home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
The C Users' Group Library 1994 August
/
wc-cdrom-cusersgrouplibrary-1994-08.iso
/
vol_100
/
197_01
/
emacs.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1979-12-31
|
124KB
|
4,555 lines
MicroEMACS
Full Screen Text Editor
Reference Manual (preliminary draft)
Version 3.9
June 29, 1987
(C)opyright 1987 by Daniel M. Lawrence
Reference Manual (C)opyright 1987
by Brian Straight and Daniel M. Lawrence
All Rights Reserved
MicroEMACS 3.9 can be copied and distributed freely
for any non-commercial purposes. MicroEMACS 3.9 can
only be incorporated into commercial software with
the permission of the current author.
Introduction
MicroEMACS is a tool for creating and changing documents,
programs, and other text files. It is both relatively easy for the
novice to use, but also very powerfull in the hands of an expert.
MicroEMACS can be extensively customized for the needs of the individual
user.
MicroEMACS allows several files to be edited at the same time.
The screen can be split into different windows, and text may be moved
freely from one window to the next. Depending on the type of file being
edited, MicroEMACS can change how it behaves to make editing simple.
Editing standard text files, program files and wordprocessing documents
are all possible at the same time.
There are extensive capabilities to make word processing and
editing easier. These include commands for string searching and
replacing, paragraph reformatting and deleting, automatic word wrapping,
word move and deletes, easy case controling, and automatic word counts.
For complex and repetitive editing tasks editing macroes can be
written. These macroes allow the user a great degree of flexibility in
determining how MicroEMACS behaves. Also any and all the commands can
be used by any keystroke by changing, or rebinding, what commands
various keys are connected, or bound, to.
Special features are also available to perform a diverse set of
operations such as file encryption, automatic backup file generation,
entabbing and detabbing lines, executing of DOS commands and filtering
of text through other programs (like SORT to allow sorting text).
History
EMACS was originally a text editor written by Richard Stahlman
at MIT in the early 1970s for Digital Equipment computers. Various
versions, rewrites and clones have made an appearence since.
This version of MicroEMACS is derived from code written by Dave
G. Conroy in 1985. Later modifications were performed by Steve Wilhite
and George Jones. In December of 1985 Daniel Lawrence picked up the
then current source (version 2.0) and has made extensive modifications
and additions to it over the course of the next two years. Updates and
support for the current version is still in progress. The current
program author can be contacted by writing to:
USMAIL: Daniel Lawrence
617 New York St
Lafayette, IN 47901
UUCP: ihnp4!pur-ee!pur-phy!duncan!lawrence
ARPA: nwd@j.cc.purdue.edu
FIDO: Fido 201/2 The Programmer's Room (317) 742-5533
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Basic Concepts
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
The current version of MicroEMACS is 3.9 (Third major re-write,
eighth public release, Ith (or ninth) minor release), and for the rest
of this document, we shall simply refer to this version as "EMACS". Any
modifications for later versions will be listed in the appendixes at the
end of this manual.
1.1 Keys and the Keyboard
Many times throught this manual we will be talking about
commands and the keys on the keyboard needed use them. There are a
number of "special" keys which can be used and are listed here:
<NL> NewLine which is also called RETURN or ENTER, this key
is used to end different commands.
^ The control key can be used before any alphabetic
character and some symbols. For example, ^C means to
hold down the <CONTROL> key and type the C key at the
same time.
^X The CONTROL-X key is used at the beginning of many
different commands.
META or M- This is a special EMACS key used to begin many commands
as well. This key is pressed, and then released before
typing the next character. On most systems, this is
the <ESC> key, but it can be changed. (consult
appendix D to learn what key is used for META on your
computer).
Whenever a command is described, the manual will list the actual
keystokes needed to execute it in boldface using the above conventions,
and also the name of the command in italics.
1.2 Getting Started
In order to use EMACS, you must call it up from your system's or
computer's command prompt. On UNIX and MSDOS machines, just type
"emacs" from the main command prompt and follow it with the <RETURN> or
1
Basic Concepts MicroEMACS Reference Manual
<ENTER> key (we will refer to this key as <NL> for "new-line" for the
remainder of this manual). On the Macintosh, the Amiga, the ATARI ST
and other icon based operating systems, double click on the uEMACS icon.
Shortly after this, a screen similar to the one below should appear.
1.3 Parts and Pieces
The screen is divided into a number of areas or windows. On
some systems the top window contains a function list of unshifted and
shifted function keys. We will discuss these keys later. Below them is
an EMACS mode line which, as we will see, informs you of the present
mode of operation of the editor--for example "(WRAP)" if you set EMACS
to wrap at the end of each line. Under the mode line is the text window
where text appears and is manipulated. Since each window has its own
mode line, below the text window is it's mode line. The last line of
the screen is the command line where EMACS takes commands and reports on
what it is doing.
===============================================================================
f1 search f2 search back : F1 toggle function list F2 toggle help file
f3 hunt f4 hunt back : F3 find command/apropos F4 describe key
f5 next window f6 exec macro : F5 reformat paragraph F6 ref undented region
f7 find file f8 exec file : F7 indent region F8 undent region
f9 save file f10 exit emacs : F9 execute DOS command F10 shell up
===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.9 () -- Function Keys ---------------------------------------
===============================================================================
===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.9 () -- Main ------------------------------------------------
===============================================================================
Fig 1: EMACS screen on an IBM-PC
1.4 Entering Text
Entering text in EMACS is simple. Type the following sentence
fragment:
Fang Rock lighthouse, center of a series of mysterious and
2
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Basic Concepts
The text is displayed at the top of the text window. Now type:
terrifying events at the turn of the century
Notice the text to the left of the cursor disappears and a '$'
sign appears. Don't panic--your text is safe!!! You've just discovered
that EMACS doesn't "wrap" text to the next line like most word
processors unless you hit <NL>. But since EMACS is used for both word
processing, and text editing, it has a bit of a dual personality. You
can change the way it works by setting various modes. In this case, you
need to set WRAP mode, using the add-mode command, by typing ^X-M. The
command line at the base of the screen will prompt you for the mode you
wish to add. Type wrap followed by the <NL> key and any text you now
enter will be wrapped. However, the command doesn't wrap text already
entered. To get rid of the truncated line, delete characters with the
<BACKSPACE> key until the '$' goes away. Now type in the words you
deleted, watch how EMACS goes down to the next line at the right time.
(In some versions of EMACS, WRAP is a default mode in which case you
don't have to worry about the instructions relating to adding this
mode.)
Now let's type a longer insert. Hit <NL> a couple of times to
tab down from the text you just entered. Now type the following
paragraphs. Press <NL> twice to indicate a paragraph break.
Fang Rock lighthouse, center of a series of mysterious and
terrifying events at the turn of the century, is built on a
rocky island a few miles of the Channel coast. So small is
the island that wherever you stand its rocks are wet with
sea spray.
The lighthouse tower is in the center of the island. A
steep flight of steps leads to the heavy door in its base.
Winding stairs lead up to the crew room.
1.5 Basic cursor movement
Now let's practice moving around in this text. To move the
cursor back to the word "Winding," enter M-B previous-word. This
command moves the cursor backwards by one word at a time. Note you have
to press the key combination every time the cursor steps back by one
word. Continuously pressing META and toggling B produces an error
message. To move forward to the word "stairs" enter M-F, which moves
the cursor forward by one word at a time.
Notice that EMACS commands are usually mnemonic--F for forward,
B for backward, for example.
To move the cursor up one line, enter ^P previous-line, down one
line ^N next-line. Practice this movement by moving the cursor to the
word "terrifying" in the second line.
3
Basic Concepts MicroEMACS Reference Manual
The cursor may also be moved forward or backward in smaller
increments. To move forward by one character, enter ^F forward-
character, to move backward, ^B backward-character. EMACS also allows
you to specify a number which is normally used to tell a command to
execute many times. To repeat most commands, press META and then the
number before you enter the command. Thus, the command META 5 ^F
(M-5^F) will move the cursor forward by five characters. Try moving
around in the text by using these commands. For extra practice, see how
close you can come to the word "small" in the first paragraph by giving
an argument to the commands listed here.
Two other simple cursor commands that are useful to help us move
around in the text are M-N next-paragraph which moves the cursor to the
second paragraph, and M-P previous-paragraph which moves it back to the
previous paragraph. The cursor may also be moved rapidly from one end
of the line to the other. Move the cursor to the word "few" in the
second line. Press ^A beginning-of-line. Notice the cursor moves to
the word "events" at the beginning of the line. Pressing ^E end-of-line
moves the cursor to the end of the line.
Finally, the cursor may be moved from any point in the file to
the end or beginning of the file. Entering M-> end-of-file moves the
cursor to the end of the buffer, M-< beginning-of-file to the first
character of the file.
On the IBM-PC, the ATARI ST and many other machines, the cursor
keys can also be used to move the cursor about. Also, if there is one
available, moving the mouse will move the cursor.
Practice moving the cursor in the text until you are comfortable
with the commands we've explored in this chapter.
1.6 Saving your text
When you've finished practicing cursor movement, save your file.
Your file currently resides in a BUFFER. The buffer is a temporary
storage area for your text, and is lost when the computer is turned off.
You can save the buffer to a file by entering ^X-^S save-file. Notice
that EMACS informs you that your file has no name and will not let you
save it.
To save your buffer to a file with a different name than it's
current one (which is empty), press ^X^W write-file. EMACS will prompt
you for the filename you wish to write. Enter the name fang.txt and
press return. On a micro, the drive light will come on, and EMACS will
inform you it is writing the file. When it finishes, it will inform you
of the number of lines it has written to the disk.
Congratulations!! You've just saved your first EMACS file!
4
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Basic Concepts
Chapter 1 Summary
In chapter 1, you learned how to enter text, how to use wrap
mode, how to move the cursor, and to save a buffer. The following is a
table of the commands covered in this chapter and their corresponding
key bindings:
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
abort-command ^G aborts current command
add-mode ^XM allows addition of EMACS
mode such as WRAP
backward-character ^B moves cursor left one character
beginning-of-file M-< moves cursor to beginning of file
beginning-of-line ^A moves cursor to beginning of line
end-of-file M-> moves cursor to end of file
end-of-line ^E moves cursor to end of line
forward-character ^F moves cursor right one character
next-line ^N moves cursor to next line
next-paragraph M-N moves cursor to next paragraph
next-word M-F moves cursor forward one word
previous-line ^P moves cursor backward by one line
previous-paragraph M-P moves cursor to previous paragraph
previous-word M-B moves cursor backward by one word
save-file ^X-^S saves current buffer to a file
write-file ^X-^W save current buffer under a new name
5
Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions MicroEMACS Reference
Manual
Chapter 2
Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions
2.1 A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and Modes
In the first chapter, you learned how to create and save a file
in EMACS. Let's do some more editing on this file. Call up emacs by
typing in the following command.
emacs fang.txt
On icon oriented systems, double click on the uEMACS icon,
usually a file dialog box of some sort will appear. Choose FANG.TXT
from the appropriate folder.
Shortly after you invoke EMACS, the text should appear on the
screen ready for you to edit. The text you are looking at currently
resides in a buffer. A buffer is a temporary area of computer memory
which is the primary unit internal to EMACS -- this is the place where
EMACS goes to work. The mode line at the bottom of the screen lists the
buffer name, FANG.TXT and the name of the file with which this buffer is
associated, FANG.TXT
The computer talks to you through the use of its screen. This
screen usually has an area of 24 lines each of 80 characters across.
You can use EMACS to subdivide the screen into several separate work
areas, or windows, each of which can be 'looking into' different files
or sections of text. Using windows, you can work on several related
texts at one time, copying and moving blocks of text between windows
with ease. To keep track of what you are editing, each window is
identified by a mode line on the last line of the window which lists the
name of the buffer which it is looking into, the file from which the
text was read, and how the text is being edited.
An EMACS mode tells EMACS how to deal with user input. As we
have already seen, the mode 'WRAP' controls how EMACS deals with long
lines (lines with over 79 characters) while the user is typing them in.
The 'VIEW' mode, allows you to read a file without modifying it. Modes
are associated with buffers and not with files; hence, a mode needs to
be explicitly set or removed every time you edit a file. A new file
read into a buffer with a previously specified mode will be edited under
this mode. If you use specific modes frequently, EMACS allows you to
set the modes which are used by all new buffers, called global modes.
6
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and
Deletions
2.2 Insertions
Your previously-saved text should look like this:
Fang Rock lighthouse, center of a series of mysterious and
terrifying events at the turn of the century, is built on a
rocky island a few miles of the Channel coast. So small is
the island that wherever you stand its rocks are wet with
sea spray.
The lighthouse tower is in the center of the island. A
steep flight of steps leads to the heavy door in its base.
Winding stairs lead up to the crew room.
Let's assume you want to add a sentence in the second paragraph
after the word "base." Move the cursor until it is on the "W" of
"Winding". Now type the following:
This gives entry to the lower floor where the big steam
generator throbs steadily away, providing power for the
electric lantern.
If the line fails to wrap and you end up with a '$' sign in the
right margin, just enter M-Q fill-paragraph to reformat the paragraph.
This new command attempts to fill out a paragraph. Long lines are
divided up, and words are shuffled around to make the paragraph look
nicer.
Notice that all visible EMACS characters are self-inserting --
all you had to do was type the characters to insert and the exisiting
text made space for it. With a few exceptions discussed later, all non-
printing characters (such as control or escape sequences) are commands.
To insert spaces, simply use the space bar. Now move to the first line
of the file and type ^O open-line (Oh, not zero). You've just learned
how to insert a blank line in your text.
2.3 Deletions
EMACS offers a number of deletion options. For example, move
the cursor until it's under the period at the end of the insertion you
just did. Press the backspace key. Notice the "n" on "lantern"
disappeared. The backspace implemented on EMACS is called a destructive
backspace--it removes text immediately before the current cursor
position from the buffer. Now type ^H delete-previous-character.
Notice that the cursor moves back and obliterates the "r"--either
command will backspace the cursor.
Type in the two letters you erased to restore your text and move
the cursor to the obeginning of the buffer M-> beginning-of-file. Move
the cursor down one line to the beginning of the first paragraph.
7
Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions MicroEMACS Reference
Manual
To delete the forward character, type ^D delete-next-character.
The "F" of "Fang" disappears. Continue to type ^D until the whole word
is erased EMACS also permits the deletion of larger elements of text.
Move the cursor to the word "center" in the first line of text.
Pressing M-<backspace> delete-previous-word kills the word immediately
before the cursor. M-^H has the same effect.
Notice that the commands are very similar to the control
commands you used to delete individual letters. As a general rule in
EMACS, control sequences affect small areas of text, META sequences
larger areas. The word forward of the cursor position can therefore be
deleted by typing M-D delete-next-word. Now let's take out the
remainder of the first line by typing ^K kill-to-end-of-line. You now
have a blank line at the top of your screen. Typing ^K again or ^X-^O
delete-blank-lines deletes the blank line and flushes the second line to
the top of the text. Now exit EMACS by typing ^X-^C exit-emacs. Notice
EMACS reminds you that you have not saved your buffer. Ignore the
warning and exit. This way you can exit EMACS without saving any of the
changes you just made.
Chapter 2 Summary
In Chapter 2, you learned about the basic 'building blocks' of
an EMACS text file--buffers, windows, and files.
Key binding Keystroke Effect
delete-previous-character
^H deletes character immediately before
the current cursor position
delete-next-character ^D deletes character immediately after
current cursor position
delete-previous-word M-^H deletes word immediately before
current cursor position
delete-next-word M-D deletes word immediately after
current cursor position
kill-to-end-of-line ^K deletes from current cursor
position to end of line
insert-space ^C inserts a space to right of cursor
open-line ^O inserts blank line
delete-blank-lines ^X-^O removes blank line
exit-emacs ^X-^C exits emacs
8
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Using Regions
Chapter 3
Using Regions
3.1 Defining and Deleting a Region
At this point its time to familiarize ourselves with two more
EMACS terms--the point and the mark. The point is located directly
behind the current cursor position. The mark (as we shall see shortly)
is user defined. These two elements together are called the current
region and limit the region of text on which EMACS performs many of its
editing functions.
Let's begin by entering some new text. Don't forget to add wrap
mode if its not set on this buffer. Start EMACS and open a file called
PUBLISH.TXT. Type in the following text:
One of the largest growth areas in personal computing is
electronic publishing. There are packages available for
practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional
packages for PC and Macintosh computers.
Electronic publishing is as revolutionary in its way as the
Gutenburg press. Whereas the printing press allowed the
mass production and distribution of the written word,
electronic publishing puts the means of production in the
hands of nearly every individual. From the class magazine
to the corporate report, electronic publishing is changing
the way we produce and disseminate information.
Personal publishing greatly increases the utility of
practically every computer. Thousands of people who joined
the computer revolution of this decade only to hide their
machines unused in closets have discovered a new use for
them as dedicated publishing workstations.
Now let's do some editing. The last paragraph seems a little
out of place. To see what the document looks like without it we can cut
it from the text by moving the cursor to the beginning of the paragraph.
Enter M-<space> set-mark. EMACS will respond with "[Mark set]". Now
move the cursor to the end of the paragraph. You have just defined a
region of text. To remove this text from the screen, type ^W kill-
region. The paragraph disappears from the screen.
9
Using Regions MicroEMACS Reference Manual
On further consideration, however, perhaps the paragraph we cut
wasn't so bad after all. The problem may have been one of placement.
If we could tack it on to the end of the first paragraph it might work
quite well to support and strengthen the argument. Move the cursor to
the end of the first paragraph and enter ^Y yank. Your text should now
look like this:
One of the largest growth areas in personal computing is
electronic publishing. There are packages available for
practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional
packages for PC and Macintosh computers. Personal
publishing greatly increases the utility of practically
every computer. Thousands of people who joined the computer
revolution of this decade only to hide their machines unused
in closets have discovered a new use for them as dedicated
publishing workstations.
Electronic publishing is as revolutionary in its way as the
Gutenburg press. Whereas the printing press allowed the
mass production and distribution of the written word,
electronic publishing puts the means of production in the
hands of nearly every individual. From the class magazine to
the corporate report, electronic publishing is changing the
way we produce and disseminate information.
3.2 Yanking a Region
The text you cut initially didn't simply just disappear, it was
cut into a buffer that retains the 'killed' text appropriately called
the kill buffer. ^Y "yanks" the text back from this buffer into the
current buffer. If you have a long line (indicated, remember, by the "$"
sign), simply hit M-Q to reformat the paragraph.
There are other uses to which the kill buffer can be put. Using
the method we've already learned, define the last paragraph as a region.
Now type M-W copy-region. Nothing seems to have happened; the cursor
stays blinking at the point. But things have changed, even though you
may not be able to see any alteration.
To see what has happened to the contents of the kill buffer,
move the cursor down a couple of lines and "yank" the contents of the
kill buffer back with ^Y. Notice the last paragraph is now repeated.
The region you defined is "tacked on" to the end of your file because M-
W copies a region to the kill buffer while leaving the original text in
your working buffer. Some caution is needed however, because the
contents of the kill buffer are updated when you delete any regions,
lines or words. If you are moving large quantities of text, complete
the operation before you do any more deletions or you could find that
the text you want to move has been replaced by the most recent deletion.
Remember--a buffer is a temporary area of computer memory that is lost
when the machine is powered down or switched off. In order to make your
10
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Using Regions
changes permanent, they must be saved to a file before you leave EMACS.
Let's delete the section of text we just added and save the file to
disk.
Chapter 3 Summary
In Chapter 3, you learned how to achieve longer insertions and
deletions. The EMACS terms point and mark were introduced and you
learned how to manipulate text with the kill buffer.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Delete-Region ^W Deletes region between point and mark and
places it in KILL buffer
Copy-Region M-W Copies text between point and mark into
KILL buffer
Yank-Text ^Y Inserts a copy of the KILL buffer into
current buffer at point
11
Search and Replace MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 4
Search and Replace
4.1 Forward Search
Load EMACS and bring in the file you just saved. Your file
should look like the one below.
One of the largest growth areas in personal computing is
electronic publishing. There are packages available for
practically every machine from elegantly simple programs for
the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional
packages for PC and Macintosh computers. Personal
publishing greatly increases the utility of practically
every computer. Thousands of people who joined the computer
revolution of this decade only to hide their machines unused
in closets have discovered a new use for them as dedicated
publishing workstations.
Electronic publishing is as revolutionary in its way as the
Gutenburg press. Whereas the printing press allowed the
mass production and distribution of the written word,
electronic publishing puts the means of production in the
hands of nearly every individual. From the class magazine to
the corporate report, electronic publishing is changing the
way we produce and disseminate information.
Let's use EMACS to search for the word "revolutionary" in the
second paragraph. Because EMACS searches from the current cursor
position toward the end of buffers, and we intend to search forward,
move the cursor to the beginning of the text. Enter ^S search-forward.
Note that the command line now reads
"Search [] <META>:"
EMACS is prompting you to enter the search string -- the text
you want to find. Enter the word revolutionary and hit the META key.
The cursor moves to the end of the word "revolutionary."
Notice that you must enter the <META> key to start the search.
If you simply press <NL> the command line responds with "<NL>".
Although this may seem infuriating to users who are used to pressing the
return key to execute any command, EMACS' use of <META> to begin
searches allows it to pinpoint text with great accuracy. After every
line wrap or carriage return, EMACS 'sees' a new line character (<NL>).
12
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Search and Replace
If you need to search for a word at the end of a line, you can specify
this word uniquely in EMACS.
In our sample text for example, the word "and" occurs a number
of times, but only once at the end of a line. To search for this
particular occurance of the word, move the cursor to the beginning of
the buffer and type ^S. Notice that EMACS stores the last specified
search string as the default string. If you press <META> now, EMACS
will search for the default string, in this case, "revolutionary."
To change this string so we can search for our specified "and"
simply enter the word and followed by <NL>. The command line now shows:
"search [and<NL>]<META>:"
Press <META> and the cursor moves to "and" at the end of the
second last line.
4.2 Exact Searches
If the mode EXACT is active in the current buffer, EMACS
searches on a case sensitive basis. Thus, for example you could search
for Publishing as distinct from publishing.
4.3 Backward Search
Backward searching is very similar to forward searching except
that it is implemented in the reverse direction. To implement a reverse
search, type ^R search-reverse. Because EMACS makes no distinction
between forward and backward stored search strings, the last search item
you entered appears as the default string. Try searching back for any
word that lies between the cursor and the beginning of the buffer.
Notice that when the item is found, the point moves to the beginning of
the found string (i.e., the cursor appears under the first letter of the
search item).
Practice searching for other words in your text.
4.4 Searching and Replacing
Searching and replacing is a powerful and quick way of making
changes to your text. Our sample text is about electronic publishing,
but the correct term is 'desktop' publishing. To make the necessary
changes we need to replace all occurances of the word "electronic" with
"desktop." First, move the cursor to the top of the current buffer with
the M-< command. Then type M-R replace-string. The command line
responds:
13
Search and Replace MicroEMACS Reference Manual
"Replace []<META>:"
where the square brackets enclose the default string. Type the
word electronic and hit <META>. The command line responds:
"with []<META>"
type desktop<META>. EMACS replaces all instances of the
original word with your revision. Of course, you will have to
captialize the first letter of "desktop" where it occurs at the
beginning of a sentence.
You have just completed an unconditional replace. In this
operation, EMACS replaces every instance of the found string with the
replacement string.
4.5 Query-Replace
You may also replace text on a case by case basis. The M-^R
query-replace-string command causes EMACS to pause at each instance of
the found string.
For example, assume we want to replace some instances of the
word "desktop" with the word "personal." Go back to the beginning of the
current buffer and enter the M-^R query-replace command. The procedure
is very similar to that which you followed in the unconditional
search/replace option. When the search begins however, you will notice
that EMACS pauses at each instance of "publishing" and asks whether you
wish to replace it with the replacement string. You have a number of
options available for response:
Response Effect
Y(es) Make the current replacement and skip to the next
occurance of the search string
N(o) Do not make this replacement but continue
! Do the rest of the replacements with no more queries
U(ndo) Undo just the last replacement and query for it
again (This can only go back ONE time)
^G Abort the replacement command (This action does not
undo previously-authorized replacements
. Same effect as ^G, but cursor returns to the point at
which the replacement command was given
? This lists help for the query replacement command
Practice searching and searching and replacing until you feel
comfortable with the commands and their effects.
14
Windows MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 4 Summary
In this chapter, you learned how to search for specified strings
of text in EMACS. The chapter also dealt with searching for and
replacing elements within a buffer.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Search-Forward ^S Searches from point to end of buffer.
Point is moved from current location to
the end of the found string
Search-Backward ^R Searches from point to beginning of buffer.
Point is moved from current location to
beginning of found string
Replace M-R Replace ALL ocurrences of search string with
specified (null) string from point to the
end of the current buffer
Query-Replace M-^R As above, but pause at each found string
and query for action
16
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Windows
Chapter 5
Windows
5.1 Creating Windows
We have already met windows in an earlier chapter. In this
chapter, we will explore one of EMACS' more powerful features -- text
manipulation through multiple windowing. Windows offer you a powerful
and easy way to edit text. By manipulating a number of windows and
buffers on the screen simultaneously, you can perform complete edits and
revisions on the computer screen while having your draft text or
original data available for reference in another window.
You will recall that windows are areas of buffer text that you
can see on the screen. Because EMACS can support several screen windows
simultaneously you can use them to look into different places in the
same buffer. You can also use them to look at text in different
buffers. In effect, you can edit several files at the same time.
Let's invoke EMACS and pull back our file on desktop publishing
by typing
emacs publish.txt
When the text appears, type the ^X-2 split-window command. The
window splits into two windows. The window where the cursor resides is
called the current window -- in this case the bottom window. Notice
that each window has a text area and a mode line. The command line is
however, common to all windows on the screen.
The two windows on your screen are virtually mirror images of
each other because the new window is opened into the same buffer as the
one you are in when you issue the open-window command. All commands
issued to EMACS are executed on the current buffer in the current
window.
To move the cursor to the upper window (i.e., to make that
window the current window, type ^X-P previous-window. Notice the cursor
moves to the upper or previous window. Entering ^X-O next-window moves
to the next window. Practice moving between windows. You will notice
that you can also move into the Function Key menu by entering these
commands.
17
Windows MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Now move to the upper window. Let's open a new file. On the
EMACS disk is a tutorial file. Let's call it into the upper window by
typing:
^X-^F
and press return.
Enter the filename emacs.tut.
In a short time, the tutorial file will appear in the window.
We now have two windows on the screen, each looking into different
buffers. We have just used the ^X-^F find-file command to find a file
and bring it into our current window.
You can scroll any window up and down with the cursor keys, or
with the commands we've learned so far. However, because the area of
visible text in each window is relatively small, you can scroll the
current window a line at a time.
Type ^X-^N move-window-down
The current window scrolls down by one line -- the top line of
text scrolls out of view, and the bottom line moves towards the top of
the screen. You can imagine, if you like, the whole window slowly
moving down to the end of the buffer in increments of one line. The
command ^X-^P move-window-up scrolls the window in the opposite
direction.
As we have seen, EMACS editing commands are executed in the
current window, but the program does support a useful feature that
allows you to scroll the next window. M-^Z scroll-next-up scrolls the
next window up, M-^V scroll-next-down scrolls it downward. From the
tutorial window, practice scrolling the window with the desktop
publishing text in it up and down.
When you're finished, exit EMACS without saving any changes in
your files.
Experiment with splitting the windows on your screen. Open
windows into different buffers and experiment with any other files you
may have. Try editing the text in each window, but don't forget to save
any changes you want to keep -- you still have to save each buffer
separately.
5.2 Deleting Windows
Windows allow you to perform complex editing tasks with ease. However,
they become an inconvenience when your screen is cluttered with open
windows you have finished using. The simplest solution is to delete
18
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Windows
unneeded windows. The command ^X-0 delete-window will delete the window
you are currently working in and move you to the next window.
If you have a number of windows open, you can delete all but the
current window by entering ^X-1 delete-other-windows.
5.3 Resizing Windows
During complex editing tasks, you will probably find it
convenient to have a number of windows on the screen simultaneously.
However this situation may present inconveniences because the more
windows you have on the screen the smaller they are; in some cases, a
window may show only a couple of lines of text. To increase the
flexibility and utility of the window environment, EMACS allows you to
resize the window you are working in (called, as you will recall, the
current window) to a convenient size for easier editing, and then shrink
it when you no longer need it to be so large.
Let's try an example. Load in any EMACS text file and split the
current window into two. Now type ^X-^(Shift-6), Enlarge-window. Your
current window should be the lower one on the screen. Notice that it
increases in size upwards by one line. If you are in the upper window,
it increases in size in a downward direction. The command ^X-^Z,
Shrink-window correspondingly decreases window size by one line at a
time.
EMACS also allows you to resize a window more precisely by
entering a numeric argument specifying the size of the window in lines.
To resize the window this way, press the META key and enter a numeric
argument (remember to keep it smaller than the number of lines on your
screen display) then press ^X-W Resize-window. The current window will
be enlarged or shrunk to the number of lines specified in the numeric
argument. For example entering:
M-8 ^X-W
will resize the current window to 8 lines.
5.4 Repositioning within a Window
The cursor may be centered within a window by entering M-! or M-
^L Center-cursor. This command is especially useful in allowing you to
quickly locate the cursor if you are moving frequently from window to
window. You can also use this command to move the line containing the
cursor to any position within the current window. This is done by using
a numeric argument before the command. Type M-<n> M-^L where <n> is the
number of the line within the window that you wish the current line to
be displayed.
19
Windows MicroEMACS Reference Manual
The ^L Refresh-screen command is useful for 'cleaning up' a
'messy' screen that can result of using EMACS on a mainframe system and
being interupted by a system message.
20
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Windows
Chapter 5 summary
In Chapter 5 you learned how to manipulate windows and the
editing flexibility they offer.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Open-Window ^X-2 Splits current window into two windows if
space available
Close-Windows ^X-1 Closes all windows except current window
Next-Window ^X-O[oh] Moves point into next (i.e. downward) window
Previous-Window ^XP Moves point to previous (i.e. upward) window
Move-Window-Down ^X-^N Scrolls current window down one line
Move-Window-Up ^X-^P Scrolls current window up one line
Redraw-display M ! or Window is moved so line with point
M ^L (with cursor) is at center of window
Enlarge-Window M-X ^ or Current window is enlarged by one
M ^L line and nearest window is shrunk by
one line
Shrink-Window ^X-^Z Current window is shrunk by one line
and nearest window is enlarged by one line
Clear-and-redraw ^L Screen is blanked and redrawn. Keeps
screen updates in sync with your commands
Scroll-Next-Up M-^Z Scrolls next window up by one line
Scroll-Next-Down M-^V Scrolls next window down by one line
Delete-Window ^X-0 Deletes current window
Delete-Other-Windows ^X-1 Deletes all but current window
Resize-Window ^X-^W Resizes window to a given numeric argument
21
Buffers MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 6
Buffers
We have already learned a number of things about buffers. As
you will recall, they are the major internal entities in EMACS -- the
place where editing commands are executed. They are characterized by
their names, their modes, and by the file with which they are
associated. Each buffer also "remembers" its mark and point. This
convenient feature allows you to go to other buffers and return to the
original location in the "current" buffer.
Advanced users of EMACS frequently have a number of buffers in
the computer's memory simultaneously. In the last chapter, for example,
you opoened at least two buffers -- one into the text you were editing,
and the other into the EMACS on-line tutorial. If you deal with complex
text files -- say, sectioned chapters of a book, you may have five or
six buffers in the computer's memory. You could select different
buffers by simply calling up the file with ^X-^F find-file, and let
EMACS open or reopen the buffer. However, EMACS offers fast and
sophisticated buffering techniques that you will find easy to master and
much more convenient to use.
Let's begin by opening three buffers. You can open any three
you choose, for example call the following files into memory: fang.txt,
publish.txt, and emacs.tut in the order listed here. When you've
finished this process, you'll be looking at a screen showing the EMACS
tutorial. Let's assume that you want to move to the fang.txt buffer.
Enter:
^X-X next-buffer
This command moves you to the next buffer. Because EMACS cycles
through the buffer list, which is alphabetized, you will now be in the
fang.txt buffer. Using ^X-X again places you in the publish.txt buffer.
If you are on a machine that supports function keys, using ^X-X again
places you in the Function Keys buffer. Using ^X-X one last time cycles
you back to the beginning of the list.
If you have a large number of buffers to deal with, this cycling
process may be slow and inconvenient. The command ^X-B select-buffer
allows you to specify the buffer you wish to be switched to. When the
command is entered, EMACS prompts, "Use buffer:". Simply enter the
buffer name (NOT the file name), and that buffer will then become the
current buffer.
22
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Buffers
Multiple buffer manipulation and editing is a complex activity,
and you will probably find it very inconvenient to re-save each buffer
as you modify it. The command ^X-^B list-buffers creates a new window
that gives details about all the buffers currently known to EMACS.
Buffers that have been modified are identified by the "buffer changed"
indicator (an asterisk in the second column). You can thus quickly and
easily identify buffers that need to be saved to files before you exit
EMACS. The buffer window also provides other information -- buffer
specific modes, buffer size, and buffer name are also listed. To close
this window, simply type the close-windows command, ^X-1.
To delete any buffer, type ^X-K delete-buffer. EMACS prompts
you "Kill buffer:". Enter the buffer name you want to delete. As this
is destructive command, EMACS will ask for confirmation if the buffer
was changed and not saved. Answer Y(es) or N(o). As usual ^G cancels
the command.
23
Buffers MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 6 Summary
In Chapter 6 you learned how to manipulate buffers.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Next-Buffer ^X-^X Switch to the next buffer in the
buffer list
Select-Buffer ^X-B Switch to a particular buffer
List-Buffers ^X-^B List all buffers
Delete-Buffer ^X-K delete a particular buffer if it
is off-screen
24
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Modes
Chapter 7
Modes
EMACS allows you to change the way it works in order to
customized it to the style of editing you are using. It does this by
providing a number of different modes. These modes can effect either a
single buffer, or any new buffer that is created. To add a mode to the
current buffer, type ^X-M add-mode. EMACS will then prompt you for the
name of a mode to add. When you type in a legal mode name, and type a
<NL>, EMACS will add the mode name to the list of current mode names in
the modeline of the current buffer.
To remove an existing mode, typing the ^X-^M delete-mode will
cause EMACS to prompt you for the name of a mode to delete from the
current buffer. This will remove that mode from the mode list on the
current modeline.
Global modes are the modes which are inherited by any new
buffers which are created. For example, if you wish to always do string
searching with character case being significant, you would want global
mode EXACT to be set so that any new files read in inherent the EXACT
mode. Global modes are set with the M-M add-global-mode command, and
unset with the M-^M delete-global-mode command. Also, the current
global modes are displayed in the first line of a ^X-^B list-buffers
command.
On machines which are capable of displaying colors, the mode
commands can also set the background and forground character colors.
Using add-mode or delete-mode with a lowercase color will set the
background color in the current window. An uppercase color will set the
forground color in the current window. Colors that EMACS knows about
are: white, cyan, magenta, yellow, blue, red, green, and black. If the
computer you are running on does not have eight colors, EMACS will
attempt to make some intellegent guess at what color to use when you ask
for one which is not there.
7.1 ASAVE mode
Automatic Save mode tells EMACS to automatically write out the
current buffer to its associated file on a regular basis. Normally this
will be every 256 characters typed into the file. The environment
variable $ACOUNT counts down to the next auto-save, and $ASAVE is the
value used to reset $ACOUNT after a save occurs.
25
Modes MicroEMACS Reference Manual
7.2 CMODE mode
CMODE is useful to C programmers. When CMODE is active, EMACS
will try to assist the user in a number of ways. This mode is set
automatically with files that have a .c or .h extension.
The <NL> key will normally attempt to return the user to the
next line at the same level of indentation as the current line, unless
the current line ends with a open brace ({) in which case the new line
will be further indented by one tab position.
A close brace (}) will delete one tab position preceeding itself
as it is typed. This should line up the close brace with its matching
IF, FOR or WHILE statement.
A pound sign (#) with only leading whitespace will delete all
the whitespace preceeding itself. This will always bring preprocessor
directives flush to the left margin.
Whenever any close fence is typed, ie )]>}, if the matching open
fence is on screen in the current window, the cursor will breifly flash
to it, and then back. This makes balencing expresions, and matching
blocks much easier.
7.3 CRYPT mode
When a buffer is in CRYPT mode, it is encrypted whenever it is
written to a file, and decrypted when it is read from the file. The
encryption key can be specified on the command line with the -k switch,
or with the M-E set-encryption-key command. If you attempt to read or
write a buffer in crypt mode and now key has not been set, EMACS will
execute set-encryption-key automatically, prompting you for the needed
key. Whenever EMACS prompts you for a key, it will not echo the key to
your screen as you type it (ie make SURE you get it right when you set
it originally).
The encryption algorithm used changes all characters into normal
printing characters, thus the resulting file is suitable for sending via
electronic mail. All version of MicroEMACS should be able decrypt the
resulting file regardless of what machine encrypted it. Also available
with EMACS is the stand alone program, MicroCRYPT, which can en/decrypt
the files produced by CRYPT mode in EMACS.
7.4 EXACT mode
All string searches and replacements will take upper/lower case
into account. Normally the case of a string during a search or replace
is not taken into account.
26
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Modes
7.5 MAGIC mode
In the MAGIC mode certain characters gain special meanings when
used in a search pattern. Collectively they are know as regular
expressions, and a limited number of them are supported in MicroEmacs.
They grant greater flexability when using the search command. However,
they do not affect the incremental search command.
The symbols that have special meaning in MAGIC mode are ^, $, .,
*, [ (and ], used with it), and \.
The characters ^ and $ fix the search pattern to the beginning
and end of line, respectively. The ^ character must appear at the
beginning of the search string, and the $ must appear at the end,
otherwise they loose their meaning and are treated just like any other
character. For example, in MAGIC mode, searching for the pattern "t$"
would put the cursor at the end of any line that ended with the letter
't'. Note that this is different than searching for "t<NL>", that is,
't' followed by a newline character. The character $ (and ^, for that
matter) matches a position, not a character, so the cursor remains at
the end of the line. But a newline is a character that must be matched,
just like any other character, which means that the cursor is placed
just after it - on the beginning of the next line.
The character . has a very simple meaning -- it matches any
single character, except the newline. Thus a search for "bad.er" could
match "badger", "badder" (slang), or up to the 'r' of "bad error".
The character * is known as closure, and means that zero or more
of the preceding character will match. If there is no character
preceding, * has no special meaning, and since it will not match with a
newline, * will have no special meaning if preceded by the beginning of
line symbol ^ or the literal newline character <NL>.
The notion of zero or more characters is important. If, for
example, your cursor was on the line
This line is missing two vowels.
and a search was made for "a*", the cursor would not move,
because it is guarenteed to match no letter 'a' , which satifies the
search conditions. If you wanted to search for one or more of the
letter 'a', you would search for "aa*", which would match the letter a,
then zero or more of them.
The character [ indicates the beginning of a character class.
It is similar to the 'any' character ., but you get to choose which
characters you want to match. The character class is ended with the
character ]. So, while a search for "ba.e" will match "bane", "bade",
"bale", "bate", et cetera, you can limit it to matching "babe" and
"bake" by searching for "ba[bk]e". Only one of the characters inside
the [ and ] will match a character. If in fact you want to match any
character except those in the character class, you can put a ^ as the
27
Modes MicroEMACS Reference Manual
first character. It must be the first character of the class, or else
it has no special meaning. So, a search for [^aeiou] will match any
character except a vowel, but a search for [aeiou^] will match any vowel
or a ^.
If you have a lot of characters in order that you want to put in
the character class, you may use a dash (-) as a range character. So,
[a-z] will match any letter (or any lower case letter if EXACT mode is
on), and [0-9a-f] will match any digit or any letter 'a' through 'f',
which happen to be the characters for hexadecimal numbers. If the dash
is at the beginning or end of a character class, it is taken to be just
a dash.
The escape character \ is for those times when you want to be in
MAGIC mode, but also want to use a regular expression character to be
just a character. It turns off the special meaning of the character.
So a search for "it\." will search for a line with "it.", and not "it"
followed by any other character. The escape character will also let you
put ^, -, or ] inside a character class with no special side effects.
7.6 OVER mode
OVER mode stands for overwrite mode. When in this mode, when
characters are typed, instead of simply inserting them into the file,
EMACS will attempt to overwrite an existing character past the point.
This is very useful for adjusting tables and diagrams.
7.7 WRAP mode
Wrap mode is used when typing in continuous text. Whenever the
cursor is past the currently set fill column (72 by default) and the
user types a space or a <NL>, the last word of the line is brought down
to the beginning of the next line. Using this, one just types a
continous stream of words and EMACS automatically inserts <NL>s at
appropriate places.
NOTE to programmers:
EMACS actually calls up the function bound to the illegal
keystroke M-FNW. This is bound to the function wrap-word by
default, but can be re-bound to activate different functions
and macros at wrap time.
7.8 VIEW mode
VIEW mode disables all commands which can change the current
buffer. EMACS will display an error message and ring the bell every
time you attempt to change a buffer in VIEW mode.
28
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Modes
Chapter 7 Summary
In Chapter 7 you learned about modes and their effects.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Add-Mode ^X-M Add a mode to the current buffer
Delete-Mode ^X-^M Delete a mode from the current buffer
Add-Global-Mode M-M Add a global mode to the
current buffer
Delete-Global-Mode M-^M Delete a global mode from the
current buffer
29
Files MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 8
Files
A file is simply a collection of related data. In EMACS we are
dealing with text files -- named collections of text residing on a disk
(or some other storage medium). You will recall that the major entities
EMACS deals with are buffers. Disk-based versions of files are only
active in EMACS when you are reading into or writing out of buffers. As
we have already seen, buffers and physical files are linked by
associated filenames. For example, the buffer "ch7.txt" which is
associated with the physical disk file "ch7.txt." You will notice that
the file is usually specified by the drive name or (in the case of a
hard drive) a path. Thus you can specify full filenames in EMACS,
e.g. disk:\directories\filename.extension
If you do not specify a disk and directories, the default disk
is used.
IMPORTANT -- If you do not explicitly save your buffer to a
file, all your edits will be lost when you leave EMACS (although EMACS
will prompt you when you are about to lose edits by exiting). In
addition, EMACS does not protect your disk-based files from overwriting
when it saves files. Thus when you instruct EMACS to save a file to
disk, it will create a file if the specified file doesn't exist, or it
will overwrite the previously saved version of the file thus replacing
it. Your old version is gone forever.
If you are at all unsure about your edits, or if (for any
reason) you wish to keep previous versions of a file, you can change the
name of the associated file with the command ^X-N. When this file is
saved to disk, EMACS will create a new physical file under the new name.
The earlier disk file will be preserved.
For example, let's load the file fang.txt into EMACS. Now, type
^X-N. The EMACS command line prompts "name:". Enter a new name for the
file -- say new.txt and press <NL>. The file will be saved under the
new filename, and your disk directory will show both fang.txt and
new.txt.
An alternative method is to write the file directly to disk
under a new filename. Let's pull our "publish.txt" file into EMACS. To
write this file under another filename, type ^X-^W. EMACS will prompt
you "write file:". Enter an alternate filename -- desktop.txt. Your
file will be saved as the physical file "desktop.txt".
30
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Files
Note that in the examples above, although you have changed the
names of the related files, the buffer names remain the same. However,
when you pull the physical file back into EMACS, you will find that the
buffer name now relates to the filename.
For example -- You are working with a buffer "fang.txt" with the
related file "fang.txt". You change the name of the file to "new.txt".
EMACS now shows you working with the buffer "fang.txt" and the related
file "new.txt". Now pull the file "new.txt" into EMACS. Notice that
the buffer name has now changed to "new.txt".
If for any reason a conflict of buffer names occurs,(if you have
files of the same name on different drives for example) EMACS will
prompt you "use buffer:". Enter an alternative buffer name if you need
to.
For a list of file related commands (including some we`ve
already seen), see the summary page.
31
Files MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 8 Summary
In Chapter 8 you learned some of the more advanced concepts of
file naming and manipulation. The relationship between files and
buffers was discussed in some detail.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Save-file ^X-^S Saves contents of current buffer with
associated filename on default disk/
directory (if not specified)
Write-File ^X-^W Current buffer contents will be
saved under specified name
Change-File-name
^X-N The associated filename is changed
(or associated if not previously
specified) as specified
Find-File ^X-^F Reads specified file into buffer and
switches you to that buffer, or switches
to buffer in which the file has previously
been read
Read-File ^X-^R Reads file into buffer thus overwriting
buffer contents. If file has already
been read into another buffer, you will
be switched to it
View-File ^X-^V The same as read-file except the buffer
is automatically put into VIEW mode thus
preventing any changes from being made
32
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Screen Formatting
Chapter 9
Screen Formatting
9.1 Wrapping Text
As we learned in the introduction, EMACS is not a word
processor, but an editor. Some simple formatting options are available
however, although in most cases they will not affect the appearence of
the finished text when it is run through the formatter. We have already
encountered WRAP mode which wraps lines longer than a certain length
(default is 75 characters). You will recall that WRAP is enabled by
entering ^X-M and responding to the command line prompt with wrap.
You can also set your own wrap margin with the command ^X-F set-
fill-column. Notice EMACS responds "[Fill column is 1]." Now try typing
some text. You'll notice some very strange things happening -- your
text wraps at every word!! This effect occurs because the set wrap
margin command must be preceeded by a numeric argument or EMACS sets it
to the first column. Thus any text you type that extends past the first
column will wrap at the most convenient line break.
To reset the wrap column to 72 characters, press the <META> key
and enter 72. EMACS will respond "Arg: 72". Now press ^X-F. EMACS
will respond "[Fill column is 72]". Your text will again wrap at the
margin you've been using up to this point.
9.2 Reformatting Paragraphs
After an intensive editing session, you may find that you have
paragraphs containing lines of differing lengths. Although this
disparity will not affect the formatted text, aesthetic and technical
concerns may make it desirable to have consistent paragraph blocks on
the screen. If you are in WRAP mode, you can reformat a paragraph with
the command M-Q fill-paragraph. This command 'fills' the current
paragraph reformatting it so all the lines are filled and wrap
logically. The process is complex, and (especially with longer
paragraphs) may take a little time.
33
Screen Formatting MicroEMACS Reference Manual
9.3 Changing Case
There may be occasions when you find it necessary to change the
case of the text you've entered. EMACS allows you to change the case of
even large amounts of text with ease. Let's try and convert a few of
the office traditionalists to the joy of word processing. Type in the
following text:
Throw away your typewriter and learn to use a word
processor. Word processing is relatively easy to learn and
will increase your productivity enormously. Enter the
Computer Age and find out just how much fun it can be!!
Let's give it a little more impact by capitalizing the first
four words. The first step is to define the region of text just as you
would if you were doing an extensive deletion. Set the mark at the
beginning of the paragraph with M-<space> set-mark and move the cursor
to the space beyond "typewriter." Now enter ^X-^U case-region-upper.
Your text should now look like this:
THROW AWAY YOUR TYPEWRITER and learn to use a word
processor. Word processing is relatively easy to learn and
will increase your productivity enormously. Enter the
Computer Age and find out just how much fun it can be!!
If you want to change the text back to lower case, type ^X-^L
case-region-lower. You can also capitalize individual words. To
capitalize the word "fun", position the cursor in front of the word and
type M-U case-word-upper. The word is now capitalized. To change it
back to lower case, move the cursor back to the beginning of the word
and type M-L case-word-lower.
You may also capitalize individual letters in EMACS. The
command M-C case-word-capitalize capitalizes the first letter after the
point. This command would normally be issued with the cursor positioned
in front of the first letter of the word you wish to capitalize. If you
issue it in the middle of a word, you can end up with some strAnge
looking text.
9.4 Tabs
Unless your formatter is instructed to take screen text
literally (as MicroSCRIBE does in the 'verbatim' environment for
example), tabs in EMACS generally affect screen formatting only.
When EMACS is first started, it sets the default tab to every
eighth column. As long as you stay with default, every time you press
the tab key a tab character, ^I is inserted. This character, like other
control characters, is invisible -- but it makes a subtle and
significant difference to your file and editing.
34
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Screen Formatting
For example, in default mode, press the tab key and then type
the word Test. "Test" appears at the eighth column. Move your cursor
to the beginning of the word and delete the backward character. The
word doesn't move back just one character, but flushes to the left
margin. The reason for this behavior is easily explained. In tab
default, EMACS inserts a 'real' tab character when you press the tab
key. This character is inserted at the default position, but NO SPACES
are inserted between the tab character and the margin (or previous tab
character). As you will recall, EMACS only recognizes characters (such
as spaces or letters) and thus when the tab character is removed, the
text beyond the tab is flushed back to the margin or previous tab mark.
This situation changes if you alter the default configuration.
The default value may be changed by entering a numeric argument before
pressing the tab key. As we saw earlier, pressing the META key and
entering a number allows you to specify how EMACS performs a given
action. In this case, let's specify an argument of 10 and hit the tab
key.
Now hit the tab key again and type Test. Notice the word now
appears at the tenth column. Now move to the beginning of the word and
delete the backward character. "Test" moves back by one character.
EMACS behaves differently in these circumstances because the ^I
handle-tab function deals with tabbing in two distinct ways. In default
conditions, or if the numeric argument of zero is used, handle-tab
inserts a true tab character. If, however, a non-zero numeric argument
is specified, handle-tab inserts the correct number of spaces needed to
position the cursor at the next specified tab position. It does NOT
insert the single tab character and hence any editing functions should
take account of the number of spaces between tabbed columns.
Many times you would like to take a line which has been created
using the tab character and change it to use just spaces. The command
^X-^D detab-line changes any tabs from the point to the end of the
current line into the right number of spaces so the line does not
change. This is very usefull for times when the file must be printed or
transfered to a machine which does not understand tabs.
Also, the inverse command, ^X-^E entab-lines changes multiple
spaces to tabs where possible. This is a good way to shrink the size of
large documents, escpecially with data tables. Both of these commands
can take a numeric argument which will be interpeted as the number of
lines to en/detab.
35
Screen Formatting MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 9 Summary
In Chapter 9 introduced some of the formatting features of
EMACS. Text-wrap, paragraph reformatting, and tabs were discussed in
some detail. The commands in the following table were covered in the
chapter.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Add-Mode/WRAP ^X-M[WRAP] Add wrap mode to current buffer
Delete-Mode/WRAP ^X-^M[WRAP] Remove wrap mode from current buffer
Set-Fill-Column ^X-F Set fill column to given numeric
argument
Fill-Paragraph M-Q Logically reformats the current
paragraph
Case-Word-Upper M-U Text from point to end of the
current word is changed to uppercase
Case-Word-Lower M-L Text from point to end of the
current word is changed to lowercase
Case-Word-Capitalize M-C First word (or letter) after the
point is capitalized
Case-Region-Upper ^X-^U The current region is uppercased
Case-Region-Lower ^X-^L The current region is lowercased
Handle-Tab ^I Tab interval is set to the given
numeric argument
Entab-Line ^X-^E Changes multiple spaces to tabs
characters where possible
Detab-Line ^X-^D Changes tab characters to the
apprpriate number of spaces
36
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Keyboard Macros
Chapter 10
Keyboard Macros
In many applications, it may be necessary to repeat a series of
characters or commands frequently. For example, a paper may require the
frequent repetition of a complex formula or a long name. You may also
have a series of EMACS commands that you invoke frequently. Keyboard
macros offer a convenient method of recording and repeating these
commands.
Imagine, for example, you are writing a scholarly paper on
Asplenium platyneuron, the spleenwort fern. Even the dedicated botanist
would probably find it a task bordering on the agonizing to type
Asplenium platyneuron frequently throughout the paper. An alternative
method is 'record' the name in a keyboard macro. Try it yourself.
The command ^X-( begin-macro starts recording the all the
keystrokes and commands you input. After you've typed it, enter
Asplenium platyneuron. To stop recording, type ^X-) end-macro. EMACS
has stored all the keystrokes between the two commands. To repeat the
name you've stored, just enter ^X-E execute-macro, and the name
"Asplenium platyneuron" appears. You can repeat this action as often as
you want, and of course as with any EMACS command, you may preceed it
with a numerical argument.
Because EMACS records keystrokes, you may freely intermix
commands and text. Unfortunately, you can only store one macro at a
time. Thus, if you begin to record another macro, the previously
defined macro is lost. Be careful to ensure that you've finished with
one macro before defining another. If you have a series of commands
that you would like to 'record' for future use, use the macro or
procedure facilities detailed in chapter <X>.
37
Keyboard Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Chapter 10 Summary
Chapter 10 covered keyboard macros. You learned how to record
keystrokes and how to repeat the stored sequence.
Key Binding Keystroke Effect
Start-Macro ^X-( Starts recording all keyboard input
End-Macro ^X-) Stops recording keystrokes for macro
Execute-Macro ^X-E Entire sequence of recorded
keystrokes is replayed
38
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Macros
Chapter 11
MicroEMACS Macros
Macros are programs that are used to customize the editor and to
perform complicated editing tasks. They may be stored in files or
buffers and may be executed using an appropriate command, or bound to a
particular keystroke. Portions of the standard start-up file are
impliment via macros, as well as the example menu system. The execute-
macro-<n> commands cause the macro, numbered from 1 to 40, to be
executed. The execute-file command allows you to execute a macro stored
in a disk file, and the execute-buffer command allows you to execute a
macro stored in a buffer. Macros are stored for easy execution by
executing files that contain the store-macro command.
There are many different aspects to the macro langage within
MicroEMACS. Editor commands are the various commands that manipulate
text, buffers, windows, etc, within the editor. Directives are commands
which control what lines get executed within a macro. Also there are
various types of variables. Environmental variables both control and
report on different aspects of the editor. User variables hold string
values which may be changed and inspected. Buffer variables allow text
to be placed into variables. Interactive variable allow the program to
prompt the user for information. Functions can be used to manipulate
all these variables.
11.1 Variables
Variables in MicroEMACS can be used to return values within
expressions, as repeat counts to editing commands, or as text to be
inserted into buffers and messages. The value of these variables is set
using the set (^X-A) command. For example, to set the current fill
column to 64 characters, the following macro line would be used:
set $fillcol 64
or to have the contents of %name inserted at the point in the
current buffer, the command to use would be:
insert-string %name
39
MicroEMACS Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
11.1.1 Environmental Variables
"What good is a quote if you can't change it?"
These variables are used to change different aspects of the way
the editor works. Also they will return the current settings if used as
part of an expresion. All environmental variable names begin with a
dollar sign ($) and are in lower case.
$acount The coundown of inserted characters until the next
save-file.
$asave The number of inserted characters between automatic
file-saves in ASAVE mode.
$cbufname Name of the current buffer
$cfname File name of the current buffer
$cmode Integer containing the mode of the current buffer. (See
Appendix E for values)
$curchar Character currently at the point
$curcol Current column of point in current buffer
$curline Current line of point in current buffer
$curwidth Number of columns used currently
$cwline Current display line in current window
$debug Flag to trigger macro debugging (try it... you'll like
it!)
$discmd Flag to disable the echoing of messages on the command
line
$disinp Flag to disable the echoing of characters during
command line input
$fillcol Current fill column
$flicker Flicker Flag set to TRUE if IBM CGA set to FALSE for
most others
$gmode Global mode flags. (See Appendix E for values)
$lastkey [READ ONLY]Last keyboard character typed
$lwidth [READ ONLY]Returns the number of characters in the
current line
40
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Macros
$match [READ ONLY]Last string matched in a magic mode search
$pagelen Number of screen lines used currently
$palette string used to control the palette register settings on
graphics versions. The usually form consists of groups
of three octal digits setting the red, green, and blue
levels.
$progname [READ ONLY]Always contains the string "MicroEMACS" for
standard MicroEMACS. Could be something else if used
as part of someone else's program
$replace Current default replace string
$search Current default search string
$seed Integer seed of the random number generator
$sres Current screen resolution (CGA, MONO or EGA on the IBM-
PC driver. LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH or DENSE on the Atari
ST1040, NORMAL on all others)
$status [READ ONLY]Status of the success of the last command
(TRUE or FALSE). This is usually used with !force to
check on the success of a search, or a file operation.
$target Current target for line moves (setting this fool's
EMACS into believing the last command was a line move)
$tpause Controls the length of the pause to display a matched
fence when the current buffer is in CMODE and a close
fence has been typed
$version [READ ONLY]Contains the current MicroEMACS version
number
$wline Number of display lines in current window
Obviously, many more of these variables will be availible in
future releases of MicroEMACS. (Yes, send a vote for your favorite new
environmental variables today).
11.1.2 User variables
User variables allow you, the user, to store strings and
manipulate them. These strings can be pieces of text, numbers (in text
form), or the logical values TRUE and FALSE. These variables can be
combined, tested, inserted into buffers, and otherwise used to control
the way your macros execute. At the moment, up to 100 user variables
may be in use in one editing session. All users variable names must
begin with a percent sign (%) and may contain any printing characters.
41
MicroEMACS Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Only the first 10 characters are significant (ie differences beyond the
tenth character are ignored). Most operators will truncate strings to a
length of 128 characters.
11.1.3 Buffer Variables
Buffer variables are special in that they can only be queried
and cannot be set. What buffer variables are is a way to take text from
a buffer and place it in a variable. For example, if I have a buffer by
the name of RIGEL2, and it contains the text:
Richmond
Lafayette
<*>Bloomington (where <*> is the current point)
Indianapolis
Gary
=* MicroEMACS 3.9 (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====
and within a command I reference #rigel2, like:
insert-string #rigel2
MicroEMACS would start at the current point in the RIGEL2 buffer
and grab all the text up to the end of that line and pass that back.
Then it would advance the point to the beginning of the next line. Thus,
after our last command executes, the string "Bloomington" gets inserted
into the current buffer, and the buffer RIGEL2 now looks like this:
Richmond
Lafayette
Bloomington
<*>Indianapolis (where <*> is the current point)
Gary
=* MicroEMACS 3.9 (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====
as you have probably noticed, a buffer variable consists of the
buffer name, preceded by a pound sign (#).
11.1.4 Interactive variables
Interactive variables are actually a method to prompt the user
for a string. This is done by using an at sign (@) followed either with
a quoted string, or a variable containing a string. The string is the
placed on the bottom line, and the editor waits for the user to type in
a string. Then the string typed in by the users is returned as the
value of the interactive variable. For example:
set %quest "What file? "
42
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Macros
find-file @%quest
will ask the user for a file name, and then attempt to find it.
Note also that complex expressions can be built up with these
operorators, such as:
@&cat &cat "File to decode[" %default "]: "
which prompts the user with the concatinated string.
11.2 Functions
Functions can be used to manipulate variables in various ways.
Functions can have one, two, or three arguments. These arguments will
always be placed after the function on the current command line. For
example, if we wanted to increase the current fill column by two, using
emacs's set (^X-A) command, we would write:
set $fillcol &add $fillcol 2
\ \ \ \ \____second operand
\ \ \ \_________first operand
\ \ \_______________function to execute
\ \_____________________variable to set
\___________________________set (^X-A) command
Function names always begin with the ampresand (&) character,
and are only significant to the first three characters after the
ampresand. Functions will normal expect one of three types of
arguments, and will automatically convert types when needed.
<num> an ascii string of digits which is interpeted as a
numeric value. Any string which does not start with a
digit or a minus sign (-) will be considered zero.
<str> An arbitrary string of characters. At the moment,
strings are limited to 128 characters in length.
<log> A logical value consisting of the string "TRUE" or
"FALSE". Numeric strings will also evaluate to "FALSE"
if they are equal to zero, and "TRUE" if they are non-
zero. Arbitrary text strings will have the value of
"FALSE".
A list of the currently availible functions follows: (Once
again, send in those votes on what kind of functions you would like to
see added!) Functions are always used in lower case, the uppercase
letters in the function table are the short form of the function (ie
&div for ÷).
Numeric Functions: (returns <num>)
&ADD <num> <num> Add two numbers
43
MicroEMACS Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
&SUB <num> <num> Subtract the second number from the first
&TIMes <num> <num> Multiply two numbers
&DIVide <num> <num> Divide the first number by the second
giving an integer result
&MOD <num> <num> Return the reminder of dividing the
first number by the second
&NEGate <neg> Multiply the arg by -1
&LENgth <str> Returns length of string
&SINdex <str1> <str2> Finds the position of <str2> within
<str1>. Returns zero if not found.
&ASCii <str> Return the ascii code of the first
character in <str>
&RND <num> Returns a random integer between 1 and <num>
&ABS <num> Returns the absolute value of <num>
String manipulation functions: (returns <str>)
&CAT <str> <str> Concatinate the two strings to form one
&LEFt <str> <num> return the <num> leftmost characters
from <str>
&RIGht <str> <num> return the <num> rightmost characters
from <str>
&MID <str> <num1> <num2>
Starting from <num1> position in <str>,
return <num2> characters.
&UPPer <str> Uppercase <str>
&LOWer <str> lowercase <str>
&CHR <num> return a string with the character
represented by ascii code <num>
>K return a string containing a single
keystroke from the user
Logical Testing functions: (returns <log>)
&NOT <log> Return the opposite logical value
&AND <log1> <log2> Returns TRUE if BOTH logical arguments
are TRUE
&OR <log1> <log2> Returns TRUE if either argument
is TRUE
&EQUal <num> <num> If <num> and <num> are numerically
equal, return TRUE
&LESs <num1> <num2> If <num1> is less than <num2>, return
TRUE.
&GREater <num1> <num2> If <num1> is greater than, or equal to
<num2>, return TRUE.
&SEQual <str1> <str2> If the two strings are the same, return
TRUE.
&SLEss <str1> <str2> If <str1> is less alphabetically than
<str2>, return TRUE.
&SGReater <str1> <str2> If <str1> is alphabetically greater than
or equal to <str2>, return TRUE.
Special Functions:
44
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Macros
&INDirect <str> Evaluate <str> as a variable.
This last function deserves more explanation. The &IND function
evaluates its argument, takes the resulting string, and then uses it as
a variable name. For example, given the following code sequence:
; set up reference table
set %one "elephant"
se "giraffe"
set %t "donkey"
set %index "two"
insert-string &ind %index
the string "giraffe" would have been inserted at the point in
the current buffer. This indirection can be safely nested up to about
10 levels.
11.3 Directives
Directives are commands which only operate within an executing
macro, ie they do not make sense as a single command. As such, they
cannot be called up singly or bound to keystroke. Used within macros,
they control what lines are executed and in what order.
Directives always start with the exclamation mark (!) character
and must be the first thing placed on a line. Directives executed singly
(via the execute-command-line command) interactively will be ignored.
11.3.1 !ENDM Directive
This directive is used to terminate a macro being stored. For
example, if a file is being executed contains the text:
; Read in a file in view mode, and make the window red
26 store-macro
find-file @"File to view: "
add-mode "view"
add-mode "red"
!endm
write-message "[Consult macro has been loaded]"
only the lines between the store-macro command and the !ENDM
directive are stored in macro 26.
45
MicroEMACS Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
11.3.2 !FORCE Directive
When MicroEMACS executes a macro, if any command fails, the
macro is terminated at that point. If a line is preceeded by a !FORCE
directive, execution continues weather the command succeeds or not. For
example:
; Merge the top two windows
save-window ;remember what window we are at
1 next-window ;go to the top window
delete-window ;merge it with the second window
!force restore-window ;This will continue irregardless
add-mode "red"
11.3.3 !IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives
This directive allows statements only to be executed if a
condition specified in the directive is met. Every line following the
!IF directive, until the first !ELSE or !ENDIF directive, is only
executed if the expresion following the !IF directive evaluates to a
TRUE value. For example, the following macro segment creates the
portion of a text file automatically. (yes believe me, this will be
easier to understand then that last explanation....)
!if &sequal %curplace "timespace vortex"
insert-string "First, rematerialize~n"
!endif
!if &sequal %planet "earth" ;If we have landed on earth...
!if &sequal %time "late 20th century" ;and we are then
write-message "Contact U.N.I.T."
!else
insert-string "Investigate the situation....~n"
insert-string "(SAY 'stay here Sara')~n"
!endif
!else
set %conditions @"Atmosphere conditions outside? "
!if &sequal %conditions "safe"
insert-string &cat "Go outside......" "~n"
insert-string "lock the door~n"
!else
insert-string "Dematerialize..try somewhen else"
newline
!endif
46
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Macros
!endif
11.3.4 !GOTO Directive
Flow can be controlled within a MicroEMACS macro using the !GOTO
directive. It takes as an argument a label. A label consists of a line
starting with an asterick (*) and then an alphanumeric label. Only
labels in the currently executing macro can be jumped to, and trying to
jump to a non-existing label terminates execution of a macro. For
example..
;Create a block of DATA statements for a BASIC program
insert-string "1000 DATA "
set %linenum 1000
*nxtin
update-screen ;make sure we see the changes
set %data @"Next number: "
!if &equal %data 0
!goto finish
!endif
!if &greater $curcol 60
2 delete-previous-character
newline
set %linenum &add %linenum 10
insert-string &cat %linenum " DATA "
!endif
insert-string &cat %data ", "
!goto nxtin
*finish
2 delete-previous-character
newline
11.3.5 !WHILE and !ENDWHILE Directives
This directive allows you to set up repetative tasks easily and
efficiently. If a group of statements need to be executed while a
certain condition is tru, enclose them with a while loop. For example,
!while &less $curcol 70
insert-string &cat &cat "[" #stuff "]"
!endwhile
places items from buffer "item" in the current line until the
cursor is at or past column 70. While loops may be nested and can
47
MicroEMACS Macros MicroEMACS Reference Manual
contain and be the targets of !GOTOs with no ill effects. Using a while
loop to enclose a repeated task will run much faster than the
corresponding construct using !IFs.
11.3.6 !BREAK Directive
This directive allows the user to abort out of the currently
most inner while loop, regardless of the condition. It is often used to
abort processing for error conditions. For example:
; Read in files and substitute "begining" with "beginning"
set %filename #list
!while ¬ &seq %filename "<end>"
!force find-file %filename
!if &seq $status FALSE
write-message "[File read error]"
!break
!endif
beginning-of-file
replace-string "begining" "beginning"
save-file
set %filename #list
!endwhile
This while loop will process files until the list is exhausted
or there is an error while reading a file.
11.3.7 !RETURN Directive
The !RETURN Directive causes the current macro to exit, either
returning to the caller (if any) or to interactive mode. For example:
; Check the monitor type and set %mtyp
!if &sres "CGA"
set %mtyp 1
!return
!else
set %mtyp 2
!endif
insert-string "You are on a MONOCHROME machine!~n"
48
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS commands
Appendix A
MicroEMACS commands
Below is a complete list of the commands in EMACS, the keys
normally used to do the command, and what the command does. Remember,
on some computers there may also be additional ways of using a command
(cursor keys and special function keys for example).
Command Binding Meaning
abort-command ^G This allows the user to abort out of any
command that is waiting for input
add-mode ^X-M Add a mode to the current buffer
add-global-mode M-M Add a global mode for all new buffers
apropos M-A List out commands whose name contains
the string specified
backward-character ^B Move one character to the left
begin-macro ^X-( Begin recording a keyboard macro
beginning-of-file M-< Move to the beginning of the file in
the current buffer
beginning-of-line ^A Move to the beginning of the current line
bind-to-key M-K Bind a key to a function
buffer-position ^X-= List the position of the cursor in the
current window on the command line
case-region-lower ^X-^L Make a marked region all lower case
case-region-upper ^X-^U Make a marked region all upper case
case-word-capitalize M-C Capitalize the following word
case-word-lower M-L Lower case the following word
case-word-upper M-U Upper case the following word
change-file-name ^X-N Change the name of the file in the
current buffer
49
MicroEMACS commands MicroEMACS Reference Manual
change-screen-size M-^S Chnage the number of lines of the screen
currently being used
change-screen-width M-^T Change the number of columns of the
screen currently being used
clear-and-redraw ^L Clear the physical screen and redraw it
clear-message-line (none) Clear the command line
copy-region M-W Copy the currently marked region into
the kill buffer
count-words M-^C Count how many words, lines and
characters are in the current marked region
ctlx-prefix ^X Change the key used as the ^X prefix
delete-blank-lines ^X-^O Delete all blank lines around the cursor
delete-buffer ^X-K Delete a buffer which is not being
currently displayed in a window
delete-mode ^X-^M Turn off a mode in the current buffer
delete-global-mode M-^M Turn off a global mode
delete-next-character ^D Delete the character following the cursor
delete-next-word M-D Delete the word following the cursor
delete-other-windows ^X-1 Make the current window cover the entire
screen
delete-previous-character^H Delete the character to the left of the
cursor
delete-previous-word M-^H Delete the word to the left of the cursor
delete-window ^X-0 Remove the current window from the screen
describe-bindings (none) Make a list of all legal commands
describe-key ^X-? Describe what command is bound to a
keystroke sequence
detab-line ^X-^D Change all tabs in a line to the
equivilant spaces
end-macro ^X-) stop recording a keyboard macro
end-of-file M-> Move cursor to the end of the current buffer
end-of-line ^E Move to the end of the current line
50
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS commands
entab-line ^X-^E Change multiple spaces to tabs where
possible
exchange-point-and-mark ^X-^X Move cursor to the last marked spot,
make the original position be marked
execute-buffer (none) Execute a buffer as a macro
execute-command-line (none) Execute a line typed on the command
line as a macro command
execute-file FNB Execute a file as a macro
execute-macro ^X-E Execute the keyboard macro (play back
the recorded keystrokes)
execute-macro-<n> (none) Execute numbered macro <N> where <N> is
an integer from 1 to 40
execute-named-command M-X Execute a command by name
execute-procedure M-^E Execute a procedure by name
exit-emacs ^X-^C Exit EMACS. If there are unwritten,
changed buffers EMACS will ask to confirm
fill-paragraph M-Q Fill the current paragraph
filter-buffer ^X-# Filter the current buffer through an
external filter
find-file ^X-^F Find a file to edit in the current window
forward-character ^F Move cursor one character to the right
goto-line M-G Goto a numbered line
goto-matching-fence M-^F Goto the matching fence
grow-window ^X-^ Make the current window larger
handle-tab ^I Insert a tab or set tab stops
hunt-forward FN= Hunt for the next match of the last
search string
hunt-backward FN> Hunt for the last match of the last
search string
help M-? Read EMACS.HLP into a buffer and display it
i-shell ^X-C Shell up to a new command processor
incremental-search ^X-S Search for a string, incrementally
51
MicroEMACS commands MicroEMACS Reference Manual
insert-file ^X-^I insert a file at the cursor in the
current file
insert-space ^C Insert a space to the right of the cursor
insert-string (none) Insert a string at the cursor
kill-paragraph M-^W Delete the current paragraph
kill-region ^W Delete the current marked region, moving
it to the kill buffer
kill-to-end-of-line ^K Delete the rest of the current line
list-buffers ^X-^B List all existing buffers
meta-prefix <ESC> Key used to preceed all META commands
move-window-down ^X-^N Move all the lines in the current window down
move-window-up ^X-^P Move all the lines in the current window up
name-buffer M-^N Change the name of the current buffer
newline ^M Insert a <NL> at the cursor
newline-and-indent ^J Insert a <NL> at the cursor and indent
the new line the same as the preceeding line
next-buffer ^X-X Bring the next buffer in the list into
the current window
next-line ^N Move the cursor down one line
next-page ^V Move the cursor down one page
next-paragraph M-N Move cursor to the next paragraph
next-window ^X-O Move cursor to the next window
next-word M-F Move coursor to the beginning of the
next word
nop M-FNC Does nothing
open-line ^O Open a line at the cursor
pipe-command ^X-@ Execute an external command and place
its output in a buffer
previous-line ^P Move cursor up one line
previous-page ^Z Move cursor up one page
52
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS commands
previous-paragraph M-P Move back one paragraph
previous-window ^X-P Move the cursor to the last window
previous-word M-B Move the cursor to the beginning of the
word to the left of the cursor
query-replace-string M-^R Reaplace all of one string with another
string, interactivly quering the user
quick-exit M-Z Exit EMACS, writing out all changed buffers
quote-character ^Q Insert the next character literally
read-file ^X-^R Read a file into the current buffer
redraw-display M-^L Redraw the display, centering the
current line
resize-window ^X-W Change the number of lines in the
current window
restore-window (none) Move cursor to the last saved window
replace-string M-R Replace all occurences of one string
with another string from the cursor
to the end of the buffer
reverse-incremental-search^X-R Search backwards, incrementally
run M-^E Execute a named procedure
save-file ^X-^S Save the current buffer if it is changed
save-window (none) Remember current window (to restore later)
scroll-next-up M-^Z Scroll the next window up
scroll-next-down M-^V Scroll the next window down
search-forward ^S Search for a string
search-reverse ^R Search backwards for a string
select-buffer ^X-B Select a buffer to display in the
current window
set ^X-A Set a variable to a value
set-encryption-key M-E Set the encryption key of the current buffer
set-fill-column ^X-F Set the current fill column
set-mark Set the mark
53
MicroEMACS commands MicroEMACS Reference Manual
shell-command ^X-! Execute an external command
shrink-window ^X-^Z Make the current window smaller
split-current-window ^X-2 Split the current window in two
store-macro (none) Store the following macro lines to a
numbered macro
store-procedure (none) Store the following macro lines to a
named procedure
transpose-characters ^T Transpose the character at the cursor
with the character to the left
trim-line ^X-^T Trim any trailing whitespace from line
unbind-key M-^K Unbind a key from a function
universal-argument ^U Execute the following command 4 times
unmark-buffer M-~ Unmark the current buffer (so it is
no longer changed)
update-screen (none) Force a screen update during macro execution
view-file ^X-^V Find a file,and put it in view mode
wrap-word M-FNW Wrap the current word, this is an
internal function
write-file ^X-^W Write the current buffer under a new
file name
write-message (none) Display a string on the command line
yank ^Y yank the kill buffer into the current
buffer at the cursor
54
MicroEMACS Reference Manual MicroEMACS Bindings
Appendix B
MicroEMACS Bindings
Below is a complete list of the key bindings used in MicroEMACS.
This can be used as a wall chart reference for MicroEMACS commands.
Default Key Bindings for MicroEmacs 3.9
^A Move to start of line ESC A Apropos (list some commands)
^B Move backward by characters ESC B Backup by words
^C Insert space ESC C Initial capitalize word
^D Forward delete ESC D Delete forward word
^E Goto end of line ESC E Reset Encryption Key
^F Move forward by characters ESC F Advance by words
^G Abort out of things ESC G Go to a line
^H Backward delete
^I Insert tab/Set tab stops
^J Insert CR-LF, then indent
^K Kill forward ESC K Bind Key to function
^L Refresh the screen ESC L Lower case word
^M Insert CR-LF ESC M Add global mode
^N Move forward by lines ESC N Goto End paragraph
^O Open up a blank line
^P Move backward by lines ESC P Goto Begining of paragraph
^Q Insert literal ESC Q Fill current paragraph
^R Search backwards ESC R Search and replace
^S Search forward
^T Transpose characters
^U Repeat command four times ESC U Upper case word
^V Move forward by pages ESC V Move backward by pages
^W Kill region ESC W Copy region to kill buffer
^Y Yank back from killbuffer ESC X Execute named command
^Z Move backward by pages ESC Z Save all buffers and exit
ESC ^C Count words in region ESC ~ Unmark current buffer
ESC ^F Goto matching fence ESC ! Reposition window
ESC ^H Delete backward word ESC < Move to start of buffer
ESC ^K Unbind Key from function ESC > Move to end of buffer
ESC ^L Reposition window ESC . Set mark
ESC ^M Delete global mode ESC space Set mark
ESC ^N Rename current buffer ESC rubout Delete backward word
ESC ^R Search & replace w/query rubout Backward delete
ESC ^S Change screen rows
ESC ^T Change screen columns
ESC ^V Scroll next window down
ESC ^W Delete Paragraph
55
MicroEMACS Bindings MicroEMACS Reference Manual
ESC ^Z Scroll next window up
^X ? Describe a key ^X ! Run 1 command in a subjob
^X = Show the cursor position ^X @ Pipe DOS command to buffer
^X ^ Enlarge display window ^X # Filter buffer thru DOS filter
^X 0 Delete current window ^X ( Begin macro
^X 1 Delete other windows ^X ) End macro
^X 2 Split current window
^X A Set variable value
^X ^B Display buffer list ^X B Switch a window to a buffer
^X ^C Exit MicroEMACS ^X C Start a new command processer
^X ^D Detab line ^X D Suspend MicroEMACS (BSD4.2 only)
^X ^E Entab line ^X E Execute macro
^X ^F Find file ^X F Set fill column
^X ^I Insert file
^X K Delete buffer
^X ^L Lower case region
^X ^M Delete Mode ^X M Add a mode
^X ^N Move window down ^X N Rename current filename
^X ^O Delete blank lines ^X O Move to the next window
^X ^P Move window up ^X P Move to the previous window
^X ^R Get a file from disk ^X R Incremental reverse search
^X ^S Save current file ^X S Incremental forward search
^X ^T Trim line
^X ^U Upper case region
^X ^V View file
^X ^W Write a file to disk ^X W resize Window
^X ^X Swap "." and mark ^X X Use next buffer
^X ^Z Shrink window ^X Z Enlarge display window
Only under PCDOS:
<ALT>-S Hunt forward SHIFT <F1> - <F10>
<ALT>-R Hunt backward Execute macroes 1 - 10
Usable Modes
WRAP Lines going past right margin "wrap" to a new line
VIEW Read-Only mode where no modifications are allowed
CMODE Change behavior of some commands to work with C better
EXACT Exact case matching on search strings
OVER Overwrite typed characters instead of inserting them
CRYPT Current buffer will be encrypted on write, decrypted on read
MAGIC Use regular expresion matching in searches
ASAVE Save the file every 256 inserted characters
WHITE/CYAN/MAGENTA/YELLOW/BLUE/RED/GREEN/BLACK Sets forground color
white/cyan/magenta/yellow/blue/red/green/black Sets background color
56
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Supported machines
Appendix C
Supported machines
The following table lists all the hardware/compilers for which I
currently support MicroEMACS. This is not exclusive of all machines
which MicroEMACS will run on, but I have either run it myself, or had a
first hand report of it running.
Hardware OS Compiler Comments
VAX 780 UNIX V5 native
UNIX V7 native
BSD 4.2 native job control supported
*VMS native only some terminals supported
NCR Tower UNIX V5 native
Fortune 32:16 UNIX V7 native
IBM-PC MSDO LATTICE 2.15 Large CODE/Large DATA
2.0 & 3.2 AZTEC 3.4e Small CODE/Large DATA
*MSC 4.0
*MWC 86
HP150 MSDOS Lattice 2.15 Function key labels
for the touch screen
HP110 MSDOS Lattice 2.15
Aztec 3.4e
*Data General 10
MSDOS Lattice 2.15
*Texas Instruments Professional
MSDOS Lattice 2.15
Amiga Intuition Lattice 3.03 no mouse or menus yet
*Aztec 3
ST520 TOS Lattice 3.10 no menus yet,
no shell commands
Systems to be supported (ie some code is already written:)
Macintosh Finder 5.0 Aztec
*means that I do not own or have access to the listed compiler and/or
machine and must rely upon others to help support it.
57
Machine Dependent Notes MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Appendix D
Machine Dependent Notes
This appendix lists some notes specific to individual
implementations of MicroEMACS. Every attempt has been made to allow
EMACS to be identical on all machines, but we have also tried to take
advantage of function keys, cursor keys, mice, and special screen modes
where possible.
D.1 IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones
The IBM-PC family of computers is supported with a variety of
different display adapters. EMACS will attempt to discover what adapter
is connected and use the proper driver for it. Below is a list of the
currently supported video adapters:
Adapter $sres Original mode used
Monochrome Graphics Adapter MONO MONO
Color Graphics Adapter CGA CGA
Enhanced graphics Adapter EGA CGA
EMACS also takes advatage of various function keys and the keys
on the keypad on an IBM-PC. The function keys are initially not bound
to any particular functions (except by the emacs.rc startup file), but
the keypad keys do default to the following:
Keypad key Function
Home beginning-of-file
CSRS UP previous-line
Pg Up previous-page
CSRS LEFT backward-character
CSRS RIGHT forward-character
End end-of-file
CSRS DOWN next-line
Pg Dn Next-page
All these special keys are indicated in EMACS macroes by use of
the FN prefix. Below is a list of many of the keys and the codes used
to specify them. Also the codes may be gotten by using the describe-key
(^X ?) command on the suspect key.
58
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Machine Dependent Notes
IBM PC function keys in MicroEmacs
function Function ^function Alt-function
f1) FN; FNT FN^ FNh
f2) FN< FNU FN_ FNi
f3) FN= FNV FN` FNj
f4) FN> FNW FNa FNk
f5) FN? FNX FNb FNl
f6) FN@ FNY FNc FNm
f7) FNA FNZ FNd FNn
f8) FNB FN[ FNe FNo
f9) FNC FN\ FNf FNp
f10) FND FN] FNg FNq
home) FNG FNw
CuUp) FNH
PgUp) FNI FNä {Alt 132}
CuLf) FNK FNs
5 )
CuRt) FNM FNt
End) FNO FNu
CuDn) FNP
PgDn) FNQ FNv
Ins) FNR
Del) FNS
59
Machine Dependent Notes MicroEMACS Reference Manual
D.2 HP 150
This machine from Hewlett Packard is very unusual for an MSDOS
machine. It has a touch screen and is very function key oriented. An
additional command, label-function-key allows you to place labels on the
on screen function key labels. A numeric argument indicates which
function key to label (one through eight) and then the program prompts
for a 16 character label, which will be used as two lines of eight
characters. To label function key three with "save file" from a macro,
you would use:
3 label-function-key "save file"
Notice the 4 spaces after "save". This forces "file" to begin on
the second line of the label.
60
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Machine Dependent Notes
D.3 Atari 520/1040ST
The ATARI ST family of computers have a dual personality. They
may use either a monochrome or a color screen. EMACS supports two screen
resolutions on each monitor.
Monitor $sres size #color $palette format
Color LOW 40x25 16 000111222333444555666777
MEDIUM 80x25 4 000111222333
Mono HIGH 80x25 2 000
DENSE 80x40 2 000
The $palette environment variable can be used to change what
color is associated with each color name. With a color monitor, each
group of three digits indicates an octal number specifying the RED,
GREEN and BLUE levels of that color. Each color digit can vary from 0
to 7. For example, the initial setting of $palette in LOW resolution
is:
000700070770007707077777
which broken up is:
000 700 070 770 007 707 077 777
which means:
000 Black
700 Red
070 Green
770 Yellow
007 Blue
707 Magenta
077 Cyan
777 White
Note: DENSE mode is not yet supported in 3.9. It will be
soon
Also the mouse generates FN prefix codes when moved, or when one
of the two buttons is pressed. Initially the movement of the mouse is
bound to movement of the cursor, and the left mouse button generates a
set-mark (M-space) command. The cursor keys and the function keys are
bound similarly to to IBM-PC.
61
Machine Dependent Notes MicroEMACS Reference Manual
D.4 Amiga 1000
The Commodore AMIGA 1000 version of MicroEMACS does not have
extensive support of the mouse or of pull down menus as of yet. It does
however come up in a window, and it is possible to re-size it to run in
different sized windows. The M-^S change-screen-size takes its numeric
argument as the new number of lines for EMACS to use. The M-^T change-
screen-width command allows you to change the number of columns EMACS
will use. The defaults for these are 23 lines and 77 characters across
for a full screen window.
Note about Compiling MicroEMACS
If you are compiling the sources on the AMIGA to
produce an executable image, and you are using the Lattice
compiler, be sure to give the CLI command 'STACK 40000'
before compiling to make sure the compiler has sufficient
stack space to successfully complete compiliation.
62
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Machine Dependent Notes
D.5 UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23]
MicroEMACS under UNIX utilizes the TERMCAP library to provide
machine independent screen functions. Make sure that termcap is
availible and properly set on your account before attempting to use
MicroEMACS.
Under systems which support job control, you can use the ^X-D
suspend-emacs command to place EMACS into the background. This carries
a much smaller overhead than bringing up a new shell under EMACS. EMACS
will properly redraw the screen when you bring it back to the forground.
With the addition of some very machine/operating system specific
code, EMACS can prevent two or more people from modifying the same file
at the same time. The upper level of a set of functions to provide file
locking exist in the source file LOCK.C. It requires two machine
specific functions written and linked into EMACS for it to operate
properly.
char *dolock(fname)
char *fname;
dolock() locks a file, preventing others from modifying it. If
it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explination".
char *undolock(fname)
char *fname;
undolock() unlocks a file, allowing others to modifying it. If
it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explination".
63
Mode Flags MicroEMACS Reference Manual
Appendix E
Mode Flags
The two environment variables, $cmode and $gmode, contain a
number the corrosponds to the modes set for the current buffer and
theeditor as a whole. These are encoded as the sum of the following
numbers for each of the possible modes:
WRAP 1 Word wrap
CMODE 2 C indentation and fence match
SPELL 4 Interactive spell checking (Not Implemented Yet)
EXACT 8 Exact matching for searches
VIEW 16 Read-only buffer
OVER 32 Overwrite mode
MAGIC 64 Regular expresions in search
CRYPT 128 Encrytion mode active
ASAVE 256 Auto-save mode
So, if you wished to set the current buffer to have CMODE,
EXACT, and MAGIC on, and all the others off, you would add up the values
for those three, CMODE 2 + EXACT 8 + MAGIC 64 = 74, and use a
statement like:
set $cmode 74
64
MicroEMACS Reference Manual Index
Index
<NL> 12
E
A encryption 26
add-global-mode 25 end-macro 37
add-mode 3, 25 end-of-file 4
end-of-line 4
B Enlarge-window 19
backward-character 4 entab-lines 35
begin-macro 37 execute-buffer 39
beginning-of-file 4, 7 execute-file 39
beginning-of-line 4 execute-macro 37
buffer 4, 6 execute-macro-<n> 39
buffers 22 exit-emacs 8
C F
case-region-lower 34 file locking 63
case-word-capitalize fill-paragraph 7, 33
34 fill column 28
case-word-lower 34 find-file 18, 22
case-word-upper 34 forward-character 4
Center-cursor 19
change-screen-size 62 H
change-screen-width 62 handle-tab 35
color 25
command line 17 K
control-x 1 kill-region 9
control key 1 kill-to-end-of-line 8
copy-region 10 kill buffer 10
cursor keys 4
L
D label-function-key 60
default string 13 list-buffers 23, 25
delete-blank-lines 8
delete-buffer 23 M
delete-global-mode 25 mark 9
delete-mode 25 meta key 1
delete-next-character mode line 2, 6
8 modes 3, 25
delete-next-word 8 move-window-down 18
delete-previous- move-window-up 18
character 7
delete-previous-word 8 N
detab-line 35 newline 1
65
Index MicroEMACS Reference Manual
next-buffer 22 scroll-next-up 18
next-line 3 search-forward 12
next-paragraph 4 search-reverse 13
select-buffer 22
O set-encryption-key 26
open-line 7 set-fill-column 33
open-window 17 set-mark 9
Shrink-window 19
P special keys 1
point 9 split-window 17
previous-line 3 suspend-emacs 63
previous-paragraph 4
previous-window 17 T
previous-word 3 tab handling 35
termcap 63
Q text window 2
query-replace 14
query-replace-string W
14 window 6
windows 2, 17
R Creating 17
refresh-screen 19 Deleting 18
replace-string 13 Resizing 19
Resize-window 19 wrap-word 28
wrapping text 33
S write-file 4
save-file 4
screen 6 Y
scroll-next-down 18 yank 10
66
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 1
1.1 Keys and the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Parts and Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Entering Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Basic cursor movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 Saving your text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2 Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions 6
2.1 A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and
Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Insertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 3 Using Regions 9
3.1 Defining and Deleting a Region . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Yanking a Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 4 Search and Replace 12
4.1 Forward Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Exact Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Backward Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4 Searching and Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Query-Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 5 Windows 17
5.1 Creating Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2 Deleting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3 Resizing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Repositioning within a Window . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 6 Buffers 22
Chapter 7 Modes 25
7.1 ASAVE mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 CMODE mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.3 CRYPT mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.4 EXACT mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5 MAGIC mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.6 OVER mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.7 WRAP mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.8 VIEW mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
i
Chapter 8 Files 30
Chapter 9 Screen Formatting 33
9.1 Wrapping Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.2 Reformatting Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.3 Changing Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.4 Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 10 Keyboard Macros 37
Chapter 11 MicroEMACS Macros 39
11.1 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11.1.1 Environmental Variables . . . . . . . . . 40
11.1.2 User variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
11.1.3 Buffer Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
11.1.4 Interactive variables . . . . . . . . . . 42
11.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
11.3 Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
11.3.1 !ENDM Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
11.3.2 !FORCE Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.3.3 !IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives . . . . 46
11.3.4 !GOTO Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.3.5 !WHILE and !ENDWHILE Directives . . . . . 47
11.3.6 !BREAK Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11.3.7 !RETURN Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Appendix A MicroEMACS commands 49
Appendix B MicroEMACS Bindings 55
Appendix C Supported machines 57
Appendix D Machine Dependent Notes 58
D.1 IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones . . . . . . . . . . 58
D.2 HP 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
D.3 Atari 520/1040ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
D.4 Amiga 1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
D.5 UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23] . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Appendix E Mode Flags 64
ii