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- /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
- // //
- // Keltic Phr0st / Fit-Of-Boredom Productions Inc. Presents: //
- // AXE 10 : Architecture //
- // //
- // An Overview of the AXE 10 System Architecture and functional Structure //
- // //
- /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
- INTRODUCTION
- ============
-
- In march 1985, after a detailed evaluation of digital switching systems, BT
- placed a contract with Ericsson Limited for the development of AXE10 for the
- BT Network and for the supply of a quantity of exchanges.
-
- AXE10 is a duplicated-processor stored-program controlled digital
- switching system developed by Telefon AB LM Ericsson of Sweden. The system
- is structured for local, tandem, transit and combined exchange applications.
- It can also be configured as a cewllular mobile or as an international
- switching centre.
-
- SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE
- ======================
-
- The system architecture is logically divided into two main parts, the
- switching system (APT) and the control system (APZ). See Figure 1.
-
- The switching system (APT) performs traffic and operation/
- maintennance functions. It comprises four main hardware subsystems:
-
- Subscriber Switching SubSystem (SSS)
- Group Switching SubSystem (GSS)
- Trunk and Signalling SubSystem (TSS)
- Common-Channel Signalling SubSystem (CCS)
-
- and the following software subsystems :
-
- Traffic Control SubSystems (TCS)
- Charging SubSystem (CHS)
- Operation and Maintennance SubSystem (OMS)
- Subscriber Services SubSystem (SUS)
- Network Management SubSystem (NMS)
-
- All Hardware subsystems have a hardware component.
-
- The control system (APZ) is made up of centralised and distributed
- logic achieved through the following subsystems:
-
- Central Processor SubSystem (CPS)
- Regional Processor SubSystem (RPS)
- Maintennance SubSystem (MAS)
- Support Processor SubSystem (SPS)
- Data Communication SubSystem (DCS)
- File Management SubSystem (FMS)
- Man-Machine Communication Subsystem (MCS)
-
- In Earlier Exchanges the input/output subsystem was used instead of SPS, FMS,
- MCS and DCS. See Figure 2 for the Subsystem structure.
-
-
- FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
- ====================
- The division of the systems (APT and APZ) into subsystems is determined by
- conditions and requirements that arise from features, traffic handling and
- operations and maintennance functions. See Figure 3.
-
- The subsystems, including their interfaces, are designed such that
- they can be used for different applications with the minimum of adaptation.
- Each subsystem is built from a number of function blocks which in themselves
- comprise hardware, central software, regional sofware and data components,
- or just central software and data components. Each function block is designed
- to execute a specific set of functions or sub-functions. A library of
- several hundred functional blocks exists to satisfy all applications and
- individual exchange requirements. Standardised interface signalling is
- extensively used between blocks not only to achieve the neccesary flexibility
- to satisfy customer's requirements, but to also enable new technology to be
- introduced within the system in an efficient manner. See Figure 4.
-
- To meet the twin needs of high capacity and low cost, the complex
- executove tasks neccesary to operate the system are executed by the
- duplicated central processor (CP) working in a paralell synchronous mode.
- The routine, high volume tasks, such as scanning operations and for the
- direct control of hardware, are distributed across a dimensionable number
- of small regional processors (RPs). Regional Processors controlling several
- hardware units are configured in a load sharing mode. The software driving
- the APT functions, therefore, has both APT and APZ elements.
-
- THE APT SUBSYSTEMS
- ==================
-
- Subscriber Switching SubSystem (SSS)
- ------------------------------------
-
- The subscriber switching subsystem contains the digital subscriber switch
- and is built up of 16 line switch modules (LSMs). An LSM serves 128 analogue
- subscribers or can support four 30-Channel systems for ISDN Customers.
- Its principal function is to supervise the state of connected subscriber
- lines, and to set up release connections by sending and receiving signals
- to and from subscribers. The SSS comprises both hardware and Software. To
- allow for the possibility of reducing line-plant costs, the local exchange
- may be engineered with distributed switching in the form of a remote
- subscribers switch (RSS).
-
- Trunk and Signalling SubSystem (TSS)
- ------------------------------------
-
- The trunk and signalling subsystem includes the equipment for connecting
- trunks to the group switch. It supervises the state of trunks to other
- exchanges by measn of the signals it receives and sends. The TSS consists
- of both hardware and software.
-
- Group Switching SubSystem (GSS)
- -------------------------------
-
- The group switching subsystem houses a time-space-time digital switch built
- up of duplicated time switch modules (TSMs) and duplicated space switch
- modules (SPMs). Its primary purpose is to set yp a 64Kbit/s path between
- SSS and TSS devices through the group switching network. It is also
- responsible for network synchronisation functions. The GSS comprises
- hardware and software.
-
- Traffic Control SubSystem (TCS)
- -------------------------------
-
- The Traffic Control SubSystem is wholly software, and controls and supervises
- the set-up and release of connections. The TCS stores and analyses digit
- information received from the SSS and TSS, and then, after checking against
- previously recorded information, for example, subscriber categories, routing
- and tariff classes, decides how the call should be handled.
-
- Charging SubSystem (CHS)
- ------------------------
-
- The Charging SubSystem consists of central software blocks and is responsible
- for the task of charging calls by means of very accurate pulse metering
- techniques. In addition to normal charging, special subscribers charging
- facilities are available such as itemisation and advice duration and charge
- (AD&C) information. The CHS also provides the administration with charging
- statistics and per-event charging information. It functions by monitoring and
- then analysing call information from the TCS or SUS (for service information).
- Output to the FMS follows execution of the charging function.
-
- Operation and Maintennance SubSystem (OMS)
- ------------------------------------------
-
- The Operation and maintennance SubSystem mainly comprises software blocks.
- Its function is one of system supervision, fault location, collection of
- statistics and for dealing with the administration's operation and
- maintennance functions. It can be operated either in the local or in remote
- mode, say from a remote operation and maintennance centre.
-
- Subscriber Services SubSystem (SUS)
- -----------------------------------
- The subscriber services system consists entirely of central software. Its
- function blocks provide a variety of subscriber services. Typical SUS
- services include:
-
- Abbreviated Dialling
- Three-Party Services (Enquiry, hold and transfer)
- Diverion (Immediate, On Busy and and on no-reply)
- Malicious Call Trace
- Call Barring
- Automatic Alarm Call
-
- Common Channel Signalling SubSystem (CCS)
- -----------------------------------------
- The Common-channel signalling subsystem implements the message transfer part
- (MTP) of CCITT Signalling Systems No. 6 and No. 7. The subsystem consists
- of hardware and software blocks, the hardware devices (signalling terminals)
- being connected to the external signalling links via a semi-permanent
- connection through the group switch.
-
- Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
- ----------------------------------
- The functions of the network management subsystem are implemented in
- software. The role of NMS is to provide access via the normal input/output
- devices for the administration to monitor continuously the state of the
- network.
-
-
- THE APZ SUBSYSTEMS
- ==================
-
- Central Processor SubSystem (CPS)
- ---------------------------------
- The Central Processor subsystem is realised in both hardware and software.
- The CPS executes the complex software tasks which are stored in the various
- APT blocks. The main hardware parts of the central processor, which is
- duplicated and runs in the synchronous mode, are the central processing unit
- (CPU) and the memory stores. These stores comprise the main store (MS) or
- program store (PS), reference store (RS) and the data store (DS).
- The purpose of the CPS is to execute the following functions:
-
- o Program Control including supervision of functions and for measuring
- processor load.
-
- o Loading and storage of tasks
-
- o Output and updating reloading information
-
- o Controlling fault tracing programs resident in the MAS or RPs.
-
-
- Regional Processor SubSystem (RPS)
- ----------------------------------
- The regional processor subsystem consists of both hardware and software
- blocks. The purpose of the RPS is to run the simple, routine and very
- frequent tasks to drive the RP part of the APT software and hardware. The
- number of functions performed by an RP pair depends upon the complexity
- of these functions. The number of RP pairs required for a given exchange
- depends upon its size and the complexity of its signalling systems.
-
- Maintennance SubSystem (MAS)
- ----------------------------
- The maintennance subsystem consists of both hardware and software. The major
- role is to supervise the operation of the APZ control system and takes the
- appropriate action should a malfunction occur.
-
- Support Processor SubSystem (SPS)
- ---------------------------------
- The support processor subsystem consists of one or more independent
- processors which drive input/output equipment such as personal computers,
- visual display units and disc drives which are connected to the subsystem.
-
- Data Communications System (DCS)
- --------------------------------
- The software for the data communications system resides in the SPS. It also
- has a hardware element to support protocols such as X.25. Its function is to
- support remote operation and maintennance, and transfer of itemised call
- accounting data.
-
- File Management SubSystem (FMS)
- -------------------------------
- The file management subsystem consists wholly of software. It provides
- storage in the event that a data link failure occurs.
-
- Man-Machine Communications SubSystem (MCS)
- ------------------------------------------
- The man-machine communications subsystem consists of software. It provides
- security checking and authorises I/O devices and the operator for a
- particular function. It routes data output from the exchange to the presel-
- -ected terminal(s). In addition, the MCS controls the generation of alarm
- printouts or displays.
-
- RELIABILITY
- ===========
- System Performance is determined by both hardware and software reliability.
- Hardware reliability is achieved by choice of components and by duplication
- of units which perform a task affecting a proportion of the exchange
- function.
-
- Software reliability exists through system recovery functions which
- rely on three restart levels namely:
-
- o Small Restart - The APZ clears all jobs in process of being established.
- The status of all existing calls is maintained.
-
- o Large Restart - If the smll restart is rapidly followed by a new software
- error then a more extensive restart involving a reset of all dynamic data
- will take place. All existing calls are cleared.
-
- o Restart with reload - The highest level of restart is enacted when the
- restart fails to lead to a succesful program execution. The system then
- automatically reloads programs and data from an external store. All
- existing calls are cleared.
-
-
-
-