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- From: seismo!nbires!vianet!devine (Bob Devine)
- Date: Wed, 17 Dec 86 19:39:53 EST
-
- This is in response to Ron Tolley's article that appeared in mod.std.unix
- last week. My reply corrects the errors.
-
- Bob Devine
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- > GMT and UTC are not the same.
-
- Yes they are (within a very small delta). GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
- is maintained by the UK while UTC (Universal Coordinated Time) is maintained
- by the International Time Bureau in Paris (BIH). The WWV* broadcasts in the
- US are not exactly UTC but neither is GMT. However, they are within
- nanoseconds of UTC. WWV (and WWVB and WWVH) are the US's official
- distributors of the time according to the US's clocks.
-
- Some confusion results from the use of "GMT". In common usage, it
- means what time it is in the timezone centered on the Greenwich Observatory
- which defines zero degrees longitude. It also means the official UK
- time. GMT is no longer the global standard for time; UTC is (since 1972).
-
- UTC is an average of all the contributing countrys' clocks (US, UK,
- France, Italy, Japan etc all contribute to UTC). The change of UTC
- to stay close to UT1 (the "spinning earth" time) is through the adding
- or subtracting of leap seconds. BIH makes recommendations for such
- leap seconds and it is up to the individual countries to follow them.
- I don't know of any case where a leap second recommedation was not
- followed by a country for its clocks; it doesn't make sense to disregard them.
-
-
- > The following is a list of leap seconds which have been added to
- > Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) in order to keep it relatively close to
- > solar time. Note that with Greewich Mean Time, such corrections were
- > made by stretching or contracting the length of seconds. UTC is
- > generally available through time standards, GMT not readily available.
- > This is data derived from an AP story from May 1985. No data since then
- > is known. There is also no indication whether the insertions were made
- > in local time or in UTC. Local time is assumed. (Wouldn't Australia,
- > Newfoundland, and other half-hour-off places have fun with inserting an
- > extra second in the middle of a pseudo-random hour.)
-
- A second is not stretched/contracted for leap second adjustments. The
- selected minute will have 59 or 61 seconds. There are agreements as to
- which minute is selected and the BIH issues its recommendation far in
- advance selecting the minute. Currently, and unless the earth goes wacko,
- a second is usually added once a year.
-
- Bob Devine
-
- Volume-Number: Volume 8, Number 73
-
-