since perl can start up pipes into and out of
- itself, and can do other things that awk can't do by itself.
-
- Scripts that refer to the special variables RSTART and RLENGTH can
- often be simplified by referring to the variables $`, $& and $', as
- long as they are within the scope of the pattern match that sets them.
-
- The produced perl script may have subroutines defined to deal with
- awk's semantics regarding getline and print. Since a2p usually picks
- correctness over efficiency. it is almost always possible to rewrite
- such code to be more efficient by discarding the semantic sugar.
-
- For efficiency, you may wish to remove the keyword from any return
- statement that is the last statement executed in a subroutine. A2p
- catches the most common case, but doesn't analyze embedded blocks for
- subtler cases.
-
- ARGV[0] translates to $ARGV0, but ARGV[n] translates to $ARGV[$n]. A
- loop that tries to iterate over ARGV[0] won't find it.
-
- =head1 ENVIRONMENT
-
- A2p uses no environment variables.
-
- =head1 AUTHOR
-
- Larry Wall E<lt>F<larry@wall.org>E<gt>
-
- =head1 FILES
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- perl The perl compiler/interpreter
-
- s2p sed to perl translator
-
- =head1 DIAGNOSTICS
-
- =head1 BUGS
-
- It would be possible to emulate awk's behavior in selecting string
- versus numeric operations at run time by inspection of the operands,
- but it would be gross and inefficient. Besides, a2p almost always
- guesses right.
-
- Storage for the awk syntax tree is currently static, and can run out.
-