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- -->]OO[:[ Network Signalling ]:::[OO--[ by shadowx ]--[ ]:::::::::::::::::::
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-
- Signalling Between your Phone
- and the Network
-
- By Shadow-x
-
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
- So you pick up your phone dial the number and your call is connected,
- but how does the information get sent from your phone to the network in
- the first place?
- Call setup information can only be sent within the bandwidth
- restrictions established for voice communications. This means that any
- signalling between telephone set and the telephone network must happen
- within the frequency confines of the 4,000 Hz bandwidth restrictions.
-
- Excuse the crap ascii art,
-
-
- In Band Signalling
- | <---------------><------> Out of Band Signalling
- |__________________________> Hz
- ^ ^ ^
- 300 3,300 4,000
-
- Signalling information sent as tones or pulses within the standard
- voice bandwidth are called in band signals, where those sent at
- frequencies outside of the standard frequency range are called out of
- band signals. The reason the CCITT5 telephone system was so heavily abused
- was because it allowed its trunks to be seized through in band signalling.
- So tones used to set up calls at the local exchange could be made from
- any regular phone, allowing any phone phreak with a blue box to create the
- tones to gain as much control over the line as the local operator. On the
- modern C7 system all this is done in the out of bandwidth area.
- As the network is an electrical device it requires a closed, or
- continuous path over which current can flow between the network and your
- phone (aka your phone line). When an electrical switch is opened, the path
- is broken and no current can flow so electrical power stops. When the
- electrical switch is closed, current can now flow over the continuous path
- and electrical power is available.
- It is this presence of electrical current that provides the initial
- signalling to the telephone network that a caller wants to place a telephone
- call. When the telephone receiver is resting in the cradle of the telephone
- set the switch hook is depressed which opens the path for current flow from
- the telephone network and no current is allowed to flow, this is referred
- to as the 'on hook position'.
- When the receiver is lifted, the switch hook button is released and the
- path for current from the telephone network is completed, which is referred
- to as the 'off hook' position. Power for your phone line is now supplied
- from a battery located at the central office. The electric current now
- flowing from the central office to your line is known as the
- loop current. This loop of wire that extends from the central office to the
- customers line and back to the central office is referred to as the local
- loop.
-
-
- Switch hook
- ************ ***** ***********
- *telephones*------*-\-*------------------*Central *
- *electronic* * * Tip & Ring *Office *
- *components*------*-\-*------------------*(battery)*
- ************ ***** ***********
- (this switch is closed
- when the receiver is
- off hook)
-
- When the telephone network detects the flow of loop current to the
- telephone set, it sends a tone down the line to the telephone set
- receiver which is referred to as the 'dial tone'. This is a notification
- from the network to let you know that it is ready to receive your dialing
- instructions. The dial tone is actually a combination of 350hz and 440hz
- sine waves (for all of you with blue beep). These frequencies are both
- within the 4,000 hz voice bandwidth.
-
- so what about the dialing mechanism for the phone?
-
- The old method used on some of the older phones and networks for dialing
- was rotary dialing also known as pulse dialing which sends a number of
- electrical pulses down the telephone line equal to the number dialed. So
- if the number 3 was dialed the connection between your phone set and the
- central office would open and close 3 times. For some messed up reason
- some people seem to get the idea that if they tap out the numbers on the
- switch hook of their DTMF phone they get free calls because they didn't
- actually dial any numbers but all they are doing is pulse dialing.
- To keep the network from interpreting the opening/closing of the dial
- pulse as being a depressed switch hook, specific timing restrictions are
- placed on pulses and valid switch hook flashes. A rotary phone generates up
- to 10 pulses per second, with each pulse around 1/20th of a second in
- duration and around 1/20th of a second time delay between pulses. The
- network also expects around a 7/10th of a second delay between the different
- digits dialed.
- A valid flashing of the switch hook must see the connection open for a
- specific period of time known as a hook flash.
-
- The method above was quite slow and time consuming and so a new method
- of dialing using tones instead of pulses was developed. As you all know
- DTMF dialing uses a keypad with 12 buttons for input. Each row and column
- of the keypad corresponds to a certain tone and creates a specific
- frequency. Each button lies at the intersection of two tones. When the
- button is pressed, the two tones are generated by the telephone set and
- sent over the local loop connection to the central office, which can read
- the different tones and understand which number out of the millions in the
- world you are trying to connect to.
-
- The DTMF dialing pad:
-
-
- 1209hz 1336hz 1477hz
-
- 697hz 1 2 3
-
- 770hz 4 5 6
-
- 852hz 7 8 9
-
- 941hz * 0 #
-
-
- 2 = 697hz + 1336hz
-
- For example pressing the number 2, simultaneously generates both an 697hz and 1336hz
- tone. These tones are sent over the local loop and received by the central
- office switching equipment. Since multiple frequency's are available
- and pressing a key generates a specific dual tone combination this type
- of dialing is known as dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) dialing.
-
- Anyway thats the basics of it, later .....
-
-