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$Unique_ID{BAS00500}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{The Pitcher Register: Introduction}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{}
$Subject{Pitcher Register Registers pitchers statistics}
$Log{}
Total Baseball: Registers, Leaders, Rosters
The Pitcher Register: Introduction
The Pitcher Register consists of the central pitching statistics of every
man who has pitched in major league play since 1871, without exception.
Pitcher batting is expressed in Batting Runs in the Pitcher Batting column,
and in the newly added columns for base hits and batting average. Pitcher
defense is expressed in Fielding Runs in the Pitcher Defense column.
The pitchers are listed alphabetically by surname and, when more than one
pitcher bears the name, alphabetically by given name--not by "use name," by
which we mean the name he may have had applied to him during his playing
career. This is the standard method of alphabetizing used in other
biographical reference works, and in the case of baseball it makes it easier
to find a lesser-known player with a common surname like Smith or Johnson.
This method also jibes with that employed in the Team Roster and Annual Record
where, for example, Charles "Old Hoss" Radbourn is shown not as the puzzling
O. Radbourn or H. Radbourn, as some reference books have it, but as C.
Radbourn. On the whole, we have been conservative in ascribing nicknames,
doing so only when the player was in fact known by that name during his
playing days.
Each person in the Pitcher Register can be found by finding the Pitcher
Register list in the Contents and selecting the title whose names
alphabetically surround the surname of pitcher you desire. Pitcher batting
and pitcher defense, because the win-denominated numbers they produce are so
small, are not sorted for single-season leaders (although the all-time leaders
in these categories, single season and lifetime, will be found in the separate
section called "All-Time Leaders"). Symbols denoting All Star Game selection
and/or play appear to the right of the team/league column.
The record of a man who pitched in more than one season is given in one
line for each season, plus a career total line. If he pitched for more than
one team in a given year, his totals for each team are given on separate
lines; and if the teams for which he pitched in his "traded year" are in the
same league, then his full record is stated in both separate and combined
fashion. (In the odd case of a man playing for three or more clubs in one
year, with some of these clubs being in the same league, the combined total
line will reflect only his play in that one league.) A man who pitched in
only one year has no additional career total line since it would be identical
to his seasonal listing.
In Total Baseball 1, fractional innings were calculated for teams in the
Annual Record but were rounded off to the nearest whole inning for
individuals, in accordance with baseball scoring practice from 1976 through
1981 (for the previous century, fractional innings pitched were simply lopped
off). In 1981, this rounding-off procedure cost Sammy Stewart of Baltimore
an ERA title, as Oakland's Steve McCatty won the crown despite having a higher
ERA when fractional innings were counted; this singular occurrence led to a
change in baseball scoring practice. In the first edition our data base
conformed to the 1976-1982 practice for all of pitching history, excepting
those men who pitched only one-third of an inning in an entire season. In the
second edition of Total Baseball we recalculated all fractional
innings pitched: look for a superscript figure, either a one or a two, in the
IP column to indicate thirds of innings.
Pitching records for the National Association are included in the Pitcher
Register because the editors, like most baseball historians, regard it as a
major league, inasmuch as it was the only professional league of its day and
supplied the National League of 1876 with most of its personnel. In this
edition of Total Baseball, we benefit from the SABR research project referred
to in the Introduction to the Annual Record--which to date has produced games
started, complete games, shutouts, saves, innings pitched, hits, bases on
balls and, for 1871-1873, strikeouts, earned runs, and ERA. For the years
1874-1875 we have estimated ERA based on the teams' average of 40 percent of
runs allowed being earned. In future editions of Total Baseball we may have
actual earned-run data, but for now this estimation produces reasonable
results. Until Major League Baseball reverses the position it adopted in 1969
and restores the NA to official major league status, we will reluctantly
continue the practice of carrying separate totals for the National Association
rather than integrating them into the career marks of those pitchers whose
major league tenures began before 1876 and concluded in that year or after it.
Gaps remain elsewhere in the official record of baseball and in the
ongoing process of sabermetric reconstruction. The reader will note
occasional blank elements in biographical lines; these are not typographical
lapses but signs that the information does not exist or has not yet been
found. However, unlike the case of batting records, there are no incomplete
statistical columns for pitchers except in the National Association years of
1874-1875 and Pitcher Defense 1871-1875. Where official statistics did not
exist or the raw data have not survived, as with batters facing pitchers
before 1908 in the American League and before 1903 in the National, we have
constructed figures from the available raw data. For example, to obtain a
pitcher's BFP--Batters Facing Pitchers--for calculating Opponents' On Base
Percentage or Batting Average, we have subtracted league base hits from league
at-bats, divided by league innings pitched, multiplied by the pitcher's
innings and added his hits and walks allowed and hit-by-pitch, if available.
Research in this area continues, and we hope one day to eliminate the need for
inferential data all the way back to 1871.
For a key to the team and league abbreviations used in the Pitcher
Register go to the last entry of the Contents. For a guide to the other
procedures and abbreviations employed in the Pitcher Register, review the
comments on the prodigiously extended pitching record below.
RIP VAN WINKLE
Van Winkle, Rip "Half Moon" (Also Played In 1874 as Geoffrey Crayon)
b: 4/30/1820, Plattekill, N.Y. d: 12/12/80, Hudson, N.Y.
BL/TL, 5'5", 145 lbs. Deb: 5/7/1874 FMUCHP
==============================================================================
YEAR TM/L W L PCT G GS CG SH SV IP H HR BB
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1874 Bos-n 27 30 .474 57 57 56 1 0 498 502 5 18
1875 Wes-n 29 22 .569 52 51 50 2 1 450 491 4 25
1883 Bal-a 5 18 .217 27 23 19 0 1 196 207 7 76
1884 Was-U 0 1 .000 1 1 1 0 0 8 10 0 2
KC-U 5 2 .714 8 6 5 0 0 52 66 0 9
Yr 5 3 .625 7 7 6 0 0 60 76 0 11
1890 Cin-P 0 0 --- 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 2
1907 NY-N 16 13 .552 35 34 18 0 2 251 224 19 78
1908 NY-N 16 12 .571 36 35 14 1 5 278 224 15 48
1909 NY-N 25 7 .781 36 35 18 0 5 273 202 24 82
1910 NY-N 18 12 .600 37 36 19 0 2 291 230 21 83
1911 NY-N 20 10 .667 36 35 21 0 4 286 210 18 61
1912 NY-N 21 12 .636 35 35 13 0 3 262 215 23 77
1913 NY-N 19 10 .655 36 36 18 0 3 290 219 23 64
1914 Ind-F 11 11 .500 32 32 12 0 5 236 199 19 75
1915 NY-N 22 9 .710 36 36 15 0 5 280 217 11 88
1936 NY-N^ 7 3 .700 13 13 5 0 3 96 79 7 28
Bos-A 5 7 .417 16 16 1 0 0 104 114 8 29
1967 *Bos-A~ 0 1 .000 1 1 0 0 0 1/3 5 2 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 2n 56 52 .519 109 108 106 3 1 948 993 9 43
Total 14 190 128 .597 384 375 180 1 38 2903 2486 199 803
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
==============================================================================
YEAR SO RAT ERA ERA+ OAV OOB BH AVG PB PR /A PD TPI
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1874 9.4 3.90 104 .258 .270 40 .167 -3 5 3 -0.1
1875 10.3 4.02 106 .260 .272 50 .200 1 7 7 0.5
1883 77 13.0 3.44 101 .274 .340 18 .180 -0 -3 1 0 -0.1
1884 3 13.5 4.50 110 .309 .349 0 .000 1 -0 -0 0 0.0
14 13.0 4.33 104 .312 .340 9 .250 2 3 1 0 0.1
17 13.0 4.35 104 .311 .341 9 .225 2 3 1 0 0.1
1890 0 @ @ -97 1.000 1.000 1 .250 0 -2 -2 0 -0.2
1907 170 10.8 2.76 126 .236 .293 30 .250 1 17 20 2 2.2
1908 205 8.8 2.20 130 .215 .250 25 .200 1 24 20 -3 2.2
1909 208 2.21 164 .201 .261 20 .147 -1 42 43 1 4.2
1910 283 9.4 2.81 135 .211 .267 38 .277 4 40 32 1 3.6
1911 289 8.6 1.76 188 .202 .246 40 .296 4 54 49 -1 5.5
1912 249 10.0 2.92 116 .219 .275 34 .281 3 18 14 1 1.7
1913 251 8 8 2.08 184 .202 .247 31 .263 3 51 56 2 5.9
1914 201 10.4 3.20 126 .226 .287 22 .227 -1 11 22 1 2.2
1915 243 9.8 2.38 155 .211 .274 33 .311 3 39 41 1 4.2
1936 72 10.0 3.00 140 .218 .274 11 .196 1 10 13 3 1.5
72 12.4 3.81 112 .271 .318 20 .189 0 4 5 -2 0.7
1967 1 80.0 108.00 1200 .833 .857 0 .000 0 -2 -2 0 -0.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 9.8 3.96 105 .259 .271 90 .184 -2 12 7 0.4
Total 2338 10.2 2.76 134 .226 .285 294 .224 23 304 313 6 33.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Looking at the biographical line for any pitcher, we see first his use
name in full capitals, then his given name and nickname (and any other name he
may have used or been born with, such as the matronymic of a Latin American
player). His date and place of birth follow "b" and his date and place of
death follow "d"; years through 1900 are expressed fully, in four digits, and
years after 1900 are expressed in only their last two digits. Then come his
manner of batting and throwing, abbreviated for a left-handed batter who
throws right as BL/TR (a switch-hitter would be shown as BB for "bats both"
and a switch thrower as TB for "throws both"). Next, and for most pitchers
last, is the pitcher's debut date in the major research, are able to report
most of these, for some individuals we have had to list only the two digits
representing their rookie year.
Some pitchers continue in major league baseball after their pitching days
are through, as managers, coaches, or even umpires. A pitcher whose
biographical line concludes with an M can also be located in the Manager
Roster; one whose line bears a C will be listed in the Coach Roster; and one
with a U occupies a place in the Umpire Roster. (In the last case we have
placed a U on the biographical line only for those pitchers who were employed
as umpires by a league, for in the nineteenth century--and especially in the
years of the National Association--there were literally hundreds of players
who were pressed into service as umpires for a game or two; it would be
misleading to accord such pitchers the same code we give to Bob Emslie or Bill
Dinneen.) The select few who have been enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame
are noted with an H. They are also listed in the Hall of Fame Roster found
toward the end of Bill Deane's "Awards and Honors" essay. An F in this line
denotes family connection--father-son-grandfather or brother.
A P appears at the end of the biographical line for pitchers who also
appear in the Player Register by virtue of their having played in 100 or more
games at another position, including pinch hitter, or having played more than
half of their total major league games at another position, or having played
more games at a position other than pitcher in at least one year.
The explanations for the statistical column heads follow; for more
technical information about formulas and calculations, see the Glossary. The
vertical rules in the column-header line separate the stats into six logical
groupings: year, team, league; wins and losses; game-related counting stats;
inning-related counting stats; basic calculated averages; pitcher batting;
sabermetric figures of more complex calculation; and run-denominated Linear
Weights stats for pitching, fielding, and Total Pitcher Index.
Note that the TPI (Total Pitcher Index) in this edition differs from
those in earlier volumes, because for players who were both batters and
pitchers, the method of allocating Wins between TPI and TPR (Total Player
Rating) was improved. Previously, if a pitcher pitched in over half his
games, all his batting was included with his pitcher rating (TPI); if he
pitched in less than half his games, his Batting Wins were thrown over to his
batter rating (TPR), with his TPI including only his Pitching Wins and Pitcher
Defense. The new method prorates batting proportionally with the number of
games pitched. In addition, fielding ratings at nonpitching positions for
players who pitched in over half their games, previously omitted, are now part
of the Total Baseball Ranking. In any case, the TPR values of batter-pitchers
should remain about the same. Thus in 1918, Babe Ruth now has a batter rating
of 2.6 Wins and a pitcher rating of 2.8 (total 5.4). In previous editions his
marks used to be 4.1 and 1.0, respectively, or 5.1 overall, with none of his
batting counted in with his pitching record even though he pitched 20 of 95
games. The large jump in his pitcher rating is because now his pitcher
batting is compared against average batting for pitchers.
Also--and this a key difference--the formula for Total Pitcher Index has
been revised to employ the Relief Ranking formula (see Glossary) for all
pitchers, not just relievers. The principal effect will be to calculate
Pitcher Wins for relievers instead of Adjusted Pitcher Runs, as was formerly
the case. The TPI will still be the sum of pitching, batting, fielding, and
baserunning runs, but the Pitcher Runs will be expressed as Ranking Runs
rather than Adjusted Pitching Runs. Check the Glossary for the specifics, but
the net effect will be raise the TPIs of relief closers and, to a lesser
extent, starters who average a high number of innings per start, and to lower
somewhat the TPIs of mopup relievers (few saves, few decisions) and starters
with many no-decision games.
Absent from the Pitcher Register in this edition are some statistics
present in the original: Hits Per Game and Bases on Balls Per Game (still
available in the Annual Record and Leaders sections, and now stated in
combined fashion as Ratio); Strikeouts Per Game (still available in the Annual
Record and Leaders sections and, in any event, fairly evident from a glance at
the SO and IP columns); Park Factor for pitchers (still available from the
Annual Record); Clutch Pitching Index, newly developed for Total Baseball but
which we have judged to be of lesser interest and value than the more
established sabermetric measures (still, it is present in the Annual Record
and Leaders sections); and Wins Above Team, a stat that has so many cautions
associated with it that we judged it to be of little value when applied to
all 6,444 pitchers shown in the Register.
Finally, we have made an upward adjustment to overall league performance
in the Federal League of 1914-15 and the Union Association of 1884 (thus
lowering individual ratings), because while both leagues are regarded as major
leagues, there can be no doubt that their caliber of play was not equivalent
to that in the rival leagues of those years. Suffice it to say here that
league earned run averages were reduced by 20 percent for the UA and 10
percent for the FL. A full explanation of the adjustment procedure may be
found in the Glossary, under "League Performance."
YEAR Year in which a man pitched (When a space in the column is blank,
this indicates that the man pitched for two or more clubs in the
last year stated in the column; if those clubs were in the same
league, then the man will also have a combined total line,
beginning with the abbreviation "Yr" placed in the TM/L column.)
* Denotes postseason play, World Series or League Championship Series
Yr Year's totals for pitching with two or more clubs in same league
(see comments for YEAR)
~ Named to All Star Game, played
^ Named to All Star Game, did not play
# Named to All Star Game, replaced because of injury
TM/L Team and League (see comments for YEAR)
W Wins
L Losses
PCT Win Percentage (Wins divided by decisions)
G Games pitched
GS Games Started
CG Complete Games
SH Shutouts (Complete-game shutouts only)
SV Saves (Employing definition in force at the time, and 1969
definition for years prior to 1969)
IP Innings Pitched (Fractional innings included, as discussed above)
H Hits allowed
HR Home Runs allowed
BB Bases on Balls allowed
SO Strikeouts
RAT Ratio (Hits allowed plus walks allowed per nine innings)
ERA Earned Run Average (In a handful of cases, a pitcher will have
faced one or more batters for his full season's work yet failed to
retire any of them [thus having an innings-pitched figure of
zero]); if any of the men he put on base came around to score
earned runs, these runs produced an infinite ERA, expressed in the
pitcher's record as "@". (see Van Winkle's 1890 season)
ERA+ Adjusted Earned Run Average normalized to league average and
adjusted for home-park factor. (See comments for /A.)
OAV Opponents' Batting Average
OOB Opponents' On Base Percentage
BH Base Hits (as a batter)
AVG Batting Average
PB Pitcher Batting (Expressed in Batting Runs. Pitcher Batting is
park-adjusted and weighted, for those who played primarily at other
positions, by the ratio of games pitched to games played. For more
technical data about Runs Per Win and Batting Run formulas, see
Glossary.)
PR Pitching Runs (Linear Weights measure of runs saved beyond what a
league-average pitcher might have saved, defined as zero.
Occasionally the curious figure of -0 will appear in this column,
or in the columns of other Linear Weights measures of batting,
fielding, and the TPI. This "negative zero" figure signifies a run
contribution that falls below the league average, but to so small a
degree that it cannot be said to have cost the team a run.
/A Adjusted (This signifies that the stat to the immediate left, in
this instance Pitching Runs, is here normalized to league average
and adjusted for home-park factor. A mark of 100 is a
league-average performance, and superior marks exceed 100. An
innovation for this edition is to use three-year averages for
pitching park factors. If a team moved, or the park changed
dramatically, then two-year averages are employed; if the park was
used for only one year, then of course only that run-scoring data
is used.)
PD Pitcher Defense (Expressed in Fielding Runs. See comment above on
PB and see Glossary.)
TPI Total Pitcher Index (The sum, expressed in wins beyond league
average, of a pitcher's Pitching Runs [now expressed as Ranking
Runs--see Glossary]), Batting Runs--in the AL since 1973--and
Fielding Runs, all divided by the Runs Per Win factor for that
year, which is generally around 10, historically in the 9-11
range; see Glossary.)
Total For players whose careers include play in the National Association
as well as other major leagues, two totals are given, as described
above and as illustrated in Rip Van Winkle's record, where the
record of his years in the National Association is shown alongside
the notation "Total 2 n," where 2 stands for the number of years
totaled and n stands for National Association. For players whose
careers began in 1876 or later, the lifetime record is shown
alongside the notation "Total x," where x stands for the number of
post-1875 years totaled.
An additional feature is the Relief Pitcher Register, which covers the
exploits of all those who made notable contributions from the bullpen,
including men who were principally starters, such as Three Finger Brown and Ed
Walsh. This register focuses on a man's record in relief, breaking out his
games, wins, losses, innings pitched, and earned run average as a reliever.
However, of interest for those who also started will be the columns for games
started and innings pitched as a starter.
Criteria for inclusion in the Relief Pitcher Register are as follows:
500 or more relief innings in any era.
For pitchers who were active mainly in the 1901-20 period, 30 saves or
150 games.
For 1921-40, 40 saves or 200 games.
For 1941-60, 45 saves or 250 games.
For 1961-date, 50 saves or 300 games.
Here is a sample entry.
Dick Tidrow
==============================================================================
Year TM/L WR LR GR SV IPR ERAR RR /A RNK GS IPS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1972 Cle-A 1 0 5 0 14.667 0.61 4 4 3 34 222.667
1973 Cle-A 0 0 2 0 5 1.80 1 1 0 40 269.667
1974 Cle-A 4 19
NY-A 2 0 8 1 33 1.64 7 7 4 25 157.667
Yr 2 0 8 1 52 1.21 8 8 4 29 176.667
1975 NY-A 6 3 37 5 69.333 3.12 5 4 5
1976 NY-A 3 5 45 10 76.667 2.70 7 6 8 2 15.667
1977 NY-A 6 4 42 5 104.333 3.54 6 5 5 7 46.667
1978 NY-A 0 1 6 0 30.667 3.52 1 0 0 25 154.667
1979 NY-A 2 1 14 2 22.667 7.94 -9 -10 -14
Chi-N 11 5 63 4 102.667 2.72 12 16 24
1980 Chi-N 6 5 84 6 116 2.79 10 14 14
1981 Chi-N 3 10 51 9 74.667 5.06 -13 -11 -21
1982 Chi-N 8 3 65 6 103.667 3.39 2 4 4
1983 Chi-A 2 4 49 7 88.667 4.26 -2 -1 -1 1 3
1984 NY-N 0 0 11 0 15.667 9.19 -10 -10 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 12 50 41 482 55 857.667 3.50 22 30 31 138 889
==============================================================================
TM/L Team and league
WR Wins in relief
LR Losses in relief
SV Save
IPR Innings pitched in relief
ERAR Earned Run Average in relief
RR Relief Runs
/A Adjusted Relief Runs
RNK Relief Ranking (Adjusted Relief Runs, weighted for the greater
value of a bullpen "closer" who limits his opponents' scoring in
the late innings; see Glossary for formula. Relief Runs will tend
to benefit long and middle relievers, who are effective over many
innings, while Relief Ranking will tend to benefit relievers with
perhaps fewer innings but more saves and decisions)
GS Games started
IPS Innings pitched as a starter