Power-Programmierung/CD2.mdf/c/crosscom/t2cp/howto.doc

Text File | 1987-12-01 | 15KB | 469 lines

              GLOCKENSPIEL TURBO PASCAL(TM)-TO-QUICKC(TM) TRANSLATOR
                                  VERSION 1.0
                                   HOWTO.DOC


The Glockenspiel Turbo Pascal-to-QuickC Translator automatically converts Turbo
Pascal source programs to C source programs.  Turbo Pascal routines are
converted to equivalent C routines, which are defined in the T2C.LIB library.
(These C routines are described in the RUNTIME.DOC file on this disk).


System Requirements
===================
To run the translator, you must have the following:

o    Microsoft QuickC Compiler, Version 1.0 or later, or Microsoft C Compiler,
     Version 5.0 or later

o    Microsoft Overlay Linker, Version 3.61 or later

o    A syntactically correct Turbo Pascal input file (that is, a Turbo Pascal
     file that can be compiled and run successfully)


Installation
============
Before you run the Turbo-to-C Translator, the Microsoft C Compiler must be
installed as described in the User's Guide.  The translator files must be in the
current directory or in the path given by the appropriate environment
variables, as shown below:

     Files          Variable
     -----          --------
     *.EXE          PATH
     *.BAT          PATH
     *.H            INCLUDE
     T2C.LIB        LIB


The Conversion Process
======================
This section gives instructions for running the Turbo-Pascal-to-QuickC
Translator and describes how the translator works.

Running the Translator
---------------------
To run the translator make sure the T2C.BAT file is in your path.  Then type

     t2c <pasorig>

and press ENTER.  In this command, <pasorig> is the name of your Pascal source
file WITHOUT THE .PAS EXTENSION.  The translator creates a C source file named
<pasorig>.C.  It also creates several intermediate files, which are described
under "How Conversions Are Performed" below.

To compile and link the new C source file, type

     qcomp <pasorig>.C

and press ENTER.  Note that, to maintain pointer compatibility between
the Turbo Pascal input and C output programs, the qcomp command compiles
the C output program using the large memory model (4-byte data and code
pointers).


How Conversions Are Performed
-----------------------------
The conversion process is performed in two separate stages, or "passes":

1.   The Pascal source file is processed.  Nested procedure are unnested, and
     WITH statements are expanded, in the Pascal source file.  If the Pascal
     source contains include directives, the files named in the include
     directives are also processed.

     The T2CP1.EXE program performs pass 1.  To run T2CP1.EXE separately, enter
     a command of the following form:

          T2CP1 <pasorig> [<pasmod>]

     In this command, <pasorig> is the original Pascal source file, and
     <pasmod> is the modified Pascal file.  If you do not give <pasmod>, the
     modified code is written to standard output.

     Processed include files are written to a file with the same name as the
     original include file but with "2" appended to the extension.  For
     example, if an include file named INCL is processed, the processed file is
     named INCL.2; if an include file named FILE.INC is processed, the
     processed file is named FILE.IN2.  An include directive for the processed
     file is placed in <pasfile2>.

     Other changes performed during pass 1 include:

     o    Replacement of the control-character notation "^G" with the
          equivalent "#7"

     o    Conversion of multidimensional array elements from the form

               array1[x,y]

          to the form

               array1[x][y]

2.   The Pascal code generated in Pass 1 is converted to C code.

     The T2CP2.EXE program performs pass 2.  You can invoke T2CP2.EXE
     separately with a command of the following form:

          T2CP2 <pasmod> [<cfile>]

     In this command, <pasmod> is the output file from pass 1, and <cfile> is
     the resulting C source file.  If you do not give <cfile>, the C code is
     written to standard output.

     As in pass 1, processed include files are written to a file with the same
     name as the original include files but with extensions of "TI".  For
     example, if an include file named INCL is processed, the processed file is
     named INCL.TI; if an include file named FILE.IN2 is processed, the
     processed file is named FILE.TI.  An include directive for the processed
     file is placed in <cfile>.

     During pass 2, nested procedures in the Pascal source program are assigned
     unique names in the C program.  For example, if the Pascal program
     contains

          procedure proc1;
               procedure proc2;
                    procedure proc3

     the corresponding C functions are named proc1, proc1_proc2, and
     proc1_proc2_proc3.  This conversion prevents problems in programs where
     the same function name is used for separate, unrelated nested functions.



Problems and Work-Arounds
=========================
This section describes situations in which you may have to modify a Turbo
Pascal source file or the output file from translator pass 1 to make a
successful conversion.


Set Declarations
-----------------
Every declaration of a Pascal set (variable or constant) is converted to a call
to the C function T2CSOP_tsmake (for "Turbo set make"). Because T2CSOP_tsmake
calls malloc, repeated creation of sets in the Pascal program will slow the
resulting C program.  In some cases, the C program may abort with the message
"error allocating memory when creating a set".

This problem occurs most frequently in the C code generated from loops like the
following:

     for i := 1 to BIGNUM
     do
     begin
          read(c);
          if c in ['y', 'n']
     .
     .
     .
     end;

To speed up the C program, move the set declaration outside the loop in the
Pascal source program, as shown below:

     CONST temp = ['y','n'];
     .
     .
     .
     for i := 1 to BIGNUM
     do
     begin
          read(c);
          if c in temp
     .
     .
     .
     end;


Nested Procedures
-----------------
Nested procedures in the Pascal source program may cause forward declaration
problems.  For example, consider the following nested procedures:

     procedure A;
     var ax:integer;
          procedure B;
          var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
               procedure C;
               begin
               .
               .
               .
               end;
          begin
          .
          .
          .
          end;
     begin
     .
     .
     .
     end;

Because Pascal and C have different scoping rules, pass 1 of the translator
changes the parameter list of the nested procedures to include variables from
the enclosing scope(s). (Note that the variable's name is always preserved.)
Pass 1 also unnests procedures by defining the innermost procedure first,
followed by each outer procedure, as illustrated below:

     procedure C (var ax:integer; var bx:array[1..10] of integer);
     begin
     .
     .
     .
     end;

     procedure B (var ax:integer);
     var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
     begin
     .
     .
     .

Because of these changes, you may need to modify the Pascal source file in the
following cases:

1.   If a structured type declaration appears in a formal parameter list.

     Pass 2 does not accept structured type declarations in a formal parameter
     list.  As a result, pass 1 generates the following error message if it
     finds a variable of this type in the parameter list of a nested procedure
     (for example, when if finds var bx in procedure C above):

          [warning] Proc/Fn C needs a type definition for var parameter bx

     In this case, insert a separate type declaration in an enclosing block and
     modify the parameter list accordingly.  In the example above, change the
     parameter list as follows:

          type arrint = array[1..10] of integer;
          procedure C (var ax:integer; var bx:arrint);

2.   In a program (such as an expression evaluator) where a nested procedure
     invokes one of the enclosing procedures.

     In this case, you must insert a forward reference before the calling
     procedure in the output file from pass 1.  In the example above, if
     procedure B calls procedure A, change the output file from pass 1 from

          procedure B (var ax:integer);
          var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
          begin
          .
          .
          .

     to

          procedure A; forward;
          procedure B (var ax:integer);
          var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
          begin
          .
          .
          .

3.   In a program where the parameter list of the called procedure is expanded
     to include variables from the enclosing scope; for example, if procedure C
     above calls procedure B.  Pass 2 reports this problem with the message

          (filename) line xxx near ")": Warning  Incorrect number of parameters

     at the line where the function/procedure is called.

     Besides inserting the forward declaration (described in case 2) in the
     output file from pass 1, you must change the called procedure's argument
     list (both at the point of invocation and in the procedure definition).
     Assuming that procedure C calls procedure B, the following code in the
     pass 1 output file

          procedure C (var ax:integer; var bx:arrint);
          begin
          B;
          .
          .
          .
          end;

          procedure B (var ax:integer);
          var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
          begin
          .
          .
          .
          end;

     must be changed to

          procedure B (var ax:integer); forward;
          procedure C (var ax:integer; var bx:arrint);
          begin
          B(ax);
          .
          .
          .
          end;

          procedure B;
          var bx:array[1..10] of integer;
          begin
          .
          .
          .
          end;

     Naturally, you must also change any forward declarations that appear in
     the original Pascal program.


Pascal Function and Procedure Names
-----------------------------------
Function and procedure names in the Pascal source program may conflict with C
reserved words, library-function names, or macros defined in the C include
files used by the translator.

The simplest way to avoid these conflicts is to change the name used in the
Pascal source program.  Alternatively, you may be able to insert #undef
directives in the C output file to prevent macro conflicts.


Forward References of Types
---------------------------
The translator assumes that Pascal pointers of undefined types are actually
pointers to Pascal record types.  If this is not the case, you must modify the
C output file accordingly.


Pascal and C Strings
--------------------
Pascal and C strings have different formats.  In a Pascal string, the first
character specifies the string length.  In a C string, the length depends on
the position of the NULL (ASCII 0) character, which is the last character of
the string.  The translator attempts to convert between the two formats if an
index into a string is 0; however, the conversion can be made only if the index
is a literal value.



Features That Work Differently in C Output Programs
===================================================
The following Turbo Pascal constructs are translated to their closest C
equivalents; however, they may work slightly differently in the C program
output by the translator.


Real Data Type
--------------
Real (6-byte) data types in Turbo Pascal programs are treated as double
(8-byte) data types in the C output programs.


Absolute Variable Type
----------------------
The Turbo Pascal absolute variable type, which assigns a variable to a specific
address, is converted to its closest C equivalent in the C output file;
however, the results may differ slightly between the Turbo Pascal input
and the C output files.


Argument-Passing Conventions
----------------------------
Note that, in Pascal, any parameter may be passed by value so that changes do
not affect the memory location containing the value that is passed.  In C,
array arguments are always passed by reference, and changes made to the array
are retained on exit from the function.


Random Function
---------------
The Turbo Pascal Random function is converted to a C random-number-generation
function, but the results from the C function will vary slightly from those
given by the Random function.


Argument-Passing Conventions
----------------------------
Note that, in Pascal, any parameter may be passed by value so that changes do
not affect the memory location containing the value that is passed.  In C,
array arguments are always passed by reference, and changes made to the array
are retained on exit from the function.



Unsupported Turbo Pascal Features
=================================
The translator does not handle the following constructs in Turbo Pascal source
files.


Case Statements
---------------
The translator can convert case labels only if they are of standard types
types such as Integer or Boolean.

The translator cannot convert Case statements used to define variants in
record structures.


Compiler Directives
-------------------
Turbo Pascal compiler directives other than $C and $I have no effect.


External Procedure and Functions
--------------------------------
A Pascal source program containing declarations of external procedures and
functions can be converted to C and compiled, but the resulting object file
cannot be linked.  The translator places a declaration for the external function
in the C program, but you must write the function itself.


In-Line Machine Code
--------------------
A program using in-line machine code can be converted to C, but the resulting C
program cannot be run unless you create an appropriate assembly-language
function and call it from the C program.


Overlays
--------
The overlay keyword in Turbo Pascal source programs is ignored.


Interrupt-Service Routines
--------------------------
User-defined interrupt service routines in Turbo Pascal source programs are not
supported.


Mark and Release Procedures
---------------------------
The Pascal Mark and Release procedures are not supported.


Port Arrays
-----------
The Pascal Port and PortW arrays are ignored.


Array and String Parameters and Return Values
---------------------------------------------
Pascal functions may not return local arrays or strings. Similarly, procedures
or functions with array parameters cannot be recursive.


Turbo-BCD
---------
C programs output by the translator cannot support the Turbo Pascal
binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format for real numbers

----------------------------------------------------------------------
QuickC is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Turbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International, Inc..