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Usenet 1994 October
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usenetsourcesnewsgroupsinfomagicoctober1994disk2.iso
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unix
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volume14
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splay-tree
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sptree.c
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C/C++ Source or Header
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1988-05-08
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15KB
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566 lines
/*
*
* sptree.c: The following code implements the basic operations on
* an event-set or priority-queue implemented using splay trees:
*
* SPTREE *spinit( compare ) Make a new tree
* int spempty(); Is tree empty?
* SPBLK *spenq( n, q ) Insert n in q after all equal keys.
* SPBLK *spdeq( q ) Return first key in q, removing it.
* SPBLK *spenqprior( n, q ) Insert n in q before all equal keys.
* void splay( n, q ) n (already in q) becomes the root.
*
* In the above, n points to an SPBLK type, while q points to an
* SPTREE.
*
* The implementation used here is based on the implementation
* which was used in the tests of splay trees reported in:
*
* An Empirical Comparison of Priority-Queue and Event-Set Implementations,
* by Douglas W. Jones, Comm. ACM 29, 4 (Apr. 1986) 300-311.
*
* The changes made include the addition of the enqprior
* operation and the addition of up-links to allow for the splay
* operation. The basic splay tree algorithms were originally
* presented in:
*
* Self Adjusting Binary Trees,
* by D. D. Sleator and R. E. Tarjan,
* Proc. ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory
* of Computing (Boston, Apr 1983) 235-245.
*
* The enq and enqprior routines use variations on the
* top-down splay operation, while the splay routine is bottom-up.
* All are coded for speed.
*
* Written by:
* Douglas W. Jones
*
* Translated to C by:
* David Brower, daveb@rtech.uucp
*
*/
# include "sptree.h"
/* USER SUPPLIED! */
extern char *emalloc();
/*----------------
*
* spinit() -- initialize an empty splay tree
*
*/
SPTREE *
spinit()
{
register SPTREE * q;
q = (SPTREE *) emalloc( sizeof( *q ) );
q->lookups = 0;
q->lkpcmps = 0;
q->enqs = 0;
q->enqcmps = 0;
q->splays = 0;
q->splayloops = 0;
q->root = NULL;
return( q );
}
/*----------------
*
* spempty() -- is an event-set represented as a splay tree empty?
*/
int
spempty( q )
SPTREE *q;
{
return( q == NULL || q->root == NULL );
}
/*----------------
*
* spenq() -- insert item in a tree.
*
* put n in q after all other nodes with the same key; when this is
* done, n will be the root of the splay tree representing q, all nodes
* in q with keys less than or equal to that of n will be in the
* left subtree, all with greater keys will be in the right subtree;
* the tree is split into these subtrees from the top down, with rotations
* performed along the way to shorten the left branch of the right subtree
* and the right branch of the left subtree
*/
SPBLK *
spenq( n, q )
register SPBLK * n;
register SPTREE * q;
{
register SPBLK * left; /* the rightmost node in the left tree */
register SPBLK * right; /* the leftmost node in the right tree */
register SPBLK * next; /* the root of the unsplit part */
register SPBLK * temp;
register char * key;
register int Sct; /* Strcmp value */
q->enqs++;
n->uplink = NULL;
next = q->root;
q->root = n;
if( next == NULL ) /* trivial enq */
{
n->leftlink = NULL;
n->rightlink = NULL;
}
else /* difficult enq */
{
key = n->key;
left = n;
right = n;
/* n's left and right children will hold the right and left
splayed trees resulting from splitting on n->key;
note that the children will be reversed! */
q->enqcmps++;
if ( STRCMP( next->key, key ) > 0 )
goto two;
one: /* assert next->key <= key */
do /* walk to the right in the left tree */
{
temp = next->rightlink;
if( temp == NULL )
{
left->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = left;
right->leftlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
q->enqcmps++;
if( STRCMP( temp->key, key ) > 0 )
{
left->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = left;
left = next;
next = temp;
goto two; /* change sides */
}
next->rightlink = temp->leftlink;
if( temp->leftlink != NULL )
temp->leftlink->uplink = next;
left->rightlink = temp;
temp->uplink = left;
temp->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = temp;
left = temp;
next = temp->rightlink;
if( next == NULL )
{
right->leftlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
q->enqcmps++;
} while( STRCMP( next->key, key ) <= 0 ); /* change sides */
two: /* assert next->key > key */
do /* walk to the left in the right tree */
{
temp = next->leftlink;
if( temp == NULL )
{
right->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = right;
left->rightlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
q->enqcmps++;
if( STRCMP( temp->key, key ) <= 0 )
{
right->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = right;
right = next;
next = temp;
goto one; /* change sides */
}
next->leftlink = temp->rightlink;
if( temp->rightlink != NULL )
temp->rightlink->uplink = next;
right->leftlink = temp;
temp->uplink = right;
temp->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = temp;
right = temp;
next = temp->leftlink;
if( next == NULL )
{
left->rightlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
q->enqcmps++;
} while( STRCMP( next->key, key ) > 0 ); /* change sides */
goto one;
done: /* split is done, branches of n need reversal */
temp = n->leftlink;
n->leftlink = n->rightlink;
n->rightlink = temp;
}
return( n );
} /* spenq */
/*----------------
*
* spdeq() -- return and remove head node from a subtree.
*
* remove and return the head node from the node set; this deletes
* (and returns) the leftmost node from q, replacing it with its right
* subtree (if there is one); on the way to the leftmost node, rotations
* are performed to shorten the left branch of the tree
*/
SPBLK *
spdeq( n )
register SPBLK * n;
{
register SPBLK * deq; /* one to return */
register SPBLK * next; /* the next thing to deal with */
register SPBLK * left; /* the left child of next */
register SPBLK * farleft; /* the left child of left */
register SPBLK * farfarleft; /* the left child of farleft */
if( n == NULL )
{
deq = NULL;
}
else
{
next = n;
left = next->leftlink;
if( left == NULL )
{
deq = next;
n = next->rightlink;
if( n != NULL )
n->uplink = NULL;
}
else for(;;)
{
/* next is not it, left is not NULL, might be it */
farleft = left->leftlink;
if( farleft == NULL )
{
deq = left;
next->leftlink = left->rightlink;
if( left->rightlink != NULL )
left->rightlink->uplink = next;
break;
}
/* next, left are not it, farleft is not NULL, might be it */
farfarleft = farleft->leftlink;
if( farfarleft == NULL )
{
deq = farleft;
left->leftlink = farleft->rightlink;
if( farleft->rightlink != NULL )
farleft->rightlink->uplink = left;
break;
}
/* next, left, farleft are not it, rotate */
next->leftlink = farleft;
farleft->uplink = next;
left->leftlink = farleft->rightlink;
if( farleft->rightlink != NULL )
farleft->rightlink->uplink = left;
farleft->rightlink = left;
left->uplink = farleft;
next = farleft;
left = farfarleft;
}
}
return( deq );
} /* spdeq */
/*----------------
*
* spenqprior() -- insert into tree before other equal keys.
*
* put n in q before all other nodes with the same key; after this is
* done, n will be the root of the splay tree representing q, all nodes in
* q with keys less than that of n will be in the left subtree, all with
* greater or equal keys will be in the right subtree; the tree is split
* into these subtrees from the top down, with rotations performed along
* the way to shorten the left branch of the right subtree and the right
* branch of the left subtree; the logic of spenqprior is exactly the
* same as that of spenq except for a substitution of comparison
* operators
*/
SPBLK *
spenqprior( n, q )
register SPBLK * n;
SPTREE * q;
{
register SPBLK * left; /* the rightmost node in the left tree */
register SPBLK * right; /* the leftmost node in the right tree */
register SPBLK * next; /* the root of unsplit part of tree */
register SPBLK * temp;
register int Sct; /* Strcmp value */
register char *key;
n->uplink = NULL;
next = q->root;
q->root = n;
if( next == NULL ) /* trivial enq */
{
n->leftlink = NULL;
n->rightlink = NULL;
}
else /* difficult enq */
{
key = n->key;
left = n;
right = n;
/* n's left and right children will hold the right and left
splayed trees resulting from splitting on n->key;
note that the children will be reversed! */
if( STRCMP( next->key, key ) >= 0 )
goto two;
one: /* assert next->key < key */
do /* walk to the right in the left tree */
{
temp = next->rightlink;
if( temp == NULL )
{
left->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = left;
right->leftlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
if( STRCMP( temp->key, key ) >= 0 )
{
left->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = left;
left = next;
next = temp;
goto two; /* change sides */
}
next->rightlink = temp->leftlink;
if( temp->leftlink != NULL )
temp->leftlink->uplink = next;
left->rightlink = temp;
temp->uplink = left;
temp->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = temp;
left = temp;
next = temp->rightlink;
if( next == NULL )
{
right->leftlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
} while( STRCMP( next->key, key ) < 0 ); /* change sides */
two: /* assert next->key >= key */
do /* walk to the left in the right tree */
{
temp = next->leftlink;
if( temp == NULL )
{
right->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = right;
left->rightlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
if( STRCMP( temp->key, key ) < 0 )
{
right->leftlink = next;
next->uplink = right;
right = next;
next = temp;
goto one; /* change sides */
}
next->leftlink = temp->rightlink;
if( temp->rightlink != NULL )
temp->rightlink->uplink = next;
right->leftlink = temp;
temp->uplink = right;
temp->rightlink = next;
next->uplink = temp;
right = temp;
next = temp->leftlink;
if( next == NULL )
{
left->rightlink = NULL;
goto done; /* job done, entire tree split */
}
} while( STRCMP( next->key, key ) >= 0 ); /* change sides */
goto one;
done: /* split is done, branches of n need reversal */
temp = n->leftlink;
n->leftlink = n->rightlink;
n->rightlink = temp;
}
return( n );
} /* spenqprior */
/*----------------
*
* splay() -- reorganize the tree.
*
* the tree is reorganized so that n is the root of the
* splay tree representing q; results are unpredictable if n is not
* in q to start with; q is split from n up to the old root, with all
* nodes to the left of n ending up in the left subtree, and all nodes
* to the right of n ending up in the right subtree; the left branch of
* the right subtree and the right branch of the left subtree are
* shortened in the process
*
* this code assumes that n is not NULL and is in q; it can sometimes
* detect n not in q and complain
*/
void
splay( n, q )
register SPBLK * n;
SPTREE * q;
{
register SPBLK * up; /* points to the node being dealt with */
register SPBLK * prev; /* a descendent of up, already dealt with */
register SPBLK * upup; /* the parent of up */
register SPBLK * upupup; /* the grandparent of up */
register SPBLK * left; /* the top of left subtree being built */
register SPBLK * right; /* the top of right subtree being built */
left = n->leftlink;
right = n->rightlink;
prev = n;
up = prev->uplink;
q->splays++;
while( up != NULL )
{
q->splayloops++;
/* walk up the tree towards the root, splaying all to the left of
n into the left subtree, all to right into the right subtree */
upup = up->uplink;
if( up->leftlink == prev ) /* up is to the right of n */
{
if( upup != NULL && upup->leftlink == up ) /* rotate */
{
upupup = upup->uplink;
upup->leftlink = up->rightlink;
if( upup->leftlink != NULL )
upup->leftlink->uplink = upup;
up->rightlink = upup;
upup->uplink = up;
if( upupup == NULL )
q->root = up;
else if( upupup->leftlink == upup )
upupup->leftlink = up;
else
upupup->rightlink = up;
up->uplink = upupup;
upup = upupup;
}
up->leftlink = right;
if( right != NULL )
right->uplink = up;
right = up;
}
else /* up is to the left of n */
{
if( upup != NULL && upup->rightlink == up ) /* rotate */
{
upupup = upup->uplink;
upup->rightlink = up->leftlink;
if( upup->rightlink != NULL )
upup->rightlink->uplink = upup;
up->leftlink = upup;
upup->uplink = up;
if( upupup == NULL )
q->root = up;
else if( upupup->rightlink == upup )
upupup->rightlink = up;
else
upupup->leftlink = up;
up->uplink = upupup;
upup = upupup;
}
up->rightlink = left;
if( left != NULL )
left->uplink = up;
left = up;
}
prev = up;
up = upup;
}
# ifdef DEBUG
if( q->root != prev )
{
/* fprintf(stderr, " *** bug in splay: n not in q *** " ); */
abort();
}
# endif
n->leftlink = left;
n->rightlink = right;
if( left != NULL )
left->uplink = n;
if( right != NULL )
right->uplink = n;
q->root = n;
n->uplink = NULL;
} /* splay */