<PARA><DROPCAP>T</DROPCAP>he new Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications, such as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispensable factor in understanding today's network-insight into the Cisco world of internetworking. This course is intended to help you continue on your exciting new path toward obtaining CCNP and CCIE certification. Before reading this course, you should have at least read Sybex's <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide. Although</EMPHASIS> you can take the Cisco tests in any order, you should pass the CCNA exam before pursuing your CCNP. Many questions in the CCNP Switching exam (640-504) are built upon the CCNA material. However, we have done everything possible to make sure you can pass the 640-504 exam by reading this course and practicing with Cisco routers.</PARA>
<PARA>A lot of readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. However, those of you who are new to the field, just coming in fresh from your MCSE, or those of you who have maybe 10 or more years in the field but wish to brush up on the new technology, may appreciate a little background on Cisco.</PARA>
<PARA>In the early 1980s, Len and Sandy Bosack, a married couple who worked in different computer departments at Stanford University, were having trouble getting their individual systems to communicate (like many married people). So in their living room they created a gateway server that made it easier for their disparate computers in two different departments to communicate using the IP protocol. In 1984, they founded cisco Systems (notice the small <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">c)</EMPHASIS> with a small commercial gateway server product that changed networking forever. Some people think the name was intended to be San Francisco Systems but the paper got ripped on the way to the incorporation lawyers-who knows? In 1992, the company name was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc.</PARA>
<PARA>The first product the company marketed was called the Advanced Gateway Server (AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the Compact Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and the AGS+. Cisco calls these "the old alphabet soup products."</PARA>
<PARA>In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router and then created the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).</PARA>
<PARA>Cisco has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect users who work from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco products make it simple for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences in time, place, or platform.</PARA>
<PARA>In the big picture, Cisco provides end-to-end networking solutions that customers can use to build an efficient, unified information infrastructure of their own or to connect to someone else's. This is an important piece in the Internet/networking-industry puzzle because a common architecture that delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional imperative. Because Cisco offers such a broad range of networking and Internet services and capabilities, users who need to access their local network or the Internet regularly can do so unhindered, making Cisco's wares indispensable.</PARA>
<PARA>Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that form information networks using the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for networked technical support and professional services to maintain and optimize all network operations.</PARA>
<PARA>Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help support the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco networks. The business plan is simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment and install more Cisco networks, ensure that the networks you install run properly.</PARA>
<PARA>However, having a fabulous product line isn't all it takes to guarantee the huge success that Cisco enjoys-lots of companies with great products are now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve complicated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn't easy, so Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Networking, has also been successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty. Cisco continuously monitors the CCIE program, changing it as it sees fit, to make sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today's internetworking business environments.</PARA>
<PARA>Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifications permit you to become certified at various levels of technical proficiency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So whether you're beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position, or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the course for you!</PARA>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.2"><TITLE>Cisco's Network Support Certifications</TITLE>
<PARA>Cisco has created new certifications that will help you get the coveted CCIE, as well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels. Before these new certifications, you took only one test and were then faced with the lab, which made it difficult to succeed. With these new certifications, which add a better approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco has opened doors that few were allowed through before. So, what are these new certifications, and how do they help you get your CCIE?</PARA>
<PARA>The CCNA certification is the first in the new line of Cisco certifications and is a precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the new certification programs, Cisco has created a stepping-stone approach to CCIE certification. Now you can become a Cisco Certified Network Associate for the meager cost of Sybex's <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide,</EMPHASIS> plus $100 for the test. And you don't have to stop there-you can continue with your studies and achieve a higher certification called the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP). Someone with a CCNP has all the skills and knowledge needed to attempt the CCIE lab. However, because no textbook can take the place of practical experience, we'll discuss what else you need to be ready for the CCIE lab shortly.</PARA>
<NOTE>Check <INLINEURL HREF="http://www.routersim.com" SHOW="new">www.routersim.com</INLINEURL> for a cost-effective Cisco router simulator.</NOTE>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.2.2"><TITLE>Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) 2.0</TITLE>
<PARA>Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), Cisco's new certification, has opened up many opportunities for those individuals wishing to become Cisco-certified but lacking the training, the expertise, or the bucks to pass the notorious and often failed two-day Cisco torture lab. The new Cisco certifications will truly provide exciting new opportunities for the CNE and MCSE who are unsure of how to advance to a higher level.</PARA>
<PARA>So, you're thinking, "Great, what do I do after passing the CCNA exam?" Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most popular certification), understand that there's more than one path to that much-coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and become a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), which means four more tests, in addition to the CCNA certification.</PARA>
<PARA>The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond-and it is not limited to the Cisco world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these certifications.</PARA>
<NOTE>Todd Lammle offers a hands-on Cisco seminar (<INLINEURL HREF="http://www.lammle.com" SHOW="new">www.lammle.com</INLINEURL>) that provides two Cisco courses in one week of training. The Cisco CCNA/CCNP/CCDP seminars include CCNA/CCDA, Routing/Support, and Remote Access/Switching. Each course is six days long, and every student receives two routers and a switch to configure. Todd Lammle now offers a new three-day CCNA to help the busy professional. </NOTE>
<PARA>Although you don't need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE lab, it's extremely helpful if you already have these certifications.</PARA>
<SECTION ID="0.2.2.1"><TITLE>What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNP?</TITLE>
<PARA>Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In addition to mastering the skills required for the CCNA, you should have the following skills for the CCNP:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, along with dial-access services</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Understanding complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, Async Routing, AppleTalk, extended access lists, IP RIP, route redistribution, IPX RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, serial, IGRP, Frame Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs, Ethernet, ATM LAN Emulation (LANE), access lists, 802.10, FDDI, and transparent and translational bridging</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<PARA>To meet the CCNP requirements, you must be able to perform the following:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicken network response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and remote access.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<RUNINPARA>This exam continues to build on the fundamentals learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol internetworks and how to manage them with access lists, queuing, tunneling, route distribution, router maps, BGP, OSPF, and route summarization. The forthcoming CCNP: Routing Study Guide covers all the exam objectives.</RUNINPARA></RUNINBLOCK>
<RUNINPARA>This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900 and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. This course, <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCNP:</EMPHASIS> <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">Switching Study Guide</EMPHASIS>, covers all the objectives you need to understand to pass the Switching exam. </RUNINPARA></RUNINBLOCK>
<RUNINPARA>This exam tests your knowledge of installing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and dial-up access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay, and authentication. The new Sybex <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide</EMPHASIS> covers all the exam objectives. </RUNINPARA></RUNINBLOCK>
<RUNINPARA>This exam tests you on the Cisco IOS troubleshooting information available. You must be able to troubleshoot Ethernet and Token Ring LANs, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk networks, as well as ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks. The new Sybex <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCNP: Support Study Guide</EMPHASIS> covers all the exam objectives.</RUNINPARA></RUNINBLOCK>
<NOTE>If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam and the Support exam and then taking just one more long exam called the Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP-but beware, it's a really long test that fuses all the material listed previously into one exam. Good luck! However, by taking this exam, you get three tests for the price of two, which saves you $100 (if you pass). Some people think it's easier to take the Foundation R/S exam because you can leverage the areas in which you would score higher against the areas in which you wouldn't.</NOTE>
<TIP>Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without notice. Always check the Cisco Web site (<INLINEURL HREF="http://www.cisco.com" SHOW="new">www.cisco.com</INLINEURL>) for the most up-to-date information.</TIP>
<PARA>You've become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) in Routing and Switching-what do you do next? Cisco recommends that before you take the lab, you take test 640-025: Cisco Internetwork Design (CID) and the Cisco authorized course called Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way, no Prometric test for IMCR exists at the time of this writing, and Cisco recommends a <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">minimum</EMPHASIS> of two years of on-the-job experience before taking the CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles, you then have to pass the CCIE-R/S Exam Qualification (exam 350-001) before taking the actual lab.</PARA>
<PARA>To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends the following:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="number">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training center and pony up around $15,000-$20,000, depending on your corporate discount.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam-so hopefully you'll pass it the first time).</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Pass the two-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab, which many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it through!) Also, you might just need to add travel costs to that $1,000 because you can currently take the exam only in San Jose, California; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney, Australia; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; or Brussels, Belgium. Cisco is adding new sites for the CCIE lab; it is best to check the Cisco Web site for the most up-to-date information. </PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<SECTION ID="0.2.3.1"><TITLE>What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCIE?</TITLE>
<PARA>The CCIE Routing and Switching exam includes the advanced technical skills that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reliability, as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use disparate technologies. CCIEs just don't have problems getting jobs; these experts are basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries! But that's because it isn't easy to attain the level of capability that is mandatory for Cisco's CCIE. For example, a CCIE must have the following skills down pat:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex routed LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE networks, along with dial-access services</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Diagnosing and resolving network faults</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Using packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Documenting and reporting the problem-solving processes used</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Having general LAN/WAN knowledge, including data encapsulation and layering; windowing and flow control and their relation to delay; error detection and recovery; link-state, distance vector, and switching algorithms; management, monitoring, and fault isolation</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Having knowledge of a variety of corporate technologies-including major services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups-as well as the functions, addressing structures, and routing, switching, and bridging implications of each of their protocols</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Having knowledge of Cisco-specific technologies, including router/switch platforms, architectures, and applications; communication servers; protocol translation and applications; configuration commands and system/network impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capabilities, and applications</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Designing, configuring, installing, and verifying voice-over-IP and voice-over-ATM networks</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<NOTE>Check <INLINEURL HREF="http://www.netfix.com" SHOW="new">www.netfix.com</INLINEURL> for a great price on used Cisco gear that can help you build a home lab. </NOTE>
<PARA>In addition to the network support certifications, Cisco has created another certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA) and Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP) certifications. If you're reaching for the CCIE stars, we highly recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the lab (or attempting to advance your career). Preparing for these certifications will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.</PARA>
<PARA>To become a CCDA, you must pass the DCN (Designing Cisco Networks) test (640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the following:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Filter with access lists.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Use and propagate VLANs.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Size networks.</PARA>
</LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<TIP>Sybex's <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide</EMPHASIS> is the most cost-effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.</TIP>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.3.2"><TITLE>Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP) 2.0</TITLE>
<PARA>If you're already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take the CID 640-025 test. If you're not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access, and CID exams. </PARA>
<PARA>CCDP certification skills include the following:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<PARA>CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Traffic management with access lists</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>VLAN use and propagation</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switching engines; memory, cost, and minimization</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
</SECTION>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.4"><TITLE>What Does This Course Cover?</TITLE>
<PARA>This course covers everything you need to pass the CCNP Switching exam. The following list describes what you will learn in each chapter:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="1">Chapter 1</NOBR> describes the traditional campus network model and moves into the new emerging campus model. Layer 2, 3, and 4 switching is also discussed. In addition, this chapter discusses the Cisco three-layer model, the Cisco switching product line, and how to build switch and core blocks. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="2">Chapter 2</NOBR> describes the various Ethernet media types and how to log in and configure both a set-based and IOS-based Cisco Catalyst switch.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="3">Chapter 3</NOBR> covers VLANs-how they work and how to configure them in a Cisco internetwork. Trunking and VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) will be described and implemented. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="4">Chapter 4</NOBR> will give you an in-depth look at the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), its timers, and how to configure STP in a switch. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="5">Chapter 5</NOBR> shows you how to configure STP timers and includes a discussion of root bridge selection. Redundant links with STP will also be covered. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="6">Chapter 6</NOBR> covers Inter-Switch Link (ISL) routing. Both internal route processors and external route processors are covered, as well as how to configure both internal and external route processors to connect multiple VLANs. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="7">Chapter 7</NOBR> will provide the fundamentals of multi-layer switching on both internal and external route processors. In addition to covering IP routing with MLS, we'll show you how to configure the MLS engine. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="8">Chapter 8</NOBR> gives you an extensive discussion of Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP). The chapter provides HSRP as a solution to IP default gateway issues. Configuring HSRP is also covered. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="9">Chapter 9</NOBR> covers the background of multicast addresses and how to translate from a layer 3 address to a layer 2 multicast address. <NOBR REF="9">Chapter 9</NOBR> also covers IGMP and CGMP. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="10">Chapter 10</NOBR> is about configuring multicast in a Cisco internetwork. Enabling multicast, joining a multicast group, and enabling CGMP are also covered. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="11">Chapter 11</NOBR> ends this course by talking about access policies, how to create them, and how to implement them. </PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="B">Appendix B</NOBR> includes all of the commands used in this course along with explanations of each command and how they are used with both access layer and distribution layer switches.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA><NOBR REF="C">Appendix C</NOBR> is a list of all multicast addresses as listed in RFC 1112. It also includes a list of all the assigned multicast addresses.</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<PARA>Each chapter begins with a list of the topics covered related to the CCNP Switching test, so make sure to read them over before working through the chapter. In addition, each chapter ends with review questions specifically designed to help you retain the knowledge presented. To really nail down your skills, read each question carefully, and if possible, work through the chapters' hands-on labs. </PARA>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.5"><TITLE>Where Do You Take the Exams?</TITLE>
<PARA>You may take the exams at any of the more than 800 Sylvan Prometric Authorized Testing Centers around the world. For the location of a testing center near you, call (800) 755-3926. Outside the United States and Canada, contact your local Sylvan Prometric Registration Center.</PARA>
<PARA>To register for a Cisco Certified Network Professional exam:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="number">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Determine the number of the exam you want to take. (The Switching exam number is 640-504.)</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Register with the nearest Sylvan Prometric Registration Center. At this point, you will be asked to pay in advance for the exam. At the time of this writing, the exams are $100 each and must be taken within one year of payment. You can schedule an exam up to six weeks in advance or as soon as one working day prior to the day you wish to take it. If something comes up and you need to cancel or reschedule your exam appointment, contact Sylvan Prometric at least 24 hours in advance. Same-day registration isn't available for the Cisco tests.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>When you schedule the exam, you'll get instructions regarding all appointment and cancellation procedures, the ID requirements, and information about the testing-center location.</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.6"><TITLE>Tips for Taking Your CCNP Exam</TITLE>
<PARA>The CCNP Switching test contains about 70 questions to be completed in 90 minutes. However, the number of exam questions and time may vary. </PARA>
<PARA>Many questions on the exam have answer choices that at first glance look identical-especially the syntax questions! Remember to read through the choices carefully because "close enough" doesn't cut it. If you get commands in the wrong order or forget one measly character, you'll get the question wrong. So, to practice, do the hands-on exercises at the end of the chapters over and over again until they feel natural to you.</PARA>
<PARA>Unlike Microsoft or Novell tests, the exam has answer choices that are syntactically similar-although some syntax is dead wrong, it is usually just <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">subtly</EMPHASIS> wrong. Some other syntax choices may be right, but they're shown in the wrong order. Cisco does split hairs, and they're not at all averse to giving you classic trick questions. Here's an example:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="none">
<LISTITEM><PARA><INLINECODE>access-list 101 deny ip any eq 23</INLINECODE> denies Telnet access to all systems.</PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<PARA>This question looks correct because most people refer to the port number (23) and think, "Yes, that's the port used for Telnet." The catch is that you can't filter IP on port numbers (only TCP and UDP).</PARA>
<PARA>Also, never forget that the right answer is the Cisco answer. In many cases, more than one appropriate answer is presented, but the <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">correct</EMPHASIS> answer is the one that Cisco recommends.</PARA>
<PARA>Here are some general tips for exam success:</PARA>
<LIST MARK="bullet">
<LISTITEM><PARA>Arrive early at the exam center, so you can relax and review your study materials.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Read the questions <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">carefully</EMPHASIS>. Don't just jump to conclusions. Make sure you're clear about <EMPHASIS FORMAT="italic">exactly</EMPHASIS> what each question asks.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>Don't leave any questions unanswered. They count against you.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>When answering multiple-choice questions that you're unsure about, use the process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect answers first. Doing this greatly improves your odds if you need to make an educated guess.</PARA></LISTITEM>
<LISTITEM><PARA>You can no longer move forward and backward through the Cisco exams (except the CCIE written exam and the CCDA exam), so double-check your answer before moving to the next question. </PARA></LISTITEM>
</LIST>
<PARA>After you complete an exam, you'll get immediate, online notification of your pass or fail status, a printed Examination Score Report that indicates your pass or fail status, and your exam results by section. (The test administrator will give you the printed score report.) Test scores are automatically forwarded to Cisco within five working days after you take the test, so you don't need to send your score to them. If you pass the exam, you'll receive confirmation from Cisco, typically within two to four weeks.</PARA>
</SECTION>
<SECTION ID="0.7"><TITLE>How to Contact the Authors</TITLE>
<PARA>You can reach Todd Lammle through GlobalNet Training Solutions, Inc. (<INLINECODE HREF="http://www.lammle.com" SHOW="new">www.lammle.com</INLINECODE>)-his training and systems integration company in Colorado-or e-mail him at <INLINEURL>todd@lammle.com</INLINEURL>.</PARA>
<PARA>You can e-mail Kevin Hales at <INLINECODE>kb7dfs@yahoo.com</INLINECODE>.</PARA>
