Total Baseball (1994 Edition)/Total_Baseball_1994_Edition_Creative_Multimedia_1994.iso/dp/0128/01282.txt

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$Unique_ID{BAS01282}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Appendix:  Rules and Scoring:  Part 5}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{
Bingham, Dennis
Heitz, Thomas R.}
$Subject{Rule Rules Score Scoring Change Changes}
$Log{}

Total Baseball:  Appendixes


Rules and Scoring:  Part 5

Dennis Bingham and Thomas R. Heitz


Scoring Rules for 1877

Batting

Section 1. The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name and
position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game. Any
time or times where the player has been sent to base on called balls shall not
be included in this column.
Section 2. In the second column should be set down the runs made by
each player.
Section 3. In the third column should be placed the first-base hits
made by each player. A base hit should be scored in the following cases:
     When the ball from the bat strikes the ground between the foul lines
and out of the reach of the fielders.
     When a hit is partially or wholly stopped by a fielder in motion, but
such player cannot recover himself in time to handle the ball before the
striker reaches first base.
     When the ball is hit so sharply to an infielder that he cannot handle
it in time to put out a man. In case of doubt over this class of hits, score
a base hit and exempt the fielder from the charge of an error.
     When a ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that he cannot reach it
before the batsman is safe.
Section 4. In the fourth column should be placed to the credit of each
player the total bases made off his hits. The unit, or base, consists in
getting from any one base to any other base without being put out, and the
striker is to be credited not only with the number of bases which he himself
makes after a hit, but, in addition, with those safely made by every other
player who is on base at the time he runs toward first. It should be
understood that a base or bases made off an
error of a fielder count toward the score of the player who ran from home base
toward first base when the error was made. All the bases made off such error,
whether by the striker or by some other player then on base, shall go to the
credit of the striker. The striker shall be credited with a base when he is
sent to base on called balls, and, in addition, with all the bases made by
other players who may be advanced on the play under the rules.
     A base or bases shall be given to the runner for a successful steal,
whether made on an error of his opponents, or without error.
     Bases shall not be given to a striker when any player, other than
himself, shall be put out on his strike.

Fielding

Section 5. The number of opponents put out by each player shall be set
down in the fifth column. Where a striker is given out by the umpire for a
foul strike or because he struck out of his turn, the putout shall be scored
to the catcher.
Section 6. The number of times a player assists shall be set down in
the sixth column. An assist should be given to each player who handles the
ball in a runout or other play of the kind.
     An assist should be given to the pitcher when a batsman fails to hit the
ball on the third strike.
     An assist should be given to the pitcher in each case where the batsman
is declared out for making a foul strike or striking out of turn.
     An assist should be given to a player who makes a play in time to put a
runner out, even if the player who should complete the play fails, through no
fault of the player assisting.
     An assist should not be given to a player who muffs the ball, or allows
it to bound off his body toward a player who then assists or puts out a
player.
     And, generally, an assist should be given to each player who handles the
ball from the time it leaves the bat until it reaches the player who makes the
putout, or in case of a thrown ball, to each player who throws or handles it
cleanly, and in such way that a putout results, or would result, if no error
were made by the receiver. Section 7. An error should be given for each
misplay, which allows the striker or baserunner to make one or more bases,
when perfect play would have insured his being put out. In scoring errors off
batted balls, see Sec. 3 of this Article.


Chronology of Scoring Rules 1878-1992

1878

Assist  An assist is no longer denied a player who has a ball bounce off him
toward another player who then makes an assist or putout.

On-Base  In the fourth column should be placed to the credit of each player
the number of times he reaches first base during the game, whether upon hits,
errors, called balls, or in any other way he is not put out.

Total Bases  The statistic crediting players with total bases is dropped from
the rule book (Section 4 in 1877).

1879

     There were no changes to the scoring rules this year.

1880

Base Hit  Score a base hit when a ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that
he cannot handle it in time to put out a man.

Total Bases  In the fourth column should be placed to the credit of each
player the total bases run during the game. In scoring "bases run" where a
player has reached first base as the result of the putting out of another
player, such first base shall not be credited to the striker as one of the
bases run by him.

Total Chances  In the seventh column should be placed the "total chances
offered" to retire players, which should include each perfect play, as well as
each misplay or failure to accept a chance to retire a batsman or baserunner.
"Chances offered" should not include "passed balls," "called balls," or "wild
pitches."  In scoring "chances offered" off batted balls, see Sec. 3 of the
Scoring Rules.
     Note: This rule does not appear in the scoring rules following 1880.

1881

Total Bases  In the fourth column should be placed to the credit of each
player the total bases made by him off his hits.

1882

     In 1882 the American Association was founded, adopted the rule book, and
made the following addition and deletion for their scoring rules:

Assist  (American Association)  An assist should be given to the pitcher on
every chance offered to the catcher for a putout on a foul ball.

Total Bases  (American Association)  Total bases were not credited to the
player's record.

1883

Assist  The pitcher is no longer credited with an assist when the batsman
fails to hit the ball on the third strike, or when the batsman is declared out
for making a foul strike or for striking out of turn.

Assist  (American Association)  An assist should be given to the pitcher when
a batsman fails to hit the ball on the third strike.
     An assist should be given to the pitcher in each case where the batsman
is declared out for making a foul strike, or striking out of turn. Such
assistance is to be placed in the summary of the score.
     Note: These two rules were dropped by the AA in 1884.

Error  An error should be given to the pitcher when the batsman is given first
base on "called balls."

Scoring Summary  In the summary of the game should be credited to the pitcher
the number of times a batsman fails to hit the ball on the third strike.

Scoring Summary  (American Association)  The summary shall contain: (1) The
number of earned runs made by each side; (2) The number of two-base hits made
by each player; (3) The number of three-base hits made by each player; (4) The
number of home runs made by each player; (5) The number of men on each side
left on bases; (6) The number of double and triple plays made by each side;
(7) The number of men struck out by each pitcher; (8) The number of men given
base on balls by each pitcher; (9) The number of passed balls by each catcher;
(10) The number of wild pitches by each pitcher; (11) The time of game; (12)
The name of the umpire.

1884

     In 1884 the Union Association was formed and adopted the same scoring
rules used by the American Association, with the exception that the new league
credited assists to the pitcher for strikeouts, batters called out for batting
out of turn, and batters striking the ball while out of the batter's box. The
Union Association existed for one season.

Scoring Summary  (American Association)  The number of men given bases from
being hit by pitched balls is added to the summary.
     Note: The Union Association did not include this in their summary.

Strikeout  (American Association)  A strikeout should be given to the pitcher
when a batsman fails to hit the ball on the third strike, and in each case
where the batsman is declared out for making a foul strike, or striking out of
turn.

1885

Assist  An assist shall be given the pitcher when the batsman fails to hit the
ball on the third strike, and the same shall also be entered in the summary
under the head of "struck out."
     Note: This rule was dropped in 1889.

Error  Wild pitches and passed balls shall be charged to the pitcher and
catcher respectively in the error column, and shall also appear in the
summary.
     Note: This rule was dropped in 1886.

Error  (American Association)  An error shall be given for each misplay which
allows the striker or baserunner to make one or more bases, when perfect play
would have insured his being put out; except that wild pitches, bases on
called balls, bases on the batsman being struck by a pitched ball, balks, and
passed balls shall not be included in said column.
     Note: The National League adopted this rule in 1887 and added the term
"illegal pitched ball" to the exceptions. The phrase "bases on called balls"
was deleted from the exceptions in 1888 only.

1886

Stolen Base  Bases stolen by players shall appear to their credit in the
summary of the game.

1887

     In 1887 the National League and the American Association agreed to use
the same scoring rules.

Assist  An assist shall be given the pitcher when the batsman fails to hit the
ball on the fourth [third in 1888] strike, and the same shall be entered in
the summary under the head of "struck out."
     Note: This rule was dropped in 1889.

Base Hit  A base hit is to be scored when the batsman is awarded a base on
balls.
     Note: This rule was dropped in 1888.

Scoring Summary  The summary shall contain: (1) The number of earned runs
made by each side; (2) The number of two-base hits made by each player; (3)
The number of three-base hits made by each player; (4) The number of home runs
made by each player; (5) The number of double and triple plays made by each
side, with the names of the players assisting in the same; (6) The number of
men given bases on called balls by each pitcher; (7) The number of men given
bases from being hit by pitched balls; (8) The number of passed balls by each
catcher; (9) The number of wild pitches by each pitcher; (10) The time of the
game; (11) The name of the umpire.

Stolen Base  In the fourth column shall be scored bases stolen, and shall
include every base made after first base has been reached by a baserunner,
except those made by reason of, or with the aid of, a "battery" error, or by
batting, "balks" or by being forced off. In short, shall include all bases
made by a "clean steal," or through a wild throw or muff of the ball by a
fielder who is directly trying to put the baserunner out while attempting to
steal a base.

Time at Bat  The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name
and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game.
Any time or times where the player has been sent to base by being hit by a
pitched ball or by the pitcher's illegal delivery, shall not be included in
this column.

1888

Base Hit  In all cases where a baserunner is retired by being hit by a batted
ball, the batsman should be credited with a base hit.
     That when a player reaches first base through an error of judgment such
as two fielders allowing the ball to drop between them, the batter shall not
be credited with a base hit, nor the fielder charged with an error, but it
shall be scored as an unaccepted chance, and the batter shall be charged with
a time at the bat.
     Note: This rule was dropped in 1889.

Earned Run  An earned run shall be scored every time the player reaches the
home base unaided by errors before chances have been offered to retire the
side, but bases on balls, though summarized as errors, shall be credited as
factors in earned runs.
     Note: This rule was deleted in 1898 but reappears in 1917. Also see
1912.

Stolen Base  In the fourth column shall be scored bases stolen, and shall be
governed as follows: Any attempt to steal a base must go to the credit of the
baserunner, but any manifest error is to be charged to the fielder making the
same. If the baserunner advances another base he shall not be credited with a
stolen base, and the fielder allowing the advancement is also to be charged
with an error. If a baserunner makes a start and a battery error is made, the
runner secures the credit of a stolen base, and the battery error is scored
against the player making it. Should a baserunner overrun a base and then be
put out, he should receive the credit for the stolen base.


Time at Bat  The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name
and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game.
At any time or times where the player has been sent to base by being hit by a
pitched ball, by the pitcher's illegal delivery, or by a base on balls shall
not be included in this column.

1889

Base Hit  A base hit should be scored when a batted ball hits the person or
clothing of the umpire as provided in the playing rules.

Earned Run  An earned run shall be scored every time the player reaches the
home base unaided by errors before chances have been offered to retire the
side.
     Note: See entries under 1888, 1912, and 1917.

Sacrifice  In the fourth column shall be placed sacrifice hits, which shall be
credited to the batsman, who when but one man is out advances a runner on base
on a fly to the outfield or a ground hit, which results in putting out the
batsman, or would so result if handled without error.

Scoring Summary  The number of bases stolen is added to the scoring summary.

1890

Assist  Assistances on strikes are not to be included in the record of
fielding assistances.

Earned Run  Earned runs should be charged against the pitcher only on the
basis of base hits made off the pitching, and should not include stolen bases
or bases scored in any other way.

1891

Scoring Summary  The number of runs batted in by base hits by each batsman is
added to the scoring summary.

1892

Stolen Base  The following sentence is added to the 1888 rule for scoring
stolen bases: If a baserunner advances a base on a fly out, or gains two
bases on a single base hit, or an infield out, or attempted out, he shall be
credited with a stolen base, provided there is a possible chance and a
palpable attempt made to retire him.
     Note: This sentence was dropped from the rule in 1897.

1893

     There were no changes to the scoring rules this year.

1894

Sacrifice  A sacrifice hit is to be credited to the batsman who advances a
runner with no one out or one out by a bunt sacrifice which results in putting
out the batsman.
     Note: Previously the rule applied only with one out. See 1889.

Time at Bat  The batter is not charged with a time at bat for a sacrifice hit
purposely made to the infield which advances a runner without resulting in a
putout except to the batsman.

1895-6

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1897

Earned Run  An earned run shall be scored every time the player reaches the
home base by the aid of base hits only before chances have been offered to
retire the side.
     Note: See entries under 1888, 1912 and 1917.

Sacrifice  In the fourth column shall be placed the sacrifice hits, which
shall be credited to the batsman who, when no one is out or when but one man
is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit, which results in putting out
the batsman, or would so result if the ball were handled without error.

Scoring Summary  The summary shall contain: (1) The number of earned runs
made off each pitcher; (2) The number of two-base hits made by each player;
(3) The number of three-base hits made by each player; (4) The number of home
runs made by each player; (5) The number of bases stolen by each player; (6)
The number of double and triple plays made by each side and the names of the
players assisting in the same; (7) The number of men given bases on called
balls by each pitcher and the names of the players who were thus given bases;
(8) The number of men given bases from being hit by pitched balls by each
pitcher and the names of the players who are thus given bases; (9) The number
of men struck out by each pitcher and the names of the players struck out;
(10) The number of passed balls by each catcher; (11) The number of wild
pitches by each pitcher; (12) The number of baserunners left on bases by each
side; (13) The number of innings each pitcher played; (14) The number of base
hits made off each pitcher; (15) The number of bases on balls given by each
pitcher; (16) The number of batsmen hit by each pitcher; (17) The number of
batsmen struck out by each pitcher [Note: This requirement apparently
duplicates Sec. 9 above]; (18) The number of baserunners of each side who
reached first base by fielding errors; (19) The time it took to play the game;
(20) The condition of the weather; (21) The condition of the playing field;
(22) The name of the umpire.

Stolen Base  The rule regarding stolen bases is now the same as that used
between 1888 through 1891. Additional language adopted in 1892 and included
through 1896 has been deleted. See 1892.

Time at Bat  The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name
and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game.
The time or times when the player has been sent to base by being hit by a
pitched ball, by the pitcher's illegal delivery, or by a base on balls, or has
made a sacrifice hit which was manifestly intentional, shall not be included
in this column.

1898

Assist  Assists should be credited to every player who handles the ball in the
play which results in a baserunner being called out for interference or for
running out of line.

Base Hit  A base hit should be scored when a ball is hit with such force to an
infielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman. In case of
doubt over this class of hits, score a base hit and exempt the fielder from
the charge of an error.
     In no case shall a base hit be scored when a baserunner has been forced
out by the play.

Error  An error shall be given in the seventh column for each misplay which
allows the striker or baserunner to make one or more bases when perfect play
would have insured his being put out, except that "wild pitches," "bases on
balls," bases on the batsman being struck by a "pitched ball," or in case of
illegal pitched balls, balks and passed balls, all of which comprise battery
errors, shall not be included in said column. In scoring errors of batted
balls see Sec. 3 of this rule.
     An error shall not be scored against the catcher for a wild throw to
prevent a stolen base, unless the baserunner advances an extra base because of
the error.
     No error shall be scored against an infielder who attempts to complete a
double play, unless the throw is so wild that an additional base is gained.

Putout  The number of opponents put out by each player shall be set down in
the fifth column. Where a batsman is given out by the umpire for a foul
strike, or where the batsman fails to bat in proper order, the putout shall be
scored to the catcher. In all cases of "out" for interference, running out of
line, or infield fly dropped, the "out" should be credited to the player who
would have made the play but for the action of the baserunner or batsman.

Scoring Summary  The summary shall contain: (1) The score made in each inning
of the game; (2) The number of bases stolen by each player; (3) The number of
two-base hits made by each player; (4) The number of three-base hits made by
each player; (5) The number of home runs made by each player; (6) The number
of double and triple plays made by each side and the names of the players
assisting in the same; (7) The number of innings each pitcher pitched in; (8)
The number of base hits made off each pitcher; (9) The number of times the
pitcher strikes out the opposing batsmen; (10) The number of times the pitcher
gives bases on balls; (11) The number of wild pitches charged to the pitcher;
(12) The number of times the pitcher hits batsmen with pitched ball; (13)  The
number of passed balls by each catcher; (14) The time of the game; (15)  The
names and positions of each umpire.

Stolen Base  A stolen base shall be credited to the baserunner whenever he
reaches the base he attempts to steal unaided by a fielding or by a battery
error or a hit by the batsman.

Time at Bat  The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name
and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game.
No time at bat shall be scored if the batsman be hit by a pitched ball while
standing in his position, and after trying to avoid being so hit, or in case
of the pitcher's illegal delivery of the ball to the bat which gives the
batsman his base, or when he intentionally hits the ball to the field,
purposely to be put out, or if he is given first base on called balls.

1899-1903

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1904

Assist  The number of times, if any, each player assists in putting out an
opponent shall be set down in the sixth column. An assist should be given to
each player who handles the ball in aiding in a run-out or any other play of
the kind, except the one who completes it.
     Note: The rule remains unchanged except to clarify that the fielder
completing a run-down play by making the putout is not to be credited with an
assist even if he handled the ball prior to receiving it again to make the
putout. But see the entry under 1910.

Base Hit  A base hit should be scored when the ball is hit so slowly toward a
fielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a
baserunner.
     Note: The phrase "or force out a baserunner" has been added to the
original rule. See 1878.

Error  An error shall be given in the seventh column for each misplay which
prolongs the time at bat of the batsman or allows a baserunner to make one or
more bases when perfect play would have insured his being put out. But a wild
pitch, a base on balls, a base awarded to a batsman by being struck by a
pitched ball, an illegal pitch, a balk and a passed ball, each of which is a
battery and not a fielding error, shall not be included in the seventh column.
     In case a baserunner advance a base through the failure of a baseman to
stop or try to stop a ball accurately thrown to his base, he shall be charged
with an error and not the player who made such throw, provided there were
occasion for it. If such throw be made to second base, the scorer shall
determine whether the second baseman or shortstop shall be charged with an
error.

Putout  The number of opponents, if any, put out by each player shall be set
down in the fifth column. Where the batsman is given out by the umpire for a
foul strike, or fails to bat in proper order, the putout shall be scored to
the catcher. In cases of the baserunner being declared "out" for
interference, running out of line, or on an infield fly, the "out" should be
credited to the player who would have made the play but for the action of the
baserunner or the announcement of the umpire.
     Note: The phrase "or the announcement of the umpire" has been added in
place of "or batsman."  See 1898.

Sacrifice  In the fourth column shall be placed the sacrifice hits. A
sacrifice hit shall be credited to the batsman who, when no one is out or when
but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit, which results in
the batsman being put out before reaching first, or would so result if it were
handled without error.
     Note: The phrase "before reaching first" has been added to the rule. See
1889.

Scoring Summary  The scoring summary is to include the total runs by each side
as well as the score made in each inning.

Stolen Base  A stolen base shall be credited to the baserunner whenever he
advances a base unaided by a base hit, a putout, a fielding or a battery
error.

Time at Bat  The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name
and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game,
but the exceptions made in rule 82 must not be included.
     Note: See rule 82 below.
     "A Time at Bat" is the term at-bat of a batsman. It begins when he takes
his position, and continues until he is put out or becomes a baserunner. But a
time at bat shall not be charged against a batsman who is awarded first base
by the umpire for being hit by a pitched ball or for the illegal delivery of
the pitcher, or on called balls, or when he makes a sacrifice hit.

1905-06
     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1907

Base Hit  In all cases where a baserunner is retired by being hit by a batted
ball, unless batted by himself, the batsman should be credited with a base
hit.

Game Played  All appearances by a player in a championship game count as a
game played in the American League, which prior to 1907 had not so credited
the appearances of pinch hitters, pinch runners, and defensive substitutes in
most cases. See 1912 for National League.

1908

Sacrifice  A sacrifice hit shall be credited to the batsman who, when no one
is out or when but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit,
which results in the batsman being put out before reaching first, or would so
result if it were handled without error. A sacrifice hit shall also be
credited to a batsman who, when no one is out or when but one man is out, hits
a fly ball that is caught but results in a run being scored.

1909

Double Play  A double play shall mean any two continuous putouts that take
place between the time the ball leaves the pitcher's hands until it is
returned to him again standing in the pitcher's box.

Error  In case a runner advances a base through the failure of a baseman to
stop or try to stop a ball accurately thrown to his base, the latter shall be
charged with an error and not the player who made such throw, provided there
was occasion for it. If such throw be made to second base, the scorer shall
determine whether the second baseman or shortstop shall be charged with an
error.
     An error shall be given in the sixth column for each misplay which
prolongs the time at bat of the batsman or allows a baserunner to make one or
more bases when perfect play would have insured his being put out. But a base
on balls, a base awarded to a batsman by being struck by a pitched ball, an
illegal pitch, a balk, a passed ball or wild pitch, unless such wild pitch or
passed ball be on the third strike and allow the batter to reach first base,
shall not be included in the sixth column. In case of a wild pitch or a
passed ball allowing the batter to reach first base, the pitcher or the
catcher, as the case may be, shall be charged with an error.
     In event of a fielder dropping a fly but recovering the ball in time to
force a batter at another base, he shall be exempted from an error, the play
being scored as a "force-out."

Putout  The number of opponents, if any, put out by each player shall be set
down in the fourth column. Where the batsman is given out by the umpire for a
foul strike, or fails to bat in proper order, or is declared out on third bunt
strike, the putout shall be scored to the catcher. In cases of the baserunner
being declared "out" for interference, running out of line, or on an infield
fly, the "out" should be credited to the player who would have made the play
but for the action of the baserunner or the announcement of the umpire.

Sacrifice  A sacrifice hit shall be credited to the batsman who, when no one
is out or when but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit,
which results in the batsman being put out before reaching first, or would so
result if it were handled without error. A sacrifice hit shall also be
credited to a batsman who, when no one is out or when but one man is out, hits
a fly ball that is caught but results in a run being scored, or would in the
judgment of the scorer so result if caught.

Scoring Summary  The summary shall contain: (1) The score made in each inning
of the game and the total runs of each side in the game; (2) The number of
stolen bases, if any, by each player; (3) The number of sacrifice hits, if
any, made by each player; (4) The number of sacrifice flies, if any, made by
each player; (5) The number of two-base hits, if any, made by each player; (6)
The number of three-base hits, if any, made by each player; (7) The number of
home runs, if any, made by each player; (8) The number of double and triple
plays, if any, made by each club and the players participating in same; (9)
The number of innings each pitcher pitched in; (10) The number of base hits,
if any, made off each pitcher and the number of legal at-bats scored against
each pitcher; (11) The number of times, if any, the pitcher strikes out the
opposing batsmen; (12) The number of times, if any, the pitcher gives bases on
balls; (13) The number of wild pitches, if any, charged against the pitcher;
(14) The number of times, if any, the pitcher hits a batsman with a pitched
ball, the name or names of the batsman or batsmen so hit to be given; (15) The
number of passed balls by each catcher; (16) The time of the game; (17) The
name of the umpire or umpires.

Stolen Base  A stolen base shall be credited to the baserunner whenever he
advances a base unaided by a base hit, a putout, a fielding or a battery
error, subject to the following exceptions: (1) In event of a double steal
being attempted from bases one and two to bases two and three, where either is
thrown out, the other shall not be credited with a stolen base; (2) In event
of a baserunner being touched out after sliding over a base, he shall not be
regarded as having stolen the base in question; (3) In event of a baserunner
making his start to steal a base prior to a battery error, he shall be
credited with a stolen base; (4) In event of a palpable muff of a ball thrown
by the catcher, when the baserunner is clearly blocked, the infielder making
the muff shall be charged with an error and the baserunner shall not be
credited with a stolen base.

1910

Assist  The number of times, if any, each player assists in putting out an
opponent shall be set down in the fifth column. An assist should be given to
each player who handles the ball in aiding in a run-out or any other play of
the kind, even though he complete the play by making the putout.
     Note: Compare to the 1904 rule.

Error  An error shall be given in the sixth column for each misplay which
prolongs the time at bat of the batsman or allows a baserunner to make one or
more bases when perfect play would have insured his being put out. But a base
on balls, a base awarded to a batsman by being struck by a pitched ball, a
balk, a passed ball, or wild pitch shall not be included in the sixth column.

Passed Ball  A passed ball is a legally delivered ball that the catcher should
hold or control with ordinary effort, but his failure to do so enables the
batsman, who becomes a baserunner on such pitched ball, to reach first base or
a baserunner to advance.

Stolen Base  In event of a double or triple steal being attempted, where
either runner is thrown out, the other or others shall not be credited with a
stolen base.

Wild Pitch  A wild pitch is a legally delivered ball, so high, low or wide of
the plate that the catcher cannot or does not stop and control it with
ordinary effort, and as a result the batsman, who becomes a baserunner on such
pitched ball, reaches first base or a baserunner advances.

1911

     There were no changes to the scoring rules this year.

1912

Earned Run  An earned run is charged to the pitcher every time a player scores
by the aid of safe hits, sacrifice hits, bases on balls, hit batters, wild
pitches, and balks before fielding chances have been offered to retire the
side.
     Note: This rule is not included in the scoring rules for 1912 but earned
runs were compiled in the official pitching records of the National League
(1912) and American League (1913). The earned run scoring rule does not
appear in the scoring rules until 1917.

Game Played  All appearances by a player in a championship game count as a
game played in the National League, which prior to 1912 had not so credited
the appearances of pinch hitters, pinch runners, and defensive substitutes,
with certain exceptions.

1913

     There were no changes to the scoring rules this year.

1914

Assist  The number of times, if any, each player assists in putting out an
opponent shall be set down in the fifth column. One assist and no more shall
be given to each player who handles the ball in aiding in a run-out or any
other play of the kind even though he complete the play by making the putout.
     Note: Compare to 1910 and 1904.

Base Hit  A base hit should be scored when the ball from the bat strikes the
ground on or within the foul lines and out of reach of the fielders, provided
the batter reaches first base safely.
     When a fielder, after handling a batted ball, elects to try to retire a
baserunner instead of the batter, the play is known as a "fielder's choice."
In case the runner is retired, or would be retired but for an error, the
batter shall be charged with a time at bat, but no hit. If the runner is not
retired, and no error is made, the batter shall be charged with a time at bat,
but no hit, provided he swung at the ball, and shall be credited with a
sacrifice hit, provided he bunted the ball; if, however, in the judgment of
the scorer, the batter could not have been retired at first base by perfect
fielding, he shall be credited with a base hit.

Error  In event of a baserunner making his start to steal a base prior to a
battery error, he shall be credited with a stolen base and the battery error
shall also be charged.
     An error shall not be scored against the catcher or an infielder who
attempts to complete a double play, unless the throw be so wild that an
additional base be gained. This, however, does not exempt from an error a
player who drops a thrown ball when by holding it he would have completed a
double play.
     An error shall be given in the sixth column for each misplay which
prolongs the time at bat of the batsman or prolongs the life of the baserunner
or allows a baserunner to make one or more bases when perfect play would have
insured his being put out. But a base on balls, a base awarded to a batsman
by being struck with a pitched ball, a balk, a passed ball, or wild pitch
shall not be included in the sixth column.
     Note: The phrase "or prolongs the life of the baserunner" has been added
to the existing rule.

Fielder's Choice  See Base Hit.

Sacrifice  A sacrifice hit shall also be credited to a batsman who, when no
one is out or when but one man is out, hits a fly ball that is caught but
results in a run being scored on the catch, or would in the judgment of the
scorer so result if caught.

1915-16

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1917

Earned Run  A run earned off the pitcher shall be scored every time a player
reaches home base by the aid of safe hits, sacrifice hits, stolen bases, bases
on balls, hit batsmen, wild pitches, and balks, before fielding chances have
been offered to retire the side.
     The pitcher shall be given the benefit of doubt whenever fielding errors
are made and in determining the base to which a runner should have been held
with perfect support on part of fielders. A fielding error made by the
pitcher shall be considered the same as any other fielding error. No run can
be earned that scores as a result of the batsman having reached first base on
a fielding error or passed ball; nor can any run be earned after the fielding
side has failed to accept chances offered to retire the side.

Percentage  To determine the pitcher's percentage for the season, the total
number of runs earned off his pitching shall be divided by the total number of
innings he has pitched; then multiplied by nine, to find his average
effectiveness for a complete game.

1918-19

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1920

Error  An error shall be charged to the first baseman if, on receiving a throw
in ample time to retire the batsman, he fail to touch first base.
     An error shall be charged to the catcher if he drop a third strike,
allowing the runner to reach first base; except this rule is not to apply in
case of a wild pitch.

Game Ending Hit  If, in the last half of the final inning, with the winning
run on base, the batsman drives home that run, credit shall be given him for
as many bases on his hit as the runner advances; except, however, that in case
of the batsman driving a fair ball out of the playing field, he shall receive
credit for a home run.

Percentage  To determine the percentage of games won and lost, divide the
total number of games won and lost into the number won.
     To determine batting averages, divide the total "Times at Bat" into the
total number of base hits.
     To determine fielding averages, divide the total of putouts, assists, and
errors into the total of putouts and assists.
     In all cases where the remaining fraction is one-half or over, a point is
added to the average.

Sacrifice  A sacrifice hit shall also be credited to a batsman who, when no
one is out or when but one man is out, hits a fly ball that is caught but
results in a run being scored on the catch, or would in the judgment of the
scorer so result if caught; but no distinction shall be made in the summary as
between bunted or fly-ball sacrifices.

Scoring Summary  The scoring summary is to include sacrifice flies (within the
category of sacrifice hits) and the number of runs batted in by each batsman.

Stolen Base  No stolen base shall be credited to a runner who is allowed to
advance without any effort being made to stop him.

Wild Pitch  See Error, second paragraph.

1921-25

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.

1926

Error  See Wild Pitch.

Passed Ball  The catcher shall be charged with a passed ball when a baserunner
is enabled to advance by the catcher's failure to hold or control a legally
delivered ball that should have been held or controlled with ordinary effort.

Sacrifice Fly  Awarded if any runner is advanced.

Wild Pitch  An error shall be charged to the pitcher if he make a wild pitch
for the third strike, and the batsman reach first base; in such case the
pitcher shall not have credit for a strikeout.
     A wild pitch is a legally delivered ball, so high, low, or wide of the
plate that the catcher cannot or does not stop and control it with ordinary
effort, and as a result the batsman reaches first base or a baserunner
advances.

1927-30

     There were no changes to the scoring rules in these years.