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- The Following was Taken From The Book Called :
- Signalling in Telecommunications Networks
- Written by : Samuel Welch
- ISBN: 0 906048 46 X
- Text typed by OMEGA / MEGA - Ind.
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-
- CEPT interregister signalling (R2)
-
- General
- -------
- The combination of this CEPT standardised interregister m.f. signalling
- sys-
- tem and the associated outband line-signalling system, analogue and digital,
- is specified as system R2 (Regional system 2) in the CCITT series. The
- analogue R2 interregister signalling is used in the digital application, the
- analogue m.f. signals being bit-encoded as for speech. It will be understood
- of course that there is no technical reason whatever to limit line
- signalling
- to outband. CCITT signalling-system specifications specify basic principles
- and requirements to be met, and do not embrace design detail. As system R2
- is
- postulated for a wide field of application, the design realisation of the
- sys-
- tem may vary greatly, but the basic arrangements apply.
- R2 interregister signalling is 2/6 m.f., continuous compelled, end-to-end,
- forward and backward signalling, overlap register operation (including
- origi-
- nating), with frequencies 120 Hz spaced:
-
- Forward: 1380, 1500, 1620, 1740, 1860, 1980 Hz
- Backward: 1140, 1020, 900, 780, 660, 540 Hz
-
- The CCITT is now proposing to specify a semicompelled version for applica-
- tion to long-propagation time circuits (e.g. satellite). The specification
- detail for this version is not yet complete, but will be based on minimum
- change to the basic fully compelled system.
- System R2 is visualised for international, regional and national applica-
- tion. The signal repertoire is considerable, embracing all three fields of
- application, taking account of repertoire requirements for various national
- networks. A main aim of the system is flexibility to cater for the different
- conditions of different national networks, particularly in regard to
- different
- facility requirements and different numbering schemes. This accounts in
- large
- part for the features of the system.
- In a particular national application, the signal repertoire adopted would
- be
- the administration's choice from the signals available in the specified sys-
- tem, with adequate spare capacity being available for national network
- signal(s) requirements not included in the specification, the basic princi-
- ples of R2 being the vehicle for transferring the required signals. If
- limited
- backward signals are required nationally and 2/6 m.f. backward not found
- necessary, administrations are free to adopt 2/5 m.f. (or 2/4 m.f.) backward
- as appropriate. Equipment would not be provided for the signal channels not
- used, but the electrical potential of the system would still be 2/6 m.f.
- backward. The backward signal frequencies omitted always start at the
- lowest,
- i.e. in order 540 Hz, 660 Hz as required. 2/6 m.f. forward signalling would
- always apply. In national application, if desired, administrations could
- clearly adopt line signalling as dictated by the transmission media,
- providing
- the R2 line signals are given.
-
- R2 interregister signal code
- ----------------------------
- Both the forward and backward frequency combinations have primary
- meanings,
- which, by the use of certain backward signals, may be changed to secondary
- meanings. Each signal is acknowledged in the fully compelled sequence, the
- backward acknowledgment signals carrying additional information requesting
- transmission of the next forward signal or the condition of the called sub-
- scriber's line. On seizure of the outgoing circuit, an originating register
- automatically sends the first forward signal without requiring a backward
- request, and on recognition of this an incoming register returns an acknow-
- ledgment which gives instruction as to the next forward signal required.
- The last acknowledgment signal from a transit register also carries an in-
- struction as to the first forward signal required by the next register, thus
- requesting transmission of this signal from the originating register. Tables
- 1-5 detail the R2 interregister signal code:
-
- (a) Group I (Table 2) are the primary meanings of the forward signals.
- (b) Group II (Table 3) are the secondary meanings, the change from primary
- to
- secondary being commanded by backward signals A-3 or A-5. Secondary
- meanings can change back to primary meanings only when the original
- change
- from primary to secondary was in response to signal A-5.
- (c) Group A (Table 4) are the primary meaningss of the backward signals.
- (d) Group B (Table 5) are the secondary meanings, the change from primary to
- secondary being indicated by the backward signal A-3. There is no change
- back to primary once the change to secondary has been made.
-
- Table 1 R2 m.f. signal allocation
-
- Signal Number Forward signals of Backward signals of
- Groups I and II frequency Groups A and B frequency
- combination (compounded) combination
- (compounded)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- --
- 1 1380 + 1500 Hz 1140 + 1020 Hz
- 2 1380 + 1620 Hz 1140 + 900 Hz
- 3 1500 + 1620 Hz 1020 + 900 Hz
- 4 1380 + 1740 Hz 1140 + 780 Hz
- 5 1500 + 1740 Hz 1020 + 780 Hz
- 6 1620 + 1740 Hz 900 + 780 Hz
- 7 1380 + 1860 Hz 1140 + 660 Hz
- 8 1500 + 1860 Hz 1020 + 660 Hz
- 9 1620 + 1860 Hz 900 + 660 Hz
- 10 1740 + 1860 Hz 780 + 660 Hz
- 11 1380 + 1980 Hz 1140 + 540 Hz
- 12 1500 + 1980 Hz 1020 + 540 Hz
- 13 1620 + 1980 Hz 900 + 540 Hz
- 14 1740 + 1980 Hz 780 + 540 Hz
- 15 1860 + 1980 Hz 660 + 540 Hz
-
- In international application, the sending of the R2 signals is in a
- defined
- sequence, the first forward signal giving routing information as follows:
-
- (i) The country code indicator, followed by the country code itself, for
- transit. In addition to transit indication, the indicator gives
- informa-
- tion as to whether an echo-suppressor is required or not (col. a table
- 2)
- (ii) The language (semiautomatic working) or the discriminating (automatic
- working) digit, either digit indicating terminal. Neither the country
- code indicator nor the country code are sent to terminal registers.
-
- In national application, administrations adopt a signal repertoire
- required
- for individual national networks. In principle, all frequency combinatios,
- primary and secondary, have unique signal meanings whether used internation-
- ally or nationally. Fig. 6 shows a typical signalling sequence in a national
- application of R2 interregister signalling, a sequence that may be different
- for different networks.
-
- Table 2 R2 forward signals Group I
-
- Signal When first signal on an When other than the first
- Designation international circuit (a) signal on an international
- circuit (b)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -
- I-1 Language digit : French Digit 1 (See note 1)
- I-2 English 2 "
- I-3 German 3 "
- I-4 Russian 4 "
- I-5 Spanish 5 "
- I-6 Spare (language digit) 6 "
- I-7 Spare (language digit) 7 "
- I-8 Spare (language digit) 8 "
- I-9 Spare (discriminating digit) 9 "
- I-10 Discriminating digit 0 "
- I-11 Country code indicator, Operator Code 11 (see note 2)
- outgoing half-echo
- suppressor required
- I-12 Country code indicator, Operator Code 12 or request
- not
- no echo suppressor accepted. (see note 2, 3, 4)
- required.
- I-13 Test call indicator (call Code 13 (call to automatic
- test
- by automatic test equipment) equipment)
- I-14 Country code indicator, Incoming half echo suppressor
- incoming half echo required (see note 2, 4, 5)
- suppressor required
- I-15 This signal is not used End of pulsing (code 15)
- (see note 6)
-
- Table 2 Notes
-
- (1) On terminal calls, col. (a) signals I-1/I-10 are the first signals
- trans-
- mitted, the country code indicator and the country code (both sent to
- transit exchanges) not being sent to the terminal international
- exchange.
- (2) Col. (a) signals: It may be decided by bilateral agreement that signal
- I-11, when sent as the first signal, shall serve as a country code indi-
- cator instead of signal I-14 to indicate that the first international
- transit exchange must insert an outgoing half-echo suppressor. If the
- connection passes through two or more international transit exchanges,
- signal I-11 is not sent beyond the first transit exchange. Signal I-12
- is
- used solely when no echo suppressor has to be inserted on the interna-
- tional connection. Signal I-14 sent as the first signal, serves as the
- country code indicator and shows that the connection requires echo sup-
- pressors and that the outgoing half-echo suppressor has already been in-
- serted. In response to a signal A-14, the only meaning of signal I-14 is
- that an incoming half-echo suppressor is necessary.
- (3) Col. (b) signals: An outgoing international R2 register which receives
- signal A-9 or A-10, the use of which is national, or which receives by
- signal A-13 a request for identification to which it is unable to reply,
- indicates that it cannot answer the request by transmitting I-12.
- (4) Col. (a) signals: The sending of signals I-12 or I-14 may be repeated as
- often as necessary, on request by signal A-11.
- (5) Col. (b) signals: I-14 is sent in response to signal A-14.
- (6) Col. (b) signals: I-15 is also used to indicate (in response to A-13)
- that transmission of the code indentifying the location of the outgoing
- international R2 register is terminated.
-
- Table 3 R2 forward signals Group II (calling party's category)
-
- Signal
- designation Signal
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- II-1 Signals assigned for national use (see note 1)
- II-2 " " " " " " " "
- II-3 " " " " " " " "
- II-4 " " " " " " " "
- II-5 " " " " " " " "
- II-6 " " " " " " " "
- II-7 Subscriber (or operator without forward transfer facility)
- II-8 Data transmission call
- II-9 Subscriber with priority
- II-10 Operator with forward transfer facility
- II-11 Spare signals for national use (see note 1)
- II-12 " " " " " " " "
- II-13 " " " " " " " "
- II-14 " " " " " " " "
- II-15 " " " " " " " "
-
- Table 3 notes
-
- (1) The outgoing international R2 register which receives one of these
- signals
- converts it into a signal II-7, II-8, II-9 or II-10.
-
- Table 4 R2 backward signals group A
-
- Signal
- designation Signal
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- --
- A-1 Send next digit (n+1) (see note 1, 2)
- A-2 Send last but one digit (n-1) (see note 1, 2)
- A-3 Address complete, changeover to reception of B signals
- (see note 3, 4, 9)
- A-4 Congestion in national network (see note 4)
- A-5 Send calling party's category (see note 5)
- A-6 Address complete, charge, set up speech conditions
- (see note 4, 9)
- A-7 Send last but two digits (n-2) (see note 1, 2)
- A-8 Send last but three digits (n-3) (see note 1, 2)
- A-9 Spare for national use (see note 6)
- A-10 " " " "
- A-11 Send country code indicator
- A-12 Send language or discriminating digit (see note 2, 7)
- A-13 Send location of outgoing R2 internation register (see note
- 2)
- A-14 Request for information on use of echo suppressor (is an in-
- coming half echo suppressor required?) (see note 8)
- A-15 International exchange congestion (see note 4)
-
- Table 4 notes
-
- (1) Last received digit = n.
- (2) Reply expected in the form of a Group I forward signal.
- (3) Reply expected in the form of a Group II forward signal.
- (4) This signal may be sent:
- (i) either as an acknowlegment of any forward signal, or
- (ii) automatically in pulse form when there is no forward signal.
- (5) This signal, used to acknowledge a Group I forward signal, requests
- trans-
- mission of a Group II signal. It may be followed by any other A signal,
- but the latter will be linked to the sequence of Group I forward signals
- already received and will automatically cause the forward signals to
- revert to their Group I primary meanings.
- (6) Reply by signal I-12 (request not accepted) (see note 3 table 2)
- (7) The outgoing international R2 register is informed by the first signal
- A-12 that an international circuit connecting to a terminal
- international
- exchange has been made.
- (8) This signal is used at an international exchange (incoming) where it is
- possible to insert an incoming half-echo suppressor. It is sent to ack-
- nowledge the discriminating digit or the language digit and the reply
- is received:
- (a) signal I-14 when an incoming half-echo suppressor is required, or
- (b) next digit of the address information when no incoming half-echo
- suppressor is required.
- (9) When the terminal exchange is unable to send detailed information on the
- condition of the called subscriber's line, signal A-3 followed by a
- Group
- B signal do not apply, and signal A-6 is used.
-
- Table 5 R2 backward signals group B (condition of called subscriber's line)
-
- Signal
- designation Signal
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- --
- B-1 Spare for national use (see note 2)
- B-2 Subscriber transferred (see note 3)
- B-3 Subscriber line busy (see note 4)
- B-4 Congestion (encountered after change from Group A to Group B
- signals) (see note 5)
- B-5 Vacant national number (see note 6)
- B-6 Subscriber line free - charge (see note 4, 7)
- B-7 Subscriber line free - no charge (see note 7)
- B-8 Subscriber line out of order (see note 3)
- B-9 Spare for national use (see note 8)
- B-10 " " " "
- B-11 Spare for international use
- B-12 " " " "
- B-13 " " " "
- B-14 " " " "
- B-15 " " " "
-
- Table 5 notes
-
- (1) Any Group B backward signal acknowledges a Group II forward signal and
- is
- always preceded by an A-3 signal which indicates that the incoming
- regis-
- ter has received all the Group I forward signals it requires from an in-
- ternational R2 register.
- (2) Signal B-1 is always interpreted by the outgoing international R2
- register
- as signal B-6.
- (3) After recognising B-2 or B-8, the outgoing international R2 register
- clears forward and causes the transmission of a recorded announcement or
- an appropriate tone. If the destination national network cannot
- recognise
- transferred subscriber, or subscriber's line out of order, A-3 may be
- followed by B-5 instead of by B-2 or B-8 to ensure that an appropriate
- tone is sent to the caller.
- (4) If the destination national network can only distinguish called
- line-free
- or busy, A-3 is followed by B-3 when line-busy and by B-6 when free (or
- A-6 only shall be sent without being followed by a Group B signal so
- that
- the caller may receive tone or recorded annoucement sent by the incoming
- equipment).
- (5) When the congestion condition is encountered following the change-over
- from Group A to Group B signals, B-4 is sent on the conditions for A-4.
- (6) After recognising B-5, the outgoing international R2 register clears the
- forward connection and causes transmission of an appropriate tone to the
- caller.
- (7) After recognising B-6 or B-7, the outgoing international R2 register
- sets
- up speech conditions to enable the caller to receive ring tone.
- (8) Signals B-9 and B-10 are always interpreted by the outgoing
- international
- R2 register as signal B-5.
-
- Basic philosophy of the R2 interregister signal code
- ----------------------------------------------------
-
- (a) The R2 interregister signal code is framed to take account of various
- con-
- ditions arising with R2 in the international network and R2 variants in
- national networks.
- (b) All the information necessary for setting up the connection is
- transmitted
- by Group I signals. An outgoing R2 register sends the first signal
- spont-
- aneously immediatly after outgoing circuit seizure, this being possible
- as
- the signal is continuous. All other signals are sent in reply to appro-
- priate Group A backward signals.
- (c) All incoming R2 registers (transit and terminal) receive the first
- signal
- without request from the register receiving this signal, which indicates
- transit or terminal. Transit is indicated by the country code indicator
- I-11, I-12 or I-14 and terminal by the language digit I-1 to I-5 or the
- discriminating digit I-10. This obviates the need for two different
- line-
- seizure signals, transit and terminal. The R2 register is required to
- de-
- termine transit or terminal in the forward routing, and the last acknow-
- ledgment signal from a transit register request the transmission of the
- first signal to be received by the next register.
- (d) The country code transit indicator serves to condition the receiving re-
- gister to analyse for transit routing, normally on the country code, and
- also conveys relevant echo-suppressor information:
-
- I-12, which may be requested as many times as required by A-11, is used
- when no echo suppressor has to be inserted.
- I-14 is used when a half-echo suppressor is required as an outgoing
- half-
- echo suppressor has already been inserted. When sent in reply to
- A-14, I-14 has its sole meaning 'incoming half-echo suppressor re-
- quired'.
- I-11 indicates to the first transit exchange that an outgoing half-echo
- suppressor should be inserted and that no half-echo suppressor has
- been inserted at the outgoing exchange. I-11 is not sent beyond the
- first transit exchange and the outgoing exchange, having sent I-11
- once, sends I-14 if it is again asked by A-11 for the transit indi-
- cation.
- (e) Signal I-15, end-of-pulsing, is used to indicate the end of the indenti-
- fication procedure (see (l)), and in the international semi-automatic
- service that there are no more digit signals to follow.
- (f) Information concerning the nature of the call can be transmitted on the
- network by the Group II forward signals, and sent in reply to A-3 or
- A-5.
- The signals cater for both international and national calls.
- II-1 to II-6 are assigned for national use as follow:
-
- II-1 Subscriber-initiated call (national)
- II-2 Priority call (national)
- II-3 maintenance-equipment call (national)
- II-4 Spare (national)
- II-5 Operator-initiated call (national)
- II-6 Data-transmission call (national)
-
- When an international outgoing R2 register receives a Group II signal
- with
- national meaning from the national network, the signal is converted into
- an internationally accepted signal as follows : II-1 to II-4 and the
- national spares II-11 to II-15 into II-7, II-5 into II-7 or II-10, and
- II-6 into II-8.
- (g) The potential for error-detection and correction by retransmission
- exists.
- If the time allowed for a signal to settle down to 2-and-2 only is rela-
- tively long, it would not normally be necessary to request a repeat of a
- digit n signal as the signal would remain online until acknowledged. A
- short waiting time would strengthen the need for error-correction and if
- adopted is achieved by returning A-2 requesting digit n-1 and
- acknowledg-
- ing this by A-1 requesting digit n+1, to receive digit n. This procedure
- is not applicable when the digit n is the first in the store of the out-
- going register.
- (h) The concept of requesting send last but so many digits by various
- backward
- A signals facilitates the successive transmission of the country code
- in-
- dicator and the country code to successive transit registers in a
- flexible
- manner. The same flexibility applies in national application, the
- transit
- registers receiving the trunk area code.
- (j) The condition of the incoming-exchange switching equipment or of the
- called line can be transmitted back on the network by Group B signals,
- the
- outgoing register then taking appropriate action. These signals are sent
- to acknowledge receipt of Group II forward signals after changeover to B
- signals has been requested by A-3, which signal must always precede the
- B
- signals.
- (k) In some circumstances the signal A-3 changeover to B signals may be sent
- before the connection is made with the called line. Congestion in selec-
- tion stages can therefore still occur after changeover from A to B
- signals. A similar situation may arise when interworking system R2 with
- other signalling systems. B signals may then be sent from a centre of a
- higher category in the network hierarchy than the exchange where the
- called line is connected, so that congestion in a group of circuits can
- be
- encountered after changeover to B signals. Since A-4 is no longer
- applica-
- ble in these cases, B-4 is sent.
- (l) Certain identification procedures can be transmitted over the network.
- An
- international transit register, or a register in the destination
- country,
- can request, by A-13, the location of an international R2 register as
- soon
- as at least one forward signal has been received from that register. The
- international outgoing register replies with the first digit of its own
- country code. A further digit of the country code is sent in reply to
- each
- subsequent request by A-13. Further requests by A-13 may elicit
- successive
- digits of the trunk code of the exchange where the international R2
- register is situated. When all the digits required to indicate the loca-
- tion have been sent, the next A-13 signal is acknowledged by the end of
- pulsing signal I-15.
-
- The calling subscriber's number may be transmitted over the connection,
- for
- example by repeating A-5, or by the use of A-9 or A-10. This procedure is
- limited to national networks, and international registers prevent its opera-
- tion on international circuits by replying with I-12 (request not accepted).
-
-
- Figure 1 Typical National Network R2 interregister signalling sequence.
- (assuming two-digit trunk-area code)
-
- originating transit 1 transit 2 terminal
- | | | |
- |first digit trunk | | |
- |--------------------->| | |
- |area code (signal | | |
- |group I) | | |
- | | | |
- |acknow. and request | | |
- |<---------------------| | |
- |for next digit | | |
- |(signal A-1) | | |
- | | | |
- |second digit trunk | | |
- |--------------------->| | |
- |area code (signal | | |
- |group I) | | |
- | | | |
- |acknow. and request | | |
- |<---------------------| | |
- |for first digit trunk | | |
- |area code (signal A-2)| | |
- | | | |
- |first digit trunk area code (signal group I)| |
- |------------------------------------------->| |
- |acknow. and request for next digit (signal | |
- |<-------------------------------------------| |
- |A-1) | |
- | | |
- |second digit trunk area code (signal | |
- |------------------------------------------->| |
- |group I) | |
- | | |
- |acknow. and request for next digit-the | |
- |<-------------------------------------------| |
- |first digit of local number (signal A-1) | |
- | | |
- |first digit local number (signal group I) |
- |-------------------------------------------------------------------->|
- |acknow. and request for next digit (signal A-1) |
- |<--------------------------------------------------------------------|
- | |\Subsequent digits |
- | |/of local number |
- |last digit local number (signal group I) |
- |-------------------------------------------------------------------->|
- |acknow. change over to B signals (signal A-3) |
- |<--------------------------------------------------------------------|
- |calling subs category (signal group II) |
- |-------------------------------------------------------------------->|
- |acknow. called subs line free (signal B-6 register dismissal) |
- |<--------------------------------------------------------------------|
- |if called sub busy: |
- | last digit local number (signal group I) |
- |-------------------------------------------------------------------->|
- |acknow. change over to B signals (signal A-3) |
- |<--------------------------------------------------------------------|
- |calling subs category (signal group II) |
- |-------------------------------------------------------------------->|
- |acknow. called subs line busy (signal B-3 register dismissal) |
- |<--------------------------------------------------------------------|
-
-
- Operational Features
- --------------------
- Various features of system R2 are made flexible so as to cater for
- different
- conditions arising in different applications, typically:
-
- * Determination of number complete : Any one of the following criteria may
- be
- used to determine whether or not the address information received by an
- in-
- coming register is complete, depending on the following conditions:
-
- (i) Analysis of the number received. This is applicable when the connec-
- tion set-up extends to the exchange at which the called line
- terminates. If the incoming register is equipped to determine the
- con-
- dition of the called line, signal A-3 is returned on receipt of the
- last digit. A Group B signal is then sent indicating the condition
- of
- the called line. If the incoming register is not equipped to
- determine
- the condition of the called line, signal A-6 is returned and no
- Group
- B signal follows.
- (ii) Criteria given by the switching equipment subsequent to the m.f.
- reg-
- ister. To avoid delay in sending the answer signal, no B signal is
- sent when the called line is free. A-6 is sent to set up speech con-
- ditions.
- (iii) When given, receipt of I-15, the end of pulsing signal. I-15 is
- always
- sent in certain procedures such as identification (See note(l)
- above).
- It is not normally sent in the transfer of the called party's
- address
- information in the automatic service. I-15 is acknowledged by A-1,
- A-3, A-4, A-6 or A-15.
- (iv) The assumption, after a time delay, typically 5 +/- 1 s, that no
- further addres digits will be received. A-6 is returned as a pulse
- signal when this condition applies.
-
- * Termination of m.f. signalling when a connection cannot be completed :
- A register ceases m.f. signalling immediately any condition preventing
- call
- set-up is recognised, signal A-4, A-15 or an appropriate B signal being
- returned.
-
- * Transmission of pulse signals : Particular conditions can arise when the
- fully-compelled sequence cannot be used, it then being necessary to have
- the option in the system of sending a backward pulse signal without prior
- receipt of a forward signal, e.g.
-
- (a) When an incoming register, after acknowledging a forward signal, is
- un-
- able to complete the call (e.g. congestion) and the next forward
- signal
- does not appear.
- (b) When the address complete signal A-6 is sent, the last forward signal
- having already been acknowledged.
-
- The problem concerns signals A-3, A-4, A-6 and A-15, it being required
- that
- these be pulse (150+/-40 ms) in those circumstances not allowing the
- fully-
- compelled sequence. No forward signal is sent by the outgoing register on
- receipt of A-4, A-6 or A-15, the pulse signals releasing the register. On
- receipt of A-3 pulse, the outgoing register sends a Group II signal
- forward,
- the incoming register acknowledging this in the normal compelled manner by
- sending a B signal.
-
- * Setting up of speech conditions : The last backward signal releases the
- out-
- going and incoming registers to set up speech conditions by switching the
- speech path through. This register-dismissal signal will vary depending
- upon
- the conditions of a particular network and is normally A-6 or B signal.
-
- * Release of transit registers : For international R2 transit exchanges, it
- is
- specified that the last forward signal received by a transit register be
- acknowledged by a backward signal inviting a specific signal which is the
- first forward signal to the succeeding register. The following backward
- signals are used:
-
- (i) A-11 if the next exchange is international transit, which causes I-12
- or I-14 (country code indicators) to be sent by the outgoing
- register,
- this being the first signal to the next transit register.
- (ii) A-12 if the next exchange is internationall terminal, which causes
- the
- language digit (semiautomatic) or the discriminating digit
- (automatic)
- to be sent by the outgoing register, this being the first signal to
- the
- international terminal register.
-
- The basic R2 concept permits the termination of m.f. signalling and the
- setting up of speech conditions at transit exchanges in any desired way to
- suit the requirements of particular networks, but the adoption of the
- inter-
- national arrangements for national networks would give uniformity and ease
- of interworking with international R2.
-
- * Abnormal release of registers : National application-register time-outs
- would be a matter for individual administrations, but the recommended
- inter-
- national time-outs are specified as follows :
- An outgoing international R2 register times-out:
-
- (a) 15+/-3 s during the sending of forward m.f. signals, which time-out
- delay is a function of the time required in the extreme for the
- switching procedures in a transit exchange.
- (b) Not less than 24 s during intervals when no forward signalling is
- sent, which time delay is a function of the maximum interval between
- the dialing of two successive digits and the time-out delay of in-
- coming registers.
-
- On time-out, appropriate tone is returned to the caller and the register
- released. An incoming international R2 register, transit or terminal,
- times
- out in 8-24 s, this time delay being a function of:
-
- (i) The maximum intervals between the dialing of two successive digits.
- (ii) The maximum time required to set up a connection.
- (iii) The incoming register being required to be released before the
- expiry
- of the outgoing register time-out.
- (iv) The interval between register seizure and the receipt of the first
- forward signal.
- (v) The interval between two successive signals in the forward
- direction.
-
- On time-out:
-
- (a) The congestion signal is sent in pulse form, which prompts release of
- the international connection.
- (b) The incoming register and other equipment in the incoming exchange is
- released.
- (c) The incoming circuit is blocked until the clear-forward (release)
- signal
- is received.
-
- * Interworking between international system R2 and national systems derived
- from it : National systems derived from system R2 may, or may not, have
- the
- full 2/6 m.f. capacity in either direction, but more usually would in the
- forward direction. International R2, having 2/6 m.f. in each direction,
- readily interworks with national R2 systems having the same capacity. The
- system can also be adapted for interworking with national R2 with less
- than
- 2/6 m.f. in the backward (and in the forward if this ever arose)
- direction.
- On a routing outgoing national network - international network - incoming
- national network, it is logical for signal transmission and other reasons
- that the overall multilink route would be divided into sections, each
- being
- end-to-end signalling in its own right. In this event:
-
- (i) The outgoing register in a given end-to-end section must be able to
- re-
- cognise at least all the backward signals in that section. Every in-
- coming register in that section must be able to recognised at least
- all
- the forward signals used on that section and directed to that
- register.
- (ii) When the number of signals provided is not the same on all parts of
- the
- route, the division is logically made at a connection point between
- links having different numbers of signals, and thus at the interface
- international gateway exchanges in the originating and destination
- countries.
-
- The R2 system has considerable end-to-end signalling capability, allowing
- the theoretical possibility of extending the R2 end-to-end signalling
- into
- the destination national network to an extent depending upon the national
- network transmission characteristic. Assuming international circuits of
- nominal loss 0-5 dB and deviation 1 dB, and a fourlink international
- routing, the nominal transmission loss between the incoming international
- gateway exchange and any R2 register in the destination county should not
- exceed 11-4 dB for a country using three 4-wire switched links at most,
- and
- 11 dB for four. For the general case, however, it is preferred that the
- end-to-end signalling be divided at the incoming, as well as at the out-
- going, gateway exchange.
-
-
- R2 Interregister signalling on satellite circuits
- -------------------------------------------------
- With the fully-compelled mode, the speed of address-information transfer
- is
- slow on long-propagation circuits such as satellite, which increases the
- post-
- dialing delay and the CCITT is at present considering the adoption of a
- semi-
- compelled mode as an option to be applied on such circuits. In the approach,
- the forward signals are continuous and the backward acknowledgment pulse
- (75 ms or 150 ms, yet to be decided) instead of continous, approximately two
- propagation and two signal recognition times being involved per signal se-
- quence. This approach does not involve major changes to the basic fully-
- compelled system and is at present being considered for this reason. Any
- weakness the backward pulse signals may have compared with continous is
- judged to be acceptable in the interest of improving the speed of
- information
- transfer. The detail is not yet finalised, but it is clearly desirable that
- register-holding on the satellite links should be such that networks, in-
- cluding cases where the R2 fully-compelled sequence is used, after a
- satellite
- link be buffered against the satellite link connection set-up delays.
- Long propagation times will also have reaction on the R2 line signalling
- system. The T1 and T2 times of the clear forward/release guard sequence, and
- the double seizure detection time on bothway working, which times are propa-
- gation-time-dependent, would need to take account of the longer propagation
- time of satellite circuits. The increase in these times is yet to be
- decided.
-
-
- Relevant data
- -------------
- * Transmit:
-
- - Absolute power level of each signal frequency -11.5 dBm +/- 1dB.
- - Signal frequency tolerance +/- 4 Hz.
- - Time interval between start of sending of each of the two frequencies
- not
- to exceed 1 ms.
- - Interval between cessation of each frequency not to exceed 1 ms.
-
- * Receive:
-
- - Receiver response range -5 dBm to -35 dBm.
- - Difference in level between the two frequencies of a signal not greater
- than 5 dB for adjacent frequencies and 7 dB for nonadjacent. In applica-
- tion this allows a 4 dB attenuation distortion of the end-to-end chain
- for
- two adjacent frequencies and a 6 dB distortion for two nonadjacent,
- provi-
- ded the level of the weaker signal frequency is not lower than -35 dBm
- at
- the receiver input.
- - Receiver not to recognise a signal of two frequencies of level -5 dBm
- and
- a duration less than 7 ms.
- - Receiver not to recognise a signal of two frequencies having a
- difference
- in level of 20 dB or more.
- - Received signal frequency variation +/- 10 Hz.
- - The sum of the operate and release times to a two frequency signal not
- to
- exceed 80 ms (the operate and release times are not specified
- seperately)
- - Receiver not to release to interruptions to signal 7 ms or less.
- - System malfunction to signal interruptions greater than 7 ms (typically
- 20 ms at administration's choice) is prevented by further logic
- elements.
-
-
- General comment on R2 interregister signalling
- ----------------------------------------------
- The R2 interregister signalling system is postulated as a flexible
- general-
- purpose system for a wide field of application, catering for the different
- conditions likely to arise in different networks. Individual administrations
- would adopt features to meet the requirements of their own networks, but
- with-
- in the basic principles of the R2 system. This could well mean that applica-
- tion of R2 in a particular network may not give optimum interregister
- signal-
- ling for the conditions of that network, e.g. the numbering scheme may be
- such
- that group acknowledgment as distinct from per-signal acknowledgment, would
- meet the requirements. This, however, must be balanced against the potential
- of system R2 for rationalised interregister signalling, which is clearly
- very
- desirable, and in this regard system R2 has significant merit.
-
-
- -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- -+
- This was taken From The Book Called:
- Signalling in Telecommunications Networks
- Written by : Samuel Welch
- ISBN: 0 906048 46 X
- Text typed by OMEGA / MEGA - Ind.
- Call Europe's Biggest Hacking / Phreaking / Anarchy / Virus Board Called :
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