SupaNet - Free Internet Access/Supanet.iso/INFO_DAT/Wizards/DB/Eventtbl.txt

Text File | 1998-10-12 | 461.0 KB | 5,130 lines

EV000001|B.C.|c. 2,000,000|||||||Earliest human beings may have lived in eastern Africa.|TM000001
EV000002|B.C.|c. 5000|||||||People in northern Africa practised farming.|TM000001
EV000003|B.C.|c. 4000|||||||Sahara began to turn into desert.|TM000001
EV000004|B.C.|c. 3100|||||||Upper and Lower Egypt became one country.|TM000001
EV000005|B.C.|c. 2000|||||||Kingdom of Kush arose south of Egypt.|TM000001
EV000006|B.C.|30|||||||Roman Empire controlled northern Africa.|TM000001
EV000007|A.D.|c. 1|||||||Bantu-speaking peoples began southward migrations.|TM000001
EV000008||300's|||||||Kingdom of Aksum became a Christian state.|TM000001
EV000009||500's|||||||Nubian kingdoms converted to Christianity.|TM000001
EV000010||639||||710|||Arab Muslims conquered northern Africa.|TM000001
EV000011||1000||||1500|||Large kingdoms established in Africa south of Sahara.|TM000001
EV000012||1400's|||||||Portuguese began to explore Africa's west coast.|TM000001
EV000013||1652|||||||Dutch founded Cape Town.|TM000001
EV000014||c. 1766||||c. 1799|||Europeans began to explore African interior.|TM000001
EV000015||1880's|||||||European governments began to claim parts of Africa.|TM000001
EV000016||1920's|||||||European colonial rule firmly established in Africa.|TM000001
EV000017||1950's||||1960's|||Most European colonies in Africa became independent.|TM000001
EV000018||1975|||||||Portugal, last European country with large African holdings, gave up remaining colonies.|TM000001
EV000019||1979|||||||White-minority rule ended in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).|TM000001
EV000020||1980's|||||||One of the worst droughts in history struck Africa.|TM000001
EV000021||1990|||||||Namibia gained independence, ending its white-minority rule by South Africa.|TM000001
EV000022||1994|||||||White-minority rule ended in South Africa.|TM000001
EV000023||c. 1500|||||||Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.|TM000002
EV000024||1783|||||||Jean F. Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes made first free lighter-than-air ascent.|TM000002
EV000025||1804|||||||Sir George Cayley flew first successful model glider.|TM000002
EV000026||1843|||||||William S. Henson patented plans for steam-driven aeroplane.|TM000002
EV000027||1848|||||||John Stringfellow built a small model based on Henson's plane.|TM000002
EV000028||1891||||1896|||Otto Lilienthal became first person to successfully pilot gliders in flight.|TM000002
EV000029||1896|||||||Samuel P. Langley flew a steam-powered model plane.|TM000002
EV000030||1903|||||||Orville and Wilbur Wright made first engine-powered, heavier-than-air flights.|TM000002
EV000031||1906|||||||Trajan Vuia built first full-sized monoplane, but it could not fly.|TM000002
EV000032||1909|||||||Louis Bleriot became first person to fly an aeroplane across the English Channel.|TM000002
EV000033||1913|||||||Igor I. Sikorsky built and flew first four-engine plane.|TM000002
EV000034||1915|||||||First flight of an all-metal, cantilever-wing plane, the Junkers J 1.|TM000002
EV000035||1927|||||||Lockheed Vega, a single-engine transport, flew for the first time.|TM000002
EV000036||1936|||||||Douglas DC-3 transport planes entered airline service in the United States.|TM000002
EV000037||1939|||||||First successful flight of a jet-engine aeroplane.|TM000002
EV000038||1947|||||||Charles Yeager made first supersonic flight in a Bell X-I rocket plane.|TM000002
EV000039||1952|||||||De Havilland Comets, first large commercial jetliners, began service.|TM000002
EV000040||1953|||||||North American F-100 Super Sabre jet fighter became first operational supersonic fighter.|TM000002
EV000041||1958|||||||Boeing 707 began first U.S. jet transport service between U.S. and Europe.|TM000002
EV000042||1968|||||||Russian pilots test-flew world's first supersonic transport plane, the Tu-144.|TM000002
EV000043||1970|||||||First jumbo jet, the Boeing 747, entered airline service.|TM000002
EV000044||1976|||||||Concorde, a supersonic transport plane built by Britain and France, began passenger service.|TM000002
EV000045||1983|||||||Rockwell Sabreliner first plane to cross Atlantic Ocean guided only by satellite navigation.|TM000002
EV000046||1995|||||||Boeing 777, world's largest twin-engine jet, began passenger service.|TM000002
EV000047||1908|||||||Henri Farman made first official circular flight of 1 kilometre.|TM000003
EV000048||1908|||||||Glenn H. Curtiss made first official public flight of more than 1 kilometer in U.S.|TM000003
EV000049||1911|||||||Calbraith P. Rodgers made first transcontinental flight across U.S.|TM000003
EV000050||1919|||||||John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown, made first nonstop transatlantic flight.|TM000003
EV000051||1924|||||||Two U.S. Army planes made first round-the-world flight.|TM000003
EV000052||1926|||||||Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claimed the first aeroplane flight over the North Pole.|TM000003
EV000053||1927|||||||Charles A. Lindbergh made first solo nonstop transatlantic flight.|TM000003
EV000054||1928|||||||Charles Kingsford Smith and crew made first flight across the Pacific.|TM000003
EV000055||1929|||||||Richard E. Byrd and crew made first flight over the South Pole.|TM000003
EV000056||1931|||||||Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, made first nonstop aeroplane flight across the Pacific.|TM000003
EV000057||1932|||||||Amelia Earhart became first woman to fly an aeroplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone.|TM000003
EV000058||1933|||||||Wiley Post made the first solo round-the-world flight.|TM000003
EV000059||1949|||||||A U.S. Air Force crew made first nonstop round-the-world flight.|TM000003
EV000060||1986|||||||Richard Rutan and Jeana Yeager made first nonstop flight around the world without refueling.|TM000003
EV000061||1992|||||||Claude Delorme and Jean Boyd flew a Concord around the world in a record 32 hr. 49 min. 3 sec.|TM000003
EV000062||1797|||||||British geologist John Frere found flint tools at Hoxne, England.|TM000004
EV000063||1853||||1854|||Drought revealed Swiss lake villages dating back at least 5,000 years|TM000004
EV000064||1870|||||||Heinrich Schliemann began excavations on the site of Troy.|TM000004
EV000065||1879|||||||Prehistoric wallpaintings found in cave at Altamira, Spain.|TM000004
EV000066||1894|||||||Sir Flinders Petrie excavated royal cemetery at Naqada, in Egypt.|TM000004
EV000067||1900|||||||Sir Arthur Evans began excavating Knossos, capital of ancient Crete.|TM000004
EV000068||1922|||||||Howard Carter found King Tutankhamen's tomb in Egypt.|TM000004
EV000069||1925|||||||Flint points found at Folsom, New Mexico.|TM000004
EV000070||1939|||||||Basil Brown discovered remains of Anglo-Saxon treasure ship at Sutton Hoo, England.|TM000004
EV000071||1952|||||||Dame Kathleen Kenyon led excavations at Jericho, Jordan.|TM000004
EV000072||1964||||1975|||Excavations at Ebla, Syria, revealed an ancient kingdom.|TM000004
EV000073||1580|||||||Spaniards established Buenos Aires.|TM000005
EV000074||1776|||||||Spain created Viceroyalty of La Plata.|TM000005
EV000075||1810|||||||Buenos Aires formed an independent government.|TM000005
EV000076||1816|||||||Argentina declared its independence from Spain.|TM000005
EV000077||1853|||||||Argentina adopted a federal Constitution.|TM000005
EV000078||1912|||||||Saenz Pena Law reformed national elections.|TM000005
EV000079||1930|||||||Army officers overthrew elected government.|TM000005
EV000080||1943|||||||Juan Peron began his rise to power.|TM000005
EV000081||1955|||||||Military revolt overthrew Peron dictatorship; Peron fled the country.|TM000005
EV000082||1973|||||||Peron returned to Argentina and was elected president.|TM000005
EV000083||1974|||||||Peron died; his third wife, Isabel, became president.|TM000005
EV000084||1976|||||||Military leaders removed Isabel Peron from office.|TM000005
EV000085||1982|||||||Argentina lost war with United Kingdom over control of Falkland Islands.|TM000005
EV000086||1983|||||||Civilian rule restored following free elections.|TM000005
EV000087|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||Civilization began in Southwest Asia.|TM000006
EV000088|B.C.|c. 2500|||||||Civilization developed in South Asia.|TM000006
EV000089|B.C.|1700's|||||||Civilization developed in East Asia.|TM000006
EV000090|B.C.|c. 563|||||||Buddha born in what is now Nepal.|TM000006
EV000091|B.C.|c. 551|||||||Confucius born in China.|TM000006
EV000092|B.C.|c. 4|||B.C.|c. 1|||Jesus Christ born in town of Bethlehem in Southwest Asia.|TM000006
EV000093|A.D.|317|||||||Huns from Mongolia conquered northern China.|TM000006
EV000094||c. 570|||||||Prophet Muhammad born in Arabia.|TM000006
EV000095||661||||750|||Arab civilization spread in Southwest Asia.|TM000006
EV000096||1200's|||||||Mongols conquered much of Asia.|TM000006
EV000097||1500's|||||||European nations began conquests in Asia.|TM000006
EV000098||1526|||||||Mongols set up Mogul Empire in India.|TM000006
EV000099||1639|||||||Japan closed its doors to European influences.|TM000006
EV000100||1842|||||||China opened five ports to trade with Western nations.|TM000006
EV000101||1905|||||||Japan took control of Russian interests in Korea and Manchuria.|TM000006
EV000102||1912|||||||Chinese overthrew their emperor.|TM000006
EV000103||1931|||||||Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria.|TM000006
EV000104||1937|||||||Japan began full-scale war with China.|TM000006
EV000105||1941||||1945|||Japan fought the Allies in Pacific area in World War II--and lost all its possessions.|TM000006
EV000106||1940's||||1950's|||Most of the colonial Asian nations won independence.|TM000006
EV000107||1946||||1954|||France fought Communist-led rebels in Indochina.|TM000006
EV000108||1948|||||||Arabs and the Israelis fought first of four wars.|TM000006
EV000109||1949|||||||Chinese Communists conquered mainland China.|TM000006
EV000110||1950||||1953|||U.S. and other UN nations fought against North Korea and China.|TM000006
EV000111||1966||||1967|||Vietnam War grew into a major conflict.|TM000006
EV000112||1975|||||||Communists took control of South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.|TM000006
EV000113||1976|||||||North and South Vietnam were united.|TM000006
EV000114||1980||||1988|||Iran and Iraq engaged in a war.|TM000006
EV000115||1990||||1991|||Iraqi troops driven out of Kuwait during Persian Gulf War.|TM000006
EV000116||1991|||||||Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000006
EV000117|B.C.|1300's|||||||Chinese astronomers charted star positions.|TM000007
EV000118|B.C.|500's|||||||Pythagoras argued that the earth is round.|TM000007
EV000119|B.C.|450|||||||Babylonians had charted positions of heavenly bodies by this time.|TM000007
EV000120|B.C.|370|||||||Eudoxus taught geocentric theory that the sun and other heavenly bodies revolve around the earth.|TM000007
EV000121|B.C.|300's|||||||Heraclides argued that Mercury and Venus revolve around sun, not the earth.|TM000007
EV000122|B.C.|200's|||||||Aristarchus first to state that all planets, including the earth, revolve around sun.|TM000007
EV000123|A.D.|c. 150|||||||Ptolemy published his 13-part "Almagest," which established geocentric theory as authoritative.|TM000007
EV000124|A.D.|300|||||||Maya astronomers developed an accurate calendar.|TM000007
EV000125||1543|||||||Copernicus proposed heliocentric theory that the sun is centre of the universe.|TM000007
EV000126||1600||||1630|||Johannes Kepler discovered three laws of planetary motion and upheld Copernican theory.|TM000007
EV000127||1608|||||||Hans Lippershey made the first telescope, two glass lenses in a narrow tube.|TM000007
EV000128||1609|||||||Galileo built his first telescope and was first to use a telescope to study the sky.|TM000007
EV000129||1632|||||||Galileo supported Copernican system in "Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems."|TM000007
EV000130||1665|||||||Isaac Newton formulated the theory of gravitation.|TM000007
EV000131||1682|||||||Edmond Halley observed a comet whose reappearance he would correctly predict.|TM000007
EV000132||1755|||||||Immanuel Kant suggested that planets and the sun formed in the same way.|TM000007
EV000133||1781|||||||William Herschel discovered Uranus.|TM000007
EV000134||1796|||||||Pierre Simon Laplace proposed that sun and planets formed from a nebula.|TM000007
EV000135||1801|||||||Largest and first known asteroid, Ceres, discovered.|TM000007
EV000136||1846|||||||Johann G. Galle and Heinrich L. d'Arrest discovered Neptune.|TM000007
EV000137||1850's|||||||Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff designed the first spectroscope.|TM000007
EV000138||1891|||||||George E. Hale introduced the spectroheliograph.|TM000007
EV000139||1905|||||||Albert Einstein proposed his special theory of relativity.|TM000007
EV000140||1915|||||||Einstein announced his general theory of relativity.|TM000007
EV000141||1929|||||||Edwin Hubble demonstrated that the universe is expanding.|TM000007
EV000142||1930|||||||Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto.|TM000007
EV000143||1931|||||||Karl Jansky detected radio waves from outside the solar system.|TM000007
EV000144||1959|||||||Luna 1 first satellite in orbit around sun.|TM000007
EV000145||1963|||||||Quasars first identified.|TM000007
EV000146||1965|||||||Primordial background radiation discovered.|TM000007
EV000147||1967|||||||Jocelyn Bell Burnell first person to detect a pulsar, a form of neutron star.|TM000007
EV000148||1968|||||||Maffei galaxies discovered.|TM000007
EV000149||1973|||||||Astronauts made observations with a telescope aboard Skylab space station.|TM000007
EV000150||1975|||||||Viking spacecraft landers reached the surface of Mars.|TM000007
EV000151||1977|||||||Two Voyager spacecraft launched; one would find 10 new moons around Uranus.|TM000007
EV000152||1983|||||||European Space Agency made X-ray observations from Exosat satellite.|TM000007
EV000153||1990|||||||NASA launched Hubble Space Telescope.|TM000007
EV000154||1990|||||||Solar probe Ulysses launched from U.S. space shuttle Discovery.|TM000007
EV000155||1991|||||||NASA launched Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite.|TM000007
EV000156||1991|||||||U.S. space probe Galileo took first detailed photograph of an asteroid.|TM000007
EV000157||1994|||||||Astronomers used Hubble telescope to find evidence of huge black hole in galaxy M87.|TM000007
EV000158||1994|||||||Alexander Wolszczan announced evidence of three planets orbiting a pulsar.|TM000007
EV000159||1996|||||||First known atoms of antimatter created.|TM000007
EV000160|B.C.|50,000|||||||Ancestors of the Aborigines may have settled Australia.|TM000008
EV000161|A.D.|1606|||||||Willem Jansz became first European known to sight Australia and land there.|TM000008
EV000162||1642|||||||Abel Janszoon Tasman sighted Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).|TM000008
EV000163||1770|||||||James Cook explored Australia's east coast and named it New South Wales.|TM000008
EV000164||1788|||||||Britain established New South Wales as a prison colony.|TM000008
EV000165||1801||||1803|||Matthew Flinders sailed completely around Australia.|TM000008
EV000166||1829|||||||Charles Fremantle claimed western Australia for Britain.|TM000008
EV000167||1851|||||||Gold was discovered in New South Wales and Victoria.|TM000008
EV000168||1868|||||||Britain ended transportation of convicts to Australia.|TM000008
EV000169||1901|||||||Australia became an independent nation; Melbourne named temporary capital.|TM000008
EV000170||1927|||||||Federal capital moved from Melbourne to Canberra.|TM000008
EV000171||1967|||||||Australian Constitution amended to permit federal programmes to aid Aborigines.|TM000008
EV000172||1978|||||||Northern Territory became responsible for its own administration.|TM000008
EV000173||1988|||||||Australia celebrated its bicentennial.|TM000008
EV000174||1788|||||||European colonists brought ballads and songs to Australia that were adapted to colonial subjects.|TM000009
EV000175||1800's|||||||The literature of observation developed in Australia as convicts and free settlers wrote home.|TM000009
EV000176||1819|||||||Barron Field brought out the first book of poetry published in Australia, "First Fruits".|TM000009
EV000177||1826|||||||Charles Tompson wrote the first volume of poetry by a native-born Australian.|TM000009
EV000178||1830|||||||"Quintus Servinton", by the convict H. Savery, was the first locally published novel in Australia.|TM000009
EV000179||1837|||||||George Loveless wrote an autobiographical account of the Tolpuddle Martyrs.|TM000009
EV000180||1843|||||||C. Rowcroft's "Tales of the Colonies" informed readers of the nature of Australian society.|TM000009
EV000181||1859|||||||The first Australian-born novelist, John Lang, published "Botany Bay", a collection of stories.|TM000009
EV000182||1880|||||||Weekly magazine "The Bulletin" founded in Sydney, invited literary contributions from readers.|TM000009
EV000183||1901|||||||In "My Brilliant Career", Miles Franklin wrote about adolescent frustrations in bush society.|TM000009
EV000184||1908|||||||Mrs. A. Gunn used her experience of bush life as the basis for her novel "We of the Never Never".|TM000009
EV000185||1930|||||||Vance Palmer wrote about the impact of the environment on Australian people in "The Passage".|TM000009
EV000186||1940's|||||||Two poetry movements, the "Angry Penguins" and the "Jindyworobaks", emerged in Adelaide.|TM000009
EV000187||1950's||||1960's|||Distinct poetic strains developed in Sydney and in Melbourne.|TM000009
EV000188||1973|||||||Australian fiction writer Patrick White won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000009
EV000189||1982|||||||Australian novelist Thomas Keneally won the UK Booker Prize for his book "Schindler's Ark".|TM000009
EV000190|B.C.|15|||||||Romans controlled Austria south of Danube River.|TM000010
EV000191|A.D.|100's|||||||Warlike tribes from north began to invade Roman Austria.|TM000010
EV000192||476|||||||Roman Empire collapsed.|TM000010
EV000193||976|||||||Holy Roman emperor gave control of northeastern Austria to Leopold I of Babenberg family.|TM000010
EV000194||1278|||||||Rudolf I, a Habsburg, began to acquire Babenberg territory.|TM000010
EV000195||1438||||1806|||Archduchy of Austria was most important state in Holy Roman Empire.|TM000010
EV000196||1914||||1918|||Austria-Hungary defeated in World War I.|TM000010
EV000197||1918|||||||Habsburgs were overthrown, and Austria became a republic.|TM000010
EV000198||1938|||||||Adolf Hitler made Austria part of Germany.|TM000010
EV000199||1939||||1945|||Allies defeated Germany in World War II.|TM000010
EV000200||1945||||1955|||Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and U.S. occupied Austria.|TM000010
EV000201||1995|||||||Austria joined European Union.|TM000010
EV000202||1903|||||||Orville and Wilbur Wright made world's first successful aeroplane flights.|TM000011
EV000203||1905|||||||Charles and Gabriel Voisin started the first aeroplane-manufacturing company.|TM000011
EV000204||1907|||||||Glenn H. Curtiss started first aeroplane-manufacturing company in U.S.|TM000011
EV000205||1914|||||||World's first scheduled airline began service but lasted only a few months.|TM000011
EV000206||1918|||||||U.S. government used Army pilots to start world's first permanent airmail service.|TM000011
EV000207||1919|||||||First successful scheduled airlines began to operate in Europe.|TM000011
EV000208||1925|||||||Private airlines began carrying U.S. airmail.|TM000011
EV000209||1926|||||||First successful scheduled airlines in U.S. began operations.|TM000011
EV000210||1926|||||||Congress passed Air Commerce Act, first federal law to regulate U.S. aviation.|TM000011
EV000211||1952|||||||British Overseas Airways Corporation started jet passenger service.|TM000011
EV000212||1958|||||||U.S. Congress established Federal Aviation Agency (FAA).|TM000011
EV000213||1959|||||||American Airlines started jet service across U.S. with Boeing 707's.|TM000011
EV000214||1967|||||||Federal Aviation Agency renamed Federal Aviation Administration.|TM000011
EV000215||1970|||||||Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) began jumbo jet service.|TM000011
EV000216||1976|||||||Air France and British Airways began passenger service with supersonic transports.|TM000011
EV000217||1984|||||||Civil Aeronautics Board was dissolved as part of airline deregulation.|TM000011
EV000218|B.C.|50's|||||||Roman forces led by Julius Caesar conquered what is now Belgium.|TM000012
EV000219|A.D.|400's|||||||Clovis founded kingdom that included Belgian region.|TM000012
EV000220||1300's||||1400's|||Dukes of Burgundy ruled Belgium.|TM000012
EV000221||1477|||||||Habsburg family of Austria gained control of Belgium.|TM000012
EV000222||1516|||||||Belgium became Spanish possession.|TM000012
EV000223||1713|||||||Spain returned Belgium to Austria.|TM000012
EV000224||1789|||||||Belgium revolted against Hapsburg rule in an uprishing call the Brabant Revolution.|TM000012
EV000225||1795|||||||Belgium became part of France.|TM000012
EV000226||1815|||||||Belgium and the Netherlands were united.|TM000012
EV000227||1830|||||||Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands.|TM000012
EV000228||1885|||||||King Leopold II of Belgium established Congo Free State, later called Belgian Congo.|TM000012
EV000229||1914||||1918|||Belgium fought on Allied side in World War I and suffered much destruction.|TM000012
EV000230||1940||||1945|||Fierce fighting occurred in Belgium during World War II.|TM000012
EV000231||1949|||||||Belgium became a founding member of NATO.|TM000012
EV000232||1957|||||||Belgium helped establish the European Economic Community.|TM000012
EV000233||1960|||||||Belgium granted independence to Belgian Congo.|TM000012
EV000234||1971|||||||Belgium divided into three cultural communities based on language.|TM000012
EV000235||1980|||||||Constitutional reforms granted limited self-rule to Flanders and Wallonia.|TM000012
EV000236||1993|||||||Belgium became a federal state with separate regional legislatures.|TM000012
EV000237|B.C.|c. 400|||||||Hippocrates established principles of modern medical practice.|TM000013
EV000238|A.D.|100's|||||||Galen greatly extended knowledge of anatomy and physiology.|TM000013
EV000239||1543|||||||Andreas Vesalius published the first scientific text on human anatomy.|TM000013
EV000240||1628|||||||William Harvey published his discovery of how blood circulates.|TM000013
EV000241||1665|||||||First drawings of cells appeared in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia."|TM000013
EV000242||c. 1674||||c. 1676|||Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered microscopic forms of life.|TM000013
EV000243||1735|||||||Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms according to their structural similarities.|TM000013
EV000244||1770's||||1780's|||Antonine Lavoisier conducted chemical studies of physiological processes.|TM000013
EV000245||c. 1800|||||||Baron Cuvier made major contributions in comparative anatomy and paleontology.|TM000013
EV000246||1860's||||1880's|||Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch firmly established germ theory of disease.|TM000013
EV000247||1838||||1839|||Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed that the cell is the basic unit of life.|TM000013
EV000248||1859|||||||Charles Darwin set forth his theory of evolution in "The Origin of Species."|TM000013
EV000249||1866|||||||Gregor Mendel published basic laws of heredity.|TM000013
EV000250||1953|||||||James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick proposed a model of DNA's molecular structure.|TM000013
EV000251||c. 1977||||c. 1979|||Researchers used genetically engineered bacteria to produce human insulin.|TM000013
EV000252||1983|||||||Genetic engineering used to transfer human growth hormone genes into mice.|TM000013
EV000253||1996|||||||Scientists first cloned an adult mammal--a sheep.|TM000013
EV000254||1500|||||||Pedro Alvares Cabral landed in Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.|TM000014
EV000255||1630|||||||Dutch invaded Brazil.|TM000014
EV000256||1654|||||||Portuguese drove out the Dutch.|TM000014
EV000257||1750|||||||Portugal and Spain signed treaty fixing areas of rule in South America.|TM000014
EV000258||1808||||1821|||Portuguese royal family ruled Portugal and Brazil from Rio de Janeiro.|TM000014
EV000259||1822|||||||Brazil declared its independence from Portugal.|TM000014
EV000260||1888|||||||Slavery was abolished in Brazil.|TM000014
EV000261||1889|||||||Brazil proclaimed itself a republic.|TM000014
EV000262||1917|||||||Brazil declared war on Germany in World War I.|TM000014
EV000263||1930|||||||Military officials made Getulio Vargas president.|TM000014
EV000264||1942|||||||Brazil declared war on the Axis in World War II.|TM000014
EV000265||1945|||||||Brazil joined the UN.|TM000014
EV000266||1946|||||||New constitution restored individual rights.|TM000014
EV000267||1960|||||||Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to newly built Brasilia.|TM000014
EV000268||1964|||||||Military leaders took control of the government.|TM000014
EV000269||1985|||||||Brazil's government was returned to civilian rule.|TM000014
EV000270||1604|||||||Sieur de Monts of France founded Acadia.|TM000015
EV000271||1608|||||||Samuel de Champlain of France founded city of Quebec.|TM000015
EV000272||1610|||||||Henry Hudson of England sailed into Hudson Bay.|TM000015
EV000273||1642|||||||French missionaries founded Montreal.|TM000015
EV000274||1673|||||||Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette sailed down Mississippi River to junction with Arkansas River.|TM000015
EV000275||1682|||||||Sieur de La Salle sailed to mouth of Mississippi and claimed all land drained by it for France.|TM000015
EV000276||1689||||1763|||Wars between British and French colonists ended with Britain's conquest of New France.|TM000015
EV000277||1775|||||||During Revolutionary War in America, an American invasion of Canada failed.|TM000015
EV000278||1784|||||||The colony of New Brunswick was established.|TM000015
EV000279||1791|||||||Constitutional Act split Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.|TM000015
EV000280||1812||||1815|||During War of 1812, two major attempts by the U.S. to invade Canada failed.|TM000015
EV000281||1837|||||||Revolts broke out in Upper and Lower Canada.|TM000015
EV000282||1841|||||||Act of Union joined Upper and Lower Canada into Province of Canada.|TM000015
EV000283||1848|||||||Province of Canada and Nova Scotia gained self-government.|TM000015
EV000284||1858|||||||Colony of British Columbia established.|TM000015
EV000285||1864|||||||Conferences in Charlottetown and Quebec City planned "confederation" (union) of Canadian colonies.|TM000015
EV000286||1867|||||||British North America Act established Dominion of Canada.|TM000015
EV000287||1869|||||||Louis Riel led the metis in the Red River Rebellion in Manitoba.|TM000015
EV000288||1870|||||||North West Territories (now Northwest Territories) established.|TM000015
EV000289||1885|||||||Louis Riel led a metis revolt in Saskatchewan.|TM000015
EV000290||1885|||||||Canadian Pacific Railway spanned Canada.|TM000015
EV000291||1914|||||||Over 600,000 Canadians served in World War I.|TM000015
EV000292||1920|||||||Canada became member of League of Nations.|TM000015
EV000293||1930's|||||||Canada suffered through Great Depression.|TM000015
EV000294||1931|||||||Statute of Westminster made Canada an independent nation.|TM000015
EV000295||1934|||||||Bank of Canada established.|TM000015
EV000296||1939||||1945|||Over 1 million Canadians served in World War II.|TM000015
EV000297||1940|||||||Canadian social security system was started.|TM000015
EV000298||1945|||||||Canada joined the United Nations (UN).|TM000015
EV000299||1949|||||||Canada signed treaty that set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).|TM000015
EV000300||1959|||||||St. Lawrence Seaway, a joint U.S.-Canadian project, opened.|TM000015
EV000301||1962|||||||Trans-Canada Highway, the country's first ocean-to-ocean road, completed.|TM000015
EV000302||1964|||||||A national pension plan was introduced in Canada.|TM000015
EV000303||1965|Feb.|15|||||New official Canadian flag flown for the first time.|TM000015
EV000304||1967|||||||Canadians celebrated 100th anniversary of Confederation.|TM000015
EV000305||1969|||||||Official Languages Act required federal facilities to provide services in French and English.|TM000015
EV000306||1982|||||||Constitution Act ended British control over amendments to Canada's Constitution.|TM000015
EV000307||1991|||||||Canadian forces fought in the Persian Gulf War.|TM000015
EV000308||1770|||||||Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France successfully operated a steam-powered vehicle.|TM000016
EV000309||1860|||||||Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patented an internal-combustion engine.|TM000016
EV000310||1865|||||||England passed Red Flag Law.|TM000016
EV000312||1885|||||||Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz developed forerunners of petrol engines used today.|TM000016
EV000313||1887|||||||Magnus Volk of Brighton, England, built the first electric car.|TM000016
EV000314||c. 1891|||||||William Morrison built a six-passenger car powered by electricity.|TM000016
EV000315||1891|||||||Panhard et Levassor company designed a front-engine, rear-wheel drive car.|TM000016
EV000316||1893||||1894|||Charles E. and J. Frank Duryea demonstrated first successful petrol-powered car in U.S.|TM000016
EV000317||1895|||||||Michelin company introduced first tyres with compressed air for use on cars.|TM000016
EV000318||1896|||||||Henry Ford built his first successful petrol-powered car.|TM000016
EV000319||1896|||||||The Daimler company was set up in England to build patented cars of French and German origin.|TM000016
EV000320||1897|||||||The Horseless Carriage Syndicate began building the first Australian petrol-driven car.|TM000016
EV000321||1904|||||||Henry M. Leland of Cadillac company began building cars with interchangeable parts.|TM000016
EV000322||1906|||||||Rolls-Royce of England introduced their "Silver Ghost" model.|TM000016
EV000323||1908|||||||Ford introduced Model T.|TM000016
EV000324||1912|||||||General Motors introduced electric self-starter.|TM000016
EV000325||1913|||||||Ford installed a moving assembly line in his car factory.|TM000016
EV000326||1913|||||||Australian manufacturers Caldwell-Vale built the first 4-wheel-drive car for off-road use.|TM000016
EV000327||1920's|||||||The Big Three--Ford, GM, and Chrysler--accounted for most U.S. car production.|TM000016
EV000328||1926|||||||The Soviet Union's first car for the citizen was produced - the NAMI-1.|TM000016
EV000329||1930|||||||U.S. motor vehicle production fell 36 percent due to Great Depression.|TM000016
EV000330||1938|||||||Production of the Volkswagen "Beetle" began.  Production continued until the late 1980's.|TM000016
EV000331||1939|||||||Fully automatic transmission introduced.|TM000016
EV000332||1959|||||||The front-wheel-drive "mini", Britain's most successful car, was launched.|TM000016
EV000333||1968|||||||Devices to reduce exhaust fumes became standard on U.S. cars.|TM000016
EV000334||1838|||||||Matthias Schleiden called the cell the basic unit of life.|TM000017
EV000335||1866|||||||Gregor Mendel published basic laws of heredity.|TM000017
EV000336||c. 1867||||c. 1899|||Scientists discovered that cells reproduce by division.|TM000017
EV000337||1904||||1928|||Thomas Hunt Morgan proved genes the basic units of heredity.|TM000017
EV000338||1944|||||||Oswald T. Avery discovered that DNA alone determines heredity.|TM000017
EV000339||1957|||||||Arthur Kornberg produced DNA in a test tube.|TM000017
EV000340||1970's|||||||Scientists developed methods of recombinant DNA technology.|TM000017
EV000341||1990|||||||Doctors first used gene therapy as a treatment for disease.|TM000017
EV000342|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||People learned to make bronze.|TM000018
EV000343|B.C.|c. 400|||||||Democritus proposed an atomic theory.|TM000018
EV000344|A.D.|600's|||||||Alchemy began to spread from Egypt.|TM000018
EV000345||1600's|||||||Robert Boyle taught that theories must be supported by careful experiments.|TM000018
EV000346||c. 1700||||c. 1735|||Georg Ernst Stahl developed phlogiston theory.|TM000018
EV000347||1750's|||||||Joseph Black identified carbon dioxide.|TM000018
EV000348||1766|||||||Henry Cavendish identified hydrogen as an element.|TM000018
EV000349||1770's|||||||Carl Scheele and Joseph Priestley identified oxygen.|TM000018
EV000350||1770's||||1780's|||Antoine Lavoisier stated law of the conservation of mass and proposed oxygen theory of combustion.|TM000018
EV000351||1803|||||||John Dalton proposed his atomic theory.|TM000018
EV000352||c. 1800||||c. 1835|||Jons J. Berzelius calculated accurate atomic weights for some elements.|TM000018
EV000353||1828|||||||Friedrich Wohler made first synthetic organic substance from inorganic compounds.|TM000018
EV000354||1856|||||||Sir William H. Perkin made first synthetic dye.|TM000018
EV000355||1869|||||||Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer discovered periodic law.|TM000018
EV000356||1910|||||||Fritz Haber patented a process to produce synthetic ammonia.|TM000018
EV000357||1913|||||||Niels Bohr proposed his model of the atom.|TM000018
EV000358||1916|||||||Gilbert N. Lewis described electron bonding between atoms.|TM000018
EV000359||1950's|||||||Biochemists began to discover how DNA and RNA affect heredity.|TM000018
EV000360||c. 1980||||c. 1983|||Work began on a solar-powered device to produce hydrogen fuel from water.|TM000018
EV000361||c. 1467||||c. 1499|||Indian groups in northern Chile were conquered by Inca Indians of Peru.|TM000019
EV000362||1520|||||||Ferdinand Magellan became first European to sight Chile.|TM000019
EV000363||1541|||||||Pedro de Valdivia founded Santiago.|TM000019
EV000364||1818|||||||Chile won independence from Spain.|TM000019
EV000365||1833|||||||New Constitution established strong central government.|TM000019
EV000366||1925|||||||Another new Constitution provided for direct election of a president by the people.|TM000019
EV000367||1939|||||||Chilean government created an economic development corporation.|TM000019
EV000368||1970|||||||Salvador Allende Gossens--a Marxist--elected president.|TM000019
EV000369||1973|||||||Military leaders overthrew the Allende government.|TM000019
EV000370||1980|||||||New Constitution provided for gradual return to democratic government.|TM000019
EV000371||1989|||||||Elections for president and legislature led to a return to a democratic civilian government.|TM000019
EV000372|B.C.|c. 1766|||B.C.|c. 1122|||China's first dynasty, the Shang, ruled the nation.|TM000020
EV000373|B.C.|c. 1122|||||||Zhou people of western China overthrew the Shang and set up dynasty that ruled until 256 B.C.|TM000020
EV000374|B.C.|c. 500|||||||Confucius developed system of moral values and responsible behaviour.|TM000020
EV000375|B.C.|221|||B.C.|206|||Qin dynasty established China's first strong central government|TM000020
EV000376|B.C.|202|||A.D.|220|||China became a powerful empire under Han dynasty.|TM000020
EV000377|A.D.|581||||618|||Sui dynasty reunitied China after almost 400 years of division.|TM000020
EV000378|A.D.|618||||907|||Tang dynasty ruled China during period of prosperity and great cultural accomplishment.|TM000020
EV000379|A.D.|960||||1279|||Song dynasty ruled and made Neo-Confucianism official state philosophy.|TM000020
EV000380||1275||||1292|||Marco Polo visited China.|TM000020
EV000381||1279|||||||Mongols gained control of all China.|TM000020
EV000382||1368||||1644|||Ming dynasty governed China.|TM000020
EV000383||1644||||1912|||Manchus ruled China as the Qing dynasty.|TM000020
EV000384||1842|||||||Treaty of Nanking gave Hong Kong to Britain|TM000020
EV000385||1851||||1864|||Millions died in bloody warfare during the Taiping Rebellion|TM000020
EV000386||1900|||||||Secret societies killed Westerners and Chinese Christians during the Boxer Rebellion|TM000020
EV000387||1912|||||||Republic of China established|TM000020
EV000388||1928|||||||The Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, united China under one government.|TM000020
EV000389||1931|||||||Japan seized Manchuria.|TM000020
EV000390||1934||||1935|||Mao Zedong led Chinese Communists on their Long March to Shaanxi.|TM000020
EV000391||1937||||1945|||War with Japan shattererd China.|TM000020
EV000392||1949|||||||Chinese Communists defeated the Nationalists and established People's Republic of China.|TM000020
EV000393||1958|||||||The Great Leap Forward was launched, severely weakening China's economy.|TM000020
EV000394||1962|||||||Chinese troops fought a border war with India.|TM000020
EV000395||1966||||1969|||The Cultural Revolution disrupted education, government and daily life in China.|TM000020
EV000396||1971|||||||China was admitted to the United Nations.|TM000020
EV000397||1972|||||||U.S. President Richard M. Nixon visited China.|TM000020
EV000398||1976|||||||Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai died.|TM000020
EV000399||1979|||||||China and the U.S. established normal diplomatic relations.|TM000020
EV000400||1980's|||||||Communist Party began reforms toward reducing government economic controls|TM000020
EV000401||1989|||||||The military crushed prodemocracy demonstrations and killed hundreds of protesters.|TM000020
EV000402|B.C.|c. 4|||B.C.|c. 1|||Jesus Christ born.|TM000021
EV000403|A.D.|c. 30|||||||Jesus Christ crucified.|TM000021
EV000404|A.D.|c. 50|||||||St. Paul began most productive period of missionary career.|TM000021
EV000405|A.D.|64|||||||Roman emperors began persecuting Christians.|TM000021
EV000406|A.D.|c. 100|||||||Churches began to distinguish between the clergy and the general membership.|TM000021
EV000407|A.D.|313|||||||Roman Emperor Constantine the Great gave Christians freedom of worship.|TM000021
EV000408|A.D.|325|||||||First ecumenical church council adopted Nicene Creed.|TM000021
EV000409|A.D.|c. 392|||||||Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.|TM000021
EV000410|A.D.|395|||||||Roman Empire split into East and West Roman Empires|TM000021
EV000411|A.D.|400's|||||||Rome became centre of Western church; Constantinople, centre of the Eastern church.|TM000021
EV000412|A.D.|500's|||||||St. Benedict of Nursia established monasteries and set down rules for monastic way of life.|TM000021
EV000413|A.D.|590|||||||Gregory the Great became pope.|TM000021
EV000414|A.D.|800|||||||Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans.|TM000021
EV000415||1054|||||||A schism occurred between the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Roman Catholic Church.|TM000021
EV000416||1059|||||||Pope Gregory VII established the Sacred College of Cardinals.|TM000021
EV000417||1096||||1099|||First Crusade.|TM000021
EV000418||1189||||1192|||Third Crusade.|TM000021
EV000419||1198||||1216|||Reign of Pope Innocent III, one of the most powerful popes of the Middle Ages.|TM000021
EV000420||1209|||||||St. Francis of Assisi founded Franciscan order of friars.|TM000021
EV000421||1215|||||||Fourth Lateran Council enacted 70 decrees regulating church affairs.|TM000021
EV000422||1216|||||||St. Dominic founded Dominican order of friars.|TM000021
EV000423||1265|||||||St. Thomas Aquinas began to write most important scholastic work, "Summa Theologica."|TM000021
EV000424||1309||||1377|||Period often called Babylonian Captivity, when popes resided in Avignon, France, rather than Rome.|TM000021
EV000425||1378||||1417|||Great Schism, during which candidates from both Avignon and Rome claimed to be pope.|TM000021
EV000426||1417|||||||Council of Constance resolved Great Schism.|TM000021
EV000427||1517|||||||Reformation began with Martin Luther's criticism of church practices in his Ninety-Five Theses.|TM000021
EV000428||1534|||||||King Henry VIII of England influenced Parliament to establish Church of England.|TM000021
EV000429||1534|||||||St. Ignatius Loyola founded Society of Jesus, or Jesuit order.|TM000021
EV000430||1536|||||||John Calvin published first edition of his "Institutes of the Christian Religion."|TM000021
EV000431||1545|||||||Roman Catholic Church called first Council of Trent, beginning the Counter Reformation.|TM000021
EV000432||1600's|||||||Several Protestant churches formed, including Baptist, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist.|TM000021
EV000433||1611|||||||Authorized Version of the Bible appeared.|TM000021
EV000434||1700's|||||||John Wesley's followers, called Methodists, separated from Church of England.|TM000021
EV000435||1864|||||||Pope Pius IX issued "Syllabus of Errors."|TM000021
EV000436||1869|||||||Pope Pius IX assembled Vatican Council I, which issued declaration of papal infallibility.|TM000021
EV000437||1948|||||||Protestant leaders formed the World Council of Churches.|TM000021
EV000438||1962||||1965|||Vatican Council II met.|TM000021
EV000439||1968|||||||United Methodist Church formed.|TM000021
EV000440||1992|||||||Pope John Paul II announced publication of new "Catechism of the Catholic Church."|TM000021
EV000441||1874|Nov.|30|||||Winston Churchill born in Oxfordshire, England.|TM000022
EV000442||1895|||||||Graduated from Royal Military College.|TM000022
EV000443||1901|||||||Winston Churchill entered House of Commons.|TM000022
EV000444||1908|Sept.|12|||||Winston Churchill married Clementine Hozier.|TM000022
EV000445||1911|||||||Appointed first lord of the admiralty.|TM000022
EV000446||1915|||||||Resigned from the admiralty.|TM000022
EV000447||1939|||||||Appointed first lord of the admiralty.|TM000022
EV000448||1940|||||||Winston Churchill became prime minister of Britain.|TM000022
EV000449||1945|||||||Became leader of the opposition.|TM000022
EV000450||1951|||||||Winston Churchill became prime minister of Britain.|TM000022
EV000451||1953|||||||Winston Churchill knighted; won Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000022
EV000452||1955|||||||Retired as prime minister.|TM000022
EV000453||1963|||||||Winston Churchill made honourary U.S. citizen.|TM000022
EV000454||1964|||||||Retired from House of Commons.|TM000022
EV000455||1965|Jan.|24|||||Winston Churchill died in London.|TM000022
EV000456|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Sumerians played music on harplike instruments.|TM000023
EV000457|B.C.|c. 500|||||||Greeks began to develop systems of music theory.|TM000023
EV000458|A.D.|400's|||||||Western European composers started to create polyphonic music.|TM000023
EV000459||c. 800|||||||Plain song became chief music of Christian worship.|TM000023
EV000460||1100's||||1200's|||Composers in Paris introduced earliest system for writing down rhythmic values.|TM000023
EV000461||1300's|||||||Guillaume de Machaut wrote first polyphonic arrangement for the Mass.|TM000023
EV000462||1597|||||||Jacopo Peri composed "Dafne," probably the first opera.|TM000023
EV000463||1600's|||||||Modern system of major and minor scales came into use.|TM000023
EV000464||1722|||||||Johann Sebastian Bach completed Book I of the "Well-Tempered Clavier."|TM000023
EV000465||1722|||||||Jean Philippe Rameau published "Treatise of Harmony."|TM000023
EV000466||1742|||||||"Messiah," by George Frideric Handel, was first performed.|TM000023
EV000467||1787|||||||Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the opera "Don Giovanni."|TM000023
EV000468||1794|||||||Joseph Haydn completed his London Symphonies.|TM000023
EV000469||1790's||||1820's|||Ludwig van Beethoven composed many of his greatest works.|TM000023
EV000470||1830's||||1840's|||Frederic Chopin wrote outstanding compositions for solo piano.|TM000023
EV000471||1840's||||1880's|||Richard Wagner created operas that featured leitmotifs.|TM000023
EV000472||1860's||||1890's|||Johannes Brahms composed brilliant symphonies in the style of Beethoven.|TM000023
EV000473||c. 1867||||c. 1899|||Impressionism developed in France.|TM000023
EV000474||1920's|||||||Arnold Schoenberg developed serialism.|TM000023
EV000475||1930's|||||||Dimitri Shostakovich developed a sophisticated modern style of Russian music.|TM000023
EV000476||1958|||||||Edgard Varese produced "Poeme Electronique," the first major work of electronic music.|TM000023
EV000477||1946||||1948|||Communists took over Eastern Europe.|TM000024
EV000478||1947|March|12|||||Truman Doctrine announced by U.S.|TM000024
EV000479||1948||||1949|||Berlin blockade set up by Soviet Union.|TM000024
EV000480||1949|||||||NATO pact signed by 12 countries.|TM000024
EV000481||1949|||||||Communists won control of China.|TM000024
EV000482||1950||||1953|||Korean War--first use of UN troops in battle.|TM000024
EV000483||1953|||||||Death of Stalin altered Cold War.|TM000024
EV000484||1955|||||||Summit conference held in Geneva.|TM000024
EV000485||1960|||||||Soviet Union downed U-2 spy plane.|TM000024
EV000486||1961|||||||German Communists built Berlin Wall.|TM000024
EV000487||1961|||||||Castro announced he was a Communist.|TM000024
EV000488||1964|||||||U.S. bombed bases in North Vietnam.|TM000024
EV000489||1975|||||||Communists won Vietnam War.|TM000024
EV000490||1979|||||||Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.|TM000024
EV000491||1989||||1991|||Communist rule ended in several Eastern European countries.|TM000024
EV000492||1989|||||||German Communists opened Berlin Wall.|TM000024
EV000493||1991|||||||Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000024
EV000494|B.C.|c. 20,000|||||||Prehistoric people used paintings and drawings to tell stories.|TM000025
EV000495|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||Sumerians developed first known system of writing.|TM000025
EV000496|B.C.|c. 1500|||||||Semites invented use of alphabet for writing.|TM000025
EV000497|B.C.|59|||||||Romans began a handwritten newssheet, a forerunner of today's newspapers.|TM000025
EV000498|A.D.|1|||||||Chinese invented paper by this date.|TM000025
EV000499||c. 1045|||||||Pi Sheng invented movable type.|TM000025
EV000500||c. 1450|||||||Johannes Gutenberg reinvented movable type in Europe.|TM000025
EV000501||c. 1536||||c. 1565|||English made first graphite pencils.|TM000025
EV000502||1600's|||||||Printed newssheets called "corantos" appeared.|TM000025
EV000503||c. 1766||||c. 1799|||Claude Chappe developed a visual telegraph.|TM000025
EV000504||1811|||||||Friedrich Konig invented a steam-powered printing press.|TM000025
EV000505||1826|||||||Joseph Nicephore Niepce made first permanent photograph.|TM000025
EV000506||1830's|||||||Louis J. M. Daguerre developed an improved photograph.|TM000025
EV000507||1840|||||||Samuel F. B. Morse patented his electric telegraph.|TM000025
EV000508||1864|||||||James Clerk Maxwell reported his theory of electromagnetism, which led to radio.|TM000025
EV000509||1866|||||||First successful transatlantic telegraph cable linked Europe and North America.|TM000025
EV000510||1868|||||||Three American inventors patented first practical typewriter.|TM000025
EV000511||1876|||||||Alexander Graham Bell patented a type of telephone.|TM000025
EV000512||1877|||||||Thomas A. Edison developed first practical phonograph.|TM000025
EV000513||1880's|||||||Heinrich Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves.|TM000025
EV000514||1884|||||||Ottmar Mergenthaler patented the Linotype machine.|TM000025
EV000515||1895|||||||Guglielmo Marconi developed the "wireless telegraph" (radio).|TM000025
EV000516||1906|||||||Reginald A. Fessenden transmitted voice by radio.|TM000025
EV000517||1907|||||||Lee De Forest patented the "triode," an improved vacuum tube.|TM000025
EV000518||1929|||||||Vladimir K. Zworykin demonstrated first all-electronic TV system.|TM000025
EV000519||1936|||||||British Broadcasting Corporation made the world's first TV broadcasts.|TM000025
EV000520||1947|||||||Physicists at Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor.|TM000025
EV000521||1954||||1956|||Television networks began to record programmes on videotape.|TM000025
EV000522||1960|||||||Xerox Corporation perfected "xerography," a copying process.|TM000025
EV000523||1960|||||||Echo 1 received radio signals from a ground station and reflected them back to earth.|TM000025
EV000524||1970|||||||First optical fiber suitable for long-range communication produced.|TM000025
EV000525||1970's|||||||Several manufacturers developed videocassette recorders.|TM000025
EV000526||c. 1980||||c. 1983|||Several companies had begun to market cellular mobile telephones.|TM000025
EV000527||c. 1987||||c. 1989|||Fax machines became widely popular in business.|TM000025
EV000528||1848|||||||Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the "Communist Manifesto."|TM000026
EV000529||1917|||||||Bolsheviks (Communists) seized control of Russia; V. I. Lenin became dictator.|TM000026
EV000530||1922|||||||Soviet Union was established.|TM000026
EV000531||1929|||||||Joseph Stalin became dictator of Soviet Union.|TM000026
EV000532||1930's|||||||Millions died in Stalin's Great Purge.|TM000026
EV000533||1940's|||||||Soviet Union took over Baltic countries.|TM000026
EV000534||1940's|||||||Communist governments were established in Eastern Europe.|TM000026
EV000535||c. 1945|||||||Cold War began.|TM000026
EV000536||1949|||||||Chinese Communists, led by Mao Zedong, took over China.|TM000026
EV000537||1950|||||||North Korean Communists invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War.|TM000026
EV000538||1953|||||||Stalin died.|TM000026
EV000539||1950's|||||||McCarthyism developed in U.S.|TM000026
EV000540||1961|||||||Fidel Castro declared Cuba to be Communist.|TM000026
EV000541||1975|||||||Communists won Vietnam War.|TM000026
EV000542||1985|||||||Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of Soviet Union.|TM000026
EV000543||1989|||||||Chinese citizens protested for greater democracy; military crushed the protests.|TM000026
EV000544||1989||||1991|||Communist rule ended in most Eastern European countries and in Soviet Union.|TM000026
EV000545||1991|||||||Soviet Union broke up.|TM000026
EV000546||1642|||||||Blaise Pascal invented first automatic calculator.|TM000027
EV000547||1800's|||||||George Boole developed new type of mathematics, Boolean algebra, based on binary system.|TM000027
EV000548||1801|||||||Joseph Marie Jacquard invented automated loom using punched cards.|TM000027
EV000549||1830's|||||||Charles Babbage designed a mechanical computer, the analytical engine.|TM000027
EV000550||1888|||||||Herman Hollerith devised a punched card system for tabulating U.S. census.|TM000027
EV000551||1896|||||||Hollerith founded Tabulating Machine Company.|TM000027
EV000552||1911|||||||Tabulating Machine Company renamed Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R).|TM000027
EV000553||1924|||||||C-T-R renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).|TM000027
EV000554||1937|||||||Alan M. Turing described a hypothetical computing machine.|TM000027
EV000555||1939||||1945|||Analog computers used in World War II to calculate paths of bombs and bullets.|TM000027
EV000556||1939|||||||John V. Atanasoff constructed first special-purpose electronic digital computer.|TM000027
EV000557||1944|||||||Howard Aiken built Mark 1 digital computer.|TM000027
EV000558||1946|||||||ENIAC, first general-purpose electronic digital computer, completed.|TM000027
EV000559||1947|||||||Transistor invented.|TM000027
EV000560||1950|||||||Alan M. Turing proposed a test to determine if machines might be said to "think."|TM000027
EV000561||1950's|||||||Grace Hopper directed work that led to development of COBOL computer programming language.|TM000027
EV000562||1958|||||||Control Data Corporation introduced first fully transistorized computer.|TM000027
EV000563||1959|||||||First computer chips patented.|TM000027
EV000564||1959|||||||IBM introduced its first transistorized computers.|TM000027
EV000565||1960's|||||||U.S. Defense Department developed ARPAnet, the forerunner of the Internet.|TM000027
EV000566||1961|||||||More than 10,000 computers in use worldwide.|TM000027
EV000567||1961|||||||First computer-controlled industrial robot used.|TM000027
EV000568||1971|||||||More than 100,000 computers in use worldwide.|TM000027
EV000569||1971|||||||First microprocessors produced.|TM000027
EV000570||1972|||||||"Pong," first commercially successful arcade video game, appeared.|TM000027
EV000571||1973|||||||Universal Product Code (bar code) first appeared on supermarket products.|TM000027
EV000572||1975|||||||First personal computer, Altair, introduced.|TM000027
EV000573||1975|||||||Microsoft Corporation founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.|TM000027
EV000574||1977|||||||Stephen G. Wozniak and Steven P. Jobs introduced Apple II personal computer.|TM000027
EV000575||1978|||||||First spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, introduced.|TM000027
EV000576||1981|||||||IBM entered personal computer market with its PC.|TM000027
EV000577||1983|||||||Audio compact discs introduced in U.S.|TM000027
EV000578||1984|||||||Apple Macintosh desktop computer introduced.|TM000027
EV000579||1985|||||||Microsoft introduced Windows PC programs.|TM000027
EV000580||1990|||||||About 100 million computers in use worldwide.|TM000027
EV000581||1990's|||||||Virtual reality games appeared in arcades and stores.|TM000027
EV000582||1991|||||||World Wide Web introduced on the Internet.|TM000027
EV000583||1995|||||||"Toy Story" first film created entirely on computers.|TM000027
EV000584||1995|||||||Boeing 777, completely planned with paperless design CAD technique, went into service.|TM000027
EV000585||1492|||||||Christopher Columbus landed in Cuba.|TM000028
EV000586||1517|||||||First African slaves arrived in Cuba.|TM000028
EV000587||1868||||1878|||Cuban revolutionaries fought Spanish rule in Ten Years' War.|TM000028
EV000588||1886|||||||Slavery abolished in Cuba.|TM000028
EV000589||1895|||||||Revolution led by Jose Marti broke out in Cuba against Spanish rule.|TM000028
EV000590||1898|||||||U.S. defeated Spain in Spanish-American War; Spain gave up claims to Cuba.|TM000028
EV000591||1898||||1902|||U.S. military government controlled Cuba.|TM000028
EV000592||1902|||||||Tomas Estrada Palma became first president of Republic of Cuba.|TM000028
EV000593||1906||||1909|||American forces occupied Cuba for second time.|TM000028
EV000594||1933|||||||Revolutionary group led by Fulgencio Batista took control of government.|TM000028
EV000595||1934||||1959|||Batista controlled the government, except for the years 1944 to 1952.|TM000028
EV000596||1959|||||||Fidel Castro's forces overthrew Batista; Castro became ruler of Cuba.|TM000028
EV000597||1961|||||||Cuban exiles invaded Cuba at Bay of Pigs and were quickly defeated.|TM000028
EV000598||1962|||||||Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles and missile bases from Cuba.|TM000028
EV000599||1976|||||||Cuba adopted a new constitution.|TM000028
EV000600||1991|||||||Soviet Union, which provided economic aid to Cuba, was dissolved.|TM000028
EV000601||1993|||||||Economic reforms allowed some workers to start private businesses.|TM000028
EV000602|A.D.|c. 950|||||||King Harald Bluetooth united Denmark and encouraged spread of Christianity.|TM000029
EV000603||1013||||1042|||Denmark ruled England.|TM000029
EV000604||1380|||||||Denmark and Norway united under Queen Margaret.|TM000029
EV000605||1388|||||||Queen Margaret elected ruler of Sweden as well.|TM000029
EV000606||1397|||||||Denmark, Norway, and Sweden united in the Union of Kalmar.|TM000029
EV000607||1536|||||||Lutheranism became official Danish religion.|TM000029
EV000608||1657||||1660|||Denmark lost much territory to Sweden in Danish-Swedish War.|TM000029
EV000609||1788|||||||Government began freeing Danish serfs.|TM000029
EV000610||1814|||||||Denmark lost Norway to Sweden in Napoleonic Wars.|TM000029
EV000611||1849|||||||Denmark adopted its first democratic constitution.|TM000029
EV000612||1864|||||||Denmark lost Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria.|TM000029
EV000613||1918|||||||Denmark granted independence to Iceland.|TM000029
EV000614||1920|||||||North Schleswig was returned to Denmark.|TM000029
EV000615||1940||||1945|||Germany occupied Denmark during World War II.|TM000029
EV000616||1944|||||||Iceland ended its union with Denmark.|TM000029
EV000617||1949|||||||Denmark and 11 other nations formed NATO.|TM000029
EV000618||1953|||||||New constitution ended the upper house of parliament.|TM000029
EV000619||1960|||||||Denmark and other European countries formed European Free Trade Association.|TM000029
EV000620||1973|||||||Denmark became a member of the European Community.|TM000029
EV000621||1982|||||||Centre-right coalition government replaced government of Social Democrats.|TM000029
EV000622||1903|||||||First barbiturate, barbital, introduced.|TM000030
EV000623||1910|||||||Paul Ehrlich introduced chemotherapy.|TM000030
EV000624||1922|||||||Research team led by Frederick Banting announced discovery of insulin.|TM000030
EV000625||1928|||||||Alexander Fleming discovered first antibiotic, penicillin.|TM000030
EV000626||1930's|||||||Amphetamines first used medically.|TM000030
EV000627||1935|||||||Gerhard Domagk discovered first sulfa drug, Prontosil.|TM000030
EV000628||1950's|||||||Scientists developed important synthetic tranquilizers.|TM000030
EV000629||1960|||||||Birth control pills introduced.|TM000030
EV000630||1970's|||||||Recombinant DNA methods developed.|TM000030
EV000631||1980's||||1990's|||Recombinant DNA methods used commercially to produce interferons and insulin.|TM000030
EV000632||1980's|||||||Researchers developed therapies using monoclonal antibodies.|TM000030
EV000633|A.D.|639|||A.D.|642|||Muslim Arab armies conquered Egypt.|TM000031
EV000634|A.D.|969||||1171|||Fatimid dynasty ruled Egypt.|TM000031
EV000635||1171||||1250|||Egypt governed by Ayyubid dynasty.|TM000031
EV000636||1250||||1517|||Mamelukes ruled Egypt.|TM000031
EV000637||1517|||||||Ottoman Turks invaded and occupied Egypt.|TM000031
EV000638||1798|||||||Napoleon conquered Egypt.|TM000031
EV000639||1801|||||||British and Ottoman troops drove the French out of Egypt.|TM000031
EV000640||1869|||||||Suez Canal completed.|TM000031
EV000641||1875|||||||Egypt sold its share of Suez Canal to Britain.|TM000031
EV000642||1882|||||||British troops occupied Egypt.|TM000031
EV000643||1914|||||||Britain made Egypt a protectorate.|TM000031
EV000644||1922|||||||Britain gave Egypt nominal independence.|TM000031
EV000645||1940||||1942|||British forces fought Italian and German troops in Egypt in World War II.|TM000031
EV000646||1948||||1949|||Egypt and other Arab League countries invaded Israel.|TM000031
EV000647||1952|||||||Army officers forced King Faruk to give up the throne.|TM000031
EV000648||1953|||||||Egypt became a republic.|TM000031
EV000649||1954|||||||Gamal Abdel Nasser came to power in Egypt.|TM000031
EV000650||1956|||||||Egyptian government nationalized the Suez Canal.|TM000031
EV000651||1958|||||||Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic.|TM000031
EV000652||1960|||||||Construction began on Aswan High Dam.|TM000031
EV000653||1961|||||||Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic.|TM000031
EV000654||1967|||||||Egypt and other Arab nations lost a war against Israel.|TM000031
EV000655||1968|||||||Aswan High Dam began operation.|TM000031
EV000656||1970|||||||Nasser died; Anwar el-Sadat succeeded him as president.|TM000031
EV000657||1973|||||||Egypt and other Arab nations fought Israel in fourth Arab-Israeli war.|TM000031
EV000658||1978|||||||Egypt and Israel reached an agreement designed to end disputes between them.|TM000031
EV000659||1981|||||||Sadat was assassinated, and Hosni Mubarak succeeded him as president.|TM000031
EV000660||1990|||||||Egypt played a leading role in Arab opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.|TM000031
EV000661||1244|||||||Vincent of Beauvais arranged information by topics in his "Speculum maius."|TM000032
EV000662||1410|||||||Domenico Bandini used many cross-references in "Fons memorabilium universi."|TM000032
EV000663||1506|||||||Raffaeli Maffei included biographies in "Comentarii Urbani."|TM000032
EV000664||1541|||||||Ringelberg of Basel first to use word "cyclopedia" in title of a reference work.|TM000032
EV000665||1704|||||||"Reales Staats-und Zeitungs-Lexikon" made up entirely of work of many contributors.|TM000032
EV000666||1732|||||||Johann Zedler's "Universal Lexikon" included biographies of living persons.|TM000032
EV000667||1751|||||||First part of Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert's "Encyclopedie" appeared.|TM000032
EV000668||1768|||||||First part of "Encyclopaedia Britannica" appeared.|TM000032
EV000669||1829|||||||First part of "Encyclopedia Americana" appeared.|TM000032
EV000670||1865|||||||Pierre Larousse began "Le Grand Dictionnaire."|TM000032
EV000671||1908|||||||British "Children's Encyclopaedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000672||1910|||||||"The Book of Knowledge" appeared in America.|TM000032
EV000673||1917|||||||First edition of "World Book" published.|TM000032
EV000674||1922|||||||First edition of "Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000675||1935|||||||One-volume "Columbia Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000676||1948|||||||"The Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia" published.|TM000032
EV000677||1949|||||||First edition of "Collier's Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000678||1966|||||||"The New Book of Knowledge" published.|TM000032
EV000679||1967|||||||"Merit Students Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000680||1974|||||||Restructured "Encyclopaedia Britannica" appeared.|TM000032
EV000681||1977|||||||One-volume "Random House Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000682||1980|||||||First edition of "Academic American Encyclopedia" appeared.|TM000032
EV000683||1986|||||||"The Electronic Encyclopedia" the first CD-ROM encyclopedia, appeared.|TM000032
EV000684||1990's|||||||Multimedia encyclopedias became popular.|TM000032
EV000685|A.D.|43|||||||Roman armies invaded Britain.|TM000033
EV000686|A.D.|400's|||||||Germanic tribes invaded England.|TM000033
EV000687|A.D.|597|||||||Saint Augustine of Canterbury brought Christianity to people of southern England.|TM000033
EV000688||1066|||||||Norman forces won Battle of Hastings, and William the Conqueror became king of England.|TM000033
EV000689||1215|||||||English barons forced King John to agree to Magna Carta.|TM000033
EV000690||1282||||1283|||England conquered Wales.|TM000033
EV000691||1295|||||||Edward I called together the Model Parliament.|TM000033
EV000692||1314|||||||Scotland assured its independence from England by winning Battle of Bannockburn.|TM000033
EV000693||1337||||1453|||England fought Hundred Years' War with France.|TM000033
EV000694||1455||||1480's|||Two royal families fought for the throne in Wars of the Roses.|TM000033
EV000695||1534|||||||At Henry VIII's urging, Parliament made the king supreme head of the church in England.|TM000033
EV000696||1536|||||||Henry VIII united England and Wales.|TM000033
EV000697||1588|||||||An English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada.|TM000033
EV000698||1603|||||||England and Scotland were joined in a personal union under one king, James I.|TM000033
EV000699||1649|||||||Supporters of the king fought supporters of Parliament in a civil war.|TM000033
EV0007|B.C.|c. 500|||B.C.|300|||Greek civilization reached its height.|TM000035
EV000700||1649||||1659|||England became a commonwealth and then a protectorate.|TM000033
EV000701||1660|||||||Parliament restored the monarchy in England.|TM000033
EV000702||1688|||||||The Glorious Revolution ended James II's rule.|TM000033
EV000703||1689|||||||Parliament passed the Bill of Rights.|TM000033
EV000704||1707|||||||England and Wales were united politically with Scotland, forming Kingdom of Great Britain.|TM000033
EV000705|A.D.|600's|||||||Caedmon wrote "Hymn."|TM000034
EV000706|A.D.|700's|||||||Anonymous author wrote the epic "Beowulf."|TM000034
EV000707|A.D.|731|||||||Venerable Bede wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation."|TM000034
EV000708|A.D.|c. 750|||||||Cynewulf wrote "The Fates of the Apostles," "Elene," and "Juliana."|TM000034
EV000709|A.D.|c. 892||||1154|||Anonymous authors wrote "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle."|TM000034
EV000710|A.D.|990's|||||||Aelfric wrote his homilies.|TM000034
EV000711||1155|||||||Wace wrote the Arthurian poem "Roman de Brut."|TM000034
EV000712||1386||||1400|||Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the verse tales "The Canterbury Tales."|TM000034
EV000713||1300's|||||||William Langland (?) wrote the poem "Piers Plowman."|TM000034
EV000714||c. 1390|||||||John Gower wrote the love poems "Confessio Amantis."|TM000034
EV000715||1400's|||||||Sir Thomas Malory wrote the Arthurian story "Le Morte Darthur."|TM000034
EV000716||1400's|||||||First morality plays were staged.|TM000034
EV000717||1557|||||||Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey wrote poems in "Tottel's Miscellany."|TM000034
EV000718||1578|||||||John Lyly wrote the pastoral verse story "Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit."|TM000034
EV000719||1580|||||||Sir Philip Sidney wrote the pastoral verse story "Arcadia."|TM000034
EV000720||1580's|||||||Thomas Kyd wrote "The Spanish Tragedy."|TM000034
EV000721||c. 1588|||||||Christopher Marlowe wrote the drama "The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus."|TM000034
EV000722||1594|||||||Thomas Nash wrote the early novel "The Unfortunate Traveller."|TM000034
EV000723||c. 1601|||||||William Shakespeare wrote the tragedy "Hamlet."|TM000034
EV000724||1606|||||||Ben Jonson wrote the satirical comedy "Volpone."|TM000034
EV000725||1611|||||||Authorized Version of the Bible published.|TM000034
EV000726||c. 1613|||||||John Webster wrote the tragedy "The Duchess of Malfi."|TM000034
EV000727||1623|||||||Publication of the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays.|TM000034
EV000728||1624|||||||John Donne wrote the meditations "Devotions upon Emerging Occasions."|TM000034
EV000729||1642|||||||Sir Thomas Browne wrote "Religio Medici."|TM000034
EV000730||1653|||||||Isaak Walton wrote "The Compleat Angler."|TM000034
EV000731||1660||||1669|||Samuel Pepys wrote his "Diaries."|TM000034
EV000732||1667|||||||John Milton wrote the epic poem "Paradise Lost."|TM000034
EV000733||1668|||||||John Dryden wrote "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy."|TM000034
EV000734||1675|||||||William Wycherley the comedy "The Country Wife."|TM000034
EV000735||1678||||1684|||John Bunyan wrote "Pilgrim's Progress."|TM000034
EV000736||1700|||||||William Congreve wrote the comedy "The Way of the World."|TM000034
EV000737||1709|||||||Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele wrote the periodical "The Tatler."|TM000034
EV000738||1719|||||||Daniel Defoe wrote the novel "Robinson Crusoe."|TM000034
EV000739||1733|||||||Alexander Pope wrote "An Essay on Man."|TM000034
EV000740||1749|||||||Henry Fielding wrote the novel "Tom Jones."|TM000034
EV000741||1755|||||||Samuel Johnson edited "Dictionary of the English Language."|TM000034
EV000742||1760||||1767|||Laurence Sterne wrote the novel "Tristram Shandy."|TM000034
EV000743||1764|||||||Horace Walpole wrote the Gothic novel "The Castle of Otranto."|TM000034
EV000744||1771|||||||Tobias Smollett wrote the novel "The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker."|TM000034
EV000745||1773|||||||Oliver Goldsmith wrote the comedy "She Stoops to Conquer."|TM000034
EV000746||1777|||||||Richard Brinsley Sheridan wrote the comedy "The School for Scandal."|TM000034
EV000747||1791|||||||James Boswell wrote the biography "The Life of Samuel Johnson."|TM000034
EV000748||1794|||||||William Blake wrote the poems "Songs of Experience."|TM000034
EV000749||1798|||||||William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote poetry collection "Lyrical Ballads."|TM000034
EV000750||1813|||||||Jane Austen wrote the novel "Pride and Prejudice."|TM000034
EV000751||1814|||||||Sir Walter Scott wrote the novel "Waverley."|TM000034
EV000752||1819||||1824|||Lord Byron wrote the epic poem "Don Juan."|TM000034
EV000753||1820|||||||Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote the verse drama "Prometheus Unbound."|TM000034
EV000754||1821|||||||Thomas De Quincey wrote the "Confessions of an English Opium Eater."|TM000034
EV000755||1823|||||||Charles Lamb wrote "Essays of Elia."|TM000034
EV000756||1837||||1839|||Charles Dickens wrote the novel "Oliver Twist."|TM000034
EV000757||1847|||||||Emily Bronte wrote the novel "Wuthering Heights."|TM000034
EV000758||1847||||1848|||William Makepeace Thackeray wrote the novel "Vanity Fair."|TM000034
EV000759||1850|||||||Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the long poem "In Memoriam."|TM000034
EV000760||1857|||||||Anthony Trollope wrote the novel "Barchester Towers."|TM000034
EV000761||1868||||1869|||Robert Browning wrote the long poem "The Ring and the Book."|TM000034
EV000762||1869|||||||Matthew Arnold wrote the critical work "Culture and Anarchy."|TM000034
EV000763||1871||||1872|||George Eliot wrote the novel "Middemarch."|TM000034
EV000764||1886|||||||Thomas Hardy wrote the novel "The Mayor of Casterbridge."|TM000034
EV000765||1895|||||||Oscar Wilde wrote the comedy "The Importance of Being Earnest."|TM000034
EV000766||1898|||||||H. G. Wells wrote the science fiction novel "The War of the Worlds."|TM000034
EV000767||1900|||||||Joseph Conrad wrote the novel "Lord Jim."|TM000034
EV000768||1905|||||||George Bernard Shaw wrote the comedy "Major Barbara."|TM000034
EV000769||1906||||1921|||John Galsworthy wrote the cycle of novels "The Forsyte Saga."|TM000034
EV000770||1908|||||||Arnold Bennett wrote the novel "The Old Wives' Tale."|TM000034
EV000771||1920|||||||D. H. Lawrence wrote the novel "Women in Love."|TM000034
EV000772||1922|||||||T. S. Eliot wrote the poem "The Waste Land."|TM000034
EV000773||1924||||1928|||Ford Madox Ford wrote the cycle of novels "Parade's End."|TM000034
EV000774||1927|||||||Virginia Woolf wrote the novel "To the Lighthouse."|TM000034
EV000775||1930|||||||Evelyn Waugh wrote the novel "Vile Bodies."|TM000034
EV000776||1932|||||||Aldous Huxley wrote the science fiction novel "Brave New World."|TM000034
EV000777||1940|||||||Graham Greene wrote the novel "The Power and the Glory."|TM000034
EV000778||1940||||1970|||C. S. Snow wrote the cycle of novels "Strangers and Brothers."|TM000034
EV000779||1951||||1975|||Anthony Powell wrote the cycle of novels "A Dance to the Music of Time."|TM000034
EV000780||1956|||||||John Osborne wrote the drama "Look Back in Anger."|TM000034
EV000781||1957|||||||John Braine wrote the novel "Room at the Top."|TM000034
EV000782||1958|||||||Harold Pinter wrote the drama "The Birthday Party."|TM000034
EV000783||1961|||||||Muriel Spark wrote the novel "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie."|TM000034
EV000784||1963|||||||John Le Carre wrote the novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold."|TM000034
EV000785||1969|||||||John Fowles wrote the novel "The French Lieutenant's Woman."|TM000034
EV000786||1974|||||||Philip Larkin published the poetry collection "High Windows."|TM000034
EV000787||1978|||||||David Hare wrote the drama "Plenty."|TM000034
EV000788||1979|||||||Peter Shaffer wrote the drama "Amadeus."|TM000034
EV000789||1980|||||||Margaret Drabble wrote the novel "The Middle Ground."|TM000034
EV000790||1986|||||||Iris Murdoch wrote the novel "The Good Apprentice."|TM000034
EV000791||1988|||||||Doris Lessing wrote the novel "The Fifth Child."|TM000034
EV000792||1991|||||||Martin Amis wrote the novel "Time's Arrow."|TM000034
EV000793||1994|||||||Tom Stoppard wrote the drama "Arcadia."|TM000034
EV000794||1995|||||||Pat Barker wrote the novel "The Ghost Road."|TM000034
EV000795||1996|||||||A. S. Byatt wrote the novel "Babel Tower."|TM000034
EV000797|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Civilization developed on Crete and other islands in the Aegean Sea.|TM000035
EV000798|A.D.|300's|||||||Roman Empire split into West Roman Empire and East Roman, or Byzantine, Empire.|TM000035
EV000799|B.C.|27|||A.D.|18|||Rome achieved its greatest power.|TM000035
EV000800|A.D.|300's|||||||Romans granted Christians freedom of religion.|TM000035
EV000801|A.D.|400's|||||||West Roman Empire fell, and Middle Ages began.|TM000035
EV000802|A.D.|732|||||||A Frankish army defeated Muslim forces in Spain.|TM000035
EV000803|A.D.|768||||814|||Charlemagne built an empire in Western Europe.|TM000035
EV000804||1054|||||||Christian Church split into Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches.|TM000035
EV000805||1096||||1291|||Europeans carried on the Crusades.|TM000035
EV000806||1347||||1352|||Black Death killed about a quarter of Europe's people.|TM000035
EV000807||1300's|||||||Renaissance began in Italy.|TM000035
EV000808||1500's|||||||Reformation brought Protestantism to Europe.|TM000035
EV000809||1689|||||||English Parliament passed the Bill of Rights.|TM000035
EV000810||1789||||1799|||French Revolution ended absolute monarchy in France.|TM000035
EV000811||1815|||||||Napoleon was defeated in Battle of Waterloo.|TM000035
EV000812||1700's||||1800's|||Industrial Revolution swept through Europe.|TM000035
EV000813||1914||||1918|||World War I raged in Europe.|TM000035
EV000814||1917|||||||Bolshevik revolution led to a Communist dictatorship in Russia.|TM000035
EV000815||1920's|||||||Joseph Stalin became dictator of Soviet Union; Benito Mussolini became dictator of Italy.|TM000035
EV000816||1933|||||||Adolf Hitler became dictator of Germany.|TM000035
EV000817||1939||||1945|||The Allies defeated Germany, Italy, and other Axis powers in World War II.|TM000035
EV000818||1940's|||||||Communist dictatorships seized control of governments in Eastern Europe.|TM000035
EV000819||1949|||||||Canada, U.S., and 10 Western European nations formed NATO.|TM000035
EV000820||1950's|||||||Western European nations began economic associations that led to the European Community.|TM000035
EV000821||1968|||||||Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia to end a reform movement there.|TM000035
EV000822||1975|||||||Most European nations signed the first of the Helsinki Accords.|TM000035
EV000823||1989||||1990|||Most of Eastern Europe ended Communist rule.|TM000035
EV000824||1990|||||||East and West Germany were unified.|TM000035
EV000825||1991|||||||Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000035
EV000826||1991|||||||Three of Yugoslavia's six republics declared their independence.|TM000035
EV000827||1993|||||||European Community incorporated into a new organization--the European Union.|TM000035
EV000828|B.C.|1400's|||||||Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt sent expedition to Land of Punt.|TM000036
EV000829|B.C.|300's|||||||Pytheas sailed from Mediterranean Sea to North Atlantic Ocean.|TM000036
EV000830|B.C.|331|||B.C.|326|||Alexander the Great conquered much of southwestern Asia.|TM000036
EV000831|B.C.|139|||B.C.|138|||Zhan Qian travelled from China to central Asia.|TM000036
EV000832|A.D.|c. 900|||||||Gunnbjorn Ulfsson sighted Greenland.|TM000036
EV000833||c. 1000|||||||Leif Ericson became probably the first European to reach mainland North America.|TM000036
EV000834||1154|||||||Al-Idrisi completed "The Book of Roger," a geographical treatise.|TM000036
EV000835||1271||||1295|||Marco Polo travelled throughout China.|TM000036
EV000836||1325||||1354|||Ibn Batuta travelled to India and China, and explored Mali Empire.|TM000036
EV000837||1431||||1433|||Zheng He sailed from China to East African coast.|TM000036
EV000838||1488|||||||Bartolomeu Dias became first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa.|TM000036
EV000839||1492|||||||Christopher Columbus landed in New World.|TM000036
EV000840||1497||||1498|||Vasco da Gama became first European to reach India by sea.|TM000036
EV000841||1497|||||||John Cabot sailed across North Atlantic to Canada.|TM000036
EV000842||1499||||1502|||Amerigo Vespucci sailed to South America.|TM000036
EV000843||1513|||||||Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida.|TM000036
EV000844||1513|Sept.|25|||||Vasco Nunez de Balboa became first European to see eastern Pacific Ocean.|TM000036
EV000845||1519|||||||Ferdinand Magellan started out on globe-circling expedition.|TM000036
EV000846||1519||||1521|||Hernando Cortes conquered Mexico.|TM000036
EV000847||1532||||1533|||Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Indians.|TM000036
EV000848||1539||||1542|||Hernando de Soto explored much of American South.|TM000036
EV000849||1540||||1542|||Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explored American Southwest.|TM000036
EV000850||1581|||||||Russian exploration of Siberia began.|TM000036
EV000851||1607|||||||First permanent English settlement in North America established at Jamestown, Virginia.|TM000036
EV000852||1608|||||||Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec.|TM000036
EV000853||1609||||1611|||Henry Hudson explored Hudson Bay, Hudson River, and Hudson Strait.|TM000036
EV000854||1673|||||||Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette explored northern Mississippi River region.|TM000036
EV000855||1682|||||||Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, tracked Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico.|TM000036
EV000856||1741|||||||Vitus Bering and Aleksei I. Chirikov sighted Alaskan coast.|TM000036
EV000857||1768||||1779|||James Cook made three voyages to Pacific Ocean.|TM000036
EV000858||1770|||||||James Bruce reached source of Blue Nile.|TM000036
EV000859||1789||||1793|||Alexander Mackenzie explored western Canada.|TM000036
EV000860||1796|||||||Mungo Park reached Niger River.|TM000036
EV000861||1804||||1806|||Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led expedition to Pacific Northwest.|TM000036
EV000862||1830|||||||Richard Lemon Lander sailed down Niger River to its mouth.|TM000036
EV000863||1839||||1843|||James Clark Ross commanded an expedition to Antarctica.|TM000036
EV000864||1840|||||||Charles Wilkes charted part of Antarctic coast.|TM000036
EV000865||1840||||1841|||Edward John Eyre crossed Australia from east to west.|TM000036
EV000866||1854||||1856|||David Livingstone became first European to cross Africa.|TM000036
EV000867||1857|||||||Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke began their search for source of White Nile.|TM000036
EV000868||1860||||1861|||Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills crossed Australia from south to north.|TM000036
EV000869||1862|||||||John Hanning Speke identified source of Nile River.|TM000036
EV000870||1871|||||||Henry Morton Stanley met up with David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika.|TM000036
EV000871||1903||||1906|||Roald Amundsen sailed through Northwest Passage.|TM000036
EV000872||1909|||||||Robert E. Peary led first expedition credited with reaching North Pole.|TM000036
EV000873||1911|Dec.|14|||||Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole.|TM000036
EV000874||1957|||||||Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1.|TM000036
EV000875||1958|||||||U.S. launched its first satellite, Explorer 1.|TM000036
EV000876||1961|||||||Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became first person to travel in space.|TM000036
EV000877||1962|||||||John H. Glenn, Jr., became first American to orbit the earth.|TM000036
EV000878||1969|||||||Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., became first people to set foot on moon.|TM000036
EV000879||1979|||||||Sylvia A. Earle made a record-breaking dive off Hawaiian coast.|TM000036
EV000880||1981|||||||U.S. launched first space shuttle.|TM000036
EV000881||1985|||||||Robert Ballard and Jean-Louis Michel found wreckage of the "Titanic."|TM000036
EV000882||1986|||||||Soviet Union launched space station Mir.|TM000036
EV000883||1990|||||||U.S. launched Hubble Space Telescope.|TM000036
EV000884||1996|||||||U.S. astronaut Shannon Lucid spent over six months on Mir.|TM000036
EV000885||1100's||||1200's|||Sweden gradually conquered all of Finland.|TM000037
EV000886||1500's||||1700's|||Sweden and Russia fought several wars for possession of Finland.|TM000037
EV000887||1809|||||||Finland became a grand duchy of Russian Empire.|TM000037
EV000888||1917|||||||Finland declared its independence from Russia.|TM000037
EV000889||1918|||||||Finnish socialists and nonsocialists fought a civil war.|TM000037
EV000890||1919|||||||Finland adopted a republican constitution.|TM000037
EV000891||1939||||1940|||Soviet Union defeated Finland in Winter War.|TM000037
EV000892||1941||||1944|||Soviet Union defeated Finland in Continuation War.|TM000037
EV000893||1946|||||||Finland established policy of neutrality in international politics.|TM000037
EV000894||1955|||||||Finland joined the UN and the Nordic Council.|TM000037
EV000895||1981|||||||President Urho Kekkonen, president since1956, resigned from office.|TM000037
EV000896||1995|||||||Finland joined the European Union.|TM000037
EV000897|B.C.|58|||B.C.|51|||Julius Caesar conquered Gaul.|TM000038
EV000898|A.D.|486|||||||Clovis, a king of the Franks, defeated the Roman governor of Gaul.|TM000038
EV000899|A.D.|800|||||||Charlemagne became emperor of the Romans.|TM000038
EV000900|A.D.|987|||||||Hugh Capet crowned king of France.|TM000038
EV000901||1302|||||||Philip IV called together first Estates-General, the ancestor of French Parliament.|TM000038
EV000902||1309||||1377|||Popes lived in Avignon.|TM000038
EV000903||1337||||1453|||France defeated England during Hundred Years' War.|TM000038
EV000904||1598|||||||Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes, giving limited religious freedom to Protestants.|TM000038
EV000905||1643||||1715|||Louis XIV ruled France and consolidated absolute authority of French king.|TM000038
EV000906||1789||||1799|||French Revolution ended absolute rule by French kings.|TM000038
EV000907||1792|||||||First Republic established.|TM000038
EV000908||1799|||||||Napoleon seized control of France.|TM000038
EV000909||1804|||||||Napoleon founded First Empire.|TM000038
EV000910||1814|||||||Napoleon was exiled; Louis XVIII came to power.|TM000038
EV000911||1815|||||||Napoleon returned to power but was defeated at Waterloo; Louis XVIII regained the throne.|TM000038
EV000912||1848|||||||Revolutionists established Second Republic.|TM000038
EV000913||1852|||||||Napoleon III founded Second Empire.|TM000038
EV000914||1870||||1871|||Prussia defeated France in Franco-Prussian War; Third Republic was begun.|TM000038
EV000915||1914||||1918|||France fought on the Allied side in World War I.|TM000038
EV000916||1939||||1940|||France fought on the Allied side in World War II until defeated by Germany.|TM000038
EV000917||1940||||1942|||Germany occupied northern France.|TM000038
EV000918||1942||||1944|||Germans occupied all of France.|TM000038
EV000919||1946|||||||France adopted a new constitution, establishing Fourth Republic.|TM000038
EV000920||1946||||1954|||Revolution in French Indochina resulted in France's giving up the colony.|TM000038
EV000921||1949|||||||France joined NATO.|TM000038
EV000922||1954|||||||Revolution broke out in the French territory of Algeria.|TM000038
EV000923||1957|||||||France joined the European Economic Community.|TM000038
EV000924||1958|||||||New constitution adopted, marking start of Fifth Republic; Charles de Gaulle elected president.|TM000038
EV000925||1962|||||||France granted independence to Algeria.|TM000038
EV000926||1966|||||||De Gaulle withdrew French troops from NATO.|TM000038
EV000927||1969|||||||De Gaulle resigned as president.|TM000038
EV000928||1994|||||||A railway tunnel under the English Channel between France and Britain opened.|TM000038
EV000929||1995|||||||France resumed participation in NATO's military wing.|TM000038
EV000930||c. 1100|||||||Anonymous poet wrote "The Song of Roland."|TM000039
EV000931||1100's||||1200's|||Poet-musicians called troubadours composed lyric poetry.|TM000039
EV000932||1150||||1300's|||Trouveres followed troubadour tradition in writing lyric poetry.|TM000039
EV000933||1160||||1190|||Chretien de Troyes introduced King Arthur legend with "Perceval," or "The Tale of the Grail."|TM000039
EV000934||1160||||1200|||Marie de France wrote "lais," which were short verse tales based on Celtic sources.|TM000039
EV000935||1175||||1205|||Fabliaux collection "Romance of Renard" used animal characters to satirize human society.|TM000039
EV000936||1200's||||1300's|||Jongleurs sang and recited poetry.|TM000039
EV000937||1200||||1275|||Guillaume de Lorris wrote first part of "Romance of the Rose."|TM000039
EV000938||1275||||1280|||Jean de Meung continued "Romance of the Rose."|TM000039
EV000939||1369||||c. 1400|||Jean Froissart wrote historical "Chronicles."|TM000039
EV000940||1461|||||||Francois Villon wrote autobiographical poem "Grand Testament."|TM000039
EV000941||1532||||1564|||Francois Rabelais wrote five-part narrative "Gargantua and Pantagruel."|TM000039
EV000942||1549|||||||Joachim du Bellay wrote "Defence and Glorification of the French Language."|TM000039
EV000943||1550||||1556|||Pierre de Ronsard wrote "Odes."|TM000039
EV000944||1552|||||||Etienne Jodelle wrote first original French comedy, "Eugene."|TM000039
EV000945||1558|||||||Marguerite of Navarre wrote the "Heptameron."|TM000039
EV000946||1580|||||||Michel de Montaigne, creator of the personal essay, began publishing his writings.|TM000039
EV000947||1600||||1628|||Francois de Malherbe wrote "Odes" and "Stanzas."|TM000039
EV000948||1635|||||||Cardinal Richelieu founded the French Academy.|TM000039
EV000949||c. 1636|||||||Pierre Corneille wrote tragedy "The Cid."|TM000039
EV000950||1637|||||||Rene Descartes wrote "Discourse on Method."|TM000039
EV000951||1657|||||||Cyrano de Bergerac's "The Other World, or the States and Empires of the Moon" published.|TM000039
EV000952||1664|||||||Moliere, the greatest French writer of comedy, wrote the satirical comedy "Tartuffe."|TM000039
EV000953||1665|||||||Duc de La Rochefoucauld wrote "Maxims."|TM000039
EV000954||1668||||1694|||Jean de La Fontaine wrote "Fables."|TM000039
EV000955||1670|||||||Blaise Pascal's "Pensees," a collection of reflections on religion, first published.|TM000039
EV000956||1674|||||||Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux wrote "The Art of Poetry."|TM000039
EV000957||1677|||||||Jean Racine wrote the tragedy "Phedre."|TM000039
EV000958||1678|||||||Madame de La Fayette wrote the novel "The Princess of Cleves."|TM000039
EV000959||1688|||||||Jean de La Bruyere wrote the moralist satire "The Characters of Theophrastus."|TM000039
EV000960||1697|||||||Charles Perrault's "Tales of Mother Goose" published.|TM000039
EV000961||1699|||||||Francois de Fenelon wrote "Telemachus."|TM000039
EV000962||1715||||1735|||Alain Rene Lesage wrote the satirical novel "Gil Blas."|TM000039
EV000963||1721|||||||Montesquieu wrote witty social criticism in "Persian Letters."|TM000039
EV000964||1723|||||||Pierre Marivaux wrote the comedy "The Double Inconstancy."|TM000039
EV000965||1731|||||||Abbe Prevost wrote the sentimental novel "Manon Lescaut."|TM000039
EV000966||1751||||1772|||Denis Diderot edited the French "Encyclopedie."|TM000039
EV000967||1759|||||||Voltaire wrote satirical novel "Candide."|TM000039
EV000968||1761|||||||Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed changes in French society in his novel "The New Heloise."|TM000039
EV000969||1775|||||||Pierre de Beaumarchais wrote the satirical comedy "The Barber of Seville."|TM000039
EV000970||1795|||||||Marquis de Sade wrote "Philosophy in the Bedroom."|TM000039
EV000971||1800|||||||Madame de Stael wrote "On Literature."|TM000039
EV000972||1801|||||||Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand wrote the romantic novel "Atala."|TM000039
EV000973||1815||||1860|||Augustin Eugene Scribe wrote over 400 theatre works and developed formula for the well-made play.|TM000039
EV000974||1820|||||||Alphonse de Lamartine wrote "Poetic Meditations."|TM000039
EV000975||1826|||||||Alfred de Vigny wrote "Antique and Modern Poems."|TM000039
EV000976||1830|||||||Victor Hugo wrote the historical drama "Hernani," the first significant romantic play.|TM000039
EV000977||1830|||||||Stendhal wrote the novel "The Red and the Black."|TM000039
EV000978||1832|||||||George Sand wrote her first novels, "Indiana" and "Valentine."|TM000039
EV000979||1835||||1837|||Alfred de Musset wrote lyrics called "Nights."|TM000039
EV000980||1842||||1848|||Honore de Balzac's collection of 100 novels and stories published as "The Human Comedy."|TM000039
EV000981||1844|||||||Alexandre Dumas pere wrote the novel "The Three Musketeers."|TM000039
EV000982||1845|||||||Prosper Merimee wrote the novelette "Carmen."|TM000039
EV000983||1846|||||||George Sand wrote novel of provincial life "The Haunted Pool."|TM000039
EV000984||1852|||||||Theophile Gautier wrote the poetry collection "Enamels and Cameos."|TM000039
EV000985||1852|||||||Alexandre Dumas fils wrote his first play, "The Lady of the Camellias."|TM000039
EV000986||1854|||||||Gerard de Nerval wrote "Les Chimeres," a sonnet collection, and "Les Filles du Feu," short stories.|TM000039
EV000987||1856|||||||Gustave Flaubert wrote the realistic novel "Madame Bovary."|TM000039
EV000988||1857|||||||Symbolism forerunner Charles Baudelaire published poetry collection "Flowers of Evil."|TM000039
EV000989||1859|||||||Frederic Mistral published his masterpiece, the epic poem "Mireio."|TM000039
EV000990||1862|||||||Hugo wrote "Les Miserables" while in exile.|TM000039
EV000991||1863|||||||Hippolyte Taine's "History of English Literature" illustrated his deterministic philosophy.|TM000039
EV000992||1863||||1872|||Leading realist critic Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve published his 10-volume "More Monday Chats."|TM000039
EV000993||1864|||||||Brothers Edmond and Jules de Goncourt collaborated on naturalist novel "Germaine Lacerteux."|TM000039
EV000994||1865||||1888|||Sully Prudhomme wrote several acclaimed collections of poetry.|TM000039
EV000995||1866|||||||Alphonse Daudet wrote "Letters from My Mill," a short-story collection.|TM000039
EV000996||1871||||1893|||Emile Zola wrote series of 20 novels called "The Rougon-Macquart."|TM000039
EV000997||1873|||||||Jules Verne wrote "Around the World in Eighty Days."|TM000039
EV000998||1873|||||||Symbolist poet Arthur Rimbaud wrote his autobiographical "A Season in Hell."|TM000039
EV000999||1874|||||||Symbolist poet Paul Verlaine wrote "Songs Without Words."|TM000039
EV001000||1876|||||||Symbolist poet Stephane Mallarme wrote his most famous work, "The Afternoon of a Faun."|TM000039
EV001001||1880||||1890|||Guy de Maupassant wrote about 250 short stories, published in several collections.|TM000039
EV001002||1882|||||||Henri Becque, the most important naturalistic playwright, wrote "The Vultures."|TM000039
EV001003||c. 1885|||||||Symbolist author Comte de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam wrote "Axel."|TM000039
EV001004||1892|||||||Realist playwright Eugene Brieux wrote "Blanchette."|TM000039
EV001005||1893|||||||Maurice Maeterlinck wrote the symbolic drama "Pelleas and Melisande."|TM000039
EV001006||1897|||||||Edmond Rostand wrote the romantic play "Cyrano de Bergerac," a fanciful account of Cyrano's life.|TM000039
EV001007||1904||||1912|||Romain Rolland wrote the 10-volume novel "Jean-Christophe."|TM000039
EV001008||1906|||||||Paul Claudel wrote the religious play "Break of Noon."|TM000039
EV001009||1908|||||||Anatole France ridiculed society in his novel "Penguin Island."|TM000039
EV001010||1909|||||||Andre Gide wrote "Strait Is the Gate" and helped found literary journal "The New French Review."|TM000039
EV001011||1910|||||||Colette wrote the novel "The Vagabond."|TM000039
EV001012||1913|||||||Poet Guillaume Apollinaire wrote "Alcools."|TM000039
EV001013||1913||||1927|||Marcel Proust's seven-volume autobiographical novel "Remembrance of Things Past" published.|TM000039
EV001014||1917|||||||Symbolist poet Paul Valery wrote "The Young Fate."|TM000039
EV001015||1922|||||||Francois Mauriac wrote the novel "The Kiss to the Leper."|TM000039
EV001016||1924|||||||Surrealism movement founded by group of writers and painters in Paris and led by Andre Breton.|TM000039
EV001017||1927|||||||Christian existentialist Gabriel Marcel wrote "Metaphysical Journals."|TM000039
EV001018||1929|||||||Jean Cocteau wrote his best-known novel, "Les Enfants Terribles."|TM000039
EV001019||1932|||||||Louis-Ferdinand Celine wrote the novel "Journey to the End of the Night."|TM000039
EV001020||1933|||||||Andre Malraux wrote the novel "Man's Fate."|TM000039
EV001021||1937|||||||Jean Giraudoux wrote the drama "Electra."|TM000039
EV001022||1942|||||||Albert Camus wrote "The Stranger" and "The Myth of Sisyphus."|TM000039
EV001023||1943|||||||Antoine de Saint-Exupery wrote "The Little Prince."|TM000039
EV001024||1944|||||||Jean Anouilh wrote the drama "Antigone."|TM000039
EV001025||1946|||||||Poet Jacques Prevert's "Paroles" ("Spoken Words") published.|TM000039
EV001026||1947|||||||Simone de Beauvoir wrote "For a Morality of Ambiguity."|TM000039
EV001027||1950|||||||Absurdist playwright Eugene Ionesco wrote "The Bald Soprano."|TM000039
EV001028||1952||||1957|||Andre Maurois wrote biographies of George Sand, Victor Hugo, and the Dumas family.|TM000039
EV001029||1953|||||||Samuel Beckett wrote avant-garde play "Waiting for Godot."|TM000039
EV001030||1956|||||||Jean Genet's symbolic drama "The Balcony" performed.|TM000039
EV001031||1960|||||||Claude Simon wrote the novel "The Flanders Road."|TM000039
EV001032||1967|||||||Jacques Derrida, founder of deconstruction movement, wrote "Of Grammatology."|TM000039
EV001033||1984|||||||Marguerite Duras wrote the historical novel "The Lover."|TM000039
EV001034||1989|||||||Helene Cixous wrote the novel "Reading with Clarice Lispector."|TM000039
EV001035||1992|||||||Monique Wittig published "The Straight Mind and Other Essays."|TM000039
EV001036|B.C.|c. 1000|||||||Tribes from northern Europe began to arrive in what is now Germany.|TM000040
EV001037|A.D.|486|||||||Clovis, a Germanic king, defeated Roman governor of Gaul (now mainly France).|TM000040
EV001038||800|||||||Charlemagne's empire was established.|TM000040
EV001039||843|||||||Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire.|TM000040
EV001040||962|||||||Otto I crowned emperor of what later became the Holy Roman Empire.|TM000040
EV001041||1438|||||||Habsburg family of Austria began almost continuous rule of Holy Roman Empire.|TM000040
EV001042||1517|||||||The Reformation began in Germany.|TM000040
EV001043||1618||||1648|||Thirty Years' War devastated much of Germany.|TM000040
EV001044||1740||||1786|||Frederick the Great made Prussia a great power.|TM000040
EV001045||1806|||||||Holy Roman Empire came to an end.|TM000040
EV001046||1815|||||||German Confederation established at the Congress of Vienna.|TM000040
EV001047||1848|||||||Revolution broke out in Germany, but it failed.|TM000040
EV001048||1866|||||||Prussia forced Austria out of German affairs.|TM000040
EV001049||1867|||||||Prussia established North German Confederation.|TM000040
EV001050||1870||||1871|||Germany defeated France in Franco-Prussian War, and German Empire was founded.|TM000040
EV001051||1914||||1918|||The Allies defeated Germany in World War I, and German Empire ended.|TM000040
EV001052||1919|||||||Weimar Republic was established.|TM000040
EV001053||1933|||||||Adolf Hitlter began to create a Nazi dictatorship.|TM000040
EV001054||1939||||1945|||The Allies defeated Germany in World War II, ending Hitler's dictatorship.|TM000040
EV001055||1945|||||||The Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones.|TM000040
EV001056||1948||||1949|||Soviet blockade failed to force Western Allies out of Berlin.|TM000040
EV001057||1949|||||||East and West Germany were established|TM000040
EV001058||1953|||||||Soviet Union crushed East German revolt.|TM000040
EV001059||1955|||||||East and West Germany declared independent and joined opposing Cold War military alliances.|TM000040
EV001060||1961|||||||East German Communists built the Berlin Wall|TM000040
EV001061||1973|||||||East and West Germany ratified a treaty calling for closer relations.|TM000040
EV001062||1989|||||||Berlin wall was opened and East German citizens were allowed to travel freely to West Germany.|TM000040
EV001063||1990|Oct.|3|||||East and West Germany were united and became the single nation of Germany.|TM000040
EV001064||c. 870|||||||Otfried von Weissenberg wrote "The Book of Gospels."|TM000041
EV001065||800's|||||||Anonymous author wrote the epic "The Saviour."|TM000041
EV001066||800's|||||||Anonymous author wrote the heroic poem "Lay of Hildebrand."|TM000041
EV001067||c. 930|||||||Ekkehard wrote the epic "Walther with the Strong Hand."|TM000041
EV001068||c. 1200|||||||Unknown author wrote the poem "Song of the Nibelungs."|TM000041
EV001069||c. 1200|||||||Hartman von Aue wrote the religious poem "Poor Henry."|TM000041
EV001070||c. 1200||||c. 1235|||Wolfram von Eschenbach wrote the epic poem "Parzival."|TM000041
EV001071||c. 1200||||c. 1235|||Walther von der Vogelweide and Tannhauser wrote lyric poetry.|TM000041
EV001072||c. 1210|||||||Gottfried von Strassburg wrote the poem "Tristan and Isolde."|TM000041
EV001073||c. 1250|||||||Wernher the Gardener wrote the epic "Meier Helmbrecht."|TM000041
EV001074||c. 1400|||||||Johannes von Saaz wrote "The Plowman of Bohemia."|TM000041
EV001075||1464|||||||"Redentin Easter Play" performed.|TM000041
EV001076||c. 1487|||||||Anonymous author wrote the satire "Reynard the Fox."|TM000041
EV001077||c. 1500|||||||Anonymous author wrote "Till Eulenspiegel."|TM000041
EV001078||1517|||||||Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses.|TM000041
EV001079||1520|||||||Luther, "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation; The Babylonian Captivity of the Church."|TM000041
EV001080||1521|||||||Philipp Melanchthon wrote "Commonplaces."|TM000041
EV001081||c. 1550|||||||Hans Sachs wrote lyric poems.|TM000041
EV001082||1587|||||||Anonymous author wrote tales collected in "Faustbuch."|TM000041
EV001083||1634|||||||"Oberammergau Passion Play" first performed.|TM000041
EV001084||1668|||||||Hans Jakob von Grimmelshausen wrote "Simplicius Simplicissimus."|TM000041
EV001085||1748||||1773|||Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock wrote the religious epic "The Messiah."|TM000041
EV001086||1766|||||||Gotthold Lessing wrote the essay "Laokon."|TM000041
EV001087||1770's|||||||"Sturm und Drang" (Storm and Stress) movement.|TM000041
EV001088||1778||||1779|||Johann Gottfried von Herder wrote "Folk Songs."|TM000041
EV001089||1781|||||||Friedrich Schiller wrote the drama "The Robbers."|TM000041
EV001090||1800|||||||Novalis wrote the poems "Hymns to the Night."|TM000041
EV001091||1805||||1818|||Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim wrote "The Boy's Magic Horn."|TM000041
EV001092||1808|||||||Johann von Goethe wrote the philosophical drama "Faust," part I.|TM000041
EV001093||1810|||||||Heinrich von Kleist wrote the drama "Kathchen von Heilbronn."|TM000041
EV001094||1812|||||||Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm published the first volume of "Fairy Tales."|TM000041
EV001095||1813|||||||Johann Wyss wrote the novel "The Swiss Family Robinson."|TM000041
EV001096||1815|||||||E. T. A. Hoffmann wrote "Fantastic Tales."|TM000041
EV001097||1827|||||||Heinrich Heine wrote "The Lorelei," in "Book of Songs."|TM000041
EV001098||1831|||||||Franz Grillparzer wrote the tragedy "The Waves of Sea and Love."|TM000041
EV001099||1836|||||||Georg Buchner wrote the drama "Woyzeck."|TM000041
EV001100||1843|||||||Friedrich Hebbel wrote the tragedy "Maria Magdalene."|TM000041
EV001101||1850|||||||Theodor Storm wrote the short novel "Immensee."|TM000041
EV001102||1855|||||||Eduard Mrike wrote "Mozart on His Journey to Prague."|TM000041
EV001103||1857|||||||Adelbert Stifter wrote the novel "Indian Summer."|TM000041
EV001104||1864|||||||Fritz Reuter wrote the novel "During My Apprenticeship."|TM000041
EV001105||1880|||||||Gottfried Keller wrote the novel "Green Henry."|TM000041
EV001106||1887|||||||Hermann Sudermann wrote the novel "Dame Care."|TM000041
EV001107||1891|||||||Frank Wedekind wrote the tragedy "Spring's Awakening."|TM000041
EV001108||1893|||||||Gerhart Hauptmann wrote the tragedy "The Weavers."|TM000041
EV001109||1893|||||||Arthur Schnitzler wrote the play "Anatol."|TM000041
EV001110||1895|||||||Theodor Fontane wrote the novel "Effi Briest."|TM000041
EV001111||1901|||||||Thomas Mann wrote the novel "Buddenbrooks."|TM000041
EV001112||1905|||||||Rainer Maria Rilke wrote the poetry cycle "The Book of Hours."|TM000041
EV001113||1912|||||||Gerhart Hauptmann won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000041
EV001114||1914|||||||Stefan George wrote the poetry collection "The Star of the League."|TM000041
EV001115||1917||||1920|||Georg Kaiser write the "Gas" trilogy of plays.|TM000041
EV001116||1921|||||||Nelly Sachs wrote "Legends and Tales."|TM000041
EV001117||1922|||||||Herman Hesse wrote the philosophical novel "Siddhartha."|TM000041
EV001118||1925|||||||Franz Kafka wrote the novel "The Trial."|TM000041
EV001119||1928|||||||Bertolt Brecht wrote the satirical musical play "The Threepenny Opera."|TM000041
EV001120||1929|||||||Erich Maria Remarque wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front."|TM000041
EV001121||1929|||||||Thomas Mann won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000041
EV001122||1938|||||||Stefan Zweig wrote the novel "Beware of Pity."|TM000041
EV001123||1946|||||||Carl Zuckmayer wrote the drama "The Devil's General."|TM000041
EV001124||1946|||||||Hermann Hesse won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000041
EV001125||1947|||||||Wolfgang Borchert wrote the drama "The Man Outside."|TM000041
EV001126||1954|||||||Max Frisch wrote the novel "I'm Not Stiller."|TM000041
EV001127||1956|||||||Friedrich Durrenmatt wrote the drama "The Visit."|TM000041
EV001128||1959|||||||Gunter Grass wrote the novel "The Tin Drum."|TM000041
EV001129||1963|||||||Rolf Hochhuth wrote the drama "The Deputy."|TM000041
EV001130||1964|||||||Peter Weiss wrote the drama "Marat/Sade."|TM000041
EV001131||1970|||||||Peter Handke wrote the novel "The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick."|TM000041
EV001132||1971|||||||Heinrich Boll wrote "Group Portrait with Lady."|TM000041
EV001133||1972|||||||Heinrich Boll won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000041
EV001134||1973|||||||Ulrich Plenzdorf wrote "The New Sufferings of Young W."|TM000041
EV001135||1988|||||||Thomas Bernhard wrote the drama "Hero's Square."|TM000041
EV001136||1992|||||||Gunter Grass wrote the novel "The Call of the Toad."|TM000041
EV001137||1453|||||||Constantinople fell to Ottoman Empire, which had conquered most Greek lands.|TM000042
EV001138||1821||||1829|||Ottoman Empire defeated in Greek War of Independence, and Greece was formed.|TM000042
EV001139||1844|||||||Greece became a constitutional monarchy.|TM000042
EV001140||1864|||||||A more democratic constitution was established in Greece under George I.|TM000042
EV001141||1909||||1910|||A military revolt led to major reforms.|TM000042
EV001142||1912||||1913|||Greece gained much land in Balkan Wars.|TM000042
EV001143||1917||||1918|||Greece fought on the side of the Allies during World War I.|TM000042
EV001144||1922|||||||Ottomans crushed Greek forces in Asia Minor.|TM000042
EV001145||1924|||||||Greece became a republic.|TM000042
EV001146||1935|||||||Constitutional monarchy restored.|TM000042
EV001147||1941||||1944|||Axis forces occupied Greece during World War II.|TM000042
EV001148||1946||||1949|||Communist-led rebels defeated in Greece.|TM000042
EV001149||1967|||||||Army officers seized the government and suspended the constitution.|TM000042
EV001150||1968|||||||Greek voters approved a new constitution.|TM000042
EV001151||1973|June||||||Premier George Papadopoulos abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Greece a republic.|TM000042
EV001152||1973|Nov.|25|||||Military leaders overthrew the Papadopoulos government.|TM000042
EV001153||1974|||||||Greece held a parliamentary election, and a civilian government was formed.|TM000042
EV001154||1981|||||||Greece joined the European Community.|TM000042
EV001155|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Minoan culture arose on island of Crete.|TM000043
EV001156|B.C.|1600|||B.C.|1200|||Mycenaean culture prospered on Greek mainland.|TM000043
EV001157|B.C.|776|||||||First recorded Olympic Games took place.|TM000043
EV001158|B.C.|490|||||||Greeks defeated invading Persian army.|TM000043
EV001159|B.C.|479|||||||Greeks again defeated an invading Persian army.|TM000043
EV001160|B.C.|477|||B.C.|431|||During the Golden Age, Greece produced its greatest art.|TM000043
EV001161|B.C.|431|||B.C.|404|||Sparta defeated Athens in Peloponnesian War.|TM000043
EV001162|B.C.|338|||||||Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greeks.|TM000043
EV001163|B.C.|334|||B.C.|326|||Alexander the Great, ruler of Greece and Macedonia, conquered the Persian Empire.|TM000043
EV001164|B.C.|323|||||||Alexander the Great died, and the Hellenistic Age began.|TM000043
EV001165|B.C.|146|||||||Greece was conquered by the Romans.|TM000043
EV001166||1889|April|20|||||Adolf Hitler born in Braunau, Austria.|TM000044
EV001167||1914||||1918|||Fought in the German Army in World War I.|TM000044
EV001168||1923|||||||Hitler led Beer Hall Putsch.|TM000044
EV001169||1924|||||||Adolf Hitler began to write "Mein Kampf" while imprisoned for treason.|TM000044
EV001170||1933|||||||Hitler named chancellor of Germany; began rearming Germany.|TM000044
EV001171||1936|||||||Hitler sent his troops into the Rhineland.|TM000044
EV001172||1939|||||||Hitler began World War II by invading Poland.|TM000044
EV001173||1945|||||||Adolf Hitler committed suicide in Berlin.|TM000044
EV001174|A.D.|c. 866||||c. 899|||Magyars conquered Hungary.|TM000045
EV001175|A.D.|1000|||||||Stephen I became Hungary's first king and converted the country to Roman Catholicism.|TM000045
EV001176||1241|||||||Mongols invaded Hungary.|TM000045
EV001177||1458||||1490|||Matthias Hunyadi ruled Hungary and helped make it a centre of Renaissance culture.|TM000045
EV001178||1526|||||||Ottoman Empire defeated Hungary in Battle of Mohacs.|TM000045
EV001179||1600's|||||||Austrian Habsburg forces began to drive the Ottomans out of Hungary.|TM000045
EV001180||1703||||1711|||Francis Rakoczi II led an unsuccessful uprising to gain Hungarian independence.|TM000045
EV001181||1848|||||||Lajos Kossuth led an anti-Habsburg revolution.|TM000045
EV001182||1849|||||||Anti-Habsburg revolution defeated.|TM000045
EV001183||1867|||||||Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary established.|TM000045
EV001184||1914||||1918|||Austria-Hungary defeated in World War I.|TM000045
EV001185||1918|||||||Hungary became a republic.|TM000045
EV001186||1919|||||||Bela Kun established short-lived Hungarian Communist government.|TM000045
EV001187||1919||||1944|||Admiral Nicholas Horthy ruled Hungary as a regent.|TM000045
EV001188||1941|||||||Hungary entered World War II on Germany's side.|TM000045
EV001189||1944|||||||Germany, which mistrusted Hungary as an ally, occupied the country.|TM000045
EV001190||1945|||||||Hungary and the Allies signed an armistice.|TM000045
EV001191||1946|||||||Hungary again became a republic.|TM000045
EV001192||1946||||1949|||Hungarian Communists gradually gained control of the government.|TM000045
EV001193||1947|||||||The Allies signed a peace treaty with Hungary that confirmed terms of 1945 armistice.|TM000045
EV001194||1955|||||||Hungary became a member of the UN.|TM000045
EV001195||1956|||||||Soviet forces crushed an anti-Communist revolution in Hungary.|TM000045
EV001196||1988|||||||Hungary's Communist Party agreed to allow other political parties to operate.|TM000045
EV001197||1990|||||||The 40-year rule of the Communist Party ended.|TM000045
EV001198|B.C.|c. 2500|||||||Indus Valley civilization began to flourish.|TM000046
EV001199|B.C.|c. 1500|||||||Aryans invaded India.|TM000046
EV001200|B.C.|500|||A.D.|800|||Buddhism became widespread, but finally gave way to Hinduism.|TM000046
EV001201|B.C.|325|||||||Alexander the Great reached what is now India.|TM000046
EV001202|A.D.|320||||c. 500|||Gupta dynasty unified northern India.|TM000046
EV001203||1498|||||||Vasco da Gama of Portugal reached India.|TM000046
EV001205||1757|||||||British East India Company gained control of Bengal.|TM000046
EV001206||1774|||||||Warren Hastings, the first British governor general of India, took office.|TM000046
EV001208||1858|||||||British government took over rule of India from East India Company.|TM000046
EV001209||1870's|||||||Indian independence movement began to grow.|TM000046
EV001210||1885|||||||Indian National Congress formed.|TM000046
EV001211||1906|||||||Muslim League organized.|TM000046
EV001212||1920|||||||Mohandas Gandhi started a programme of nonviolent disobedience against the British.|TM000046
EV001213||1935|||||||British government created an Indian constitution giving Indians more political power.|TM000046
EV001214||1940|||||||Muslim League demanded that a separate Muslim country, Pakistan, be carved out of India.|TM000046
EV001215||1947|Aug.|15|||||India became independent.|TM000046
EV001216||1947||||1949|||India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir.|TM000046
EV001217||1948|Jan.|30|||||Mohandas Gandhi assassinated.|TM000046
EV001218||1950|||||||India became a republic.|TM000046
EV001219||1965|||||||India and Pakistan fought a second war over Kashmir.|TM000046
EV001220||1966|||||||Indira Gandhi became India's first woman prime minister.|TM000046
EV001221||1971|||||||India assisted East Pakistan in a war against West Pakistan.|TM000046
EV001222||1984|||||||Indira Gandhi was assassinated.|TM000046
EV001223|B.C.|2500|||B.C.|500|||Peoples migrated to Indonesia from the Asian mainland.|TM000048
EV001224|A.D.|600's||||1200's|||Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya expanded from Sumatra and became a great sea power.|TM000048
EV001225||1300's|||||||Hindu kingdom of Madjapahit controlled much of Indonesia.|TM000048
EV001226||1400's|||||||Islam began to spread throughout the islands.|TM000048
EV001227||1500's|||||||Portuguese controlled much Indonesian trade.|TM000048
EV001228||1602|||||||Dutch East India Company formed.|TM000048
EV001229||1620's|||||||Dutch began to control areas of Indonesia.|TM000048
EV001230||1799|||||||Dutch government took over lands controlled by Dutch East India Company.|TM000048
EV001231||1811||||1816|||British forces occupied Netherlands Indies during Napoleonic Wars in Europe.|TM000048
EV001232||1908|||||||Indonesians began to form nationalist groups.|TM000048
EV001233||1942||||1945|||Japanese forces occupied Indonesia during World War II.|TM000048
EV001234||1945|||||||Indonesia declared its independence, and Sukarno became president.|TM000048
EV001235||1949|||||||Dutch recognized Indonesia's independence.|TM000048
EV001236||1959|||||||Sukarno gained great power and began his programme of "guided democracy."|TM000048
EV001237||1963|||||||West New Guinea came under Indonesian control.|TM000048
EV001238||1965|||||||Revolt by some army officers crushed by Suharto.|TM000048
EV001239||1966|||||||Suharto took over much of Sukarno's power and began to reorganize the government.|TM000048
EV001240||1968|||||||Suharto named president.|TM000048
EV001241||1971|||||||Indonesia held its first parliamentary elections since 1955.|TM000048
EV001242|B.C.|c. 1,750,000|||||||Flint tools|TM000049
EV001243|B.C.|5000|||B.C.|3000|||Plough|TM000049
EV001244|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||Wheel|TM000049
EV001245|B.C.|c. 300|||||||Magnetic compass|TM000049
EV001246|B.C.|200's|||||||Archimedean screw|TM000049
EV001247|A.D.|1|||||||Paper|TM000049
EV001248||c. 1350|||||||Cannon|TM000049
EV001249||c. 1440|||||||Printing from movable type|TM000049
EV001250||c. 1590|||||||Compound microscope|TM000049
EV001251||1608|||||||Telescope|TM000049
EV001252||1690||||1769|||Steam engine|TM000049
EV001253||c. 1764|||||||Spinning jenny|TM000049
EV001254||1783|||||||Hot-air balloon|TM000049
EV001255||1787||||1807|||Steamboat|TM000049
EV001256||1793|||||||Cotton gin|TM000049
EV001257||1795||||1809|||Food canning|TM000049
EV001258||1804|||||||Steam locomotive|TM000049
EV001259||1816|||||||Stethoscope|TM000049
EV001260||1824|||||||Portland cement|TM000049
EV001261||1826|||||||Photography|TM000049
EV001262||1831|||||||Reaper|TM000049
EV001263||1834|||||||Gas refrigeration|TM000049
EV001264||1837|||||||Telegraph|TM000049
EV001265||1844|||||||Safety match|TM000049
EV001266||1845|||||||Pneumatic tyre|TM000049
EV001267||1846|||||||Sewing machine|TM000049
EV001268||1849|||||||Safety pin|TM000049
EV001269||1853|||||||Safety lift|TM000049
EV001270||1853|||||||Hypodermic syringe|TM000049
EV001271||c. 1860|||||||Bessemer steelmaking|TM000049
EV001272||1860|||||||Internal-combustion engine|TM000049
EV001273||1867|||||||Dynamite|TM000049
EV001274||1867|||||||Typewriter|TM000049
EV001275||1873|||||||Barbed wire|TM000049
EV001276||1873|||||||Electric motor|TM000049
EV001277||1876|||||||Telephone|TM000049
EV001278||1877|||||||Phonograph|TM000049
EV001279||1879|||||||Incandescent light|TM000049
EV001280||1885|||||||Skyscraper|TM000049
EV001281||1885|||||||Petrol car|TM000049
EV001282||1892|||||||Diesel engine|TM000049
EV001283||1893|||||||Zip fastener|TM000049
EV001284||1893|||||||Moving pictures (film)|TM000049
EV001285||1895|||||||Radio|TM000049
EV001286||1895|||||||X-ray machine|TM000049
EV001287||1901|||||||Safety razor|TM000049
EV001288||1902|||||||Air conditioning|TM000049
EV001289||1903|||||||Aeroplane|TM000049
EV001290||1907|||||||Helicopter|TM000049
EV001291||1916|||||||Battle tank|TM000049
EV001292||1920's|||||||Frozen foods|TM000049
EV001293||1920's|||||||Television|TM000049
EV001294||1926|||||||Liquid-fuel rocket|TM000049
EV001295||1931|||||||Electron microscope|TM000049
EV001296||c. 1935|||||||Modern plastics|TM000049
EV001297||c. 1935|||||||Radar|TM000049
EV001298||1935|||||||Fluorescent light|TM000049
EV001299||1938|||||||Xerography|TM000049
EV001300||1939|||||||Jet engine aircraft|TM000049
EV001301||1940's|||||||Tape recorder|TM000049
EV001302||1942|||||||Nuclear reactor|TM000049
EV001303||1945|||||||Atomic bomb|TM000049
EV001304||1946|||||||Digital computer|TM000049
EV001305||1947|||||||Polaroid Land camera|TM000049
EV001306||1947|||||||Transistor|TM000049
EV001307||1953|||||||Polio vaccine|TM000049
EV001308||1957|||||||Artificial satellite|TM000049
EV001309||1960|||||||Laser|TM000049
EV001310||1970|||||||Fibre-optic cable|TM000049
EV001311||1970's|||||||Genetic engineering|TM000049
EV001312||1971|||||||Microprocessor|TM000049
EV001313||1972|||||||CAT scanner|TM000049
EV001314||1981|||||||Scanning tunneling microscope|TM000049
EV001315||1983|||||||Compact disc|TM000049
EV001316||1980's|||||||High-definition television|TM000049
EV001317|B.C.|1500's|||||||Aryans began migrating to Iran and split into two groups, the Medes and Persians.|TM000050
EV001318|B.C.|550|||||||Persian king Cyrus the Great overthrew the Medes and founded Achaemenid (Persian) Empire.|TM000050
EV001319|B.C.|331|||||||Alexander the Great conquered Achaemenid Empire.|TM000050
EV001320|B.C.|250|||||||Parthian armies seized control of Iran.|TM000050
EV001321|A.D.|224|||||||Persians overthrew the Parthians.|TM000050
EV001322|A.D.|600's|||||||Muslim Arabs conquered Iran.|TM000050
EV001323||1220|||||||Mongols invaded Iran.|TM000050
EV001324||1501||||1722|||Safavid dynasty governed Iran.|TM000050
EV001325||1794|||||||Qajars, a Turkoman tribe, set up a new dynasty.|TM000050
EV001326||1906|||||||Shah Muzaffar al-Din signed Iran's first Constitution.|TM000050
EV001327||1925|||||||Reza Khan became shah.|TM000050
EV001328||1941|||||||Mohammad Reza Pahlavi succeeded to the throne.|TM000050
EV001329||1951|||||||The Majlis nationalized the oil industry.|TM000050
EV001330||1979|||||||Revolutionaries took control of Iran's government.|TM000050
EV001331||1980|||||||War broke out between Iran and Iraq.|TM000050
EV001332||1988|||||||Cease-fire declared in Iran-Iraq war.|TM000050
EV001333|B.C.|3500|||||||World's first known civilization developed in Mesopotamia, now Iraq.|TM000051
EV001334|B.C.|539|||||||Persians conquered Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001335|B.C.|331|||||||Alexander the Great seized Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001336|A.D.|227|||||||Sassanid dynasty of Persia conquered Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001337|A.D.|637|||||||Arab Muslims overthrew the Sassanids.|TM000051
EV001338||1258|||||||Mongols invaded Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001339||1500's|||||||Ottoman Empire began to establish control over Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001340||1920|||||||League of Nations gave Britain a mandate over Mesopotamia.|TM000051
EV001341||1932|||||||British mandate ended, and Iraq became independent.|TM000051
EV001342||1958|||||||Army officers overthrew the Iraqi government and declared the country a republic.|TM000051
EV001343||1968|||||||Baath Party took control of Iraq's government.|TM000051
EV001344||1973|||||||Iraqi government completed its take-over of foreign oil companies in Iraq.|TM000051
EV001345||1980|||||||Iraq declared war on Iran.|TM000051
EV001346||1988|||||||Iraq and Iran agreed to a cease-fire.|TM000051
EV001347||1990|||||||Iraq invaded Kuwait.|TM000051
EV001348||1991|||||||Coalition of 39 nations, including the U.S. and Canada, defeated Iraq in Persian Gulf War.|TM000051
EV001349|B.C.|c. 400|||||||Celtic tribes invaded Ireland.|TM000052
EV001350|A.D.|432|||||||St. Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland.|TM000052
EV001351|A.D.|c. 795|||||||Vikings began raiding Ireland.|TM000052
EV001352||1014|||||||Brian Boru defeated the Vikings at Clontarf.|TM000052
EV001353||1541|||||||Henry VIII was declared king of Ireland.|TM000052
EV001354||1649|||||||Oliver Cromwell crushed an Irish revolt against England.|TM000052
EV001355||1690|||||||English defeated James II and Irish forces in Battle of the Boyne.|TM000052
EV001356||1801|||||||Ireland became part of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.|TM000052
EV001357||1845||||1848|||Potato blight and starvation and disease that followed killed about 1 million people.|TM000052
EV001358||1916|||||||Easter Rising against British rule erupted in Dublin.|TM000052
EV001359||1921|||||||Ireland became a dominion of British Commonwealth called the Irish Free State.|TM000052
EV001360||1949|||||||Ireland declared itself a republic.|TM000052
EV001361||1985|||||||Ireland was given an advisory role in Northern Ireland's government.|TM000052
EV001362||1990|||||||Mary Robinson became Ireland's first woman president.|TM000052
EV001363|A.D.|795|||||||Vikings began to raid Ireland, destroying manastaries and early Irish manuscripts.|TM000053
EV001364||1100's|||||||Normans from England seized Irish lands and destroyed many valuable texts.|TM000053
EV001365||1300's|||||||A few Irish authors began to write in English as well as Gaelic.|TM000053
EV001366||c. 1634|||||||Geoffrey Keating wrote "History of Ireland", a valuable source of knowledge about medievil Ireland.|TM000053
EV001367||1700's|||||||Irish playwrites Oliver Goldsmith and Richard B. Sheridan won fame writing for the English theatre.|TM000053
EV001368||1726|||||||Jonathan Swift wrote "Gulliver's Travels" whilst dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.|TM000053
EV001369||c. 1749|||||||Michael Comyn wrote "Oisin in the Land of Youth", a Gaelic poem based on ancient legend.|TM000053
EV001370||c. 1790|||||||Brian Merriman wrote "The Midnight Court" about the reluctance of many Irish men to marry.|TM000053
EV001371||1800|||||||Maria Edgworth wrote "Castle Rackrent", about immoral Irish landlords.|TM000053
EV001372||1808||||1834|||In "Irish Melodies", Thomas Moore set his patriotic poems to traditional Irish folk songs.|TM000053
EV001373||1825||||1826|||John and Michael Banim wrote "Tales of the O'Hara Family".|TM000053
EV001374||1889|||||||William Butler Yeats wrote "The Wanderings of Oisin".|TM000053
EV001375||1901|||||||The Irish National Theatre Society is established to encourage poduction of plays about Irish life.|TM000053
EV001376||1903|||||||John Millington Synge wrote the play "In the Shadow of the Glen".|TM000053
EV001377||1904|||||||Geaorge Bernard Shaw wrote "John Bull's Other Island".|TM000053
EV001378||1922|||||||James Joyce wrote "Ulysses".|TM000053
EV001379||1923|||||||William Butler Yeats won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000053
EV001380||1937|||||||Paul Vincent Carroll wrote the drama "Shadow and Substance".|TM000053
EV001381||1942|||||||Patrick Kavanagh wrote the poem "The Great Hunger", about the plight of poor Irish farmers.|TM000053
EV001382||1954|||||||Brendan Behan wrote the play "The Quare Fellow".|TM000053
EV001383||1968|||||||Cecil Day-Lewis became poet laureate of the United Kingdom.|TM000053
EV001384||1969|||||||Samuel Beckett won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000053
EV001385||1973|||||||Thomas Kinsella wrote the volume of poems "Notes from the Land of the Dead".|TM000053
EV001386||1975|||||||Seamus Heaney wrote "North", a collection of poems about sectarian violence.|TM000053
EV001387||1985|||||||Bendict Kiely wrote about conflict in Ireland in his book "Nothing Happens in Carmincross".|TM000053
EV001388||1917|||||||Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, expressing its support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.|TM000054
EV001389||1920|||||||Palestine became a mandated territory of Britain.|TM000054
EV001390||1947|||||||The UN divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.|TM000054
EV001391||1948|May|14|||||Israel came into existence.|TM000054
EV001392||1948|May|15|||||Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Jordan attacked Israel, starting first Arab-Israeli war.|TM000054
EV001393||1956|||||||Second Arab-Israeli War.|TM000054
EV001394||1967|||||||Israel won Six-Day War, capturing Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights.|TM000054
EV001395||1972|||||||Palestinian terrorists killed 11 Israeli athletes at Olympic Games in Munich.|TM000054
EV001396||1973|||||||Egypt and Syria attacked Israeli forces, starting Yom Kippur War.|TM000054
EV001397||1978|||||||Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David Accords.|TM000054
EV001398||1979|||||||Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty.|TM000054
EV001399||1982|||||||Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula.|TM000054
EV001400||1993|||||||Israel and the PLO signed an agreement to work to end their conflicts.|TM000054
EV001401||1994|||||||Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank city of Jericho.|TM000054
EV001402||1994|||||||Israel and Jordan agreed to end their disputes.|TM000054
EV001403||1995|||||||Israel and the PLO signed another agreement calling for more Israeli withdrawals from West Bank.|TM000054
EV001404||1995|Nov.|4|||||Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated.|TM000054
EV001405|A.D.|476|||||||Odoacer defeated last emperor of ancient Rome, Romulus Augustulus.|TM000055
EV001406|A.D.|800|||||||Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans.|TM000055
EV001407|A.D.|962|||||||Otto the Great was crowned emperor, marking start of Holy Roman Empire.|TM000055
EV001408||1000|||||||Italian city-states began to grow in wealth and political importance.|TM000055
EV001409||c. 1300|||||||The Renaissance began in Italy.|TM000055
EV001410||1519|||||||King Charles I of Spain became emperor of Holy Roman Empire.|TM000055
EV001411||1521||||1559|||Forces of Spain and Holy Roman Empire defeated France in a series of wars to control Italy.|TM000055
EV001412||1796|||||||Napoleon Bonaparte seized Italy for France.|TM000055
EV001413||1814||||1815|||Congress of Vienna returned Italy to its former rulers after Napoleon was defeated.|TM000055
EV001414||1861|||||||Kingdom of Italy formed.|TM000055
EV001415||1866|||||||Venetia became part of Italy.|TM000055
EV001416||1870|||||||Rome became part of Italy.|TM000055
EV001417||1871|||||||Rome became capital of Italy.|TM000055
EV001418||1915||||1918|||Italy fought on the Allies' side in World War I.|TM000055
EV001419||1922|||||||Benito Mussolini became prime minister.|TM000055
EV001420||1936|||||||Italy conquered Ethiopia.|TM000055
EV001421||1940|||||||Italy entered World War II on Germany's side.|TM000055
EV001422||1943|||||||Italy surrendered to the Allies.|TM000055
EV001423||1946|||||||Republic of Italy established.|TM000055
EV001424||1978|||||||Red Brigades kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro, president of Christian Democratic Party.|TM000055
EV001425||1980|||||||An earthquake struck southern Campania and Basilicata, killing over 4,500 people.|TM000055
EV001426||1987|||||||An organized crime trial in Palermo ended in the conviction of 338 Mafia members.|TM000055
EV001427||1996|||||||Coalition dominated by former Communists won the largest number of seats in Italy's Parliament.|TM000055
EV001428|B.C.|c. 300|||A.D.|c. 300|||During the Yayoi era, new ideas and new technologies from China and Korea began to be used in Japan.|TM000056
EV001429|A.D.|645|||||||One family declared itself Japan's imperial family. Its head, Kotoku, became emperor.|TM000056
EV001430|A.D.|646|||||||Taika Reform began; it set up a central government controlled by the emperor.|TM000056
EV001431|A.D.|794|||||||Heian-kyo (now Kyoto) became Japan's capital.|TM000056
EV001432||1192|||||||Minamoto Yoritomo became Japan's first shogun.|TM000056
EV001433||1500's|||||||Japan endured a long period of wars among regional lords.|TM000056
EV001434||1603|||||||Tokugawa family began its more than 250-year rule of Japan.|TM000056
EV001435||1630's|||||||Japan cut its ties with the outside world.|TM000056
EV001436||1853||||1854|||Commodore Matthew C. Perry visited Japan and opened two ports to U.S. trade.|TM000056
EV001437||1867|||||||Tokugawa family overthrown, and emperor regained his traditional powers.|TM000056
EV001438||1868|||||||Emperor Meiji announced Japan's intention to become a modern industrial nation.|TM000056
EV001439||1895|||||||Japan took control of Taiwan from China and began to build an empire.|TM000056
EV001440||1904||||1905|||Japan's victory in Russo-Japanese War established the country as a world power.|TM000056
EV001441||1923|||||||An earthquake struck the Tokyo-Yokohama area, leading to the deaths of 143,000 people.|TM000056
EV001442||1931|||||||Japan seized the Chinese province of Manchuria.|TM000056
EV001443||1937|||||||Japan began a war with China; the fighting became part of World War II.|TM000056
EV001444||1941|Dec.|7|||||Japan attacked U.S. bases at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.|TM000056
EV001445||1945|||||||U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.|TM000056
EV001446||1945|||||||Japan surrendered to the Allies, and the Allied occupation of Japan began.|TM000056
EV001447||1947|||||||Japan's democratic Constitution went into effect.|TM000056
EV001448||1952|||||||Allied occupation of Japan ended.|TM000056
EV001449||1980's||||1990's|||A number of countries opposed Japan's international trade policies.|TM000056
EV001450||1995|||||||Earthquake in the Kobe area killed over 5,000 people and heavily damaged the city.|TM000056
EV001451||1743|April|13|||||Thomas Jefferson born in Goochland (now Albemarle) County, Virginia.|TM000057
EV001452||1772|Jan.|1|||||Thomas Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton.|TM000057
EV001453||1776|||||||Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.|TM000057
EV001454||1779|||||||Thomas Jefferson elected governor of Virginia.|TM000057
EV001455||1782|||||||Mrs. Martha Jefferson died.|TM000057
EV001456||1785|||||||Jefferson appointed minister to France.|TM000057
EV001457||1789|||||||Jefferson became U.S. secretary of state.|TM000057
EV001458||1796|||||||Thomas Jefferson elected vice president of U.S.|TM000057
EV001459||1801|Feb.|17|||||Thomas Jefferson elected president of the United States.|TM000057
EV001460||1803|May|2|||||Louisiana Territory purchased from France, by treaty predated April 30.|TM000057
EV001461||1819|||||||Founded the University of Virginia.|TM000057
EV001462||1826|July|4|||||Thomas Jefferson died at Monticello, his Virginia home.|TM000057
EV001463||1917|May|29|||||John F. Kennedy born in Brookline, Massachusetts.|TM000058
EV001464||1940|||||||Graduated from Harvard University.|TM000058
EV001465||1941||||1945|||Served in U.S. Navy during World War II.|TM000058
EV001466||1946|||||||Elected to U.S. House of Representatives.|TM000058
EV001467||1952|||||||Elected to U.S. Senate.|TM000058
EV001468||1953|Sept.|12|||||John F. Kennedy married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier.|TM000058
EV001469||1960|||||||John F. Kennedy elected president of the United States.|TM000058
EV001470||1963|Nov.|22|||||John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas.|TM000058
EV001471|B.C.|c. 1000|||||||Various African people began settling in Kenya.|TM000059
EV001472|A.D.|700's|||||||Arabs gained control of Kenya's coastal area.|TM000059
EV001473||c. 1500||||1700|||Portuguese ruled the coastal area.|TM000059
EV001474||1895|||||||Kenya became a colony of Britain.|TM000059
EV001475||1940's|||||||Kenyans began a movement against British rule.|TM000059
EV001476||1963|||||||Kenya gained independence from Britain.|TM000059
EV001477||1978|||||||Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first leader, died; Daniel T. arap Moi succeeded him as president.|TM000059
EV001478||1982|||||||KANU officially became Kenya's only legal political party.|TM000059
EV001479||1991|||||||Kenya's Constitution amended to allow for a multiparty system.|TM000059
EV001480|B.C.|108|||||||China conquered northern half of Korea.|TM000060
EV001481|A.D.|313|||||||Korean forces drove the Chinese from Korea.|TM000060
EV001482||1259|||||||Mongol armies conquered the Koreans.|TM000060
EV001483||1368|||||||Koreans freed themselves of Mongol rule.|TM000060
EV001484||1392||||1910|||Yi dynasty.|TM000060
EV001485||1590's|||||||Japanese forces invaded Korea but were driven out.|TM000060
EV001486||1630's|||||||Manchu armies invaded Korea and forced it to acknowledge the Manchu as feudal lords.|TM000060
EV001487||1910|||||||Japan took control of Korea.|TM000060
EV001488||1945|||||||Soviet forces occupied northern Korea, and U.S. forces occupied southern Korea.|TM000060
EV001489||1948|||||||Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) created.|TM000060
EV001490||1950||||1953|||South Korea fought North Korea in the Korean War.|TM000060
EV001491||1991|||||||Talks between South Korea and North Korea resulted in several agreements.|TM000060
EV001492|B.C.|c. 6000|||||||Indians had spread throughout much of the Americas to southern tip of South America.|TM000061
EV001493|A.D.|250|||A.D.|900|||Civilization of Maya Indians reached its peak.|TM000061
EV001494||1400's||||c. 1535|||Aztec in Mexico and Inca in western South America controlled large empires.|TM000061
EV001495||1492|||||||Christopher Columbus became first European to reach Latin America.|TM000061
EV001496||1494|||||||Spain and Portugal agreed to Line of Demarcation.|TM000061
EV001497||c. 1500||||c. 1535|||Spanish troops conquered most of Latin America's Indian civilizations.|TM000061
EV001498||c. 1800||||c. 1835|||Most Latin American colonies gained independence.|TM000061
EV001499||c. 1866||||c. 1899|||Latin American-U.S. cooperation, called "Pan-Americanism," began to grow.|TM000061
EV001500||1936||||1965|||Violence erupted in many Latin American countries as rival political groups struggled for power.|TM000061
EV001501||1959|||||||Fidel Castro established a Communist state in Cuba.|TM000061
EV001502||1980's|||||||Several Latin American countries regained civilian rule after period of military rule.|TM000061
EV001503||1519||||1526|||Hernando Cortes wrote "Five Letters."|TM000062
EV001504||1522|||||||Bernal Diaz del Castillo wrote "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain."|TM000062
EV001505||1552|||||||Bartolome de Las Casas wrote "The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account."|TM000062
EV001506||1569||||1589|||Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga wrote the poem "La Araucana."|TM000062
EV001507||1601|||||||Bento Texeira Pinto wrote the epic poem "Prosopopeia."|TM000062
EV001508||1609|||||||Garcilaso de la Vega wrote "Royal Commentaries."|TM000062
EV001509||1691|||||||Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote "Response to Sor Filotea de la Cruz."|TM000062
EV001510||1769|||||||Jose Basilil da Gama wrote the history "Uruguay."|TM000062
EV001511||1781|||||||Jose de Santa Rita de Durao wrote the history "Caramuru."|TM000062
EV001512||1792|||||||Tomas Antonio Gonzaga wrote the love poem "Marilia de Dirceu."|TM000062
EV001513||1816|||||||Jose Joaquin Fernandez de Lizardi wrote "The Itching Parrot," perhaps first Latin American novel.|TM000062
EV001514||1820|||||||Jose Maria Heredia (Cuba) wrote the nature poem "On the Pyramid of Cholula."|TM000062
EV001515||1825|||||||Jose Joaquin Olmedo (Ecuador) wrote the patriotic poem "Song to Bolivar."|TM000062
EV001516||1826|||||||Andres Bello (Venezuela) wrote "Ode to the Agriculture of the Torrid Zone."|TM000062
EV001517||1845|||||||Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Arg.) wrote "Civilization and Barbarism: Life of Juan Facundo Quiroga."|TM000062
EV001518||1857|||||||Jose de Alencar (Brazil) wrote the novel "O Guarani."|TM000062
EV001519||1867|||||||Jorge Isaacs (Colombia) wrote the love story "Maria."|TM000062
EV001520||1872||||1879|||Jose Hernandez (Argentina) wrote the gaucho novel "Martin Fierro."|TM000062
EV001521||1872||||1910|||Ricardo Palma (Peru) wrote the prose sketches "Peruvian Traditions."|TM000062
EV001522||1879|||||||Juan Leon Mera (Ecuador) wrote the novel "Cumanda."|TM000062
EV001523||1881|||||||Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (Brazil) wrote the novel "Epitaph of a Small Winner."|TM000062
EV001524||1882|||||||Jose Julian Marti (Cuba) wrote the poetry collection "Ismaelillo."|TM000062
EV001525||1888|||||||Juan Zorrilla de San Martin (Uruguay) wrote the epic poem "Tabare."|TM000062
EV001526||1888|||||||Ruben Dario (Nicaragua) wrote the poetry collection "Azul."|TM000062
EV001527||1900|||||||Jose Enrique Rodo (Uruguay) wrote the essay "Ariel."|TM000062
EV001528||1902|||||||Euclides da Cunha (Brazil) wrote "Rebellion in the Backlands."|TM000062
EV001529||1916|||||||Mariano Azuela (Mexico) wrote the novel "The Underdogs."|TM000062
EV001530||1922|||||||Mario de Andrade (Brazil) wrote the poem "Hallucinated City."|TM000062
EV001531||1922|||||||Gabriela Mistral (Chile) wrote the poetry collection "Desolation."|TM000062
EV001532||1924|||||||Jose Eustasio Rivera (Colombia) wrote "The Vortex."|TM000062
EV001533||1924|||||||Pablo Neruda (Chile) wrote "Twenty Poems of Love and One Desperate Song."|TM000062
EV001534||1926|||||||Ricardo Guiraldes (Argentina) wrote the gaucho novel "Don Segundo Sombra."|TM000062
EV001535||1929|||||||Romulo Gallegos (Venezuela) wrote "Dona Barbara."|TM000062
EV001536||1930|||||||Miguel Angel Asturias (Guatemala) wrote "Legends of Guatemala."|TM000062
EV001537||1932|||||||Jose Lins do Rego (Brazil) wrote his "sugarcane cycle" of novels.|TM000062
EV001538||1934|||||||Jorge Icaza (Ecuador) wrote "Huasipungo."|TM000062
EV001539||1935|||||||Gregorio Lopez y Fuentes (Mexico) wrote "El indio."|TM000062
EV001540||1938|||||||Graciliano Ramos (Brazil) wrote the novel "Barren Lives."|TM000062
EV001541||1940|||||||Jose Maria Arguedas (Peru) wrote "Yawar Fiesta."|TM000062
EV001542||1940|||||||Eduardo Mallea (Argentina) wrote the novel "Bay of Silence."|TM000062
EV001543||1941|||||||Ciro Alegria (Peru) wrote the novel "Broad and Alien Is the World."|TM000062
EV001544||1942|||||||Jorge Amado (Brazil) wrote the novel "The Violent Land."|TM000062
EV001545||1944|||||||Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) wrote "Ficciones."|TM000062
EV001546||1945|||||||Gabriela Mistral won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000062
EV001547||1946|||||||Miguel Angel Asturias wrote the novel "El senor presidente."|TM000062
EV001548||1947|||||||Augustin Yanez (Mexico) wrote the novel "The Edge of the Storm."|TM000062
EV001549||1948|||||||Leopoldo Marechal (Argentina) wrote the novel "Adan Buenosayres."|TM000062
EV001550||1950|||||||Octavio Paz (Mexico) wrote "The Labyrinth of Solitude."|TM000062
EV001551||1951|||||||Manuel Rojas (Chile) wrote the novel "Born Guilty."|TM000062
EV001552||1953|||||||Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) wrote the novel "The Lost Steps."|TM000062
EV001553||1955|||||||Juan Rulfo (Mexico) wrote the novel "Pedro Paramo."|TM000062
EV001554||1963|||||||Julio Cortazar (Argentina) wrote the novel "Hopscotch."|TM000062
EV001555||1963|||||||Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru) wrote the novel "The Time of the Hero."|TM000062
EV001556||1967|||||||Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Colombia) wrote the novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude."|TM000062
EV001557||1967|||||||Miguel Angel Asturias won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000062
EV001558||1971|||||||Pablo Neruda won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000062
EV001559||1976|||||||Manuel Puig (Argentina) wrote the novel "Kiss of the Spider Woman."|TM000062
EV001560||1982|||||||Gabriel Garcia Marquez won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000062
EV001561||1985|||||||Isabel Allende (Chile) wrote the novel "The House of the Spirits."|TM000062
EV001562||1989|||||||Carlos Fuentes wrote the novel "Christopher Unborn."|TM000062
EV001563||1990|||||||Octavio Paz won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000062
EV001564||1870|April|22|||||V. I. Lenin born in Simbirsk, Russia.|TM000063
EV001565||1891|||||||Graduated from St. Petersburg University.|TM000063
EV001566||1897|||||||Exiled to Siberia for political activities.|TM000063
EV001567||1898|July|22|||||V. I. Lenin married Nadezhda Krupskaya.|TM000063
EV001568||1900|||||||Returned from exile and went to Western Europe.|TM000063
EV001569||1903|||||||Lenin became leader of the Bolsheviks.|TM000063
EV001570||1905|||||||Returned to Russia and engaged in revolutionary activity.|TM000063
EV001571||1908||||1917|||Conducted revolutionary activities abroad.|TM000063
EV001572||1917|||||||Returned to Russia and led the October Revolution.|TM000063
EV001573||1917|Nov.|8|||||V. I. Lenin became ruler of Soviet Russia.|TM000063
EV001574||1918|||||||Shot by Dora Kaplan and recovered.|TM000063
EV001575||1918||||1920|||Led the Bolsheviks in the Russian civil war.|TM000063
EV001576||1921|||||||Introduced the New Economic Policy.|TM000063
EV001577||1924|Jan.|21|||||V. I. Lenin died in Gorki, near Moscow.|TM000063
EV001578||1809|Feb.|12|||||Abraham Lincoln born near present-day Hodgenville, Kentucky.|TM000064
EV001579||1834|||||||Lincoln elected to Illinois General Assembly.|TM000064
EV001580||1842|Nov.|4|||||Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd.|TM000064
EV001581||1846|||||||Lincoln elected to U.S. House of Representatives.|TM000064
EV001582||1858|||||||Lincoln debated slavery with Stephen A. Douglas.|TM000064
EV001583||1860|Nov.|6|||||Abraham Lincoln elected president of the United States.|TM000064
EV001584||1861|April|12|||||Civil War began.|TM000064
EV001585||1861|April|27|||||Lincoln proclaimed blockade of Southern ports.|TM000064
EV001586||1862|July|1|||||Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act.|TM000064
EV001587||1862|Sept.|22|||||Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation.|TM000064
EV001588||1863|Jan.|1|||||Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.|TM000064
EV001589||1863|Feb.|25|||||Lincoln approved the National Bank Act.|TM000064
EV001590||1863|July|1||1863|July|3|Union armies won the Battle of Gettysburg.|TM000064
EV001591||1863|Nov.|19|||||Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address.|TM000064
EV001592||1864|Nov.|8|||||Abraham Lincoln reelected president.|TM000064
EV001593||1865|April|14|||||Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth.|TM000064
EV001594||1865|April|9|||||The Civil War ended.|TM000064
EV001595||1865|April|15|||||Abraham Lincoln died in Washington, D.C.|TM000064
EV001596|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Egyptians used system based on groups of 10; developed basic geometry and surveying techniques.|TM000065
EV001597|B.C.|c. 370|||||||Eudoxus of Cnidus developed the method of exhaustion, foreshadowing integral calculus.|TM000065
EV001598|B.C.|c. 300|||||||Euclid constructed a system of geometry.|TM000065
EV001599||c. 1136||||c. 1165|||Al-Khowarizmi's arithmetic book introduced Hindu-Arabic numeral system to Europe.|TM000065
EV001600||1614|||||||John Napier published his discovery of logarithms.|TM000065
EV001601||1637|||||||Rene Descartes published his discovery of analytic geometry.|TM000065
EV001602||1680's|||||||Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published independent discoveries of calculus.|TM000065
EV001603||c. 1800||||c. 1835|||Carl F. Gauss, Janos Bolyai, and Nikolai Lobachevsky each developed non-Euclidean geometries.|TM000065
EV001604||1820's||||1830's|||Charles Babbage developed mechanical computing machines.|TM000065
EV001605||1854|||||||George Boole published his system of symbolic logic.|TM000065
EV001606||c. 1866||||c. 1899|||Georg Cantor developed set theory and a mathematical theory of the infinite.|TM000065
EV001607||1910||||1913|||Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell published "Principia Mathematica."|TM000065
EV001608||1930's|||||||Kurt Godel showed that in any system of axioms, there are statements that cannot be proved.|TM000065
EV001609||c. 1957||||1960's|||System of teaching called the new mathematics was introduced in U.S.|TM000065
EV001610||1970's||||1980's|||Computer-based math models came into wide use in studies in business, industry, and science.|TM000065
EV001611|B.C.|c. 8000|||||||Prehistoric people practised "trephining"--the first-known surgical treatment.|TM000066
EV001612|B.C.|c. 2500|||||||Egyptian physicians developed first systematic methods of treating diseases.|TM000066
EV001613|B.C.|400's|||||||Hippocrates showed that diseases have only natural, not supernatural, causes.|TM000066
EV001614|A.D.|100's|||||||Galen formulated first medical theories based on scientific experimentations.|TM000066
EV001615||1100's|||||||First university medical schools developed in Europe.|TM000066
EV001616||1543|||||||Andreas Vesalius published first scientific study of human anatomy.|TM000066
EV001617||c. 1550|||||||Ambroise Pare introduced advanced surgical techniques.|TM000066
EV001618||1628|||||||William Harvey started modern physiology with his book on blood circulation.|TM000066
EV001619||1670's|||||||Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, which helped lead to germ theory of disease.|TM000066
EV001620||1796|||||||Edward Jenner gave first officially recognized vaccination, against smallpox.|TM000066
EV001621||1842||||1846|||Crawford Long and William Morton introduced use of ether, the first practical anaesthetic.|TM000066
EV001622||1850's|||||||Florence Nightingale founded the modern nursing profession.|TM000066
EV001623||1850's|||||||Rudolf Virchow pioneered in "pathology," the scientific study of disease.|TM000066
EV001624||1860's||||1880's|||Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch proved that certain bacteria cause certain diseases.|TM000066
EV001625||1865|||||||Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic methods to surgery.|TM000066
EV001626||1895|||||||Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X rays, used in diagnosing diseases and treating cancer.|TM000066
EV001627||1898|||||||The Curies discovered radium, used in treating cancer.|TM000066
EV001628||c. 1900|||||||Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic method of treating mental illness.|TM000066
EV001629||c. 1900||||c. 1935|||Christiaan Eijkman and Frederick Hopkins demonstrated existence of vitamins.|TM000066
EV001630||1928|||||||Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic drug.|TM000066
EV001631||1953|||||||Jonas Salk developed first successful polio vaccine.|TM000066
EV001632||1954|||||||American surgeons transplanted a kidney--the first successful organ transplant.|TM000066
EV001633||c. 1970||||c. 1973|||Scientists intensified investigation of viruses as a possible cause of cancer.|TM000066
EV001634||1982|||||||American surgeons performed first implantation of a permanent artificial heart.|TM000066
EV001635||1990|||||||American surgeons first used gene therapy to treat a patient.|TM000066
EV001636|B.C.|c. 2000|||||||Village life developed in Valley of Mexico.|TM000067
EV001637|A.D.|c. 250|||A.D.|900|||Great Indian civilizations thrived during Classic Period.|TM000067
EV001638|A.D.|c. 900||||1200|||Toltec empire controlled Valley of Mexico.|TM000067
EV001639||c. 1325||||1350|||Aztec founded Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City).|TM000067
EV001640||1519||||1521|||Hernando Cortes conquered Aztec empire for Spain.|TM000067
EV001641||1810|||||||Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla began Mexican struggle for independence.|TM000067
EV001642||1821|||||||Mexico won independence.|TM000067
EV001643||1836|||||||Texas won independence from Mexico.|TM000067
EV001644||1846||||1848|||U.S. defeated Mexico in the Mexican War and won much Mexican territory.|TM000067
EV001645||1855|||||||Liberal government under Benito Juarez began a period of reform.|TM000067
EV001646||1863|||||||French troops occupied Mexico City.|TM000067
EV001647||1864|||||||Maximilian of Austria became emperor of Mexico.|TM000067
EV001648||1867|||||||Liberal forces led by Benito Juarez regained power.|TM000067
EV001649||1876||||1880|||Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as dictator.|TM000067
EV001650||1910||||1911|||Francisco I. Madero overthrew Diaz.|TM000067
EV001651||1917|||||||A revolutionary constitution adopted.|TM000067
EV001652||1920|||||||Government began making revolutionary social and economic reforms.|TM000067
EV001653||1929|||||||National Revolutionary Party (now called Institutional Revolutionary Party) formed.|TM000067
EV001654||1934|||||||Government began a major programme of land distribution to farmers.|TM000067
EV001655||1938|||||||Mexico took over foreign oil company properties.|TM000067
EV001656||1942||||1960|||Mexico's industries expanded significantly.|TM000067
EV001657||1953|||||||Women received the right to vote in all elections.|TM000067
EV001658||1968|||||||Government troops put down student demonstrations in Mexico City.|TM000067
EV001659||1970's|||||||Major new petroleum deposits discovered on Gulf of Mexico coast.|TM000067
EV001660||1985|||||||Two earthquakes struck south-central Mexico, killing about 10,000 people.|TM000067
EV001661||1994|||||||NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect.|TM000067
EV001662|B.C.|c. 2200|||||||Mesopotamians recorded lunar eclipses.|TM000068
EV001663|B.C.|500's|||||||Babylonians predicted dates of eclipses.|TM000068
EV001664|B.C.|c. 459|||||||Anaxagoras noted that the moon's light came from the sun and explained eclipses.|TM000068
EV001665|B.C.|c. 335|||||||Aristotle used lunar eclipses to prove that the earth was ball-shaped.|TM000068
EV001666|B.C.|c. 280|||||||Aristarchus found a way to measure the moon's distance from the earth.|TM000068
EV001667|B.C.|c. 150|||||||Hipparchus measured the period of the moon's revolution around the earth.|TM000068
EV001668|B.C.|c. 74|||||||Posidonius explained the effect of the moon and the sun on the earth's tides.|TM000068
EV001669|A.D.|c. 150|||||||Ptolemy discovered the irregularity of the moon's motion in its orbit.|TM000068
EV001670||1543|||||||Nicolaus Copernicus published a book reviving idea that the earth was a moving planet.|TM000068
EV001671||c. 1588||||1598|||Tycho Brahe made observations leading to theories about the moon's motion.|TM000068
EV001672||c. 1600||||1609|||Johannes Kepler discovered the oval-shaped orbits of the planets.|TM000068
EV001673||1609||||1610|||Galileo made the first practical use of the telescope to study the moon.|TM000068
EV001674||c. 1645|||||||Johann Hevelius charted over 250 moon formations.|TM000068
EV001675||1687|||||||Sir Isaac Newton explained the basis for the moon's motion and its tidal effect on the earth.|TM000068
EV001676||c. 1828|||||||F. P. Gruithuisen suggested meteoroids as a cause of some lunar craters.|TM000068
EV001677||1850's|||||||William C. Bond and J. A. Whipple took photographs of lunar features.|TM000068
EV001678||1920's|||||||Bernard Lyot concluded that a layer of dust covered the moon's surface.|TM000068
EV001679||1930|||||||Edison Pettit and S. B. Nicholson obtained the first reliable lunar temperatures.|TM000068
EV001680||1946|||||||U.S. Army Signal Corps bounced radio waves from the moon's surface.|TM000068
EV001681||1959|||||||Soviet Union launched Luna 2, the first spaceship to hit the moon.|TM000068
EV001682||1959|||||||Soviet Union's Luna 3 sent the first pictures of the moon's far side back to the earth.|TM000068
EV001683||1964||||1965|||U.S. spacecraft Rangers VII, VIII, and IX took first close-up television pictures of the moon.|TM000068
EV001684||1966|||||||Soviet Union's Luna 9 became first spacecraft to make a soft landing on the moon.|TM000068
EV001685||1968|||||||Apollo 8 astronauts flew 10 orbits around the moon.|TM000068
EV001686||1969|||||||Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 astronauts landed on the moon.|TM000068
EV001687||1970|||||||Soviet Union's Luna 16 became first unmanned spacecraft to return soil samples from the moon.|TM000068
EV001688||1769|Aug.|15|||||Napoleon born at Ajaccio, Corsica.|TM000069
EV001689||1796|March|9|||||Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais.|TM000069
EV001690||1799|Nov.|9|||||Seized power in France.|TM000069
EV001691||1804|Dec.|2|||||Crowned himself emperor of the French.|TM000069
EV001692||1805|Dec.|2|||||Crushed the allied armies at Austerlitz.|TM000069
EV001693||1806|July|12|||||Set up the Confederation of the Rhine.|TM000069
EV001694||1806|Oct.|14|||||Defeated the Prussians at Jena and Auerstedt.|TM000069
EV001695||1807|June|14|||||Overwhelmed the Russians at Friedland.|TM000069
EV001696||1809|July|5||1809|July|6|Defeated Austrians at Wagram.|TM000069
EV001697||1810|April|2|||||Napoleon arried Marie Louise of Austria.|TM000069
EV001698||1812|Sept.|14|||||Napoleon occupied Moscow.|TM000069
EV001699||1814|April|11|||||Abdicated his throne.|TM000069
EV001700||1814|May|4|||||Napoleon exiled and arrived on Elba.|TM000069
EV001701||1815|March|20|||||Napoleon returned to power in France.|TM000069
EV001702||1815|June|18|||||Napoleon defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.|TM000069
EV001703||1815|Oct.|16|||||Exiled to St. Helena.|TM000069
EV001704||1821|May|5|||||Napoleon died at Longwood on St. Helena.|TM000069
EV001705||c. 1100||||1200|||Chinese and Mediterranean navigators used magnetic compasses to guide ships.|TM000070
EV001706||1519||||1522|||Ferdinand Magellan led first expedition to sail around the world.|TM000070
EV001707||1569|||||||Gerardus Mercator invented the Mercator map.|TM000070
EV001708||1730|||||||John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey independently invented the sextant.|TM000070
EV001709||1735|||||||John Harrison made the first accurate chronometer.|TM000070
EV001710||1767|||||||Nevil Maskelyne compiled the first nautical almanac.|TM000070
EV001711||1802|||||||Nathaniel Bowditch wrote "The New American Practical Navigator."|TM000070
EV001712||1842|||||||U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury charted direction of winds and ocean currents.|TM000070
EV001713||1896|||||||Guglielmo Marconi sent the first ship-to-shore radio signal.|TM000070
EV001714||1908|||||||Herman Anschutz-Kampfe invented the gyroscopic compass.|TM000070
EV001715||1910|||||||J. A. D. McCurdy sent the first aeroplane-to-ground messages.|TM000070
EV001716||1933|||||||P. V. H. Weems compiled the first "air almanac."|TM000070
EV001717||1939||||1945|||In World War II, British and American scientists helped improve radar equipment.|TM000070
EV001718||1942|||||||U.S. built the first loran stations.|TM000070
EV001719||1945||||1950|||American scientists developed a highly accurate inertial guidance system.|TM000070
EV001720||1964|||||||U.S. Navy's Navigation Satellite System (TRANSIT) began daily operation.|TM000070
EV001721||1978|||||||U.S. government launched first Navstar satellite.|TM000070
EV001722||1982|||||||U.S. government's omega navigation system became fully operational.|TM000070
EV001723||1995|||||||U.S. Air Force's Navstar Global Positioning System became fully operational.|TM000070
EV001724|B.C.|58|||||||Julius Caesar conquered much of Low Countries, including what is now the Netherlands.|TM000071
EV001725|A.D.|400's|||A.D.|800's|||The Franks controlled the region.|TM000071
EV001726|A.D.|870|||||||The Netherlands became part of East Frankish kingdom (now Germany).|TM000071
EV001727||1300's||||1400's|||French dukes of Burgundy united most of Low Countries.|TM000071
EV001728||1516|||||||Charles V, ruler of Low Countries, also became king of Spain.|TM000071
EV001729||1581|||||||Dutch declared their independence from Spain.|TM000071
EV001730||1648|||||||Spain recognized Dutch independence.|TM000071
EV001731||1600's|||||||The Netherlands became world's major sea power and developed a great colonial empire.|TM000071
EV001732||1652||||1674|||The Netherlands fought three naval wars with England, and kept leadership of the seas.|TM000071
EV001733||1701||||1714|||Dutch lost control of the seas to England during a war against France.|TM000071
EV001734||1795||||1813|||France controlled the Netherlands.|TM000071
EV001735||1815|||||||The Netherlands became an independent kingdom united with Belgium.|TM000071
EV001736||1830|||||||Belgium revolted and became independent.|TM000071
EV001737||1914||||1918|||The Netherlands was neutral during World War I.|TM000071
EV001738||1940||||1945|||Germany occupied the Netherlands during World War II.|TM000071
EV001739||1949|||||||The Netherlands granted independence to the Netherlands Indies (now Indonesia).|TM000071
EV001740||1954|||||||Suriname and Netherlands Antilles became equal partners in Dutch kingdom.|TM000071
EV001741||1957|||||||The Netherlands helped form the European Economic Community.|TM000071
EV001742||1962|||||||The Netherlands gave up control of Netherlands New Guinea (now Irian Jaya) to UN.|TM000071
EV001743||1975|||||||Suriname became a fully independent nation.|TM000071
EV001744||1986|||||||Aruba separated from the Netherlands Antilles and became an equal partner in Dutch kingdom.|TM000071
EV001745|B.C.|c. 500|||A.D.|2|||Nok civilization thrived in what is now central Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001746|A.D.|c. 1000|||A.D.|1400's|||Benin, Kanem-Bornu, Ife, and Hausa states began to develop in parts of Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001747||1400's|||||||Portuguese became first Europeans to reach Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001748||1851|||||||Britain seized control of Lagos.|TM000072
EV001749||1914|||||||British formed Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001750||1960|||||||Nigeria became an independent federation.|TM000072
EV001751||1966|||||||Military government established in Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001752||1967|||||||Civil war broke out between Biafra region and rest of Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001753||1970|||||||Biafra surrendered, and the civil war came to an end.|TM000072
EV001754||1979|||||||Civilian rule restored in Nigeria.|TM000072
EV001755||1983|||||||Military leaders took control of Nigeria's government.|TM000072
EV001756|A.D.|c. 870|||||||Norwegian Vikings colonized Iceland.|TM000073
EV001757|A.D.|c. 900|||||||Harold I united Norway.|TM000073
EV001758|A.D.|c. 985|||||||Eric the Red colonized Greenland.|TM000073
EV001759|A.D.|c. 1000|||||||Leif Ericson sailed to North America.|TM000073
EV001760||1349||||1350|||An epidemic of plague killed about half the people of Norway.|TM000073
EV001761||1380|||||||Norway was united with Denmark.|TM000073
EV001762||1536|||||||Norway became a Danish province.|TM000073
EV001763||1536|||||||Lutheranism made Norway's official religion.|TM000073
EV001764||1814|||||||Denmark gave up Norway to Sweden but kept Norway's island colonies.|TM000073
EV001765||1884|||||||Cabinet of Norway became responsible to the parliament instead of the king.|TM000073
EV001766||1905|||||||Norway became independent.|TM000073
EV001767||1940||||1945|||German troops occupied Norway in World War II.|TM000073
EV001768||1945|||||||Norway joined the UN.|TM000073
EV001769||1949|||||||Norway became a member of NATO.|TM000073
EV001770||1957|||||||King Haakon VII died and was succeeded by Olav V.|TM000073
EV001771||1960|||||||Norway and six other nations formed European Free Trade Association.|TM000073
EV001772||1967|||||||Norway began its greatest welfare programme|TM000073
EV001773||1970's|||||||Norway began producing petroleum and natural gas from North Sea fields.|TM000073
EV001774||1991|||||||King Olav V died and was succeeded by Harald V.|TM000073
EV001775|B.C.|c. 800|||B.C.|400|||Civilization of Chavin Indians, the first known civilization in Peru, reached its peak.|TM000074
EV001776|A.D.|c. 1500|||||||Empire of Inca Indians reached its greatest size.|TM000074
EV001777||1532||||1533|||Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru and made it a Spanish colony.|TM000074
EV001778||1780|||||||Tupac Amaru led an unsuccessful revolt of Indians and mestizos against white rule.|TM000074
EV001779||1821|||||||Jose de San Martin declared Peru independent of Spain.|TM000074
EV001780||1879||||1883|||Peru lost its nitrate-rich southern provinces to Chile in War of the Pacific.|TM000074
EV001781||1924|||||||Revolutionary APRA political party founded.|TM000074
EV001782||1968|||||||Military leaders took control of Peru's government and began socialistic reforms.|TM000074
EV001783||1980|||||||Civilian government, elected by the people, began working to increase private enterprise.|TM000074
EV001784||1992|April||||||President Alberto Fujimori suspended Peru's Constitution and dissolved the legislature.|TM000074
EV001785||1993|||||||Peru adopted a new constitution written by a popularly elected Constituent Assembly.|TM000074
EV001786|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Malays from Indonesia and Malaysia began settling in the Philippines.|TM000075
EV001787||1521|||||||Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines.|TM000075
EV001788||1565|||||||Spanish explorers claimed the Philippines for Spain and established a permanent settlement.|TM000075
EV001789||1896|||||||The Spaniards executed Jose Rizal, a leader of the Philippine independence movement.|TM000075
EV001790||1896|||||||Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against the Spaniards.|TM000075
EV001791||1898|||||||Spain gave the Philippines to the U.S. after Spanish-American War.|TM000075
EV001792||1942||||1944|||Japan controlled the Philippines.|TM000075
EV001793||1946|||||||The Philippines gained independence.|TM000075
EV001794||1954|||||||The Philippine Army defeated the Communist-led Huk rebels after a five-year fight.|TM000075
EV001795||1972||||1981|||President Ferdinand E. Marcos ruled by martial law.|TM000075
EV001796||1986|||||||Widespread protests against President Marcos forced him to leave office.|TM000075
EV001797|B.C.|300's|||||||Aristotle formed theories in many areas of physics.|TM000076
EV001798|B.C.|200's|||||||Archimedes discovered the law of the lever and laws for the behaviour of liquids.|TM000076
EV001799|A.D.|100's|||||||Ptolemy argued that other heavenly bodies move in circles around a stationary earth.|TM000076
EV001800||c. 1270|||||||Roger Bacon conducted studies in optics.|TM000076
EV001801||1543|||||||Nicolaus Copernicus wrote that the earth and planets move in circles around the sun.|TM000076
EV001802||c. 1600|||||||Galileo discovered important laws in many fields of physics, especially mechanics.|TM000076
EV001803||1687|||||||Sir Isaac Newton published his laws of motion.|TM000076
EV001804||1690|||||||Christiaan Huygens published a wave theory of light.|TM000076
EV001805||1798|||||||Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, stated that the motion of particles in a substance produced heat.|TM000076
EV001806||1801||||1803|||Thomas Young revived the wave theory of light.|TM000076
EV001807||1803|||||||John Dalton first proposed his atomic theory about the structure of matter.|TM000076
EV001808||1830's|||||||Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry independently produced electricity with magnetism.|TM000076
EV001809||1847|||||||James P. Joule found that heat and energy are interchangeable at a fixed rate.|TM000076
EV001810||1864|||||||James Clerk Maxwell published his electromagnetic theory of light.|TM000076
EV001811||1887|||||||The Michelson-Morley experiment disproved the existence of the ether.|TM000076
EV001812||1895|||||||Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X rays.|TM000076
EV001813||1896|||||||Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity.|TM000076
EV001814||1898|||||||Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, isolated the radioactive element radium.|TM000076
EV001815||1900|||||||Max Planck published his quantum theory.|TM000076
EV001816||1905|||||||Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity.|TM000076
EV001817||1911||||1913|||Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr proposed planetary system models of the atom.|TM000076
EV001818||1915|||||||Einstein announced his general theory of relativity.|TM000076
EV001819||1924|||||||Louis de Broglie put forth the wave theory of the electron.|TM000076
EV001820||1925||||1926|||Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenberg each developed systems for organizing quantum physics.|TM000076
EV001821||1930|||||||Paul A. M. Dirac predicted the existence of the positron.|TM000076
EV001822||1932|||||||Sir John D. Cockcroft and Ernest T. S. Walton built the first particle accelerator.|TM000076
EV001823||1938|||||||Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman achieved fission of the uranium atom.|TM000076
EV001824||1942|||||||Enrico Fermi and associates achieved the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.|TM000076
EV001825||1947|||||||John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor.|TM000076
EV001826||1960|||||||Theodore H. Maiman built the first laser.|TM000076
EV001827||1964|||||||Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig proposed the existence of quarks as fundamental particles.|TM000076
EV001828||1974|||||||Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting discovered the psi, or J, particle.|TM000076
EV001829||1983|||||||Researchers led by Carlo Rubbia discovered the W particle and the Z particle.|TM000076
EV001830|A.D.|800's|||||||Slavic tribes in what is now Poland united under the Polane.|TM000077
EV001831||1025|||||||Boleslaw I crowned first king of Poland.|TM000077
EV001832||1386|||||||Jagiellonian dynasty founded.|TM000077
EV001833||1500's|||||||Polish empire reached height of its power.|TM000077
EV001834||1772|||||||Austria, Prussia, and Russia partitioned Poland.|TM000077
EV001835||1793|||||||Prussia and Russia partitioned Poland.|TM000077
EV001836||1795|||||||Third partition of Poland ended its existence as a separate state.|TM000077
EV001837||1918|||||||Poland proclaimed itself an independent republic.|TM000077
EV001838||1939|||||||Germany and the U.S.S.R. invaded and partitioned Poland.|TM000077
EV001839||1945|||||||Communist-dominated government formed; Poland's present-day boundaries established.|TM000077
EV001840||1989|||||||Poland held its freest election since the Communists took control.|TM000077
EV001841||1990|||||||Poland's Communist Party was dissolved.|TM000077
EV001842|B.C.|1000's|||||||Phoenicians established settlements in what is now Portugal.|TM000078
EV001843|B.C.|100's|||||||Portugal became part of Roman Empire.|TM000078
EV001844|A.D.|711|||||||Muslims invaded Iberian Peninsula.|TM000078
EV001845||1143|||||||Portugal became an independent nation.|TM000078
EV001846||1419|||||||Portugal began its overseas expansion.|TM000078
EV001847||1500|||||||Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal.|TM000078
EV001848||1580|||||||Spain invaded and conquered Portugal.|TM000078
EV001849||1640|||||||Portugal regained its independence.|TM000078
EV001850||1822|||||||Portugal lost its colony of Brazil.|TM000078
EV001851||1910|||||||The Portuguese established a republic.|TM000078
EV001852||1928|||||||Antonio de Oliveira Salazar began his rise to power.|TM000078
EV001853||1960's|||||||Rebellions against Portuguese rule broke out in the country's African colonies.|TM000078
EV001854||1974|||||||A revolution overthrew the Portuguese dictatorship.|TM000078
EV001855||1975|||||||Almost all remaining Portuguese colonies gained independence.|TM000078
EV001856||1976|||||||Portugal held its first free general elections in more than 50 years.|TM000078
EV001857||1986|||||||Portugal joined the European Community.|TM000078
EV001858||1864|||||||James Clerk Maxwell predicted existence of electromagnetic waves that travel at speed of light.|TM000079
EV001859||1880's|||||||Heinrich Hertz proved Maxwell's theory.|TM000079
EV001860||1895|||||||Guglielmo Marconi became first person to send radio communication signals through the air.|TM000079
EV001861||1906|||||||Reginald A. Fessenden broadcast voice by radio.|TM000079
EV001862||1909|||||||Passengers of the S.S. "Republic" were saved in first sea rescue using radio.|TM000079
EV001863||1918|||||||Edwin H. Armstrong developed the superheterodyne circuit.|TM000079
EV001864||1919|||||||Woodrow Wilson became first U.S. President to make a radio broadcast.|TM000079
EV001865||1920|||||||Stations WWJ of Detroit and KDKA of Pittsburgh made the first regular commercial broadcasts.|TM000079
EV001866||c. 1925||||1950|||Radio was a major source of home entertainment, during Golden Age of Broadcasting.|TM000079
EV001867||1947|||||||Scientists developed the transistor.|TM000079
EV001868||1960|||||||John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon held first radio and TV presidential debates.|TM000079
EV001869||1961|||||||Soviet space officials held first radio talks with a man in space.|TM000079
EV001870||1960's|||||||Stereophonic radio broadcasting began.|TM000079
EV001871||1969|||||||Radio signals carried to earth the first words spoken by astronauts on the moon.|TM000079
EV001872||1982|||||||AM radio stations in U.S. began broadcasting in stereo.|TM000079
EV001873||1804|||||||Richard Trevithick of England invented the steam locomotive.|TM000080
EV001874||1825|||||||Stockton and Darlington Railway became offered first regularly scheduled train service.|TM000080
EV001875||1831|||||||South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company began first regularly scheduled train service in U.S.|TM000080
EV001876||1850|||||||Congress made first federal land grants for development of U.S. railways.|TM000080
EV001877||1869|||||||World's first transcontinental rail line completed across U.S.|TM000080
EV001878||1887|||||||Congress passed Interstate Commerce Act to control certain practices of U.S. railways.|TM000080
EV001879||1895|||||||Baltimore and Ohio Railway started world's first electric main-line service in Baltimore.|TM000080
EV001880||1925|||||||First commercial diesel-electric locomotive in U.S. began service as a switch engine.|TM000080
EV001881||1934|||||||Burlington "Zephyr" began service in the United States.|TM000080
EV001882||1964|||||||Japanese high-speed passenger trains began operating between Tokyo and Osaka.|TM000080
EV001883||1970|||||||Congress authorized creation of Amtrak to operate U.S. intercity passenger trains.|TM000080
EV001884||1976|||||||Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) formed with U.S. as chief stockholder.|TM000080
EV001885||1980|||||||Staggers Rail Act eased some regulations imposed by Interstate Commerce Act.|TM000080
EV001886||1987|||||||U.S. government sold its Conrail stock to private investors.|TM000080
EV001887|B.C.|300's|||||||Dacians lived in what is now Romania.|TM000081
EV001888|A.D.|100's|||||||Romania became a province of Roman Empire.|TM000081
EV001889|A.D.|200's||||1100's|||Barbarian tribes invaded Romania.|TM000081
EV001890||1250||||1350|||Moldavia and Walachia gradually became independent principalities.|TM000081
EV001891||c. 1500|||||||The principalities fell under Turkish rule.|TM000081
EV001892||1861|||||||Moldavia and Walachia officially united and formed the nation of Romania.|TM000081
EV001893||1919|||||||Romania about doubled in size when Transylvania and other lands became part of it.|TM000081
EV001894||1940||||1945|||Romania fought in World War II--first on the German side and then on the Allied side.|TM000081
EV001895||1947|||||||Romania officially became a Communist country.|TM000081
EV001896||1950's|||||||Soviet Union had nearly complete control over Romania.|TM000081
EV001897||1965|||||||New Romanian Constitution stressed the nation's control over its own affairs.|TM000081
EV001898||1977|||||||Earthquake caused about 1,500 deaths and $1 billion in property damage in Romania.|TM000081
EV001899||1989|||||||Communist Party leader Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown and executed.|TM000081
EV001900||1990|||||||Romania held free multiparty elections, won by a non-Communist party.|TM000081
EV001901|B.C.|753|||||||According to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome.|TM000082
EV001902|B.C.|509|||||||Romans drove out Etruscans and established a republic.|TM000082
EV001903|B.C.|264|||B.C.|146|||Rome began its expansion overseas by defeating Carthage in three Punic Wars.|TM000082
EV001904|B.C.|27|||||||Augustus became first Roman emperor.|TM000082
EV001905|A.D.|96|||A.D.|180|||Roman Empire reached its height of power and prosperity.|TM000082
EV001906|A.D.|395|||||||Roman Empire split into the West Roman Empire and the East Roman Empire.|TM000082
EV001907|A.D.|476|||||||Last emperor of the West Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, overthrown by a Germanic tribe.|TM000082
EV001908||1882|Jan.|30|||||Franklin D. Roosevelt born in Hyde Park, New York.|TM000083
EV001909||1905|March|17|||||Franklin D. Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt.|TM000083
EV001910||1913|||||||Appointed assistant secretary of the Navy.|TM000083
EV001911||1920|||||||Ran unsuccessfully for vice president of the United States.|TM000083
EV001912||1921|||||||Stricken with polio.|TM000083
EV001913||1928|||||||Franklin D. Roosevelt elected governor of New York.|TM000083
EV001914||1932|||||||Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president of the United States.|TM000083
EV001915||1933|||||||Congress enacted New Deal recovery measures during the Hundred Days.|TM000083
EV001916||1935|||||||Social Security Act and first Neutrality Act passed.|TM000083
EV001917||1936|||||||Franklin D. Roosevelt reelected president.|TM000083
EV001918||1937|||||||Roosevelt's court-packing recommendations started Supreme Court controversy.|TM000083
EV001919||1939|||||||U.S. began selling arms to friendly countries on a cash-and-carry basis.|TM000083
EV001920||1940|||||||Franklin D. Roosevelt reelected president.|TM000083
EV001921||1941|||||||Atlantic Charter issued.|TM000083
EV001922||1941|Dec.|7|||||Japan attacked Pearl Harbour.|TM000083
EV001923||1943|||||||Roosevelt and Churchill announced goal of unconditional surrender by the Axis powers.|TM000083
EV001924||1943|||||||Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin conferred in Teheran, Iran.|TM000083
EV001925||1944|June|6|||||The Allies invaded Normandy, France.|TM000083
EV001926||1944|||||||Franklin D. Roosevelt reelected president.|TM000083
EV001927||1945|||||||Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta, in the Crimea.|TM000083
EV001928||1945|April|12|||||Franklin D. Roosevelt died in Warm Springs, Georgia.|TM000083
EV001929|A.D.|800's|||||||East Slavs established the state of Kievan Rus.|TM000084
EV001930||1237||||1240|||Mongols conquered Russia.|TM000084
EV001931||c. 1318|||||||Mongols appointed Prince Yuri of Moscow as Russian grand prince.|TM000084
EV001932||1480|||||||Ivan III broke Mongol control over Russia.|TM000084
EV001933||1547|||||||Ivan IV became first Russian ruler to be crowned czar.|TM000084
EV001934||1604||||1613|||Russia torn by civil war, invasion, and political confusion during Time of Troubles.|TM000084
EV001935||1613|||||||Michael Romanov became czar.|TM000084
EV001936||1613||||1917|||Romanov line of czars ruled Russia.|TM000084
EV001937||1703|||||||Peter I founded St. Petersburg and began building his capital there.|TM000084
EV001938||1812|||||||Napoleon invaded Russia but was forced to retreat.|TM000084
EV001939||1861|||||||Alexander II freed the serfs.|TM000084
EV001940||1905|||||||Japan defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War.|TM000084
EV001941||1905|||||||A revolution forced Czar Nicholas II to establish a parliament.|TM000084
EV001942||1914||||1917|||Russia fought Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I.|TM000084
EV001943||1917|||||||February Revolution overthrew Czar Nicholas II.|TM000084
EV001944||1917|||||||Bolsheviks (Communists) seized power in October Revolution; V. I. Lenin became government head.|TM000084
EV001945||1917|||||||Russia withdrew from World War I.|TM000084
EV001946||1918||||1920|||The Communists defeated their anti-Communist opponents in a civil war.|TM000084
EV001947||1922|||||||U.S.S.R. established.|TM000084
EV001948||1991|||||||Communist rule ended, and the Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000084
EV001949||c. 570|||||||Muhammad, prophet of Islam, born in Mecca.|TM000085
EV001950||1436||||1465|||Saud family established control over a small area around Dariyah, near present-day Riyadh.|TM000085
EV001951||1736||||1765|||Wahhabi movement spread across most of Arabia.|TM000085
EV001952||1891|||||||Tribal chiefs and Ottomans gained control of most of Arabia.|TM000085
EV001953||1906||||1932|||Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud formed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|TM000085
EV001954||1933|||||||Saudi Arabian petroleum industry began.|TM000085
EV001955||1953|||||||Ibn Saud died and was succeeded by his son Saud.|TM000085
EV001956||1964|||||||Saud was forced to give up the throne and was succeeded by his brother Faisal.|TM000085
EV001957||1967|||||||Saudi Arabia supported Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War against Israel.|TM000085
EV001958||1973|||||||An Arab-Israeli war led Saudi Arabia to stop or reduce oil shipments to some Western nations.|TM000085
EV001959||1975|||||||Faisal was assassinated; he was succeeded by his half brother Prince Khalid.|TM000085
EV001960||1982|||||||Khalid died and was succeeded by his half brother Prince Fahd.|TM000085
EV001961||1991|||||||Saudi Arabia and a coalition of other nations defeated Iraq in the Persian Gulf War.|TM000085
EV001962|B.C.|c. 400|||||||Hippocrates taught that diseases have natural causes.|TM000086
EV001963|B.C.|c. 300|||||||Euclid organized geometry as a single system of mathematics.|TM000086
EV001964|B.C.|200's|||||||Archimedes discovered the laws of the lever and the pulley.|TM000086
EV001965|A.D.|100's|||||||Ptolemy proposed that the earth is the centre of the universe.|TM000086
EV001966|A.D.|100's|||||||Galen developed the first medical theories based on experiments.|TM000086
EV001967|A.D.|800's||||900's|||Arab scientists mapped heavenly bodies, made advances in math, medicine, and optics.|TM000086
EV001968||c. 1500|||||||Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy, astronomy, botany, and geology.|TM000086
EV001969||1543|||||||Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a sun-centred theory of the universe.|TM000086
EV001970||1543|||||||Andreas Vesalius published first scientific text on human anatomy.|TM000086
EV001971||1609|||||||Johannes Kepler established astronomy as an exact science.|TM000086
EV001972||1628|||||||William Harvey published his theory of how the blood circulates.|TM000086
EV001973||1600's|||||||Rene Descartes held that mathematics was a model for all sciences.|TM000086
EV001974||1600's|||||||Robert Hooke used the microscope to uncover the world of cells.|TM000086
EV001975||1600's|||||||Robert Boyle helped establish the experimental method in chemistry.|TM000086
EV001976||1665||||1667|||Sir Isaac Newton began modern study of optics.|TM000086
EV001977||1750's|||||||Carolus Linnaeus of Sweden began scientific classification of plants and animals.|TM000086
EV001978||1770's|||||||Carl Scheele and Joseph Priestly independently discovered oxygen.|TM000086
EV001979||1776|||||||Adam Smith published first complete work on classical economics.|TM000086
EV001980||1770's||||1780's|||Antoine Lavoisier discovered nature of combustion.|TM000086
EV001981||1830's|||||||Drawings of cells by Theodor Schwann of Germany helped prove cells make up all organisms.|TM000086
EV001982||1830|||||||Charles Lyell showed that the earth has changed slowly through the ages.|TM000086
EV001983||1831|||||||Michael Faraday produced a current with a moving magnet.|TM000086
EV001984||1866|||||||Gregor Mendel published basic laws of heredity.|TM000086
EV001985||1860's||||1880's|||Louis Pasteur started modern microbiology.|TM000086
EV001986||1859|||||||Charles Darwin set forth his theories of evolution in "The Origin of the Species."|TM000086
EV001987||1860's|||||||James Clerk Maxwell developed his electromagnetic theory.|TM000086
EV001988||1869|||||||Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table of the elements.|TM000086
EV001989||1879|||||||Wilhelm Wundt founded one of the first psychological laboratories.|TM000086
EV001990||1898|||||||Marie and Pierre Curie isolated the element radium.|TM000086
EV001991||c. 1900|||||||Sigmumd Freud established the field of psychoanalysis.|TM000086
EV001992||c. 1900|||||||Paul Ehrlich originated the treatment of diseases with chemicals.|TM000086
EV001993||1900|||||||Max Planck advanced his quantum theory.|TM000086
EV001994||1905|||||||Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity.|TM000086
EV001995||1911|||||||Ernest Rutherford put forth his theory of atomic structure.|TM000086
EV001996||1928|||||||Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.|TM000086
EV001997||1942|||||||Enrico Fermi and others at University of Chicago achieved first controlled nuclear chain reaction.|TM000086
EV001998||1953|||||||Jonas Salk produced first effective polio vaccine.|TM000086
EV001999||1953|||||||A ladderlike model of DNA built by James Watson and Francis Crick.|TM000086
EV002000||1957|||||||Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite.|TM000086
EV002001||1969|||||||Astronauts of U.S. Apollo 11 mission became first human beings to walk on the moon.|TM000086
EV002002||1974|||||||Researchers developed first successful recombinant DNA procedure.|TM000086
EV002003||1981|||||||U.S. launched space shuttle Columbia, the first reusable manned spacecraft.|TM000086
EV002004||1983|||||||Researchers in France isolated virus that causes AIDS.|TM000086
EV002005||1990|||||||Radar aboard spacecraft Magellan began to map surface of Venus.|TM000086
EV002006|B.C.|3000's|||||||Egyptians discovered sails and learned to build boats out of planks of wood.|TM000087
EV002007||c. 1200|||||||Shipbuilders in northern Europe introduced the stern rudder.|TM000087
EV002008||c. 1450|||||||Mediterranean shipbuilders developed the full-rigged sailing ship.|TM000087
EV002009||1807|||||||Robert Fulton built first commercially successful steamboat.|TM000087
EV002010||1818|||||||Britain launched the "Vulcan," the first known all-iron sailing ship.|TM000087
EV002011||1819|||||||"Savannah" became first steam-powered vessel to cross the Atlantic Ocean.|TM000087
EV002012||1836|||||||Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericsson patented propellers to drive steamboats.|TM000087
EV002013||1838|||||||"Sirius" became first ship with regular service across Atlantic under steam power alone.|TM000087
EV002014||1897|||||||Charles A. Parsons demonstrated efficiency of steam turbines in his launch "Turbinia."|TM000087
EV002015||1910||||1911|||First motorships went into operation.|TM000087
EV002016||1959|||||||U.S. launched the "Savannah," the first nuclear-powered merchant ship.|TM000087
EV002017||1980|||||||Tanker "Seawise Giant" was lengthened to become world's largest ship.|TM000087
EV002018|A.D.|c. 300|||||||Bantu-speaking farmers began to enter eastern South Africa from the north.|TM000088
EV002019||1652|||||||First Dutch settlers arrived at site of Cape Town.|TM000088
EV002020||1814|||||||The Netherlands gave Cape Colony to Britain.|TM000088
EV002021||1818||||1828|||Zulu leader Shaka built a powerful kingdom called KwaZulu (Zululand).|TM000088
EV002022||1836|||||||Boers left Cape Colony on Great Trek to Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal.|TM000088
EV002023||1852|||||||The Transvaal became a Boer republic.|TM000088
EV002024||1854|||||||The Orange Free State became a Boer republic.|TM000088
EV002025||1867|||||||Diamonds discovered near what is now Kimberley.|TM000088
EV002026||1877|||||||Britain annexed the Transvaal.|TM000088
EV002027||1879|||||||Britain defeated the Zulu kingdom.|TM000088
EV002028||1880||||1881|||Transvaal Boers defeated British in First Boer War.|TM000088
EV002029||1886|||||||Gold discovered near Johannesburg.|TM000088
EV002030||1893||||1914|||Mohandas K. Gandhi worked for Indian rights in South Africa.|TM000088
EV002031||1899||||1902|||Britain defeated Boers in Second Boer War.|TM000088
EV002032||1910|||||||Union of South Africa formed.|TM000088
EV002033||1912|||||||Blacks founded the African National Congress.|TM000088
EV002034||1948|||||||National Party came to power.|TM000088
EV002035||1961|||||||South Africa became a republic.|TM000088
EV002036||1976|||||||Blacks began widespread protests against South African government.|TM000088
EV002037||1985|||||||Protests followed adoption of constitution that continued to exclude blacks from government.|TM000088
EV002038||1990||||1991|||South Africa repealed last of laws that had formed legal basis of apartheid.|TM000088
EV002039||1994|||||||South Africa held its first all-race elections; Nelson Mandela elected president.|TM000088
EV002040||1996|||||||South Africa adopted a new constitution that includes a broad bill of rights.|TM000088
EV002041||1652|||||||Dutch pioneer Jan van Riebeeck wrote his "Daghregister", or "Journal".|TM000089
EV002042||1793||||1803|||British writer Lady Anne Barnard wrote "Letters from the Cape".|TM000089
EV002043||1835|||||||Thomas Pringle published "Narrative of a Residence in South Africa".|TM000089
EV002044||1883|||||||Olive Schreiner wrote the novel "The Story of an African Farm".|TM000089
EV002045||1908|||||||Douglas Blackburn wrote the novel "Leaven: A Black and White Story".|TM000089
EV002046||1910|||||||The formation of the Union of South Africa encouraged many writers to examine racial issues.|TM000089
EV002047||1925|||||||William Plomer shocked African colonial citizens with his hallucinatory novel "Turbott Wolfe".|TM000089
EV002048||1930|||||||Roy Campbell's collection of poetry, "Adamastor", depicted black Africans as heroic figures.|TM000089
EV002049||1930|||||||The novel "Mhudi", by Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje was published in English.|TM000089
EV002050||1931|||||||The historical romance "Chaka", by Thomas Mofoto, was translated into English from Xhosa.|TM000089
EV002051||1940|||||||A.C. Jordan's Xhosa-language novel translated into English as "The Wrath of the Ancestors".|TM000089
EV002052||1941|||||||H. I. E. Dhlomo wrote his epic peom "Valley of a Thousand Hills".|TM000089
EV002053||1947|||||||Herman Charles Bosman satirized the Afrikaner rural community in his short story "Mafeking Road".|TM000089
EV002054||1948|||||||Alan Paton wrote about South Africa's racial problems in his novel "Cry, the Beloved Country".|TM000089
EV002055||1953|||||||Nobel Prize-winning author Nadine Gordimer's first novel "The Lying Days" was published.|TM000089
EV002056||1959|||||||Es'kia Mphahlele wrote of home and exile in his autobiography "Down Second Avenue".|TM000089
EV002057||1970's|||||||Many black South African students and writers subscribed to the Black Consciousness movement.|TM000089
EV002058||1971|||||||Black South African poet Mbuyiseni Oswald Mtshali wrote "Sounds of a Cowhide Drum".|TM000089
EV002059||1975|||||||Sipho Sepamla wrote the poem "Hurry Up to It!", urging resistance to white rule in South Africa.|TM000089
EV002060||1979|||||||Mtutuzeli Matshoba used African townships as the setting for his book of poems "Call Me Not a Man".|TM000089
EV002061||1980|||||||J. M. Coetzee wrote "Waiting for the Barbarians".|TM000089
EV002062||1981|||||||Nadine Gordimer wrote "July's People" at the height of Black Consciousness activism in South Africa.|TM000089
EV002063||1926|||||||Robert H. Goddard launched world's first liquid-propellant rocket.|TM000090
EV002064||1957|Oct.|4|||||Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite.|TM000090
EV002065||1958|||||||The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was formed.|TM000090
EV002066||1959|Sept.|12|||||Soviet Union launched Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon.|TM000090
EV002067||1961|April|12|||||Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the person to orbit the earth.|TM000090
EV002068||1961|May|5|||||Alan B. Shepard, Jr., became first U.S. astronaut in space.|TM000090
EV002069||1962|Feb.|20|||||John H. Glenn, Jr., became first U.S. astronaut to orbit the earth.|TM000090
EV002070||1963|June|16|||||Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became first woman in space.|TM000090
EV002071||1964|Oct.|12|||||Soviet Union launched Voskhod, the first multiperson space capsule.|TM000090
EV002072||1968|Dec.|21|||||U.S. launched Apollo 8, the first piloted space mission to orbit the moon.|TM000090
EV002073||1969|July|20|||||U.S. astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., made the first manned lunar landing.|TM000090
EV002074||1970|Dec.|15|||||Soviet Union's Venera 7 became first space probe to transmit data from Venus's surface.|TM000090
EV002075||1971|June|7|||||Soviet cosmonauts boarded Salyut 1, making it the first manned orbiting space station.|TM000090
EV002076||1975|June|8|||||Soviet Union launched Venera 9, which became first spacecraft to photograph surface of Venus.|TM000090
EV002077||1975|July|15|||||U.S. and Soviet Union launched Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.|TM000090
EV002078||1975|Aug.|20|||||U.S. launched Viking 1.|TM000090
EV002079||1976|||||||Viking 1 and Viking 2 landed on Mars and sent back photos and data.|TM000090
EV002080||1977|Aug.|20|||||U.S. launched Voyager 2.|TM000090
EV002081||1979|||||||Voyager 2 flew past and photographed Jupiter.|TM000090
EV002082||1981|||||||Voyager 2 flew past and photographed Saturn.|TM000090
EV002083||1981|April|12|||||U.S. launched space shuttle Columbia, the first reusable manned spacecraft.|TM000090
EV002084||1985|July|2|||||European Space Agency launched Giotto.|TM000090
EV002085||1986|Jan.||||||Voyager 2 flew past and photographed Uranus.|TM000090
EV002086||1986|Jan.|28|||||U.S. space shuttle Challenger was destroyed in an accident shortly after launch.|TM000090
EV002087||1986|March|14|||||Giotto passed Halley's Comet, photographed the comet's nucleus, and sent back data.|TM000090
EV002088||1989|Aug.||||||Voyager 2 flew past and photographed Neptune.|TM000090
EV002089||1989|Oct.|18|||||U.S. launched Galileo.|TM000090
EV002090||1990|Aug.|10|||||U.S. space probe Magellan began to orbit Venus and return radar images of planet's surface.|TM000090
EV002091||1995|||||||Galileo reached Jupiter.|TM000090
EV002092||1996|||||||U.S. astronaut Shannon Lucid spent over six months aboard space station Mir.|TM000090
EV002093|B.C.|1000's|||||||Phoenicians began to colonize Spain.|TM000091
EV002094|B.C.|400's|||||||Carthaginians conquered much of Spain.|TM000091
EV002095|B.C.|200's|||||||Romans drove Carthaginians from Spain.|TM000091
EV002096|A.D.|400's|||||||Visigoths took Spain from Romans.|TM000091
EV002097|A.D.|711||||718|||Moors conquered almost all Spain.|TM000091
EV002098||1000's|||||||Christian kingdoms began to drive Moors from Spain.|TM000091
EV002099||1479|||||||Aragon and Castile united, bringing almost all of what is now Spain under one rule.|TM000091
EV002100||1492|||||||Spanish forces conquered Granada, the last centre of Moorish control in Spain.|TM000091
EV002101||1492|||||||Christopher Columbus sailed to America and claimed it for Spain.|TM000091
EV002102||1512|||||||King Ferdinand V seized Kingdom of Navarre, completing unification of what is now Spain.|TM000091
EV002103||1588|||||||English navy defeated Spanish Armada.|TM000091
EV002104||1808||||1814|||English, Portuguese, and Spanish forces drove French from Spain during Peninsular War.|TM000091
EV002105||1810||||1825|||All Spain's American colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico declared their independence.|TM000091
EV002106||1898|||||||Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in Spanish-American War.|TM000091
EV002107||1931|||||||King Alfonso XIII fled the country, and Spain became a democratic republic.|TM000091
EV002108||1936||||1939|||Spanish Civil War fought; it brought General Francisco Franco to power as dictator.|TM000091
EV002109||1950's||||1960's|||Spain achieved one of the highest rates of economic growth in the world.|TM000091
EV002110||1975|||||||Franco died.|TM000091
EV002111||1978|||||||Spaniards approved a new Constitution based on democratic principles.|TM000091
EV002112||1982|||||||Spain joined NATO.|TM000091
EV002113||1986|||||||Spain joined the European Community.|TM000091
EV002114|A.D.|900's|||||||First lyric poems written, called "jarchas."|TM000092
EV002115||c. 1100|||||||Pedro Alfonso wrote the first known prose fiction, "Scholar's Guide."|TM000092
EV002116||1100's|||||||Gonzalo de Berceo, the first known Spanish poet, wrote "Miracles of Our Lady."|TM000092
EV002117||c. 1140|||||||Unknown author wrote "Poem of the Cid."|TM000092
EV002118||c. 1150||||1200|||"The Play of the Three Wise Men."|TM000092
EV002119||1251|||||||Tales collected as "Calila and Dimna."|TM000092
EV002120||1253|||||||Tales collected as "Sendebar."|TM000092
EV002121||1260's||||1280's|||"General Chronicle of Spain; General History."|TM000092
EV002122||1330|||||||Juan Ruiz wrote "The Book of Good Love."|TM000092
EV002123||1335|||||||Don Juan Manuel wrote "Count Lucanor."|TM000092
EV002124||1400's|||||||Lyric poems collected as "Cancionero de Baena" and "Cancionero de Stuniga."|TM000092
EV002125||1444|||||||Juan de Mena wrote "The Labyrinth of Fate."|TM000092
EV002126||1473|||||||Printing introduced probably in Saragossa.|TM000092
EV002127||1476|||||||Jorge Manrique wrote "Coplas."|TM000092
EV002128||1490|||||||Joanot Martorell and Marti Joan de Galba published "Tirant lo Blanch."|TM000092
EV002129||1492|||||||Antonio de Nebrija wrote "Castilian Grammar."|TM000092
EV002130||1492|||||||Diego de San Pedro wrote "The Prison of Love."|TM000092
EV002131||1499|||||||Fernando de Rojas wrote "La Celestina," first published as "Comedia de Calisto y Medlibea."|TM000092
EV002132||1508|||||||"Amadis of Gaul" first printed.|TM000092
EV002133||1517|||||||Bartolome de Torres Naharro published the drama collection "Propalladia."|TM000092
EV002134||1554|||||||Anonymous author wrote the picaresque novel "Lazarillo de Tormes."|TM000092
EV002135||c. 1559|||||||Jorge de Montemayor wrote the pastoral novel "Diana."|TM000092
EV002136||1564|||||||Gaspar Gil Polo wrote the pastoral novel "Diana in Love."|TM000092
EV002137||1569||||1589|||Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga wrote the epic poem "La Araucana."|TM000092
EV002138||1582|||||||Fray Luis de Granada wrote "Introduction to the Symbol of Faith."|TM000092
EV002139||1583|||||||Fray Luis de Leon wrote "The Names of Christ."|TM000092
EV002140||1587|||||||Autobiography of Saint Teresa.|TM000092
EV002141||1599||||1604|||Mateo Aleman wrote the picaresque novel "Guzman de Alfarache."|TM000092
EV002142||1605|||||||Francisco Lopez de Ubeda wrote the picaresque novel "La picara Justina."|TM000092
EV002143||1605|||||||Miguel de Cervantes published first part of the novel "Don Quixote."|TM000092
EV002144||c. 1613|||||||Luis de Gongora wrote the poem "Polifemo and Galatea."|TM000092
EV002145||1618|||||||Vicente Espinel wrote "Marcos de Obregon."|TM000092
EV002146||c. 1618|||||||Guillen de Castro wrote the drama "The Cid's Youth."|TM000092
EV002147||1619|||||||Lope de Vega wrote the drama "Fuenteovejuna."|TM000092
EV002148||1626|||||||Francisco de Quevedo wrote the novel "Life of the Swindler."|TM000092
EV002149||1630|||||||Tirso de Molina (pseudonym of Gabriel Tellez) wrote the drama "The Deceiver of Seville."|TM000092
EV002150||1634|||||||Pedro Calderon de la Barca wrote the drama "Life Is a Dream."|TM000092
EV002151||1726||||1740|||Benito Jeronimo Feijoo wrote "Universal Theatre of Criticism."|TM000092
EV002152||1737|||||||Ignacio de Luzan wrote "Poetics."|TM000092
EV002153||1758||||1768|||Jose Francisco de Isla wrote the novel "History of the Famous Preacher, Friar Gerund de Campazas."|TM000092
EV002154||1789|||||||Jose Cadalso wrote "Moroccan Letters."|TM000092
EV002155||1806|||||||Leandro Fernandez de Moratin wrote the drama "The Maiden's Consent."|TM000092
EV002156||1835|||||||Angel de Saavedra wrote "Don Alvaro or the Force of Destiny."|TM000092
EV002157||1836|||||||Antonio Garcia Gutierrez wrote the romantic tragedy "The Troubadour."|TM000092
EV002158||1836||||1839|||Jose de Espronceda wrote the poem "The Student from Salamanca."|TM000092
EV002159||1844|||||||Jose Zorrilla wrote the drama "Don Juan Tenorio."|TM000092
EV002160||1847|||||||El Solitario wrote the costumbrismo novel "Andalusian Scenes."|TM000092
EV002161||1849|||||||Fernan Caballero wrote the costumbrismo novel "The Seagull."|TM000092
EV002162||1867|||||||Manuel Tamayo y Baus wrote the drama "A New Play."|TM000092
EV002163||1874|||||||Pedro Antonio de Alarcon wrote the short novel "The Three-Cornered Hat."|TM000092
EV002164||1874|||||||Juan Valera wrote the novel "Pepita Jimenez."|TM000092
EV002165||1875|||||||Gaspar Nunez de Arce wrote the patriotic poems "War Cries."|TM000092
EV002166||1881|||||||Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre wrote the tragedy "The Great Go-Between."|TM000092
EV002167||1883|||||||Armando Palacio Valdes wrote the novel "Marta and Maria."|TM000092
EV002168||1884|||||||Rosalia de Castro wrote the poems "On the Shores of the River Sar."|TM000092
EV002169||1885|||||||Clarin wrote the novel "La Regenta."|TM000092
EV002170||1886|||||||Emilio Pardo Bazan wrote the novel "The Ulloa Estate."|TM000092
EV002171||1887|||||||Benito Perez Galdos wrote the novel "Fortunata and Jacinta."|TM000092
EV002172||1895|||||||Jose Maria de Pereda wrote the costumbrismo novel "The Upper Cliffs."|TM000092
EV002173||1902|||||||Ramon Maria del Valle-Inclan wrote "Autumn Sonata."|TM000092
EV002174||1904|||||||Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000092
EV002175||1907|||||||Jacinto Benavente wrote the comedy "The Bonds of Interest."|TM000092
EV002176||1909|||||||Pio Baroja wrote the novel "Zalacain the Adventurer."|TM000092
EV002177||1913|||||||Miguel de Unamuno wrote "The Tragic Sense of Life."|TM000092
EV002178||1914|||||||Juan Ramon Jimenez wrote "Platero and I."|TM000092
EV002179||1916|||||||Vicente Blasco Ibanez wrote the novel "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse."|TM000092
EV002180||1930|||||||Jose Ortega y Gasset wrote "The Revolt of the Masses."|TM000092
EV002181||1933|||||||Federico Garcia Lorca wrote the tragedy "Blood Wedding."|TM000092
EV002182||1942|||||||Camilo Jose Cela wrote the novel "The Family of Pascual Duarte."|TM000092
EV002183||1944|||||||Carmen Laforet wrote the novel "Nothing."|TM000092
EV002184||1949|||||||Antonio Buero Vallejo wrote the drama "History of a Staircase."|TM000092
EV002185||1956|||||||Juan Ramon Jimenez won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000092
EV002186||1962|||||||Luis Martin Santos wrote the novel "Time of Silence."|TM000092
EV002187||1964|||||||Ana Maria Matute wrote the novel "Soldiers Cry at Night."|TM000092
EV002188||1966|||||||Miguel Delibes wrote the novel "Five Hours with Mario."|TM000092
EV002189||1970|||||||Juan Goytisolo wrote the novel "The Revenge of Count Julian."|TM000092
EV002190||1972|||||||Gonzalo Torrente Ballester wrote the novel "The Saga/Flight of J.B."|TM000092
EV002191||1973|||||||Juan Marse wrote the novel "If They Tell You I Fell Down."|TM000092
EV002192||1975|||||||Eduardo Mendoza wrote the novel "The Truth About the Savolta Case."|TM000092
EV002193||1977|||||||Vicente Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000092
EV002194||1978|||||||Carmen Martin Gaite wrote the novel "The Back Room."|TM000092
EV002195||1981|||||||Luis Goytisolo wrote the novel "Antagonia."|TM000092
EV002196||1989|||||||Camilo Jose Cela won the Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000092
EV002197||1992|||||||Jose Angel Valente wrote the prose poems "The Singer Does Not Awake."|TM000092
EV002198||1879|Dec.|21|||||Joseph Stalin born in Gori, Russia.|TM000093
EV002199||1901|||||||Joined Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.|TM000093
EV002200||1905|||||||Joseph Stalin met V. I. Lenin for the first time.|TM000093
EV002201||1912|||||||Stalin named by Lenin to Bolshevik Party Central Committee.|TM000093
EV002202||1917|||||||Named commissar of nationalities after Bolshevik revolution.|TM000093
EV002203||1922|||||||Stalin appointed general secretary of Communist Party.|TM000093
EV002204||1928|||||||Began five-year plans to industrialize U.S.S.R.|TM000093
EV002205||1929|||||||Joseph Stalin became dictator of Soviet Union.|TM000093
EV002206||1935|||||||Stalin began great purge of Communist Party members.|TM000093
EV002207||1939|||||||U.S.S.R. signed a nonaggression pact with Germany.|TM000093
EV002208||1941|||||||Stalin named himself premier of Soviet Union.|TM000093
EV002209||1941|||||||Germany attacked U.S.S.R. during World War II.|TM000093
EV002210||1953|March|5|||||Joseph Stalin died in Moscow.|TM000093
EV002211|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||Earliest recorded astronomical observations made in China.|TM000094
EV002212|B.C.|c. 100's|||||||Hipparchus drew up first catalogue of stars that showed their brightness and position.|TM000094
EV002213|A.D.|c. 150|||||||Ptolemy catalogued stars and developed way of using numbers to record star positions.|TM000094
EV002214||1572|||||||Tycho Brahe proved that a supernova he observed was a star.|TM000094
EV002215||1609||||1610|||Galileo pioneered use of a telescope to study stars too faint to be seen with unaided eye.|TM000094
EV002216||1718|||||||Edmond Halley showed that stars had a proper motion.|TM000094
EV002217||1780|||||||Sir William Herschel made discoveries about star brightness and other stellar phenomena.|TM000094
EV002218||1783|||||||John Goodricke correctly explained varying brightness of Algol, the first known variable star.|TM000094
EV002219||1838|||||||Friedrich Bessel became first scientist to measure distance of a star by parallax.|TM000094
EV002220||1850|||||||William and George Bond took first telescopic photograph of a star.|TM000094
EV002221||1890's|||||||Edward Barnard proved that dark clouds of gas and dust exist among stars of Milky Way.|TM000094
EV002222||1924|||||||Sir Arthur Eddington explained relationship between the mass and the brightness of a star.|TM000094
EV002223||1930's|||||||Hans Bethe explained that energy is produced in stars by nuclear fusion.|TM000094
EV002224||1967|||||||British radio astronomers discovered the first pulsar.|TM000094
EV002225||1974|||||||Certain pulsating X-ray sources found to be binaries where one star is neutron star or black hole.|TM000094
EV002226||1987|||||||Astronomers expanded knowledge of stellar explosions by observing Supernova 1987A.|TM000094
EV002227|B.C.|c. 6000|||||||The first settlers came to Sweden.|TM000095
EV002228|A.D.|c. 800's|||A.D.|1000's|||Swedish Vikings attacked other countries, traded, and colonized.|TM000095
EV002229|A.D.|829|||||||Christianity introduced into Sweden.|TM000095
EV002230||1397|||||||Sweden, Denmark, and Norway united in Union of Kalmar.|TM000095
EV002231||1523|||||||Gustavus Vasa was elected king and Sweden became independent.|TM000095
EV002232||c. 1540|||||||Lutheranism became Sweden's official religion.|TM000095
EV002233||1630||||1632|||Gustavus Adolphus won victories for Sweden in Thirty Years' War.|TM000095
EV002234||1709|||||||Swedish power declined after Battle of Poltava.|TM000095
EV002235||1809|||||||Sweden lost Finland to Russia; a new constitution was adopted.|TM000095
EV002236||1814|||||||Sweden gained Norway from Denmark.|TM000095
EV002237||1867|||||||Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, invented dynamite.|TM000095
EV002238||1867||||1886|||Many Swedes emigrated to U.S. due to harsh economic conditions in Sweden.|TM000095
EV002239||1905|||||||Norway dissolved its union with Sweden.|TM000095
EV002240||1914||||1918|||Sweden was neutral in World War I.|TM000095
EV002241||1939||||1945|||Sweden remained neutral in World War II.|TM000095
EV002242||1960|||||||Sweden helped form the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).|TM000095
EV002243||1975|||||||Sweden adopted a new constitution that greatly reduced the power of the king.|TM000095
EV002244||1986|||||||Prime Minister Olof Palme killed by an assassin.|TM000095
EV002245||1995|||||||Sweden left EFTA and joined the European Union (EU).|TM000095
EV002246|B.C.|58|||||||Roman armies under Julius Caesar conquered Helvetia (now Switzerland).|TM000096
EV002247|A.D.|400's|||||||Germanic tribes occupied Helvetia.|TM000096
EV002248||962|||||||Most of what is now Switzerland became part of Holy Roman Empire.|TM000096
EV002249||1291|||||||Three cantons signed Perpetual Covenant, which marked start of Swiss Confederation.|TM000096
EV002250||1315||||1388|||Switzerland defeated Austria in three wars of independence.|TM000096
EV002251||1470's|||||||Victories over Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, established Switzerland as a European power.|TM000096
EV002252||1515|||||||Swiss were defeated by French in Italy and began their policy of permanent neutrality.|TM000096
EV002253||1648|||||||Holy Roman Empire recognized Switzerland's independence.|TM000096
EV002254||1798|||||||French forces occupied Switzerland and established the Helvetic Republic under their control.|TM000096
EV002255||1815|||||||Congress of Vienna expanded Switzerland to 22 cantons and restored old confederation.|TM000096
EV002256||1848|||||||Switzerland adopted constitution that established federal power over the confederation.|TM000096
EV002257||1863|||||||The Red Cross was founded in Switzerland.|TM000096
EV002258||1874|||||||Constitutional changes increased federal power.|TM000096
EV002259||1920|||||||League of Nations met at its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, for its first session.|TM000096
EV002260||1958|||||||Basel became first Swiss city to let women vote in local elections.|TM000096
EV002261||1960|||||||Switzerland helped form the European Free Trade Association.|TM000096
EV002262||1963|||||||Switzerland joined the Council of Europe.|TM000096
EV002263||1971|||||||Women won voting rights in national elections of Switzerland.|TM000096
EV002264||1979|||||||Jura was created as 23rd canton of Switzerland.|TM000096
EV002265||1984|||||||Elisabeth Kopp became first woman elected to Federal Council.|TM000096
EV002266|B.C.|2300's|||||||Akkadians conquered northern and eastern Syria.|TM000097
EV002267|B.C.|c. 1500|||||||Arameans arrived in Syria.|TM000097
EV002268|B.C.|732|||||||Assyrians conquered most of Syria.|TM000097
EV002269|B.C.|539|||||||Syria became part of Persian Empire.|TM000097
EV002270|B.C.|331|||||||Alexander the Great gained control of Syria.|TM000097
EV002271|B.C.|64|||||||Syria fell to the Romans.|TM000097
EV002272|A.D.|637|||||||Muslim Arabs invaded and took control of Syria.|TM000097
EV002273||1516|||||||The Ottomans added Syria to their empire.|TM000097
EV002274||1914||||1918|||Syrians and other Arabs revolted against Turkish rule during World War I.|TM000097
EV002275||1920|||||||France received Syria as a League of Nations mandate.|TM000097
EV002276||1946|||||||Syria gained complete independence from France.|TM000097
EV002277||1947|||||||Syrian and other Arab troops invaded Israel; UN eventually arranged a cease-fire.|TM000097
EV002278||1967|||||||Israel defeated Syria, Egypt, and Jordan in six-day war; Israel occupied Syria's Golan Heights.|TM000097
EV002279||1973|||||||Syria joined several other Arab nations in another war against Israel.|TM000097
EV002280||1976|||||||Syria sent troops into Lebanon in an effort to stop a civil war there.|TM000097
EV002281||1981|||||||Israel claimed legal and political authority in Golan Heights; Syria denounced this action.|TM000097
EV002282||1991|||||||Syrian troops joined the allied forces against Iraq during Persian Gulf War.|TM000097
EV002283||1556||||1598|||Spanish Empire reached its height--and began to decline--under reign of Philip II.|TM000091
EV002284||1808|||||||Napoleon's armies seized Madrid.|TM000091
EV002285|B.C.|c. 5000|||||||People began to use donkeys and oxen as pack animals.|TM000098
EV002286|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||Mesopotamians probably built first wheeled vehicles.|TM000098
EV002287|B.C.|c. 3200|||||||Egyptians invented sails and produced first sailboats.|TM000098
EV002288|B.C.|300's|||A.D.|20|||Romans built first extensive system of paved roads.|TM000098
EV002289||c. 800|||||||The rigid horse collar appeared in Europe.|TM000098
EV002290||1100's|||||||Wagon makers in Europe built the first travelling carriages.|TM000098
EV002291||1490's|||||||Improvements in ship construction helped make long ocean voyages possible.|TM000098
EV002292||1660's|||||||The first city coach line opened in Paris.|TM000098
EV002293||1700's|||||||British inventors developed the steam engine.|TM000098
EV002294||1807|||||||First commercially successful steamboat service began in U.S.|TM000098
EV002295||1825|||||||First successful steam railway began operations in England.|TM000098
EV002296||1880's|||||||German inventors built first petrol engines and used them to power bicycles.|TM000098
EV002297||1890's|||||||French engineers built first petrol-powered vehicles with car bodies.|TM000098
EV002298||1903|||||||Wright brothers made the first successful powered aeroplane flight.|TM000098
EV002299||1920's|||||||Cars became chief means of passenger transportation in U.S.|TM000098
EV002300||1950's|||||||First commercial jet airliners began service.|TM000098
EV002301||1970's|||||||U.S. and other developed countries faced shortages of transporation fuel.|TM000098
EV002302||1976|||||||First supersonic passenger airliner, the Concorde, began service between Europe and U.S.|TM000098
EV002303|B.C.|1500|||||||Hittites, the earliest known inhabitants of what is now Turkey, ruled in Anatolia.|TM000099
EV002304|B.C.|63|||||||Roman general Pompey conquered Anatolia.|TM000099
EV002305|A.D.|330|||||||Constantine the Great moved capital of Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople.|TM000099
EV002306||1071|||||||Seljuk Turks conquered most of Anatolia by defeating Byzantines in Battle of Manzikert.|TM000099
EV002307||1326|||||||Ottoman Turks captured Bursa, which marked beginning of Ottoman Empire.|TM000099
EV002308||1453|||||||Ottomans captured Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire.|TM000099
EV002309||1783||||1914|||Ottoman Empire lost much of its territory in a series of military defeats.|TM000099
EV002310||1908|||||||The Young Turks revolted against the government.|TM000099
EV002311||1914||||1918|||In World War I, Ottoman Empire allied with Germany and lost much of its remaining territory.|TM000099
EV002312||1923|||||||Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) set up Republic of Turkey.|TM000099
EV002313||1947|||||||Turkey received economic and military aid from U.S. to resist Soviet expansion.|TM000099
EV002314||1960|||||||Turkish army units overthrew the government.|TM000099
EV002315||1961|||||||Free elections held in Turkey.|TM000099
EV002317||1980|||||||Army units again took control of the government.|TM000099
EV002318||1983|||||||Government in Turkey returned to civilian control.|TM000099
EV002319|A.D.|800's|||||||East Slavs established the state of Kievan Rus.|TM000100
EV002320|A.D.|988|||||||Vladimir I made Christianity the state religion of Ukraine.|TM000100
EV002321||1240|||||||Mongols destroyed Kiev and conquered Ukraine.|TM000100
EV002322||1569|||||||Ukraine came under Polish control.|TM000100
EV002323||1648|||||||Ukrainian Cossack revolt freed Ukraine from Polish rule.|TM000100
EV002324||1790's|||||||Russia gained control of most of Ukraine.|TM000100
EV002325||1918|||||||Ukraine became an independent country.|TM000100
EV002326||1920|||||||Communist Russia regained control of most of Ukraine by this time.|TM000100
EV002327||1922|||||||Ukraine became one of the four original republics of the Soviet Union.|TM000100
EV002328||1932||||1933|||Millions of Ukrainians died from a famine after Soviet authorities took food from their homes.|TM000100
EV002329||1941||||1945|||Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought for Ukrainian independence during World War II.|TM000100
EV002330||1960's|||||||Ukrainians began a protest movement against Soviet rule.|TM000100
EV002331||1991|||||||Ukrainian parliament declared Ukraine an independent country; Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000100
EV002332||1917|March||||||A revolution overthrew Czar Nicholas II.|TM000101
EV002333||1917|||||||Bolsheviks (later called Communists) seized power, led by V. I. Lenin.|TM000101
EV002334||1918||||1920|||Communists defeated their anti-Communist opponents in a civil war.|TM000101
EV002335||1922|||||||U.S.S.R. established; Joseph Stalin began his rise to power as dictator.|TM000101
EV002336||1930's|||||||Millions of Soviet citizens died from a famine and the Great Purge.|TM000101
EV002337||1941||||1945|||Soviet Union fought on the side of the victorious Allies during World War II.|TM000101
EV002338||1945||||1948|||Soviet Union set up Iron Curtain to cut off contacts between Communist and Western nations.|TM000101
EV002339||1953|||||||Stalin died, and Nikita S. Khrushchev became head of the Communist Party.|TM000101
EV002340||1956|||||||Khrushchev announced a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West.|TM000101
EV002341||1957|||||||The U.S.S.R. launched Sputnik 1, the first spacecraft to circle the earth.|TM000101
EV002342||1958|||||||Khrushchev became premier of the Soviet Union.|TM000101
EV002343||1961|||||||Yuri A. Gagarin became the first person to orbit the earth.|TM000101
EV002344||1962|||||||U.S.S.R. set up missile bases in Cuba and then removed them under pressure from U.S.|TM000101
EV002345||1964|||||||Khrushchev forced to retire; Leonid I. Brezhnev became head of Communist Party.|TM000101
EV002346||1979||||1989|||Soviet troops supported a pro-Communist Afghan government against rebels.|TM000101
EV002347||1982|||||||Brezhnev died.|TM000101
EV002348||1985|||||||Mikhail S. Gorbachev became Communist Party head.|TM000101
EV002349||1989|||||||The first contested elections in Soviet history were held.|TM000101
EV002350||1991|||||||Communist rule ended, the republics declared their independence, and Soviet Union was dissolved.|TM000101
EV002351||1707|||||||Act of Union united England and Wales with Scotland.|TM000102
EV002352||1756||||1763|||Britain won control of France's North American empire.|TM000102
EV002353||1775||||1783|||Britain lost its American Colonies in the Revolutionary War in America.|TM000102
EV002354||1793||||1815|||Britain defeated France in Napoleonic Wars.|TM000102
EV002355||1801|||||||Ireland joined with Britain, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.|TM000102
EV002356||1832|||||||First Reform Act gave most men of the middle class the right to vote.|TM000102
EV002357||1837||||1901|||Britain became world's richest country, and British Empire reached its height.|TM000102
EV002358||1914||||1918|||Britain and other Allies defeated Germany and other Central Powers in World War I.|TM000102
EV002359||1921|||||||Southern Ireland became a British dominion called the Irish Free State.|TM000102
EV002360||1931|||||||Commonwealth of Nations established.|TM000102
EV002361||1939||||1945|||Britain and other Allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan in World War II.|TM000102
EV002362||1949|||||||Irish Free State declared itself the independent Republic of Ireland.|TM000102
EV002363||1956|||||||Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt but withdrew under inernational pressure.|TM000102
EV002364||1963|||||||Britain's application for membership in the European Economic Community was rejected.|TM000102
EV002365||1967|||||||Britain's second application for European Economic Community membership was rejected.|TM000102
EV002366||1967|||||||The British government devalued the pound.|TM000102
EV002367||1973|||||||Britain became a member of the European Community.|TM000102
EV002368||1982|||||||British forces defeated Argentine forces in battles for control of the Falkland Islands.|TM000102
EV002369||1991|||||||British forces participated in the Persian Gulf War.|TM000102
EV002370||1994|||||||A railway tunnel opened under the English Channel between Britain and France.|TM000102
EV002371||1945|April|25|||||The San Francisco Conference to establish the UN opened.|TM000103
EV002372||1945|June|26|||||Charter of the United Nations was signed by delegates at San Francisco Conference.|TM000103
EV002373||1945|Oct.|24|||||The UN was born as the required number of nations approved the charter.|TM000103
EV002374||1946|Jan.|10|||||First session of the General Assembly opened in London.|TM000103
EV002375||1946|Feb.|14|||||The UN voted to have its headquarters in the United States.|TM000103
EV002376||1947|||||||General Assembly approved a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.|TM000103
EV002377||1948|Dec.|10|||||The UN approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.|TM000103
EV002378||1949|||||||A UN commission arranged a cease-fire between the Netherlands and Indonesia.|TM000103
EV002379||1949|||||||UN official Ralph J. Bunche arranged cease-fires between Israel and its opponents.|TM000103
EV002380||1949|||||||UN arranged set up a truce line between India's and Pakistan's troops in Kashmir.|TM000103
EV002381||1950||||1953|||UN troops prevented armies of North Korea from taking over South Korea in Korean War.|TM000103
EV002382||1954|||||||Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded Nobel Peace Prize.|TM000103
EV002383||1956|||||||UN arranged a cease-fire between Egypt and its opponents in dispute over Suez Canal.|TM000103
EV002384||1960||||1964|||A UN force helped restore order in the former Belgian colony of Congo.|TM000103
EV002385||1962|||||||UN began governing West New Guinea.|TM000103
EV002386||1964|||||||UN sent a peacekeeping force to Cyprus.|TM000103
EV002387||1965|||||||UN helped arrange a cease-fire in Kashmir between troops from India and Pakistan.|TM000103
EV002388||1965|||||||UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.|TM000103
EV002389||1966|||||||Security Council voted economic sanctions against Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).|TM000103
EV002390||1967|||||||UN arranged a cease-fire between Israeli and Arab forces, ending Six-Day War.|TM000103
EV002391||1968|||||||General Assembly endorsed a treaty designed to stop spread of nuclear weapons.|TM000103
EV002392||1971|||||||General Assembly voted to expel Nationalist China and admit Communist China to the UN.|TM000103
EV002393||1973|||||||Security Council helped negotiate cease-fires to end the Yom Kippur War.|TM000103
EV002394||1974|||||||UN sent peacekeeping forces to Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.|TM000103
EV002395||1976|||||||General Assembly urged UN members to stop trading with South Africa.|TM000103
EV002396||1977|||||||Security Council ordered all UN members to stop selling weapons to South Africa.|TM000103
EV002397||1978|||||||UN sent a peacekeeping force to Lebanon.|TM000103
EV002398||1981|||||||Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded Nobel Peace Prize.|TM000103
EV002399||1988|||||||UN peacekeeping forces were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.|TM000103
EV002400||1988|||||||The UN arranged a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq.|TM000103
EV002401||1988|||||||UN helped negotiate the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.|TM000103
EV002402||1989|||||||UN sent a peacekeeping force to Namibia to oversee a cease-fire there.|TM000103
EV002403||1990|||||||UN peacekeeping force began overseeing a cease-fire in Nicaragua.|TM000103
EV002404||1991|||||||UN arranged a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front.|TM000103
EV002405||1991|||||||Coalition of UN members expelled Iraqi military forces from Kuwait in Persian Gulf War.|TM000103
EV002406||1991|||||||UN sponsored a peace treaty that ended a civil war in Cambodia.|TM000103
EV002407||1992|||||||UN helped negotiate a cease-fire in El Salvador.|TM000103
EV002408||1992|||||||UN sent a peacekeeping force to Croatia.|TM000103
EV002409||1992|||||||UN began supplying food and medicine to civilians in Bosnia-Herzegovina.|TM000103
EV002410||1992|||||||UN authorized U.S. and other troops to enter Somalia to protect international relief workers.|TM000103
EV002411||1993||||1994|||UN peacekeeping force oversaw a cease-fire in Mozambique.|TM000103
EV002412||1994||||1996|||UN provided humanitarian aid and peacekeeping troops during and after a civil war in Rwanda.|TM000103
EV002413||1995|||||||UN peacekeeping force began overseeing a cease-fire in Angola's civil war.|TM000103
EV002414|B.C.|111|||||||Chinese conquered what is now northern Vietnam.|TM000104
EV002415|A.D.|939|||||||China ended its rule over the Vietnamese, who then set up an independent state.|TM000104
EV002416||1802|||||||Nguyen Anh united the country and called it Vietnam.|TM000104
EV002417||1858||||1883|||France took control of Vietnam.|TM000104
EV002418||1940||||1945|||Japan controlled Vietnam during World War II.|TM000104
EV002419||1946|||||||War began between France and the Vietnimh.|TM000104
EV002420||1954|||||||The Vietnimh defeated the French; Geneva Conference divided Vietnam into two nations.|TM000104
EV002421||1957|||||||Viet Cong began to rebel against South Vietnamese government, resulting in Vietnam War.|TM000104
EV002422||1973|||||||U.S. participation in the Vietnam War ended.|TM000104
EV002423||1975|April|30|||||Vietnam War ended when Sout Vietnam surrendered to the Communists.|TM000104
EV002424||1976|||||||Communists unified North and South Vietnam into the nation of Vietnam.|TM000104
EV002425||1978|||||||Vietnam invaded Cambodia and helped pro-Vietnamese Cambodians gain control of government.|TM000104
EV002426||1989|||||||Vietnam claimed to have withdrawn all its troops from Cambodia.|TM000104
EV002427||1957|||||||Viet Cong began to rebel against South Vietnamese government headed by Ngo Dinh Diem.|TM000105
EV002428||1963|Nov.|1|||||South Vietnamese generals overthrew the Diem government.|TM000105
EV002429||1964|Aug.|7|||||Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution.|TM000105
EV002430||1965|March|6|||||President Lyndon B. Johnson sent first U.S. ground troops to Vietnam.|TM000105
EV002431||1968|Jan.|30|||||North Vietnam and Viet Cong launched a campaign against South Vietnamese cities.|TM000105
EV002432||1969|June|8|||||President Richard M. Nixon announced that U.S. troops would begin to withdraw from Vietnam.|TM000105
EV002433||1973|Jan.|27|||||The U.S., North and South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong signed a cease-fire agreement.|TM000105
EV002434||1973|March|29|||||The last U.S. ground troops left Vietnam.|TM000105
EV002435||1975|April|30|||||South Vietnam surrendered.|TM000105
EV002436|A.D.|50|||A.D.|78|||Roman armies conquered Wales.|TM000106
EV002437||1282|||||||English troops killed Llywelyn II, Prince of Wales, during a Welsh revolt.|TM000106
EV002438||1301|||||||King Edward I of England gave the title Prince of Wales to his son.|TM000106
EV002439||1400||||1410|||Owen Glendower (Owain Glyn Dwr) revolted against English rule.|TM000106
EV002440||1485|||||||Henry Tudor, a Welsh nobleman, became King Henry VII of England.|TM000106
EV002441||1536|||||||King Henry VIII united Wales and England.|TM000106
EV002442|B.C.|c. 9000|||||||The development of agriculture began in the Middle East.|TM000107
EV002443|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||Small cities appeared in Sumer, the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley.|TM000107
EV002444|B.C.|c. 3500|||||||The Sumerians invented the first form of writing.|TM000107
EV002445|B.C.|c. 3100|||||||King Menes of Upper Egypt united Lower and Upper Egypt.|TM000107
EV002446|B.C.|c. 3000|||B.C.|1100|||Minoan civilization on the island of Crete rose and fell.|TM000107
EV002447|B.C.|c. 2500|||||||Indus Valley civilization began to flourish at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.|TM000107
EV002448|B.C.|2300's|||||||Sargon of Akkad conquered the Sumerians and united all Mesopotamia under his rule.|TM000107
EV002449|B.C.|1700's|||||||Shang dynasty began its rule in the Huang He Valley of China.|TM000107
EV002450|B.C.|c. 1792|||B.C.|1750|||Babylonia flourished under King Hammurabi.|TM000107
EV002451|B.C.|1500's|||B.C.|c. 1100|||City of Mycenae was the leading political and cultural centre on the Greek mainland.|TM000107
EV002452|B.C.|c. 1595|||||||Hittites conquered the Babylonians.|TM000107
EV002453|B.C.|c. 1500|||||||Aryans of central Asia began migrating to India.|TM000107
EV002454|B.C.|1020|||||||The Hebrews founded a kingdom in what is now Palestine.|TM000107
EV002455|B.C.|800's|||||||The Etruscans settled in west-central Italy.|TM000107
EV002456|B.C.|750|||B.C.|338|||Athens, Corinth, Sparta, and Thebes were the chief city-states of Greece.|TM000107
EV002457|B.C.|c. 550|||||||Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire.|TM000107
EV002458|B.C.|509|||||||The people of Rome revolted against their Etruscan rulers and established a republic.|TM000107
EV002459|B.C.|338|||||||Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greeks.|TM000107
EV002460|B.C.|331|||||||Alexander the Great won Battle of Arbela, assuring his conquest of Persian Empire.|TM000107
EV002461|B.C.|221|||B.C.|206|||Qin dynasty established China's first strong central government.|TM000107
EV002462|B.C.|202|||||||Han dynasty began its 400-year rule of China.|TM000107
EV002463|B.C.|146|||||||Romans conquered Greece.|TM000107
EV002464|B.C.|55|||B.C.|54|||Julius Caesar led Roman invasion of Britain.|TM000107
EV002465|B.C.|27|||||||Augustus became first Roman emperor.|TM000107
EV002466|A.D.|c. 250|||||||Maya Indians developed an advanced civilization in Central America and Mexico.|TM000107
EV002467|A.D.|313|||||||Constantine granted freedom of worship to Christians of the Roman Empire.|TM000107
EV002468|A.D.|320|||||||India began its golden age under the Gupta dynasty.|TM000107
EV002469|A.D.|395|||||||Roman Empire split into East Roman, or Byzantine, Empire and West Roman Empire.|TM000107
EV002470|A.D.|476|||||||Odoacer overthrew Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of West Roman Empire.|TM000107
EV002471|A.D.|300's||||c. 1050|||Ghana Empire, the first great black empire in western Africa, existed as a trading state.|TM000107
EV002472|A.D.|527||||565|||Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian I.|TM000107
EV002473|A.D.|622|||||||Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina.|TM000107
EV002474|A.D.|732|||||||Charles Martel and the Franks defeated invading Muslims in fighting in west-central France.|TM000107
EV002475|A.D.|750|||||||Abbasids became the caliphs of the Islamic world.|TM000107
EV002476|A.D.|800|||||||Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, ruler of the Franks, emperor of the Romans.|TM000107
EV002477|A.D.|c. 988|||||||Vladimir I established Christianity among the East Slavs|TM000107
EV002478||1054|||||||A schism occurred between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches.|TM000107
EV002479||1192|||||||Yoritomo became first shogun to rule Japan.|TM000107
EV002480||1215|||||||English barons forced King John to grant a charter of liberties called Magna Carta.|TM000107
EV002481||1279|||||||Mongols gained control of all China.|TM000107
EV002482||1300's|||||||Renaissance began in Italy.|TM000107
EV002483||1368|||||||Ming dynasty began its nearly 300-year rule of China.|TM000107
EV002484||1453|||||||Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (Istanbul) and overthrew the Byzantine Empire.|TM000107
EV002485||1500's|||||||The Reformation led to birth of Protestantism.|TM000107
EV002486||1519||||1521|||Ferdinand Magellan commanded first globe-circling voyage.|TM000107
EV002487||1521|||||||Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes defeated the Aztec Indians of Mexico.|TM000107
EV002488||1526|||||||Babar, a Muslim prince, invaded India and founded the Mogul Empire.|TM000107
EV002489||1588|||||||Royal Navy of England defeated the Spanish Armada.|TM000107
EV002490||1644||||1912|||Manchus ruled China as the Qing dynasty.|TM000107
EV002491||1776|||||||The 13 American Colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence.|TM000107
EV002492||1789|||||||French Revolution began.|TM000107
EV002493||1815|||||||Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in Battle of Waterloo.|TM000107
EV002494||1853||||1854|||Commodore Matthew Perry visited Japan and opened two ports to U.S. trade.|TM000107
EV002495||1858|||||||Britain took over rule of India from East India Company after Sepoy Rebellion.|TM000107
EV002496||1865|||||||Union forces defeated Confederates in American Civil War.|TM000107
EV002497||1869|||||||Suez Canal opened.|TM000107
EV002498||1871|||||||Germany became united under the Prussian king, who ruled new empire as Kaiser Wilhelm I.|TM000107
EV002499||1898|||||||U.S. took control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.|TM000107
EV002500||1914|||||||Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary started World War I.|TM000107
EV002501||1917|||||||The Bolsheviks (Communists) seized power in Russia.|TM000107
EV002502||1933|||||||Adolf Hitler became dictator of Germany.|TM000107
EV002503||1939|||||||Germany invaded Poland, starting World War II.|TM000107
EV002504||1941|||||||The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, and the United States entered World War II.|TM000107
EV002505||1945|||||||The United Nations was established.|TM000107
EV002506||1945|||||||First atomic bombs used in warfare dropped by U.S. planes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.|TM000107
EV002507||1945|May|7|||||World War II ended in Europe.|TM000107
EV002508||1945|Sept.|2|||||World War II ended in the Pacific.|TM000107
EV002509||1949|||||||The Chinese Communists conquered China.|TM000107
EV002510||1950|||||||North Korean Communist troops invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War.|TM000107
EV002511||1957|||||||The Vietnam War started.|TM000107
EV002512||1969|||||||U.S. astronauts made the first manned moon landing.|TM000107
EV002513||1989||||1990|||Democratic reforms spread across Eastern Europe.|TM000107
EV002514||1990|||||||East Germany and West Germany were reunited.|TM000107
EV002515||1991|||||||Communist Party of Soviet Union lost control of Soviet government; Soviet Union ceased to exist.|TM000107
EV002516||1914|June|28|||||Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.|TM000108
EV002517||1914|July|28|||||Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.|TM000108
EV002518||1914|Aug.|4|||||Germany invaded Belgium and started the fighting.|TM000108
EV002519||1914|Aug.|10|||||Austria-Hungary invaded Russia, opening the fighting on the Eastern Front.|TM000108
EV002520||1914|Sept.|6||1914|Sept.|9|The Allies stopped the Germans in France in First Battle of the Marne.|TM000108
EV002521||1915|Feb.|18|||||Germany began to blockade Britain.|TM000108
EV002522||1915|April|25|||||Allied troops landed on Gallipoli Peninsula.|TM000108
EV002523||1915|May|7|||||A German submarine sank the liner "Lusitania."|TM000108
EV002524||1915|May|23|||||Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, and an Italian Front soon developed.|TM000108
EV002525||1916|Feb.|21|||||The Germans opened Battle of Verdun.|TM000108
EV002526||1916|May|31||1916|June|1|British fleet fought German fleet in Battle of Jutland.|TM000108
EV002527||1916|July|1|||||The Allies launched Battle of the Somme.|TM000108
EV002528||1917|Feb.|1|||||Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.|TM000108
EV002529||1917|April|6|||||The United States declared war on Germany.|TM000108
EV002530||1917|June|24|||||American troops began landing in France.|TM000108
EV002531||1917|Dec.|15|||||Russia signed an armistice with Germany, ending the fighting on the Eastern Front.|TM000108
EV002532||1918|Jan.|8|||||President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace.|TM000108
EV002533||1918|March|3|||||Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.|TM000108
EV002534||1918|March|21|||||Germany launched first of its final three offensives on the Western Front.|TM000108
EV002535||1918|Sept.|26|||||The Allies began their final offensive on the Western Front.|TM000108
EV002536||1918|Nov.|11|||||Germany signed an armistice ending World War I.|TM000108
EV002537||1939|Sept.|1|||||Germany invaded Poland, starting World War II.|TM000109
EV002538||1939|Sept.|3|||||Britain and France declared war on Germany.|TM000109
EV002539||1940|April|9|||||Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.|TM000109
EV002540||1940|May|10|||||Germany invaded Belgium and the Netherlands.|TM000109
EV002541||1940|June|10|||||Italy declared war on France and Britain.|TM000109
EV002542||1940|June|22|||||France signed an armistice with Germany.|TM000109
EV002543||1940|July|10|||||Battle of Britain began.|TM000109
EV002544||1941|April|6|||||Germany invaded Greece and Yugoslavia.|TM000109
EV002545||1941|June|22|||||Germany invaded the Soviet Union.|TM000109
EV002546||1941|Sept.|8|||||German troops completed the blockade of Leningrad.|TM000109
EV002547||1942|Aug.|25|||||Hitler ordered his forces to capture Stalingrad.|TM000109
EV002548||1942|Oct.|23|||||Britain attacked the Axis at El Alamein in Egypt.|TM000109
EV002549||1942|Nov.|8|||||Allied troops landed in Algeria and Morocco.|TM000109
EV002550||1943|Feb.|2|||||The last Germans surrendered at Stalingrad.|TM000109
EV002551||1943|May|13|||||Axis forces in northern Africa surrendered.|TM000109
EV002552||1943|July|4|||||Germany opened an assault near the Soviet city of Kursk.|TM000109
EV002553||1943|July|10|||||Allied forces invaded Sicily.|TM000109
EV002554||1943|Sept.|3|||||Italy secretly surrendered to the Allies.|TM000109
EV002555||1943|Sept.|9|||||Allied troops landed at Salerno, Italy.|TM000109
EV002556||1944|June|6|||||Allied troops landed in Normandy in the D-Day invasion of northern France.|TM000109
EV002557||1944|July|20|||||A plot to assassinate Hitler failed.|TM000109
EV002558||1944|Dec.|16|||||The Germans struck back at U.S. troops in Battle of the Bulge.|TM000109
EV002559||1945|April|30|||||Hitler took his life in Berlin.|TM000109
EV002560||1945|May|7|||||Germany surrendered to the Allies in Reims, France, ending World War II in Europe.|TM000109
EV002561||1941|Dec.|7|||||Japan bombed U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.|TM000109
EV002562||1941|Dec.|8|||||The United States, Britain, and Canada declared war on Japan.|TM000109
EV002563||1942|Feb.|15|||||Singapore fell to the Japanese.|TM000109
EV002564||1942|Feb.|26||1942|Feb.|28|Japan defeated an Allied naval force in Battle of the Java Sea.|TM000109
EV002565||1942|April|9|||||U.S. and Philippine troops on Bataan Peninsula surrendered.|TM000109
EV002566||1942|April|18|||||U.S. bombers hit Tokyo in the Doolittle raid.|TM000109
EV002567||1942|May|4||1942|May|8|The Allies checked a Japanese assault in Battle of the Coral Sea.|TM000109
EV002568||1942|June|4||1942|June|6|The Allies defeated Japan in Battle of Midway.|TM000109
EV002569||1942|Aug.|7|||||U.S. marines landed on Guadalcanal.|TM000109
EV002570||1943|Nov.|20|||||U.S. forces invaded Tarawa.|TM000109
EV002571||1944|June|19||1944|June|20|A U.S. naval force defeated the Japanese in Battle of the Philippine Sea.|TM000109
EV002572||1944|July|18|||||Japan's Prime Minister Tojo resigned.|TM000109
EV002573||1944|Oct.|20|||||The Allies began landing in the Philippines.|TM000109
EV002574||1944|Oct.|23||1944|Oct.|26|The Allies defeated Japan's navy in Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines.|TM000109
EV002575||1945|March|16|||||U.S. marines captured Iwo Jima.|TM000109
EV002576||1945|June|21|||||Allied forces captured Okinawa.|TM000109
EV002577||1945|Aug.|6|||||An American bomber dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.|TM000109
EV002578||1945|Aug.|8|||||The Soviet Union declared war on Japan.|TM000109
EV002579||1945|Aug.|9|||||An atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.|TM000109
EV002580||1945|Aug.|14|||||Japan agreed to surrender.|TM000109
EV002581||1945|Sept.|2|||||Japan signed surrender terms aboard the battleship U.S.S. "Missouri" in Tokyo Bay.|TM000109
EV002582|A.D.|700's|||||||Well-developed civilizations grew up in what is now Congo (Kinshasa).|TM000110
EV002583||c. 1400|||||||The Kongo and other kingdoms were established in the area.|TM000110
EV002584||1500's|||||||The slave trade began in what is now Congo (Kinshasa).|TM000110
EV002585||1885|||||||King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the area and named it Congo Free State.|TM000110
EV002586||1908|||||||The Belgian government took control of Congo Free State and renamed it Belgian Congo.|TM000110
EV002587||1960|||||||The Belgian Congo gained independence from Belgium and renamed Congo.|TM000110
EV002588||1965|||||||President Joseph Mobutu came to power and established a one-party state.|TM000110
EV002589||1971|||||||The country's name was changed to Zaire.|TM000110
EV002590||1977||||1978|||Katanga rebels invaded Zaire from Angola, but were defeated.|TM000110
EV002591||1997|||||||Rebels led by Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu; country renamed Democratic Republic of Congo.|TM000110
EV002592|A.D.|c. 500|||||||Ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks settled in what was to become Czechoslovakia.|TM000111
EV002593|A.D.|c. 900|||||||The Magyars conquered Slovakia, and Bohemia bacame a powerful central European state.|TM000111
EV002594||1347|||||||Charles of Bohemia bacame Holy Roman emperor, as Charles IV.|TM000111
EV002595||1419||||1436|||The Hussite Wars brought turmoil to Bohemia.|TM000111
EV002596||1526|||||||Bohemia came under Habsburg rule.|TM000111
EV002597||1618|||||||A Czech revolt began the Thirty Years' war.|TM000111
EV002598||1918|||||||The Czechs and Slovaks form Czechoslovakia as an independent nation.|TM000111
EV002599||1938||||1939|||Germany seized control of Czechoslovakia.|TM000111
EV002600||1945|||||||With the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia regained its independence.|TM000111
EV002601||1948|||||||Communists took over the Czechoslovak government.|TM000111
EV002602||1968|||||||Czechoslovakia's attempt at liberal reforms was ended under military pressure from the Soviet Union.|TM000111
EV002603||1989||||1990|||Communist control of the government ended. Free elections brought a non-Communist party to power.|TM000111
EV002604||1992|||||||The Federated Czech and Slovak republics of Czechoslovakia agreed to become two seperate states.|TM000111
EV002605|B.C.|c. 3000|||||||The first manufactured glass was made in the form of  a glaze on ceramic vessels.|TM000112
EV002606|B.C.|c. 1500|||||||The first vessels entirely of glass were made.|TM000112
EV002607|B.C.|c. 30|||||||The blowpipe for blowing glass was invented.|TM000112
EV002608|A.D.|c. 50|||||||The first window glass was manufactured.|TM000112
EV002609|A.D.|c. 900|||||||Glass industries flourished in Persia and Iraq.|TM000112
EV002610||c. 1300|||||||Venetian glass blowers began to dominate glassmaking.|TM000112
EV002611||1674|||||||George Ravenscroft in England patented lead glass.|TM000112
EV002612||1688|||||||The production of plate glass by casting by Louis Lucas of France led to the wide use of mirrors.|TM000112
EV002613||1790|||||||Good optical glass was made by Pierre-louis Guinand in France.|TM000112
EV002614||1879|||||||The bulb for Thomas Eddison's electric light was blown by Fred Douerlain in New York, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002615||1902|||||||A machine to draw a continuous sheet of glass was developed by Emile Fourcault of Belgium.|TM000112
EV002616||1903|||||||Laminated glass was invented by Edouard Bendictus in France.|TM000112
EV002617||1904|||||||An automatic bottle-making machine was invented by Michael J. Ownes in Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002618||1912||||1915|||Heat-shock resistant borosilicate glass was developed by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002619||1920|||||||Polarized glass was invented by Lewis W Chubb of Westinghouse Electric Co., U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002620||1926|||||||A machine to blow electric-light bulbs was developed by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002621||1926|||||||Mass production of safety glass was developed by Libbey-Owens Glass Company, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002622||1930|||||||Insulated window glass was invented by C. D. Haven in the United States.|TM000112
EV002623||1931||||1938|||Fibreglass was developed by the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002624||1939|||||||96 per cent silica glass was developed by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002625||1942|||||||Foam glass was developed by Pittsburgh Corning Corp., U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002626||1947|||||||Photosensitive glass was developed by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002627||1951|||||||Photochemical glass was developed by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002628||1961|||||||Laser glass was invented by Elias Snitzer of the American Optical Co.|TM000112
EV002629||1964|||||||Photochromic glass was developed by Cornell Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002630||1970|||||||Optical fibres suitable for communications were developed  by Cornell Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002631||1974|||||||Heavy metal fluoride glass was discovered by Michel Pulain of the University of Rennes, France.|TM000112
EV002632||1978|||||||Scientists in Marcoule, France, incorporated nuclear waste into special glass for storage.|TM000112
EV002633||1980|||||||Transparent glass-ceramic cookware was introduced by Corning Glass Works, U.S.A.|TM000112
EV002634|B.C.|2000|||B.C.|1500|||New Stone Age people in what is now Malaysia began growing food.|TM000113
EV002635|B.C.|200|||||||Kelang became an important centre of culture.|TM000113
EV002636|A.D.|900|||||||Some Peninsular states came under the rule of the Srivijayan Empire.|TM000113
EV002637||1200's|||||||Peninsular states came under the control of the Majapahit Empire.|TM000113
EV002638||1300's|||||||Melaka kingdom founded.|TM000113
EV002639||1511|||||||Portugese captured Melaka.|TM000113
EV002640||1641|||||||Dutch defeated the Portugese.|TM000113
EV002641||1700's|||||||New Malay kingdoms were founded.|TM000113
EV002642||1786|||||||British gained control of Penang.|TM000113
EV002643||1826|||||||British established Straits Settlements.|TM000113
EV002644||1867|||||||Straits Settlements became a crown colony.|TM000113
EV002645||1800's|||||||Tin-mining, rubber plantations, and railways developed.|TM000113
EV002646||1941|||||||Japanese invaded Malaysia.|TM000113
EV002647||1948|||||||Malayan emergency began.|TM000113
EV002648||1957|||||||Federation of Malaya gained independence.|TM000113
EV002649||1963|||||||Malaysia founded.|TM000113
EV002650||1965|||||||Singapore withdrew from Malaysia.|TM000113
EV002651||1989|||||||Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting held in Malaysia.|TM000113
EV002652||1670|||||||Mouton proposed a decimal system of measurement based on a fraction of the earth's circumference.|TM000114
EV002653||1671|||||||Picard proposed using the length of a pendulum swinging once a second as a standard unit of length.|TM000114
EV002654||1790|||||||The French Academy of sciences developed the metric system of weights and measures.|TM000114
EV002655||1795|||||||France adopted the metric system but allowed people to continue using other measurement units.|TM000114
EV002656||1837|Jan.|1|||||France passed a law that required all French people to begin using the metric system.|TM000114
EV002657||1866|||||||Congress legalized the use of the metric system in the U.S. but did not require that it be used.|TM000114
EV002658||1870||||1875|||An international conference on the metric system adopted new standards for the kilogram and metre.|TM000114
EV002659||1875|||||||The Treaty of the Metre was signed and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was set up.|TM000114
EV002660||1889|||||||New metre and kilogram standards based on those adopted by the 1870-1875 conference were distributed|TM000114
EV002661||1960|||||||A General Conference of Weights and Measures adopted a revised version of the system.|TM000114
EV002662||1965|||||||The United Kingdom began a changeover to the metric system.|TM000114
EV002663||1970|||||||Australia began a scheduled 10-year conversion to the metric system.|TM000114
EV002664||1971|||||||A congressional study recommended that the U.S. make a planned conversion to the metric system.|TM000114
EV002665||1975|||||||Canada began a gradual changeover to the metric system.|TM000114
EV002666||1975|||||||The U.S. Congress passed a Metric Conversion Act, calling for a changeover to the metric system.|TM000114
EV002667||1983|||||||A General Conference of Weights and Measures adopted a new measurement standard for the metre.|TM000114
EV002668||1988|||||||U.S. Congress ruled that all government agencies use the metric system for business transactions.|TM000114
EV002669||1896|||||||Antoine Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity.|TM000115
EV002670||1905|||||||Einstein published his theory that matter is a form of energy and that mass and energy are related.|TM000115
EV002671||1911|||||||British physicist Ernest Rutherford announced his discovery of the nucleus of the atom.|TM000115
EV002672||1932|||||||James Chadwick, a British physicist, discovered the neutron.|TM000115
EV002673||1938|||||||German radiochemists produced barium and krypton by bombarding uranium with neutrons.|TM000115
EV002674||1942|||||||Scientists produced the first artificial chain reaction, leading to development of the atomic bomb.|TM000115
EV002675||1945|||||||The United States exploded the first atomic bomb near Alamogordo, New Mexico.|TM000115
EV002676||1952|||||||U.S. Atomic Energy Commission built first breeder reactor to produce plutonium and energy from urani|TM000115
EV002677||1952|||||||The United States exploded the first hydrogen bomb, so producing the first large-scale fusion reacti|TM000115
EV002678||1956|||||||The first full-scale nuclear power plant began operations at Calder Hall in England.|TM000115
EV002679||1957|||||||The U.N. established the International Atomic Energy Agency to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear|TM000115
EV002680||1957|||||||The first full-scale U.S. nuclear power plant opened in Shippingport, Pennsylvania.|TM000115
EV002681||1957|||||||Six western European countries formed the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).|TM000115
EV002682||1973|||||||The U.K., Ireland, and Denmark joined the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).|TM000115
EV002683||1990|Aug.|2|||||Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait.|TM000116
EV002684||1990|Aug.|2|||||The UN Security Council, in New York City, demanded Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait.|TM000116
EV002685||1990|Aug.|6|||||The UN Security Council declared an economic embargo against Iraq.|TM000116
EV002686||1990|Aug.|8|||||Iraq announced its annexation of Kuwait. The first U.S. troops arrived in Saudi Arabia.|TM000116
EV002687||1990|Aug.|25|||||The UN Security Council passed a resolution to allow enforcement of the embargo by military means.|TM000116
EV002688||1990|Nov.|29|||||The UN Security Council authorized the use of "all necessary means" to remove Iraq from Kuwait.|TM000116
EV002689||1991|Jan.|17|||||Coalition forces began bombing Iraqi targets.|TM000116
EV002690||1991|Feb.|24|||||Coalition forces began a major ground attack.|TM000116
EV002691||1991|Feb.|27|||||Kuwait's capital, Kuwait City, was liberated.|TM000116
EV002692||1991|Feb.|28|||||Coalition attacks against Iraq ended.|TM000116
EV002693||1991|April|6|||||Iraq accepted the terms of a formal cease-fire agreement.|TM000116
EV002694||1991|April|11|||||The UN Security Council officially declared an end to the war.|TM000116
EV002695||1919|||||||Efforts to unionize steel industry led to riots at plants in Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania, U.S.A.|TM000117
EV002696||1938|||||||In Germany, Nazis organized a riot to attack Jews and Jewish businesses.|TM000117
EV002697||1946|||||||Hindu/Muslim unrest caused riots before the partition of India into India and Pakistan.|TM000117
EV002698||1953|||||||Harsh living conditions led to anti-Communist riots in East Berlin.|TM000117
EV002699||1960|||||||Riots after South African police opened fire on antiapartheid protestors at Sharpeville, killing 69.|TM000117
EV002700||1965|||||||Discontent in the black community led to violence and rioting in Watts, Los Angeles, U.S.A.|TM000117
EV002701||1968|||||||French student demonstrations against President de Gaulle caused clashes with police.|TM000117
EV002702||1968|||||||Clashes between police and protestors at Vietnam War in Chicago during the Democratic Convention.|TM000117
EV002703||1969|||||||Catholic/Protestant clashes in Northern Ireland, led to a strong military presence in the country.|TM000117
EV002704||1971|||||||Riots at a state prison in Attica, New York, U.S.A. resulted in death of 11 guards and 32 prisoners.|TM000117
EV002705||1980|||||||Korean civilians rioted after the declaration of martial law.  Hundreds of demonstrators were killed|TM000117
EV002706||1980||||1981|||Discontent at rising unemployment led to riots in Bristol, Brixton and Toxteth, England.|TM000117
EV002707||1984|||||||In India, Hindu/Sikh rioting followed the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.|TM000117
EV002708||1987|||||||Violent protests by Arabs in Gaza Strip and West Bank, Israel, in which both Arabs and Israelis died|TM000117
EV002709||1987||||1988|||Antigovernment riots followed a poor rice harvest in Burma. As a result, martial law was declared.|TM000117
EV002710||1989|||||||Students demonstrating in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, were attacked by the army. Hundreds were killed|TM000117
EV002711||1992|||||||51 died in riots in Los Angeles after police officers were acquitted of assault of a black motorist.|TM000117
EV002712||1992||||1993|||Rioting followed the Hindu destruction of a mosque in northern India. Over 1,000 people died.|TM000117
EV002713||1993|||||||Rioting in South Africa followed the murder of Chris Hani, leader of the Communist Party.|TM000117
EV002714||1819|||||||Modern Singapore founded by Sir Stanford Raffles.|TM000118
EV002715||1827|||||||Serangoon Road was built - the first road across Singapore island.|TM000118
EV002716||1830|||||||Straits Settlements, including Singapore, put under control of British administration in Bengal.|TM000118
EV002717||1859|||||||Fort Canning built. The first ship repair dock in Singapore built by William Cloughton.|TM000118
EV002718||1867|||||||Straits settlements became a British crown colony.|TM000118
EV002719||1869|||||||The Suez canal opened. Singapore's shipping trade increased dramatically.|TM000118
EV002720||1877|||||||William Pickering appointed protector of the Chinese.|TM000118
EV002721||1923|||||||Road causeway linked Singapore with Johor Bahru in the Malay states.|TM000118
EV002722||1942|||||||The Japanese captured Singapore.|TM000118
EV002723||1946|||||||Singapore became a seperate British crown colony.|TM000118
EV002724||1959|||||||Singapore became self-governing, although Britain retained control of defence and foreign affairs.|TM000118
EV002725||1963|||||||Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia.|TM000118
EV002726||1965|||||||Singapore became a fully independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations.|TM000118
EV002727||1971|||||||The last UK troops left Singapore.|TM000118
EV002728||1971|||||||Singapore joined a new defensive alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand and the UK.|TM000118
EV002729||1492|||||||Columbus sailed from Spain to Western Hemisphere. Europeans honoured him as discoverer of America.|TM000119
EV002730||1497|||||||John Cabot made the first voyage to North America for England.|TM000119
EV002731||1500|||||||Portugese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral reached what is now Brazil.|TM000119
EV002732||1513|||||||Ponce de Leon of Spain began exploring Florida, seeking the Fountain of Youth.|TM000119
EV002733||1521|||||||Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes defeated the Aztec of Mexico.|TM000119
EV002734||1534|||||||Jacques Cartier of France became the first European to reach the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada.|TM000119
EV002735||1540||||1542|||Francisco Coronado of Spain explored the American Southwest.|TM000119
EV002736||1565|||||||Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida - first permanent European settlement in what is now U.S.|TM000119
EV002737||1585|||||||Sir Walter Raleigh tried unsuccessfully to establish a permanent British settlement in America.|TM000119
EV002738||1607|||||||About 100 colonists founded Jamestown, the first permanent British settlement in North America.|TM000119
EV002739||1619|||||||Virginia established the House of Burgesses, the first representative legislature in America.|TM000119
EV002740||1620|||||||The Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony, the second permanent British settlement in North America.|TM000119
EV002741||1624|||||||The Dutch established the settlement of New Netherland.|TM000119
EV002742||1636|||||||Harvard - the first college in the colonies - was founded.|TM000119
EV002743||1638|||||||People from Sweden established the settlement of New Sweden.|TM000119
EV002744||1647|||||||Massachusetts established the first colonial state school system.|TM000119
EV002745||1649|||||||Maryland passed the first religious toleration act in North America.|TM000119
EV002746||1664|||||||England took control of New Netherland and New Sweden.|TM000119
EV002747||1704|||||||The first successful colonial newspaper, the "Boston News-Letter", began publication.|TM000119
EV002748||1752|||||||Benjamin Franklin flew a kite during a storm to prove that lightning is a form of electricity.|TM000119
EV002749||1756|||||||A stagecoach line linked New York City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.|TM000119
EV002750||c. 1757|||||||The first street lights in the colonies were installed in Philadelphia.|TM000119
EV002751||1763|||||||Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War and gained control of eastern North America.|TM000119
EV002752||1763|||||||Britain prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.|TM000119
EV002753||1765|||||||British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, taxing newspapers and other printed matter in the colonies.|TM000119
EV002754||1770|||||||British troops killed American civilians in the Boston Massacre.|TM000119
EV002755||1773|||||||Colonists staged the Boston Tea Party, dumping British tea into Boston Harbour.|TM000119
EV002756||1774|||||||The Intolerable Acts closed Boston Harbour and included other steps to punish colonists.|TM000119
EV002757||1774|||||||The First Continental Congress met to consider action against the British.|TM000119
EV002758||1775|||||||The war known as the American Revolution between the colonists and the British began.|TM000119
EV002759||1776|||||||The colonists adopted the Declaration of Independence and formed the United States of America.|TM000119
EV002760||1781|||||||The Americans defeated the British at Yorktown in the last major battle of the American Revolution.|TM000119
EV002761||1783|||||||The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American Revolution.|TM000119
EV002762||1787|||||||The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution.|TM000119
EV002763||1790's|||||||The first U.S. political parties developed.|TM000119
EV002764||1790|||||||Samuel Slater built the first successful waterpowered machines for spinning cotton.|TM000119
EV002765||1793|||||||Eli Whitney developed a toothed cotton gin.|TM000119
EV002766||1800|||||||Washington, D.C. became the capital of the United States of America.|TM000119
EV002767||1803|||||||The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.|TM000119
EV002768||1811|||||||Work began on the National Road which - when completed - linked East and Midwest North America.|TM000119
EV002769||1812||||1815|||The United States and Great Britain fought the War of 1812.|TM000119
EV002770||1814|||||||Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner".|TM000119
EV002771||1820|||||||The Missouri Compromise ended a slavery dispute.|TM000119
EV002772||1823|||||||The Monroe Doctrine warned Europeans against interference in Western Hemisphere affairs.|TM000119
EV002773||1825|||||||The Erie Canal opened, providing a water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.|TM000119
EV002774||1830|||||||"Tom Thumb", the United States' first commercial steam locomotive, operated in Baltimore, Maryland.|TM000119
EV002775||1832|||||||South Carolina threatened secession over a tariff.|TM000119
EV002776||1834|||||||Cyrus McCormick patented the reaper.|TM000119
EV002777||1837|||||||Samuel Morse demonstrated the first successful telegraph in the United States.|TM000119
EV002778||1846|||||||Britain ceded the southern part of the Oregon Country to the United States.|TM000119
EV002779||1848|||||||Victory in the Mexican War gave the United States vast new territory in the West.|TM000119
EV002780||1848|||||||The discovery of gold in California triggered the Gold Rush.|TM000119
EV002781||1850|||||||The Compromise of 1850 temporarily ended a U.S. national crisis over the slavery question.|TM000119
EV002782||1854|||||||Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to nationwide turmoil over the slavery question in the U.S.|TM000119
EV002783||1860|||||||Pony express riders began carrying mail to the far western United States.|TM000119
EV002784||1861||||1865|||The North and South fought each other in the American Civil War.|TM000119
EV002785||1863|||||||The Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for slaves in Confederate-held territory in the U.S.|TM000119
EV002786||1865|||||||The 13th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery throughout the United States.|TM000119
EV002787||1867|||||||The United States bought Alaska from Russia.|TM000119
EV002788||1868|||||||The House of Representatives of the U.S. impeached President Johnson, but he remained in office.|TM000119
EV002789||1876|||||||Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.|TM000119
EV002790||1877|||||||Thomas Edison invented the phonograph.|TM000119
EV002791||1879|||||||Thomas Edison invented the electric light.|TM000119
EV002792||1884|||||||Construction of the world's first skyscraper was begun in Chicago.|TM000119
EV002793||1886|||||||The American Federation of Labour was founded.|TM000119
EV002794||1898|||||||The United States defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War.|TM000119
EV002795||1903|||||||The Wright brothers made the first successful aeroplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.|TM000119
EV002796||1913|||||||The 16th Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. gave federal government power to levy income tax.|TM000119
EV002797||1917||||1918|||The United States fought in World War I.|TM000119
EV002798||1920|||||||The U.S. Senate rejected American participation in the League of Nations.|TM000119
EV002799||1920|||||||The U.S. Census showed that, for the first time, the majority of Americans lived in urban areas.|TM000119
EV002800||1920|||||||The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S., prohibiting sale of alcohol, became effective.|TM000119
EV002801||1920|||||||The 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. gave women complete suffrage.|TM000119
EV002802||1922|||||||The U.S. government raised tariffs to the highest level ever.|TM000119
EV002803||1925|||||||Scopes Trial in Tennessee upheld the right of a state to ban teaching of evolution in state schools.|TM000119
EV002804||c. 1925|||||||The Golden Age of radio broadcasting began in the United States.|TM000119
EV002805||1927|||||||Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo flight accross the Atlantic Ocean.|TM000119
EV002806||1927|||||||"The Jazz Singer", the first successful film with soundtrack, appeared.|TM000119
EV002807||1929|||||||The U.S. stock market crash brought financial ruin to thousands of investors.|TM000119
EV002808||1930's|||||||The United States suffered through the Great Depression.|TM000119
EV002809||1933|||||||President Franklin D. Roosevelt began New Deal programme to try to end the depression in the U.S.|TM000119
EV002810||1941||||1945|||The United States fought in World War II.|TM000119
EV002811||1945|||||||An American aeroplane dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare on Hiroshima, Japan.|TM000119
EV002812||1945|||||||The United States became a charter member of the United Nations.|TM000119
EV002813||1947|||||||President Truman pledged American aid to nations threatened by Communism.|TM000119
EV002814||1950's|||||||Television became part of most American homes.|TM000119
EV002815||1950|||||||U.S. Senator McCarthy gained national fame charging Communists had infiltrated federal government.|TM000119
EV002816||1950||||1953|||The United States fought in the Korean War.|TM000119
EV002817||1954|||||||The Supreme Court of the U.S. ruled compulsory segregation in public schools unconstitutional.|TM000119
EV002818||1955|||||||Martin Luther King, Jr. began organizing a movement to protest discrimination against blacks in U.S.|TM000119
EV002819||1957|||||||The Soviet/American space race began when the USSR launched "Sputnik", the first space satellite.|TM000119
EV002820||1961|||||||Astronaut Alan Shepard, Jr., became the first American in space.|TM000119
EV002821||1962|||||||The Soviet Union removed missiles from Cuba, ending a threat of war with the United States.|TM000119
EV002822||1964|||||||Congress passed a flood of important civil rights laws.|TM000119
EV002823||1965|||||||United States combat troops stationed in South Vietnam entered the Vietnam War.|TM000119
EV002824||1969|||||||U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon.|TM000119
EV002825||1973|||||||The United States removed its last ground troops from Vietnam.|TM000119
EV002826||1974|||||||Richard Nixon became the first American president to resign from office.|TM000119
EV002827||1976|||||||The United States celebrated its bicentennial.|TM000119
EV002828||1991|||||||U.S. forces helped defeat Iraq in the Persian Gulf War.|TM000119
EV002829||1624|||||||John Smith wrote "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles."|TM000120
EV002830||1630|||||||William Bradford wrote "Of Plimoth Plantation."|TM000120
EV002831||1640|||||||"Bay Psalm Book" published.|TM000120
EV002832||1650|||||||Anne Bradstreet's poetry collection "The Tenth Muse" published.|TM000120
EV002833||1662|||||||Michael Wigglesworth wrote the poem "The Day of Doom."|TM000120
EV002834||1733|||||||Benjamin Franklin began issuing "Poor Richard's Almanac."|TM000120
EV002835||1741|||||||Jonathan Edwards wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."|TM000120
EV002836||1765|||||||Thomas Godfrey's "Prince of Parthia" first American play produced professionally.|TM000120
EV002837||1773|||||||Phillis Wheatley wrote "Poems."|TM000120
EV002838||1776|||||||Thomas Paine wrote "Common Sense."|TM000120
EV002839||1782|||||||Jean de Crevecoeur wrote "Letters from an American Farmer."|TM000120
EV002840||1788|||||||Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison published "The Federalist" letters.|TM000120
EV002841||1793|||||||"Farmer's Almanac" began publication.|TM000120
EV002842||1809|||||||Washington Irving wrote "History of New York."|TM000120
EV002843||1817|||||||William Cullen Bryant wrote the poem "Thanatopsis."|TM000120
EV002844||1823|||||||James Fenimore Cooper wrote the novel "The Pioneers."|TM000120
EV002845||1827|||||||Edgar Allan Poe published "Tamerlane and Other Poems."|TM000120
EV002846||1830|||||||Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the poem "Old Ironsides."|TM000120
EV002847||1836|||||||Ralph Waldo Emerson published the essay "Nature."|TM000120
EV002848||1837|||||||Nathaniel Hawthorne published "Twice-Told Tales."|TM000120
EV002849||1840|||||||Richard Henry Dana wrote the sea novel "Two Years Before the Mast."|TM000120
EV002850||1847|||||||Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote the long poem "Evangeline."|TM000120
EV002851||1848|||||||James Russell Lowell wrote "A Fable for Critics" and "The Vision of Sir Launfal."|TM000120
EV002852||1849|||||||Francis Parkman wrote the history "The Oregon Trail."|TM000120
EV002853||1850|||||||Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the novel "The Scarlet Letter."|TM000120
EV002854||1851|||||||Herman Melville wrote the novel "Moby-Dick."|TM000120
EV002855||1852|||||||Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin."|TM000120
EV002856||1854|||||||Henry David Thoreau wrote "Walden."|TM000120
EV002857||1855|||||||Walt Whitman published the first edition of "Leaves of Grass."|TM000120
EV002858||1863|||||||Abraham Lincoln wrote "The Gettysburg Address."|TM000120
EV002859||1865|||||||Dion Boucicault and Joseph Jefferson wrote the popular play "Rip Van Winkle."|TM000120
EV002860||1866|||||||John Greenleaf Whittier wrote the poem "Snow-Bound."|TM000120
EV002861||1868|||||||Louisa May Alcott wrote the novel "Little Women."|TM000120
EV002862||1876|||||||Mark Twain published the novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."|TM000120
EV002863||1878|||||||Henry James completed the novels "Daisy Miller" and "The Europeans."|TM000120
EV002864||1880|||||||"The Dial" magazine first published.|TM000120
EV002865||1881|||||||Joel Chandler Harris published collection of tales called "Uncle Remus."|TM000120
EV002866||1884|||||||Mark Twain published "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."|TM000120
EV002867||1885|||||||William Dean Howells wrote the novel "The Rise of Silas Lapham."|TM000120
EV002868||1888|||||||Edward Bellamy wrote the novel "Looking Backward."|TM000120
EV002869||1890|||||||Emily Dickinson's collection "Poems" published.|TM000120
EV002870||1895|||||||Stephen Crane wrote "The Red Badge of Courage."|TM000120
EV002871||1896|||||||Sarah Orne Jewett wrote "Country of the Pointed Firs."|TM000120
EV002872||1899|||||||Frank Norris wrote "McTeague."|TM000120
EV002873||1900|||||||L. Frank Baum wrote "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz."|TM000120
EV002874||1903|||||||Jack London wrote "The Call of the Wild."|TM000120
EV002875||1906|||||||Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle."|TM000120
EV002876||1910|||||||Jane Addams wrote "Twenty Years at Hull House."|TM000120
EV002877||1912|||||||Zane Grey wrote "Riders of the Purple Sage."|TM000120
EV002878||1914|||||||Vachel Lindsay wrote "The Congo."|TM000120
EV002879||1917|||||||Hamlin Garland wrote "A Son of the Middle Border."|TM000120
EV002880||1917|||||||Pulitzer Prizes established.|TM000120
EV002881||1918|||||||Willa Cather wrote "My Antonia."|TM000120
EV002882||1919|||||||Sherwood Anderson wrote "Winesburg, Ohio."|TM000120
EV002883||1920|||||||Sinclair Lewis wrote the novel "Main Street."|TM000120
EV002884||1925|||||||Theodore Dreiser wrote the novel "An American Tragedy."|TM000120
EV002885||1926|||||||Ernest Hemingway wrote the novel "The Sun Also Rises."|TM000120
EV002886||1927|||||||Vernon Parrington wrote "Main Currents in American Thought."|TM000120
EV002887||1928|||||||Stephen Vincent Benet wrote the epic poem "John Brown's Body."|TM000120
EV002888||1929|||||||Thomas Wolfe wrote the novel "Look Homeward, Angel."|TM000120
EV002889||1930|||||||Sinclair Lewis became first American writer to win Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000120
EV002890||1931|||||||Eugene O'Neill's drama trilogy "Mourning Becomes Electra" performed.|TM000120
EV002891||1932|||||||William Faulkner wrote the novel "Light in August."|TM000120
EV002892||1934|||||||F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote the novel "Tender is the Night."|TM000120
EV002893||1935|||||||Clifford Odets wrote the drama "Waiting for Lefty."|TM000120
EV002894||1936|||||||Margaret Mitchell's historical novel "Gone with the Wind" published.|TM000120
EV002895||1938|||||||Thornton Wilder's play "Our Town" performed.|TM000120
EV002896||1939|||||||John Steinbeck published the Great Depression novel "The Grapes of Wrath."|TM000120
EV002897||1940|||||||Richard Wright wrote the novel "Native Son."|TM000120
EV002898||1943|||||||Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein wrote the musical comedy "Oklahoma!"|TM000120
EV002899||1945|||||||Tennessee Williams's drama "The Glass Menagerie" performed.|TM000120
EV002900||1946|||||||John Hersey wrote the documentary book "Hiroshima."|TM000120
EV002901||1948|||||||Norman Mailer wrote the war novel "The Naked and the Dead."|TM000120
EV002902||1949|||||||Arthur Miller's drama "Death of a Salesman" performed.|TM000120
EV002903||1951|||||||J. D. Salinger wrote the novel "The Catcher in the Rye."|TM000120
EV002904||1952|||||||Ralph Ellison wrote the novel "Invisible Man."|TM000120
EV002905||1956|||||||Allen Ginsberg wrote the long poem "Howl."|TM000120
EV002906||1957|||||||Jack Kerouac wrote the "beat" novel "On the Road."|TM000120
EV002907||1959|||||||Robert Lowell wrote the poetry collection "Life Studies."|TM000120
EV002908||1960|||||||John Updike wrote the novel "Rabbit, Run."|TM000120
EV002909||1961|||||||Joseph Heller wrote the satirical war novel "Catch-22."|TM000120
EV002910||1962|||||||Edward Albee's drama "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" performed.|TM000120
EV002911||1963|||||||James Baldwin published the long essay "The Fire Next Time."|TM000120
EV002912||1964|||||||Saul Bellow published the novel "Herzog."|TM000120
EV002913||1965|||||||Alex Haley wrote "The Autobiography of Malcolm X."|TM000120
EV002914||1966|||||||Truman Capote wrote the nonfiction novel "In Cold Blood."|TM000120
EV002915||1969|||||||Philip Roth wrote the novel "Portnoy's Complaint."|TM000120
EV002916||1973|||||||Kurt Vonnegut wrote the novel "Breakfast of Champions."|TM000120
EV002917||1975|||||||E. L. Doctorow wrote the novel "Ragtime."|TM000120
EV002918||1978|||||||John Irving wrote the novel "The World According to Garp."|TM000120
EV002919||1982|||||||Alice Walker wrote the novel "The Color Purple."|TM000120
EV002920||1985|||||||August Wilson's drama "Fences" performed.|TM000120
EV002921||1987|||||||Toni Morrison wrote the novel "Beloved."|TM000120
EV002922||1991|||||||John Ashbery published the poetry collection "Flow Chart."|TM000120
EV002923||1995|||||||Anne Tyler wrote the novel "Ladder of Years."|TM000120
EV002924||1642|||||||Tasman visited New Zealand.|TM000121
EV002925||1769|||||||Cook circumnavigated New Zealand.|TM000121
EV002926||1772|||||||Du Fresne was killed at Bay of Islands.|TM000121
EV002927||1791|||||||Sealing and whaling began off New Zealand coast, followed by trade in flax and timber.|TM000121
EV002928||1814|||||||Marsden established a mission at Bay of Islands.|TM000121
EV002929||1819|||||||Hongi Hika initiated musket wars.|TM000121
EV002930||1833|||||||Busby was appointed British resident.|TM000121
EV002931||1835|||||||Northern Maori chiefs signed a Declaration of Independence.|TM000121
EV002932||1839|||||||Wakefield sent land-buying expedition for New Zealand Company.|TM000121
EV002933||1839|||||||British government instructed Hobson to negotiate with the Maori over land.|TM000121
EV002934||1840|||||||Treaty of Waitangi signed and New Zealand annexed as a British colony.|TM000121
EV002935||1840|||||||Maori population outnumbered Europeans 100,000 to 2,000.|TM000121
EV002936||1840|||||||New Zealand Company settlement established at Wellington.|TM000121
EV002937||1841|||||||Plymouth Company established at New Plymouth.|TM000121
EV002938||1842|||||||Nelson settlement was established.|TM000121
EV002939||1845|||||||Northern war began.|TM000121
EV002940||1848|||||||Otago settlement was established.|TM000121
EV002941||1850|||||||Canterbury settlement was established.|TM000121
EV002942||1852|||||||Constitution Act established a central government and six provinces.|TM000121
EV002943||1852|||||||New Zealand population - Maori: about 60,000; Europeans: 30,000.|TM000121
EV002944||1853|||||||Provincial councils and superintendents were elected.|TM000121
EV002945||1854|||||||General Assembly was elected.|TM000121
EV002946||1856|||||||Responsible government was conceded, except for Maori affairs.|TM000121
EV002947||1860|||||||Taranaki War began; gold rush began in Otago.|TM000121
EV002948||1863|||||||Waikato War began.|TM000121
EV002949||1870|||||||Vogel proposed immigration and public works policy.|TM000121
EV002950||1872|||||||New Zealand Wars ended.|TM000121
EV002951||1874|||||||New Zealand population - Maori: 47,330; Europeans: 297, 654.|TM000121
EV002952||1876|||||||Vogel abolished the provincial governments.|TM000121
EV002953||1877|||||||Grey formed a liberal ministry.|TM000121
EV002954||1879|||||||Grey was defeated and Hall reformed the Continuous Ministry.|TM000121
EV002955||1882|||||||First shipment of refrigerated produce was sent to Britain from New Zealand.|TM000121
EV002956||1884|||||||Vogel formed a ministry with Stout.|TM000121
EV002957||1887|||||||Atkinson reformed the Continuous Ministry.|TM000121
EV002958||1890|||||||Liberals won the election.|TM000121
EV002959||1893|||||||Votes for women are granted.|TM000121
EV002960||1898|||||||Old Age Pensions Act was passed.|TM000121
EV002961||1912|||||||Reform government was elected to office.|TM000121
EV002962||1914|||||||New Zealand entered World War I.|TM000121
EV002963||1915|||||||Anzacs landed at Gallipoli; Reform and Liberal parties formed a wartime coalition.|TM000121
EV002964||1919|||||||Reform won the election.|TM000121
EV002965||1928|||||||United defeated Reform.|TM000121
EV002966||1931|||||||United/Reform coalition reduced wages, salaries, pensions.|TM000121
EV002967||1933|||||||New Zealand pound devalued by 25 per cent.|TM000121
EV002968||1935|||||||Labour won the election.|TM000121
EV002969||1936|||||||New Zealand population - Maori: 82,326; Europeans: 1,491,484.|TM000121
EV002970||1936|||||||Labour introduced guaranteed prices for farm produce and increased wages and benefits.|TM000121
EV002971||1938|||||||Labour introduced comprehensive social security.|TM000121
EV002972||1939|||||||New Zealand entered World War II against Germany.|TM000121
EV002973||1941|||||||New Zealand entered the war against Japan.|TM000121
EV002974||1949|||||||National Party won the election.|TM000121
EV002975||1951|||||||Waterfront strike led to a state of emergency and electoral victory for National leader Holland.|TM000121
EV002976||1957|||||||Labour won the election.|TM000121
EV002977||1960|||||||National Party was returned to office.|TM000121
EV002978||1965|||||||New Zealand signed Limited Free Trade Agreement with Australia.|TM000121
EV002979||1967|||||||Decimal currency was introduced.|TM000121
EV002980||1972|||||||Labour Party was returned to office.|TM000121
EV002981||1972|||||||New Zealand population - Maori: 235,938; Europeans: 2,720,320.|TM000121
EV002982||1974|||||||Oil prices increased, causing soaring inflation.|TM000121
EV002983||1975|||||||National Party won the election.|TM000121
EV002984||1981|||||||Springboks' rugby tour divided the country.|TM000121
EV002985||1982|||||||New Zealand signed Closer Economic Relations Agreement with Australia.|TM000121
EV002986||1986|||||||The U.S. stated that it would no longer guarantee New Zealand's security under ANZUS defence treaty.|TM000121
EV002987||1993|||||||Voters took part in a referendum and agreed to change New Zealand's voting system.|TM000121
EV002988||1800's|||||||Thomas Bracken wrote the verse for what became the national anthem, "God Defend New Zealand".|TM000122
EV002989||1845|||||||Edward Jerningham Wakefield wrote "Adventure in New Zealand".|TM000122
EV002990||1863|||||||Samuel Butler wrote "A First Year in Canterbury Settlement".|TM000122
EV002991||1866|||||||Benjamin Farjeon wrote the novel "Grif; A Story of Colonial Life".|TM000122
EV002992||1870|||||||Lady Barker wrote "Station Life in New Zealand".|TM000122
EV002993||1920|||||||Jane Mander wrote her novel about pioneer women "A Story of a New Zealand River".|TM000122
EV002994||1921|||||||Scottish-born writer William Guthrie-Smith published "Tutira - Story of a New Zealand Sheep Station"|TM000122
EV002995||1922|||||||Katherine Mansfield published a collection of short stories, "The Garden Party".|TM000122
EV002996||1929|||||||Robin Hyde published her collection of poems "The Desolate Star".|TM000122
EV002997||1934|||||||John A. Lee wrote "Children of the Poor", based on his own deprived childhood.|TM000122
EV002998||1936|||||||Frank Sargeson his short story collection "Conversation with My Uncle and Other Sketches".|TM000122
EV002999||1938|||||||Robin Hyde wrote her novel "The Godwits Fly".|TM000122
EV003000||1939|||||||New Zealand Rhodes Scholar, John Mulgan, wrote the short novel "Man Alone".|TM000122
EV003001||1939|||||||Allen Curnow published his collection "Not in Narrow Seas: Poems with Prose".|TM000122
EV003002||1947|||||||Dan Davin wrote "For the Rest of Our Lives", based on his service with the New Zealand Division.|TM000122
EV003003||1957|||||||Janet Frame wrote "Owls Do Cry".|TM000122
EV003004||1960|||||||Noel Hilliard wrote the novel "Maori Girl".|TM000122
EV003005||1973|||||||Witi Ihimaera wrote his highly acclaimed novel "Tangi", the first by a Maori writer.|TM000122
EV003006||1984|||||||Janet Frame published her autobiographical novel "An Angel at my Table".|TM000122
EV003007||1991|||||||Alan Duff wrote "Once Were Warriors", the first truly urban novel to come out of New Zealand.|TM000122
EV003008||1800's|||||||People learned how to send communication signals through the air as electromagnetic waves.|TM000123
EV003009||1923|||||||Vladimir K. Zworykin invented the iconoscope and the kinescope.|TM000123
EV003010||1925|||||||John Logie Baird gave first public demonstration of a mechanical television system.|TM000123
EV003011||1936|||||||The BBC started the world's first public television service.|TM000123
EV003012||1936|||||||The Radio Corporation of America installed television receivers in 150 homes in New York City area.|TM000123
EV003013||1939|||||||NBC established the first regular TV broadcasts in the United States.|TM000123
EV003014||1945|||||||Television broadcasting resumed in the United Kingdom and the United States after World War II.|TM000123
EV003015||1950's|||||||Colour television began in many countries.|TM000123
EV003016||1950's|||||||Videotaping of television programmes began.|TM000123
EV003017||1951|||||||Americans extended television broadcasts from coast to coast.|TM000123
EV003018||1955|||||||The commercial TV service Independent Television (ITV) began operating in the UK.|TM000123
EV003019||1960|||||||U.S. Presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon debated on TV.|TM000123
EV003020||1961|||||||Television began broadcasting in Ireland.|TM000123
EV003021||1965|||||||Early Bird satellite relayed TV programmes between the U.S. and Europe.|TM000123
EV003022||1969|||||||TV viewers saw the first moon landing by astronauts.|TM000123
EV003023||1970's|||||||Manufacturers introduced "projection television systems".|TM000123
EV003024||1974|||||||A nationwide U.S. television audience watched President Richard M. Nixon's resignation speech.|TM000123
EV003025||1980's|||||||Videocassette recorders for home use became widely available.|TM000123
EV003026|A.D.|843|||||||Kenneth MacAlpin established Alba, the first united kingdom in Scotland.|TM000124
EV003027||1314|||||||Robert Bruce defeated an English army in Battle of Bannockburn.|TM000124
EV003028||1320|||||||Scotland declared its independence from England.|TM000124
EV003029||1328|||||||English recognized Scottish independence, and Robert Bruce became king of Scotland.|TM000124
EV003030||1560's|||||||Presbyterian Church became national church of Scotland.|TM000124
EV003031||1603|||||||Scotland and England became joined under one king.|TM000124
EV003032||1707|May|1|||||Act of Union joined Scotland with England and Wales, forming Kingdom of Great Britain.|TM000124
EV003033||1715|||||||English put down the first Jacobite rebellion.|TM000124
EV003034||1746|||||||English won Battle of Culloden Moor, ending the second Jacobite rebellion.|TM000124
EV003035||1100's||||1600's|||Clan chiefs retained poets who celebrated their successes in hunt or on the battlefield.|TM000125
EV003036||1300's||||1600's|||Scottish poet John Barbour wrote "The Bruce".|TM000125
EV003037||1400's|||||||Blind Harry wrote "The Acts and Deeds of the Illuster and Valliant Champion Schir William Wallace".|TM000125
EV003038||1500's||||1700's|||Religious troubles reduced the flow of ballads and popular literature.|TM000125
EV003039||1500's|||||||Bishop Gavin Douglas of Dunkeld translated Virgil's "Aeneid" into Scots.|TM000125
EV003040||c. 1557|||||||John Knox wrote his "History of the Reformation of Scotland".|TM000125
EV003041||1560|||||||John Knox authorized the issue in Scotland of an English version of the Bible.|TM000125
EV003042||1700's|||||||Allan Ramsay by published an anthology of poems in English and Scots.|TM000125
EV003043||1786|||||||Robert Burns wrote "Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect".|TM000125
EV003044||1800's|||||||James Hogg "The Private Mamoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner".|TM000125
EV003045||1800's|||||||Sir Walter Scott wrote his romantic novel "Rob Roy".|TM000125
EV003046||1800's|||||||R. L. Stevenson wrote "Treasure Island", "Kidnapped" and "Catriona".|TM000125
EV003047||c. 1900|||||||Sir James Matthew Barrie wrote the play "Peter Pan|TM000125
EV003048||1926|||||||Hugh MacDiarmid published a collection of Scots lyrics called "Sangschaw".|TM000125
EV003049||1893|||||||Thomas Edison displayed his "kinetoscope," the first motion-picture machine.|TM000126
EV003050||1894|||||||Edison made the first film, featuring his assistant, Fred Ott.|TM000126
EV003051||1895|||||||August and Louis Lumiere patented a film projector.|TM000126
EV003052||1896|||||||First movie on a public screen shown at Koster & Bial's Music Hall, New York City.|TM000126
EV003053||1902|||||||Georges Melies of France created first science fiction film, "Voyage to the Moon."|TM000126
EV003054||1903|||||||Edwin S. Porter directed first Western film, "The Great Train Robbery."|TM000126
EV003055||1909|||||||Winsor McKay drew first animated cartoon, "Gertie the Dinosaur."|TM000126
EV003056||1912|||||||Carl Laemmle founded Universal Pictures Company.|TM000126
EV003057||1915|||||||D. W. Griffith directed "The Birth of a Nation."|TM000126
EV003058||1915|||||||Charlie Chaplin starred in "The Tramp."|TM000126
EV003059||1919|||||||Robert Wiene of Germany directed "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari."|TM000126
EV003060||1922|||||||Robert Flaherty directed the first feature-length documentary, "Nanook of the North."|TM000126
EV003061||1924|||||||MGM and Columbia Studios formed.|TM000126
EV003062||1925|||||||Sergei Eisenstein directed "The Battleship Potemkin."|TM000126
EV003063||1927|||||||Al Jolson appeared in "The Jazz Singer," the first successful talking picture.|TM000126
EV003064||1928|||||||Walt Disney made the first animated sound film, "Steamboat Willie."|TM000126
EV003065||1931|||||||Horror films "Dracula" and "Frankenstein" released.|TM000126
EV003066||1933|||||||Classic monster movie "King Kong" released.|TM000126
EV003067||1937|||||||Disney made first animated feature-length film, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs."|TM000126
EV003068||1939|||||||"Gone with the Wind" and "The Wizard of Oz" released.|TM000126
EV003069||1941|||||||Orson Welles directed and starred in "Citizen Kane".|TM000126
EV003070||1942|||||||Humphrey Bogart starred in "Casablanca."|TM000126
EV003071||1945|||||||Roberto Rossellini of Italy directed "Open City," the first neorealist film.|TM000126
EV003072||1946|||||||James Stewart starred in Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life."|TM000126
EV003073||1950|||||||Akira Kurosawa directed "Rashomon," first Japanese movie popular in the West.|TM000126
EV003074||1953|||||||The first CinemaScope film, "The Robe," released.|TM000126
EV003075||1954|||||||Marlon Brando starred in "The Wild One."|TM000126
EV003076||1955|||||||James Dean starred in "Rebel Without a Cause."|TM000126
EV003077||1958|||||||First French "New Wave" film, Claude Chabrol's "Le Beau Serge."|TM000126
EV003078||1959|||||||Federico Fellini directed "La Dolce Vita."|TM000126
EV003079||1964|||||||Beatles starred in "A Hard Day's Night."|TM000126
EV003080||1972|||||||Francis Ford Coppola directed "The Godfather."|TM000126
EV003081||1975|||||||Steven Spielberg directed "Jaws."|TM000126
EV003082||1977|||||||George Lucas directed "Star Wars."|TM000126
EV003083||1982|||||||Spielberg directed "E.T."|TM000126
EV003084||1993|||||||Spielberg directed "Schindler's List."|TM000126
EV003085||1996|||||||The film "The English Patient" dominated the Academy Awards.|TM000126
EV003086||1792|||||||Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the book "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman".|TM000127
EV003087||1848|||||||Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton called women's rights convention in New York, U.S.A..|TM000127
EV003088||1865|||||||The U.K.'s first women's suffrage committee was formed in Manchester.|TM000127
EV003089||1869|||||||National Woman suffrage Association formed by Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Ernestine P. Rose.|TM000127
EV003090||1872|||||||Victoria Claflin Woodhull first woman to run for president of U.S.|TM000127
EV003091||1872|||||||Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting illegally in U.S. presidential election.|TM000127
EV003092||1893|||||||New Zealand first nation to grant women full voting rights.|TM000127
EV003093||1903|||||||Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst formed the Women's Social and Political Union.|TM000127
EV003094||1918|||||||U.K. parliament granted a vote to women over 30.|TM000127
EV003095||1919|||||||Women allowed to vote in Germany for the first time.|TM000127
EV003096||1920|||||||19th Amendment ratified, giving all U.S. women age 21 or older the right to vote.|TM000127
EV003097||1928|||||||Voting age for women in the U.K. was lowered to 21, in line with that for men.|TM000127
EV003098||1945|||||||Women in France voted for the first time.|TM000127
EV003099||1947|||||||New constitution of Japan gave women as well as men the right to vote.|TM000127
EV003100||1970's|||||||Most countries lowered voting age to 18.|TM000127
EV003101||1971|||||||Women won voting rights in national elections of Switzerland.|TM000127
EV003102||1997|||||||Women had suffrage in every country men did, except in Kuwait.|TM000127
EV003103|A.D.|c. 500's|||||||Earliest known Welsh poetry, the heroic verse of Aneirin and Taliesin.|TM000128
EV003104|A.D.|c. 900's|||||||"Four Branches of the Mabinogi" written by an unknown Welsh master of language and narrative.|TM000128
EV003105||1500's|||||||The Bible was translated into Welsh.|TM000128
EV003106||1700's|||||||After the Methodist Revival in Wales, many writers expressed religious themes in lyric poetry.|TM000128
EV003107||1800's|||||||Elfed and John Morris-Jones combined Welsh traditions with European poetic developments.|TM000128
EV003108||1900's|||||||R. Williams-Parry combined traditional devices of Welsh poetry with modern, everyday language.|TM000128
EV003109||1945|||||||Hungary and the Allies signed an armistice.|TM000045
EV003110||1997|||||||China gained control of Hong Kong from Britain.|TM000020
EV003111||1520's|||||||First African slaves arrived in Cuba.|TM000028
EV003112||1762||||1763|||British held Havana.|TM000028
EV003113||1901|||||||Cuba adopted constitution that included provisions called Platt Amendment.|TM000028
EV003114||1934|||||||U.S. and Cuba signed treaty that cancelled Platt Amendment.|TM000028
EV003116|B.C.|c. 1400|||||||Earliest known Hindu texts--the Vedas--were beginning to be composed.|TM000046
EV003119||1526|||||||Mughal Empire was established by Babur, who conquered India.|TM000046
EV003120||1857||||1859|||British crushed Indian Rebellion.|TM000046
EV003122||1950|||||||India's Constitution took effect.|TM000046
EV003123||1991|||||||Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi assassinated.|TM000046
EV003124||1996|||||||India entered period of coalition governments.|TM000046
EV003125||1990||||1997|||Mary Robinson served as Ireland's first woman president.|TM000052
EV003126||1997|||||||Institutional Revolutionary Party lost its majority in Chamber of Deputies for first time.|TM000067
EV003127|B.C.|50's|||||||Julius Caesar conquered much of Low Countries, including what is now the Netherlands.|TM000071
EV003130||1992|||||||Netherlands and 11 other European nations signed treaty creating EU, in Dutch city of Maastricht.|TM000071
EV003131||1995|March|22|||||Cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days aboard space station Mir--an international record.|TM000090
EV003132||1996|||||||U.S. astronaut Shannon Lucid spent 188 days aboard space station Mir--a U.S. record.|TM000090
EV003133||1997|||||||Scotland and Wales voted to establish their own legislatures.|TM000102
EV003134||1917|||||||United Kingdom issued the Balfour Declaration, supporting creation of national homeland for Jews.|TM000129
EV003135||1947|||||||UN approved plan to divide Palestine into two states--one Jewish, one Palestinian.|TM000129
EV003136||1948|May|14|||||Zionists proclaimed the state of Israel.|TM000129
EV003137||1948|May|15|||||Armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Iraq attacked Israel.|TM000129
EV003138||1949|||||||Israel and all five Arab states agreed to end fighting.|TM000129
EV003139||1956|July|26|||||Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser seized Suez Canal from its British and French owners.|TM000129
EV003140||1956|Oct.|29|||||Israel, with French and British help, attacked Egyptian forces in Sinai Peninsula.|TM000129
EV003141||1956|Nov.|6|||||UN called a cease-fire in fighting between Israel and Egypt.|TM000129
EV003142||1957|||||||Israel returned Sinai to Egypt; Suez Canal opened under Egyptian management.|TM000129
EV003143||1964|||||||Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed to represent Palestinians.|TM000129
EV003144||1967|May||||||Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser closed Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping.|TM000129
EV003145||1967|June|5|||||Israelis launched surprise attack on Egypt; Syria, Jordan, and Iraq joined Egypt against Israel.|TM000129
EV003146||1967|June|10|||||Fighting ended; Israel won Sinai, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem.|TM000129
EV003147||1973|Oct.|6|||||Egypt and Syria launched assault on Israeli forces in Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.|TM000129
EV003148||1973|Oct.|24|||||Israel defeated Egypt and Syria.|TM000129
EV003149||1978|||||||Egyptian President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin signed Camp David Accords.|TM000129
EV003150||1979|||||||Egypt and Israel signed treaty that confirmed their peaceful relationship.|TM000129
EV003151||1982|||||||Israel drove PLO out of southern Lebanon.|TM000129
EV003152||1987|||||||Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza Strip began anti-Israeli uprising known as intifada.|TM000129
EV003153||1988|||||||PLO recognized Israel's right to exist.|TM000129
EV003154||1993|||||||Israel and PLO, aided by Norway, began secret peace talks.|TM000129
EV003155||1993|Sept.||||||PLO and Israel signed an agreement.|TM000129
EV003156||1994|||||||Israel gave PLO control of Gaza Strip and West Bank city of Jericho.|TM000129
EV003157||1994|||||||Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty.|TM000129
EV003158||1995||||1996|||Israel gave Palestinians control of most cities and towns in West Bank.|TM000129
EV003159||1903|||||||Boston (AL) defeated Pittsburgh (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003160||1904|||||||World Series not held.|TM000130
EV003161||1905|||||||Chicago (AL) defeated Philadelphia (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003162||1906|||||||Chicago (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003163||1907|||||||Chicago (NL) defeated Detroit (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003164||1908|||||||Chicago (NL) defeated Detroit (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003165||1909|||||||Pittsburgh (NL) defeated Detroit (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003166||1910|||||||Philadelphia (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003167||1911|||||||Philadelphia (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003168||1912|||||||Boston (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003169||1913|||||||Philadelphia (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003170||1914|||||||Boston (NL) defeated Philadelphia (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003171||1915|||||||Boston (AL) defeated Philadelphia (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003172||1916|||||||Boston (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003173||1917|||||||Chicago (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003174||1918|||||||Boston (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003175||1919|||||||Cincinnati (NL) defeated Chicago (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003176||1920|||||||Cleveland (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003177||1921|||||||New York (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003178||1922|||||||New York (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003179||1923|||||||New York (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003180||1924|||||||Washington (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003181||1925|||||||Pittsburgh (NL) defeated Washington (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003182||1926|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003183||1927|||||||New York (AL) defeated Pittsburgh (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003184||1928|||||||New York (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003185||1929|||||||Philadelphia (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003186||1930|||||||Philadelphia (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003187||1931|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated Philadelphia (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003188||1932|||||||New York (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003189||1933|||||||New York (NL) defeated Washington (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003190||1934|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated Detroit (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003191||1935|||||||Detroit (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003192||1936|||||||New York (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003193||1937|||||||New York (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003194||1938|||||||New York (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003195||1939|||||||New York (AL) defeated Cincinnati (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003196||1940|||||||Cincinnati (NL) defeated Detroit (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003197||1941|||||||New York (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003198||1942|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003199||1943|||||||New York (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003200||1944|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated St. Louis (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003201||1945|||||||Detroit (AL) defeated Chicago (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003202||1946|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated Boston (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003204||1948|||||||Cleveland (AL) defeated Boston (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003205||1949|||||||New York (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003206||1950|||||||New York (AL) defeated Philadelphia (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003207||1951|||||||New York (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003208||1952|||||||New York (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003209||1953|||||||New York (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003210||1954|||||||New York (NL) defeated Cleveland (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003211||1955|||||||Brooklyn (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003212||1956|||||||New York (AL) defeated Brooklyn (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003213||1957|||||||Milwaukee (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003214||1958|||||||New York (AL) defeated Milwaukee (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003215||1959|||||||Los Angeles (NL) defeated Chicago (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003216||1960|||||||Pittsburgh (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003217||1961|||||||New York (AL) defeated Cincinnati (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003218||1962|||||||New York (AL) defeated San Francisco (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003219||1963|||||||Los Angeles (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003220||1964|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003221||1965|||||||Los Angeles (NL) defeated Minnesota (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003222||1966|||||||Baltimore (AL) defeated Los Angeles (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003223||1967|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated Boston (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003224||1968|||||||Detroit (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003225||1969|||||||New York (NL) defeated Baltimore (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003226||1970|||||||Baltimore (AL) defeated Cincinnati (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003227||1971|||||||Pittsburgh (NL) defeated Baltimore (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003228||1972|||||||Oakland (AL) defeated Cincinnati (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003229||1973|||||||Oakland (AL) defeated New York (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003230||1974|||||||Oakland (AL) defeated Los Angeles (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003231||1975|||||||Cincinnati (NL) defeated Boston (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003232||1976|||||||Cincinnati (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003233||1977|||||||New York (AL) defeated Los Angeles (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003234||1978|||||||New York (AL) defeated Los Angeles (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003235||1979|||||||Pittsburgh (NL) defeated Baltimore (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003236||1980|||||||Philadelphia (NL) defeated Kansas City (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003237||1981|||||||Los Angeles (NL) defeated New York (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003238||1982|||||||St. Louis (NL) defeated Milwaukee (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003239||1983|||||||Baltimore (AL) defeated Philadelphia (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003240||1984|||||||Detroit (AL) defeated San Diego (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003241||1985|||||||Kansas City (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003242||1986|||||||New York (NL) defeated Boston (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003243||1987|||||||Minnesota (AL) defeated St. Louis (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003244||1988|||||||Los Angeles (NL) defeated Oakland (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003245||1989|||||||Oakland (AL) defeated San Francisco (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003246||1990|||||||Cincinnati (NL) defeated Oakland (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003247||1991|||||||Minnesota (AL) defeated Atlanta (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003248||1992|||||||Toronto (AL) defeated Atlanta (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003249||1993|||||||Toronto (AL) defeated Philadelphia (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003250||1994|||||||World Series not held due to players' strike.|TM000130
EV003251||1995|||||||Atlanta (NL) defeated Cleveland (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003252||1996|||||||New York (AL) defeated Atlanta (NL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003253||1997|||||||Florida (NL) defeated Cleveland (AL) to win World Series.|TM000130
EV003254||1950|||||||Minneapolis Lakers defeated Syracuse Nationals to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003255||1951|||||||Rochester Royals defeated New York Knickerbockers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003256||1952|||||||Minneapolis Lakers defeated New York Knickerbockers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003257||1953|||||||Minneapolis Lakers defeated New York Knickerbockers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003258||1954|||||||Minneapolis Lakers defeated Syracuse Nationals to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003259||1955|||||||Syracuse Nationals defeated Fort Wayne Pistons to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003260||1956|||||||Philadelphia Warriors defeated Fort Wayne Pistons to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003261||1957|||||||Boston Celtics defeated St. Louis Hawks to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003262||1958|||||||St. Louis Hawks defeated Boston Celtics to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003263||1959|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Minneapolis Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003264||1960|||||||Boston Celtics defeated St. Louis Hawks to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003265||1961|||||||Boston Celtics defeated St. Louis Hawks to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003266||1962|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003267||1963|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003268||1964|||||||Boston Celtics defeated San Francisco Warriors to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003269||1965|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003270||1966|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003271||1967|||||||Philadelphia 76ers defeated San Francisco Warriors to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003272||1968|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003273||1969|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003274||1970|||||||New York Knickerbockers defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003275||1971|||||||Milwaukee Bucks defeated Baltimore Bullets to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003276||1972|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated New York Knickerbockers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003277||1973|||||||New York Knickerbockers defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003278||1974|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Milwaukee Bucks to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003279||1975|||||||Golden State Warriors defeated Washington Bullets to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003280||1976|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Phoenix Suns to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003281||1977|||||||Portland Trail Blazers defeated Philadelphia 76ers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003282||1978|||||||Washington Bullets defeated Seattle SuperSonics to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003283||1979|||||||Seattle SuperSonics defeated Washington Bullets to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003284||1980|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated Philadelphia 76ers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003285||1981|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Houston Rockets to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003286||1982|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated Philadelphia 76ers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003287||1983|||||||Philadelphia 76ers defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003288||1984|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003289||1985|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated Boston Celtics to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003290||1986|||||||Boston Celtics defeated Houston Rockets to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003291||1987|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated Boston Celtics to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003292||1988|||||||Los Angeles Lakers defeated Detroit Pistons to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003293||1989|||||||Detroit Pistons defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003294||1990|||||||Detroit Pistons defeated Portland Trail Blazers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003295||1991|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Los Angeles Lakers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003296||1992|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Portland Trail Blazers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003297||1993|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Phoenix Suns to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003298||1994|||||||Houston Rockets defeated New York Knickerbockers to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003299||1995|||||||Houston Rockets defeated Orlando Magic to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003300||1996|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Seattle SuperSonics to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003301||1997|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Utah Jazz to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003302||1998|||||||Chicago Bulls defeated Utah Jazz to win NBA championship.|TM000131
EV003303||1770|Dec.|16|||||Ludwig van Beethoven born in Bonn, Germany.|TM000132
EV003304||1783|||||||Beethoven first accompanied opera rehearsals at the keyboard.|TM000132
EV003305||1787|||||||Beethoven visited Vienna.|TM000132
EV003306||1788||||1792|||Beethoven played viola in local theatre orchestra in Bonn.|TM000132
EV003307||1792|||||||Elector of Cologne sent Beethoven to Vienna.|TM000132
EV003308||c. 1798|||||||Beethoven completed the "Pathetique" piano sonata.|TM000132
EV003309||c. 1800|||||||Beethoven's hearing loss made him suspicious and irritable.|TM000132
EV003310||1800||||1801|||Beethoven wrote music for ballet "The Creatures of Prometheus."|TM000132
EV003311||1801|||||||Beethoven composed the "Moonlight" piano sonata.|TM000132
EV003312||1802||||1803|||Beethoven composed the "Kreutzer" violin sonata.|TM000132
EV003313||1803||||1804|||Beethoven composed the "Waldstein" piano sonata.|TM000132
EV003314||1804||||1805|||Beethoven composed the "Appassionata" piano sonata.|TM000132
EV003315||1805|April|7|||||Beethoven's third symphony, the "Eroica," first performed.|TM000132
EV003316||1805|Nov.|20|||||Beethoven's opera "Fidelio" first performed.|TM000132
EV003317||1805||||1806|||Beethoven composed the "Razumovsky" string quartets.|TM000132
EV003318||1806|||||||Beethoven's violin concerto first performed.|TM000132
EV003319||1808|Dec.|22|||||Beethoven's fifth symphony and sixth symphony, the "Pastorale," first performed.|TM000132
EV003320||1810||||1811|||Beethoven composed the "Archduke" piano trio.|TM000132
EV003321||1811|Nov.||||||Beethoven's "Emperor" piano concerto first performed.|TM000132
EV003322||1817||||1818|||Beethoven composed the "Hammerklavier" piano sonata.|TM000132
EV003323||1819||||1823|||Beethoven wrote choral work "Missa solemnis.|TM000132
EV003324||1824|May|7|||||Beethoven's ninth symphony first performed.|TM000132
EV003325||1825||||1826|||Beethoven composed the Grosse Fuge for string quartet.|TM000132
EV003326||1827|March|26|||||Beethoven died in Vienna.|TM000132
EV003327|B.C.|c. 2000|||||||Beijing founded as a trading centre.|TM000133
EV003328|B.C.|400|||B.C.|200|||Beijing served as capital of small state of Yen.|TM000133
EV003329|A.D.|907|||||||Liao dynasty made Beijing one of two national capitals; leaders called city "Yenjing."|TM000133
EV003330||1200's|||||||Mongol leader Kublai Khan made Beijing his winter capital.|TM000133
EV003331||1275|||||||Italian trader Marco Polo visited Beijing and praised its beauty.|TM000133
EV003332||1421|||||||Ming dynasty established capital at Beijing.|TM000133
EV003333||1860|||||||France and Britain forced China to allow foreign diplomats to live in Beijing.|TM000133
EV003334||1900|||||||Boxer Rebellion tried to drive foreigners out of China; army of eight nations retaliated.|TM000133
EV003335||1912||||1928|||Series of local war lords controlled Beijing, the capital of the new Republic of China.|TM000133
EV003336||1928|||||||Chinese Nationalist Party captured Beijing and made Nanjing China's capital.|TM000133
EV003337||1949|||||||Chinese Communists captured Beijing and made it the capital of the People's Republic of China.|TM000133
EV003338||1976|||||||Major earthquake struck Beijing area, causing about 250,000 deaths and widespread property damage.|TM000133
EV003339||1989|||||||Chinese army crushed prodemocracy demonstrations in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.|TM000133
EV003340||1882||||1892|||John L. Sullivan was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003341||1892||||1897|||James J. Corbett was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003342||1897||||1899|||Bob Fitzsimmons was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003343||1899||||1905|||James J. Jeffries was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003344||1905||||1906|||Marvin Hart was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003345||1906||||1908|||Tommy Burns was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003346||1908||||1915|||Jack Johnson was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003347||1915||||1919|||Jess Willard was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003348||1919||||1926|||Jack Dempsey was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003349||1926||||1928|||Gene Tunney was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003350||1930||||1932|||Max Schmeling was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003351||1932||||1933|||Jack Sharkey was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003352||1933||||1934|||Primo Carnera was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003353||1934||||1935|||Max Baer was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003354||1935||||1937|||James J. Braddock was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003355||1937||||1949|||Joe Louis was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003356||1949||||1951|||Ezzard Charles was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003357||1951||||1952|||Joe Walcott was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003358||1952||||1956|||Rocky Marciano was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003359||1956||||1959|||Floyd Patterson was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003360||1959||||1960|||Ingemar Johansson was heavyweight boxing champion.|TM000134
EV003361||1960||||1962|||Floyd Patterson was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003362||1962||||1964|||Sonny Liston was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003363||1964|||||||Muhammad Ali was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003364||1964||||1971|||Muhammad Ali was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003365||1965||||1967|||Ernie Terrell was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003366||1967|||||||Muhammad Ali was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003367||1968||||1970|||Jimmy Ellis was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003368||1970||||1973|||Joe Frazier was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003369||1971||||1973|||Joe Frazier was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003370||1973||||1974|||George Foreman was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003371||1974||||1978|||Muhammad Ali was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003372||1978|||||||Leon Spinks was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003373||1978|||||||Ken Norton was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003374||1978||||1979|||Muhammad Ali was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003375||1978||||1983|||Larry Holmes was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003376||1979||||1980|||John Tate was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003377||1980||||1982|||Mike Weaver was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003378||1982||||1983|||Michael Dokes was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003379||1983||||1984|||Gerrie Coetzee was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003380||1984||||1985|||Greg Page was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003381||1984|||||||Tim Witherspoon was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003382||1984||||1986|||Pinklon Thomas was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003383||1985||||1986|||Tony Tubbs was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003384||1986|||||||Tim Witherspoon was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003385||1986||||1987|||James Smith was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003386||1986||||1990|||Mike Tyson was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003387||1987||||1990|||Mike Tyson was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003388||1990|||||||Buster Douglas was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003389||1990||||1992|||Evander Holyfield was WBA and WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003390||1992|||||||Riddick Bowe was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003391||1992||||1993|||Riddick Bowe was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003392||1992||||1994|||Lennox Lewis was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003393||1993||||1994|||Evander Holyfield was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003394||1994|||||||Michael Moorer was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003395||1994||||1995|||George Foreman was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003396||1994||||1995|||Oliver McCall was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003397||1995||||1996|||Bruce Seldon was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003398||1995||||1996|||Frank Bruno was WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003399||1996|||||||Mike Tyson was WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003400||1996|||||||Mike Tyson became WBC heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003401||1996|||||||Evander Holyfield became WBA heavyweight champion.|TM000134
EV003402||1756|Feb.|6|||||Aaron Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|TM000135
EV003403||1772|||||||Burr graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).|TM000135
EV003404||1775||||1779|||Burr fought with Continental Army in Americn Revolution.|TM000135
EV003405||1782|||||||Burr became a lawyer and practised in New York.|TM000135
EV003406||1789|||||||Burr served as attorney general of New York.|TM000135
EV003407||1791|||||||Burr elected to U.S. Senate, defeating Alexander Hamilton's father-in-law, Gen. Philip Schuyler.|TM000135
EV003408||1801||||1805|||Burr served as vice president of the United States under President Thomas Jefferson.|TM000135
EV003409||1804|||||||Burr ran for governor of New York but lost; challenged Hamilton, who had criticized him, to a duel.|TM000135
EV003410||1804|||||||In a duel, Burr shot and killed Hamilton; Burr indicted for murder.|TM000135
EV003411||1807|||||||Burr tried for treason after questionable activities in U.S. Southwest; acquitted of charges.|TM000135
EV003412||1812|||||||After spending time in Europe, Burr returned to U.S.|TM000135
EV003413||1836|Sept.|14|||||Burr died in New York City.|TM000135
EV003414|B.C.|3100|||||||According to tradition, Memphis, Egypt's first capital, founded near site of present-day Cairo.|TM000136
EV003415|B.C.|2600's|||B.C.|2500|||Construction began on Sphinx and giant pyramids of Giza, near Cairo.|TM000136
EV003416|A.D.|639|||A.D.|642|||Eastern Arabs conquered Egypt and set up military camp near what is now southern Cairo.|TM000136
EV003417||969|||||||Fatimids (North African Arabs) conquered Egypt and established new capital at Cairo.|TM000136
EV003418||c. 970|||||||Al-Azhar University founded in Cairo.|TM000136
EV003419||1100's|||||||Saladin, founder of Egypt's Ayyubid dynasty, began building Citadel and expanded Cairo's area.|TM000136
EV003420||1250||||1517|||Mamelukes ruled Egypt, built many mosques in Cairo, and extended city to present boundaries.|TM000136
EV003421||1800's|||||||Many Europeans settled in Cairo; discovery of ancient Egypt treasures attracted great attention.|TM000136
EV003422||1981|Oct.|6|||||Egyptian religious militants assassinated President Anwar el-Sadat in Cairo.|TM000136
EV003423||1987|||||||Cairo Metro, part of Egypt's first underground railway, began to run.|TM000136
EV003424||1992|||||||Earthquake toppled buildings in Cairo, caused over 500 deaths, and damaged ancient monuments.|TM000136
EV003425||1782|March|18|||||John C. Calhoun born near Abbeville District, South Carolina, U.S.A.|TM000137
EV003426||1804|||||||Calhoun graduated from Yale College with law degree; began practising law in Abbeville District.|TM000137
EV003427||1808|||||||Calhoun elected to South Carolina legislature.|TM000137
EV003428||1811||||1817|||Calhoun member of U.S. House of Representatives.|TM000137
EV003429||1817||||1825|||Calhoun served as U.S. secretary of war.|TM000137
EV003430||1825||||1832|||Calhoun served as vice president of the United States.|TM000137
EV003431||1832|||||||Quarrel with President Jackson over nullification led to Calhoun's resignation as vice president.|TM000137
EV003432||1832||||1843|||Calhoun served in U.S. Senate as elected spokesman of South Carolina.|TM000137
EV003433||1844||||1845|||Calhoun served as U.S. secretary of state.|TM000137
EV003434||1845||||1850|||Calhoun served in Senate.|TM000137
EV003435||1850|March|31|||||Calhoun died in Washington, D.C.|TM000137
EV003436||c. 1340|||||||Geoffrey Chaucer born in London.|TM000138
EV003437||1368|||||||Chaucer wrote the graceful elegy "The Book of the Duchess."|TM000138
EV003438||1372||||1373|||Chaucer travelled to Genoa and Florence, Italy.|TM000138
EV003439||1374||||1386|||Chaucer served as controller of Customs.|TM000138
EV003440||c. 1379|||||||Chaucer wrote "The House of Fame."|TM000138
EV003441||c. 1380|||||||Chaucer wrote "The Parliament of Fowls."|TM000138
EV003442||c. 1386|||||||Chaucer wrote "Troilus and Criseyde."|TM000138
EV003443||1386||||1400|||Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the verse tales "The Canterbury Tales."|TM000138
EV003444||c. 1387|||||||Chaucer wrote "The Legend of Good Women."|TM000138
EV003445||1389||||1391|||Chaucer served as clerk of the King's Works.|TM000138
EV003446||1385|||||||Chaucer was appointed justice of the peace.|TM000138
EV003447||1386|||||||Chaucer was appointed to Parliament.|TM000138
EV003448||1400|||||||Chaucer died; buried in Westminster Abbey in London.|TM000138
EV003449||1673|||||||Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette were probably the first white people to reach the Chicago area.|TM000139
EV003450||1770's|||||||Jean Baptiste Point du Sable established a trading post on north bank of Chicago River.|TM000139
EV003451||1803|||||||U.S. government built Fort Dearborn on south bank of Chicago River.|TM000139
EV003452||1812|||||||Indians burned Fort Dearborn.|TM000139
EV003453||1816|||||||U.S. soldiers rebuilt Fort Dearborn.|TM000139
EV003454||1837|March|4|||||Chicago incorporated as a city.|TM000139
EV003455||1848|||||||Completion of a shipping canal linked Chicago with Mississippi River system.|TM000139
EV003456||1848|||||||Chicago's first railway, the Galena and Chicago Union, began operating.|TM000139
EV003457||1865|||||||Union Stock Yards completed in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003458||1871|||||||Great Chicago Fire killed at least 300 people and destroyed about 200 million U.S dollars in propert|TM000139
EV003459||1885|||||||Ten-storey Home Insurance building, world's first metal-framed skyscraper, completed in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003460||1886|||||||At least seven policemen and one civilian died in Haymarket Riot in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003461||1889|||||||Hull House, founded to help immigrant workers, opened in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003462||1893|||||||World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003463||1919|||||||Race riots in Chicago left 38 people dead, over 500 injured, and about 1,000 homes burned.|TM000139
EV003464||1929|||||||St. Valentine's Day Massacre occurred during the gangster era in Chicago.|TM000139
EV003465||1933|||||||Chicago held the Century of Progress Exhibition.|TM000139
EV003466||1942|Dec.|2|||||First nuclear chain reaction set off at the University of Chicago.|TM000139
EV003467||1955||||1976|||Richard J. Daley--"the last of the big-city bosses"--served as mayor of Chicago.|TM000139
EV003468||1968|||||||Riots broke out in Chicago following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|TM000139
EV003469||1968|||||||Clashes between Vietnam War protesters and police occurred during Democratic National Convention.|TM000139
EV003470||1979|||||||Jane M. Byrne became first woman mayor of Chicago.|TM000139
EV003471||1983||||1987|||Harold Washington served as Chicago's first black mayor.|TM000139
EV003472||1989|||||||Richard M. Daley, son of former mayor Richard J. Daley, elected mayor of Chicago.|TM000139
EV003473||1808|June|8|||||Jefferson Davis born in Christian (later Todd) County, Kentucky.|TM000140
EV003474||1828|||||||Davis graduated from U.S. Military Academy.|TM000140
EV003475||1828||||1835|||Davis served in U.S. Army.|TM000140
EV003476||1832|||||||Davis took charge of Indian prisoner removal after Black Hawk War.|TM000140
EV003477||1835|||||||Davis married Sarah Taylor; both became ill with fever, and she died.|TM000140
EV003478||1845|||||||Davis married Varina Howell.|TM000140
EV003479||1845|||||||Davis won a seat as a Democrat in the U.S. House of Representatives.|TM000140
EV003480||1846|June||||||Davis resigned from Congress to serve in Mexican War.|TM000140
EV003481||1847|||||||Davis appointed by Mississippi governor to fill out term of U.S. senator who had died.|TM000140
EV003482||1850|||||||Davis elected for a full term in U.S. Senate; he opposed Compromise of 1850 and resigned.|TM000140
EV003483||1853|||||||President Franklin Pierce appointed Davis secretary of war.|TM000140
EV003484||1857|||||||Davis elected to U.S. Senate from Mississippi.|TM000140
EV003485||1861|Jan.||||||Mississippi passed Ordinance of Secession, and Davis resigned from Senate.|TM000140
EV003486||1861|Feb.|18|||||Davis took oath of office as provisional president of the Confederacy.|TM000140
EV003487||1862|Feb.|22|||||Davis inaugurated as regular president of the Confederacy.|TM000140
EV003488||1865|May||||||Davis captured by Union troops and imprisoned in Fort Monroe, Virginia; indicted for treason.|TM000140
EV003489||1867|||||||Davis released on bail.|TM000140
EV003490||1881|||||||Davis published "The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government."|TM000140
EV003491||1889|Dec.|6|||||Davis died in New Orleans.|TM000140
EV003492||1893|||||||Davis's body was moved from grave in New Orleans to Richmond, Virginia.|TM000140
EV003493||1206||||1526|||Delhi Sultanate, a Muslim empire, established in Delhi.|TM000141
EV003494||1398|||||||Timur of central Asia captured and sacked Delhi; sultans regained the city.|TM000141
EV003495||1526|||||||Babur defeated the last sultan of Delhi and established the Mughal Empire.|TM000141
EV003496||1600's|||||||Jama Masjid, a majestic mosque, built in Delhi.|TM000141
EV003497||1639||||1648|||Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the Red Fort in Delhi.|TM000141
EV003498||1803|||||||East India Company of Britain took control of Delhi.|TM000141
EV003499||1857|||||||Indian Rebellion against East India Company broke out near Delhi.|TM000141
EV003500||1912|||||||British government moved India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi.|TM000141
EV003501||1912|||||||Construction began on New Delhi.|TM000141
EV003502||1931|||||||New Delhi replaced Delhi as capital of India.|TM000141
EV003503||1947|||||||India won independence from United Kingdom; Delhi's population began to grow rapidly.|TM000141
EV003504||1955|||||||Indian government began a programme to direct the growth of Delhi.|TM000141
EV003505||1812|Feb.|7|||||Charles Dickens born in Portsmouth, England.|TM000142
EV003506||c. 1814|||||||Dickens moved with his family to London.|TM000142
EV003507||1820's|||||||Dickens became a newspaper reporter.|TM000142
EV003508||1824|||||||Dickens worked in a London factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish.|TM000142
EV003509||1836|||||||Dickens published "Sketches by Boz."|TM000142
EV003510||1836||||1837|||Dickens published "The Pickwick Papers" in monthly parts.|TM000142
EV003511||1836|||||||Dickens married Catherine Hogarth.|TM000142
EV003512||1837|||||||Dickens's sister-in-law Mary Hogarth died.|TM000142
EV003513||1837||||1839|||Dickens wrote novel "Oliver Twist."|TM000142
EV003514||1838||||1839|||Dickens wrote novel "Nicholas Nickleby."|TM000142
EV003515||1840||||1841|||Dickens wrote novel "Barnaby Rudge."|TM000142
EV003516||1842|||||||Dickens made his first trip to the United States.|TM000142
EV003517||1842|||||||Dickens wrote travel book "American Notes."|TM000142
EV003518||1843|||||||Dickens wrote "A Christmas Carol."|TM000142
EV003519||1843||||1844|||Dickens wrote novel "Martin Chuzzlewit."|TM000142
EV003520||1844|||||||Dickens wrote Christmas book "The Chimes."|TM000142
EV003521||1845|||||||Dickens wrote Christmas book "The Cricket on the Hearth."|TM000142
EV003522||1846||||1848|||Dickens wrote novel "Dombey and Son."|TM000142
EV003523||1846|||||||Dickens wrote Christmas book "The Battle of Life."|TM000142
EV003524||1848|||||||Dickens wrote Christmas book "The Haunted Man."|TM000142
EV003525||1849||||1850|||Dickens wrote novel "David Copperfield."|TM000142
EV003526||1850||||1859|||Dickens edited magazine "Household Words."|TM000142
EV003527||1852||||1853|||Dickens wrote novel "Bleak House."|TM000142
EV003528||1854|||||||Dickens wrote novel "Hard Times."|TM000142
EV003529||1855||||1857|||Dickens wrote novel "Little Dorrit."|TM000142
EV003530||1858|||||||Dickens and his wife, Catherine, separated.|TM000142
EV003531||1858||||1859|||Dickens gave his first series of public readings from his work.|TM000142
EV003532||1859|||||||Dickens wrote novel "A Tale of Two Cities."|TM000142
EV003533||1859||||1870|||Dickens edited magazine "All the Year Round."|TM000142
EV003534||1860||||1861|||Dickens wrote novel "Great Expectations."|TM000142
EV003535||1864||||1865|||Dickens wrote novel "Our Mutual Friend."|TM000142
EV003536||1870|June|9|||||Dickens died of a stroke.|TM000142
EV003537|A.D.|64|||||||A fire destroyed much of Rome.|TM000143
EV003538||79|||||||Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius destroyed the Roman cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae.|TM000143
EV003539||365|||||||An earthquake in Crete killed about 50,000 people.|TM000143
EV003540||856|||||||An earthquake in Iran killed about 200,000 people.|TM000143
EV003541||1201|||||||An earthquake in northern Egypt killed about 1,100,000 people.|TM000143
EV003542||1268|||||||An earthquake in Cilicia (now Turkey) killed about 60,000 people.|TM000143
EV003543||1290|||||||An earthquake in northeastern China killed about 100,000 people.|TM000143
EV003544||1556|||||||An earthquake in central China killed about 830,000 people.|TM000143
EV003545||1666|||||||Great Fire of London destroyed most of the city but caused no known deaths.|TM000143
EV003546||1667|||||||An earthquake in the Caucasus (now Azerbaijan) killed about 80,000 people.|TM000143
EV003547||1669|||||||Eruption of Mt. Etna in Sicily resulted in the deaths of about 20,000 people.|TM000143
EV003548||1693|||||||An earthquake in Sicily killed about 100,000 people|TM000143
EV003549||1703|||||||An earthquake in Honshu, Japan, killed about 200,000 people.|TM000143
EV003550||1730|||||||An earthquake in Hokkaido, Japan, killed about 137,000 people.|TM000143
EV003551||1731|||||||An earthquake in Beijing, China, killed about 100,000 people.|TM000143
EV003552||1737|||||||An earthquake and tornado in Calcutta, India, killed about 300,000 people.|TM000143
EV003553||1755|||||||An earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, killed about 60,000 people.|TM000143
EV003554||1779|||||||An earthquake in northern Iran killed about 100,000 people.|TM000143
EV003555||1783|||||||An earthquake in southern Italy killed about 50,000 people.|TM000143
EV003556||1815|||||||Mt. Tambora erupted in Indonesia, killing about 92,000 people.|TM000143
EV003557||1865|||||||The "Sultana" exploded on the Mississippi River; 1,653 people died.|TM000143
EV003558||1868|||||||An earthquake in Ecuador killed about 70,000 people.|TM000143
EV003559||1871|||||||Great Chicago Fire killed at least 300 people and destroyed about $200 million in property.|TM000143
EV003560||1883|||||||Krakatua eruption and resulting tsunamis killed about 36,000 people in southwestern Indonesia.|TM000143
EV003561||1887|||||||Flooding of the Huang He River in eastern China killed about 900,000 people.|TM000143
EV003562||1889|||||||Flooding from a burst dam killed about 2,200 people in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.|TM000143
EV003563||1900|||||||A hurricane and storm surge killed about 6,000 people in the Galveston, Texas, area.|TM000143
EV003564||1902|||||||Eruption of Mt. Pelee in Martinique destroyed city of St.-Pierre and killed about 38,000 people.|TM000143
EV003565||1906|||||||An earthquake and fire destroyed much of San Francisco; over 3,000 people died.|TM000143
EV003566||1908|||||||An earthquake in Sicily killed about 75,000 people.|TM000143
EV003567||1912|||||||The "Titanic" sank after striking an iceberg in North Atlantic Ocean; 1,517 people died.|TM000143
EV003568||1915|||||||An earthquake in central Italy killed about 29,970 people.|TM000143
EV003569||1917|||||||The "Mont Blanc" exploded in the harbour of Halifax, Nova Scotia, killing 1,635 people.|TM000143
EV003570||1920|||||||An earthquake in central China killed about 200,000 people.|TM000143
EV003571||1923|||||||An earthquake destroyed most of central Tokyo and resulted in the deaths of about 120,000 people.|TM000143
EV003572||1927|||||||An earthquake in central China killed about 200,000 people.|TM000143
EV003573||1932|||||||An earthquake in central China killed about 70,000 people.|TM000143
EV003574||1935|||||||An earthquake in Western India (now Pakistan) killed about 60,000 people.|TM000143
EV003575||1939|||||||An earthquake in central Chile killed about 30,000 people.|TM000143
EV003576||1960|||||||An earthquake in western Morocco killed about 12,000 people.|TM000143
EV003577||1962|||||||An earthquake in northwestern Iran killed about 10,000 people.|TM000143
EV003578||1963|||||||Hurricane Flora killed about 5,000 people in Haiti, 1,700 in Cuba, 400 in the Dominican Republic.|TM000143
EV003579||1968|||||||An earthquake in northeastern Iran killed 11,588 people.|TM000143
EV003580||1970|||||||An earthquake and landslide in western Peru resulted in 66,794 deaths.|TM000143
EV003581||1970|||||||Storm surge from a tropical cyclone drowned about 266,000 people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).|TM000143
EV003582||1972|||||||An earthquake in Nicaragua killed about 5,000 people.|TM000143
EV003583||1976|||||||An earthquake in Guatemala killed about 23,000 people.|TM000143
EV003584||1977|||||||An aeroplane collision in the Canary Islands resulted in 583 deaths.|TM000143
EV003585||1977|||||||A cyclone and tsunami in southern India resulted in about 15,000 deaths.|TM000143
EV003586||1978|||||||An earthquake in eastern Iran killed about 15,000 people.|TM000143
EV003587||1979|||||||Hurricane David struck the West Indies, killing 2,068 people.|TM000143
EV003588||1980|||||||An earthquake in northern Algeria killed about 5,000 people.|TM000143
EV003589||1984|||||||A poisonous gas leak in Bhopal, India, killed about 2,800 people.|TM000143
EV003590||1985|||||||A cyclone and tsunami in southern Bangladesh resulted in about 10,000 deaths.|TM000143
EV003591||1985|||||||An aeroplane crash in central Japan killed 520 people.|TM000143
EV003592||1985|||||||Two earthquakes in central Mexico killed about 7,200 people.|TM000143
EV003593||1985|||||||Nevado del Ruiz eruption and resulting mudslide killed about 25,000 people in western Colombia.|TM000143
EV003594||1987|||||||A ship collision and fire in Mindoro Strait, Philippines, killed about 1,840 people.|TM000143
EV003595||1988|||||||An earthquake in Armenia killed about 25,000 people.|TM000143
EV003596||1990|||||||An earthquake in northwestern Iran killed about 40,000 people.|TM000143
EV003597||1991|||||||A cyclone and tsunami in southern Bangladesh killed about 138,000 people.|TM000143
EV003598||1993|||||||An earthquake in central India killed 9,743 people.|TM000143
EV003599||1995|||||||An earthquake in Japan killed 5,502 people.|TM000143
EV003600|B.C.|c. 3100|||||||Egyptian civilization began with union of Lower and Upper Egypt.|TM000144
EV003601|B.C.|2686|||B.C.|2181|||Great pyramids constructed during the Old Kingdom of Egypt.|TM000144
EV003602|B.C.|1991|||||||King Amenemhet founded Dynasty XII, which greatly increased Egypt's power.|TM000144
EV003603|B.C.|c. 1670|||||||Hyksos rulers formed a dynasty that ruled Egypt for about 100 years.|TM000144
EV003604|B.C.|1490|||B.C.|1436|||Egyptian empire reached its height during the reign of King Thutmose III.|TM000144
EV003605|B.C.|1367|||||||Akhenaton became king of Egypt and introduced major religious reforms.|TM000144
EV003606|B.C.|c. 1070|||||||Dynasty XX ended, and Egypt began to decline rapidly as a strong nation.|TM000144
EV003607|B.C.|332|||||||Alexander the Great added Egypt to his empire and founded city of Alexandria.|TM000144
EV003608|B.C.|31|||||||A Roman fleet crushed an Egyptian force in the Battle of Actium.|TM000144
EV003609|B.C.|30|||||||Rome took over Egypt.|TM000144
EV003610|A.D.|642|||||||Muslims from Arabia seized Alexandria and completed their conquest of Egypt.|TM000144
EV003611||1879|March|4|||||Albert Einstein born in Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany.|TM000145
EV003612||1900|||||||Einstein graduated from Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich.|TM000145
EV003613||1902||||1909|||Einstein worked as a patent examiner in Swiss Patent Office in Bern.|TM000145
EV003614||1905|||||||Einstein suggested that light could be thought of as a stream of tiny particles.|TM000145
EV003615||1905|||||||Einstein confirmed the atomic theory of matter.|TM000145
EV003616||1909|||||||Einstein became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.|TM000145
EV003617||1911||||1912|||Einstein served as professor of theoretical physics at the Germany University in Prague.|TM000145
EV003618||1912|||||||Einstein became a professor at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.|TM000145
EV003619||1913|||||||Einstein elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin.|TM000145
EV003620||1914|||||||Einstein accepted professorship of physics at University of Berlin; assumed German citizenship.|TM000145
EV003621||1914|||||||Einstein became director of Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute in Berlin.|TM000145
EV003622||1916|||||||Einstein's general theory of relativity published.|TM000145
EV003623||1921|||||||Einstein won the Nobel Prize in physics.|TM000145
EV003624||1933|||||||Nazi government of Germany deprived Einstein of positions and citizenship.|TM000145
EV003625||1933|||||||Einstein became a member of the staff of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.|TM000145
EV003626||1940|||||||Einstein became an American citizen.|TM000145
EV003627||1955|April|18|||||Einstein died.|TM000145
EV003628|A.D.|802||||839|||Egbert was king of Wessex in England.|TM000146
EV003629||839||||858|||Ethelwulf was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003630||858||||860|||Ethelbald was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003631||860|||||||Ethelbert was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003632||c. 865||||871|||Ethelred I was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003633||871||||899|||Alfred the Great was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003634||899||||924|||Edward the Elder was king of Wessex.|TM000146
EV003635||924||||939|||Athelstan was king of England.|TM000146
EV003636||939||||946|||Edmund I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003637||946||||955|||Edred was king of England.|TM000146
EV003638||955||||959|||Edwig was king of England.|TM000146
EV003639||959||||975|||Edgar was king of England.|TM000146
EV003640||975|||||||Edward the Martyr was king of England.|TM000146
EV003641||c. 978||||1016|||Ethelred II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003642||1016|||||||Edmund II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003643||1016||||1035|||Canute was king of England.|TM000146
EV003644||1035||||1040|||Harold I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003645||1040||||1042|||Hardecanute was king of England.|TM000146
EV003646||1042||||1066|||Edward the Confessor was king of England.|TM000146
EV003647||1066|||||||Harold II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003648||1066||||1087|||William I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003649||1087||||1100|||William II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003650||1100||||1135|||Henry I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003651||1135||||1154|||Stephen was king of England.|TM000146
EV003652||1154||||1189|||Henry II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003653||1189||||1199|||Richard I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003654||1199||||1216|||John was king of England.|TM000146
EV003655||1216||||1272|||Henry III was king of England.|TM000146
EV003656||1272||||1307|||Edward I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003657||1307||||1327|||Edward II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003658||1327||||1377|||Edward III was king of England.|TM000146
EV003659||1377||||1399|||Richard II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003660||1399||||1413|||Henry IV was king of England.|TM000146
EV003661||1413||||1422|||Henry V was king of England.|TM000146
EV003662||1422||||1461|||Henry VI was king of England.|TM000146
EV003663||1461||||1470|||Edward IV was king of England.|TM000146
EV003664||1470||||1471|||Henry VI was king of England.|TM000146
EV003665||1471||||1483|||Edward IV was king of England.|TM000146
EV003666||1483|||||||Edward V was king of England.|TM000146
EV003667||1483||||1485|||Richard III was king of England.|TM000146
EV003668||1485||||1509|||Henry VII was king of England.|TM000146
EV003669||1509||||1547|||Henry VIII was king of England.|TM000146
EV003670||1547||||1553|||Edward VI was king of England.|TM000146
EV003671||1553|July|10||1553|July|19|Lady Jane Grey was queen of England.|TM000146
EV003672||1553||||1558|||Mary I was queen of England.|TM000146
EV003673||1558||||1603|||Elizabeth I was queen of England.|TM000146
EV003674||1603||||1625|||James I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003675||1625||||1649|||Charles I was king of England.|TM000146
EV003676||1649||||1653|||The Long Parliament ruled England.|TM000146
EV003677||1653||||1658|||Oliver Cromwell ruled England.|TM000146
EV003678||1658||||1659|||Richard Cromwell ruled England.|TM000146
EV003679||1660||||1685|||Charles II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003680||1685||||1688|||James II was king of England.|TM000146
EV003681||1689||||1702|||William III ruled England.|TM000146
EV003682||1689||||1694|||Mary II ruled England with William III.|TM000146
EV003683||1702||||1707|||Anne was queen of England.|TM000146
EV003684||1707||||1714|||Anne was queen of Britain.|TM000146
EV003685||1967|||||||Green Bay Packers defeated Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10, in Super Bowl I.|TM000147
EV003686||1968|||||||Green Bay Packers defeated Oakland Raiders, 33-14, in Super Bowl II.|TM000147
EV003687||1969|||||||New York Jets defeated Baltimore Colts, 16-7, in Super Bowl III.|TM000147
EV003688||1970|||||||Kansas City Chiefs defeated Minnesota Vikings, 23-7, in Super Bowl IV.|TM000147
EV003689||1971|||||||Baltimore Colts defeated Dallas Cowboys, 16-13, in Super Bowl V.|TM000147
EV003690||1972|||||||Dallas Cowboys defeated Miami Dolphins, 24-3, in Super Bowl VI.|TM000147
EV003691||1973|||||||Miami Dolphins defeated Washington Redskins, 14-7, in Super Bowl VII.|TM000147
EV003692||1974|||||||Miami Dolphins defeated Minnesota Vikings, 24-7, in Super Bowl VIII.|TM000147
EV003693||1975|||||||Pittsburgh Steelers defeated Minnesota Vikings, 16-6, in Super Bowl IX.|TM000147
EV003694||1976|||||||Pittsburgh Steelers defeated Dallas Cowboys, 21-17, in Super Bowl X.|TM000147
EV003695||1977|||||||Oakland Raiders defeated Minnesota Vikings, 32-14, in Super Bowl XI.|TM000147
EV003696||1978|||||||Dallas Cowboys defeated Denver Broncos, 27-10, in Super Bowl XII.|TM000147
EV003697||1979|||||||Pittsburgh Steelers defeated Dallas Cowboys, 35-31, in Super Bowl XIII.|TM000147
EV003698||1980|||||||Pittsburgh Steelers defeated Los Angeles Rams, 31-19, in Super Bowl XIV.|TM000147
EV003699||1981|||||||Oakland Raiders defeated Philadelphia Eagles, 27-10, in Super Bowl XV.|TM000147
EV003700||1982|||||||San Francisco 49ers defeated Cincinnati Bengals, 26-21, in Super Bowl XVI.|TM000147
EV003701||1983|||||||Washington Redskins defeated Miami Dolphins, 27-17, in Super Bowl XVII.|TM000147
EV003702||1984|||||||Los Angeles Raiders defeated Washington Redskins, 38-9, in Super Bowl XVIII.|TM000147
EV003703||1985|||||||San Francisco 49ers defeated Miami Dolphins, 38-16, in Super Bowl XIX.|TM000147
EV003704||1986|||||||Chicago Bears defeated New England Patriots, 46-10, in Super Bowl XX.|TM000147
EV003705||1987|||||||New York Giants defeated Denver Broncos, 39-20, in Super Bowl XXI.|TM000147
EV003706||1988|||||||Washington Redskins defeated Denver Broncos, 42-10, in Super Bowl XXII.|TM000147
EV003707||1989|||||||San Francisco 49ers defeated Cincinnati Bengals, 20-16, in Super Bowl XXIII.|TM000147
EV003708||1990|||||||San Francisco 49ers defeated Denver Broncos, 55-10, in Super Bowl XXIV.|TM000147
EV003709||1991|||||||New York Giants defeated Buffalo Bills, 20-19, in Super Bowl XXV.|TM000147
EV003710||1992|||||||Washington Redskins defeated Buffalo Bills, 37-24, in Super Bowl XXVI.|TM000147
EV003711||1993|||||||Dallas Cowboys defeated Buffalo Bills, 52-17, in Super Bowl XXVII.|TM000147
EV003712||1994|||||||Dallas Cowboys defeated Buffalo Bills, 30-13, in Super Bowl XXVIII.|TM000147
EV003713||1995|||||||San Francisco 49ers defeated San Diego Chargers, 49-26, in Super Bowl XXIX.|TM000147
EV003714||1996|||||||Dallas Cowboys defeated Pittsburgh Steelers, 27-17, in Super Bowl XXX.|TM000147
EV003715||1997|||||||Green Bay Packers defeated New England Patriots, 35-21, in Super Bowl XXXI.|TM000147
EV003716||1998|||||||Denver Broncos defeated Green Bay Packers, 31-24, in Super Bowl XXXII.|TM000147
EV003717||1863|July|30|||||Henry Ford born on a farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan.|TM000148
EV003718||1879|||||||Ford became a machinist.|TM000148
EV003719||1893|||||||Ford built his first successful petrol engine.|TM000148
EV003720||1896|||||||Ford built his first car.|TM000148
EV003721||1903|||||||Ford organized the Ford Motor Company.|TM000148
EV003722||1908|||||||Ford's Model T--a simple, sturdy, affordable car--appeared on the market.|TM000148
EV003723||1908||||1927|||More than half the cars sold in the United States were Fords.|TM000148
EV003724||1909|||||||Ford decided to produce only Model T's; began an assembly line system to reduce production costs.|TM000148
EV003725||1913|||||||Price of Model T touring car dropped to 550 U.S. dollars; original price was 825 U.S. dollars.|TM000148
EV003726||1914|||||||Ford raised employees' minimum wage to 5 U.S. dollars a day--more than twice what most wage earners|TM000148
EV003727||1915|||||||Price of Model T touring car dropped to 440 U.S. dollars.|TM000148
EV003728||1915|||||||Ford led and sponsored unofficial delegation to Europe to try to end World War I.|TM000148
EV003729||1918|||||||Ford ran as a Democrat for U.S. Senate but lost.|TM000148
EV003730||1922|||||||Ford wrote book "My Life and Work" with author Samuel Crowther.|TM000148
EV003731||1924|||||||Price of Model T fell to $290, within reach of the average family.|TM000148
EV003732||1926|||||||With author Samuel Crowther, Henry Ford wrote "Today and Tomorrow."|TM000148
EV003733||1927|||||||Ford introduced the Model A, after more than 15 million Model T's had been sold.|TM000148
EV003734||1930|||||||With author Samuel Crowther, Henry Ford wrote "Edison As I Know Him."|TM000148
EV003735||1931|||||||With author Samuel Crowther, Henry Ford wrote "Moving Forward."|TM000148
EV003736||1932|||||||Ford introduced the first low-priced car with a V-8 engine.|TM000148
EV003737||1936|||||||Ford and his son, Edsel, set up Ford Foundation, the world's largest foundation.|TM000148
EV003738||1945|||||||Henry Ford II, one of Ford's grandsons, took over the company.|TM000148
EV003739||1947|April|7|||||Henry Ford died at his Fair Lane estate.|TM000148
EV003740||1956|||||||Ford Motor Company became a publicly owned company.|TM000148
EV003741||1564|Feb.|15|||||Galileo Galilei born in Pisa, Italy.|TM000149
EV003742||1581||||1585|||Galileo studied medicine and philosophy of Aristotle at University of Pisa.|TM000149
EV003743||1585||||1589|||Galileo worked as a tutor in mathematics in Florence.|TM000149
EV003744||1589||||1592|||Galileo served as professor of mathematics at University of Pisa.|TM000149
EV003745||1592||||1610|||Galileo was professor of mathematics at University of Padua; became convinced of Copernican theory.|TM000149
EV003746||1609|||||||Galileo built his first telescope.|TM000149
EV003747||1610|||||||Galileo discovered four moons circling Jupiter.|TM000149
EV003748||1610|||||||Cosimo de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, named Galileo his personal mathematician.|TM000149
EV003749||1613|||||||Galileo wrote letter trying to show Copernican theory consistent with Catholic doctrine.|TM000149
EV003750||1616|||||||Roman Catholic inquisitors in Rome ordered Galileo not "to hold or defend" Copernican theory.|TM000149
EV003751||1632|||||||Galileo published "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems"; summoned by Inquisition.|TM000149
EV003752||1633|||||||Inquisition found Galileo guilty of disobeying earlier order; sentenced him to life imprisonment.|TM000149
EV003753||1638|||||||Galileo published "Discourse on Two New Sciences."|TM000149
EV003754||1642|||||||Galileo died in Florence.|TM000149
EV003755||1983|||||||Special Roman Catholic Church commission concluded that Galileo should not have been condemned.|TM000149
EV003756||1985|||||||Roman Catholic Church published all documents related to Galileo's trial.|TM000149
EV003757||1992|||||||Pope John Paul II endorsed commission's finding that church made mistake in condemning Galileo.|TM000149
EV003758||1869|Oct.|2|||||Mohandas K. Gandhi born in Porbandar, India.|TM000150
EV003759||1888|||||||Gandhi travelled to London to study law.|TM000150
EV003760||1891|||||||Gandhi returned to India to practise law but met with little success.|TM000150
EV003761||1893||||1915|||Gandhi worked for Indian rights in South Africa.|TM000150
EV003762||1915|||||||Gandhi returned to India.|TM000150
EV003763||1919|||||||Gandhi led a Satyagraha campaign against the Rowlatt bills.|TM000150
EV003764||c. 1920|||||||Gandhi became head of Indian National Congress.|TM000150
EV003765||1930|||||||Gandhi led hundreds of followers on a march to the sea in protest against the Salt Acts.|TM000150
EV003766||1942|||||||Gandhi jailed for the last time.|TM000150
EV003767||1948|Jan.|13|||||Gandhi began his last fast; purpose to end bloodshed among Hindu, Muslim, and other groups.|TM000150
EV003768||1948|Jan.|18|||||Hindu, Muslim, and other leaders pledged to stop fighting, and Gandhi broke his fast.|TM000150
EV003769||1948|Jan.|30|||||Gandhi assassinated in New Delhi by a Hindu fanatic.|TM000150
EV003770||1744|||||||Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers--often recognized as first organized golf club--established|TM000151
EV003771||1754|||||||Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews founded as Society of St. Andrews Golfers.|TM000151
EV003772||1829|||||||Royal Calcutta in India became first golf club established outside United Kingdom.|TM000151
EV003773||1848|||||||Solid golf ball called "gutty" replaced the "feathery," leather-covered ball stuffed with feathers.|TM000151
EV003774||1873|||||||Royal Montreal became first North American golf club.|TM000151
EV003775||1880's|||||||Dorset Field Club, Foxburg Country Club, and St. Andrews Golf Club first clubs founded in U.S.|TM000151
EV003776||1894|||||||Amateur Golf Association of the United States (now United States Golf Association) founded.|TM000151
EV003777||1898|||||||Rubber-cored golf ball invented; replaced gutty.|TM000151
EV003778||1916|||||||American professional golfers formed the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA).|TM000151
EV003779||1950|||||||Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour began.|TM000151
EV003780||1951|||||||USGA and Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews agreed to jointly interpret golf rules.|TM000151
EV003781||1757|Jan.|11|||||Date Hamilton claimed he was born; scholars have found evidence he was born in 1755. Born on Nevis.|TM000152
EV003782||1772|||||||Hamilton's St. Croix employers helped send him to school in North America.|TM000152
EV003783||1776|||||||Hamilton appointed captain of artillery company during American Revolution.|TM000152
EV003784||1777||||1781|||Hamilton served as secretary and close assistant of General George Washington.|TM000152
EV003785||1780|||||||Hamilton married Elizabeth Schuyler.|TM000152
EV003786||1782|||||||Hamilton admitted to New York bar and began to practise law.|TM000152
EV003787||1782|||||||Hamilton a delegate from New York to Congress of the Confederation.|TM000152
EV003788||1786|||||||Hamilton wrote proposal calling for convention of states to strengthen federal government.|TM000152
EV003789||1787|||||||Hamilton attended Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.|TM000152
EV003790||1787||||1788|||Hamilton wrote letters urging adoption of Constitution; letters later published in "The Federalist."|TM000152
EV003791||1789||||1795|||Hamilton served as secretary to the treasury.|TM000152
EV003792||c. 1790|||||||Hamilton became leader of new Federalist Party, which supported strong federal government.|TM000152
EV003793||1796|||||||Hamilton helped President Washington write farewell address.|TM000152
EV003794||1804|July|11|||||Hamilton shot by Aaron Burr in a duel.|TM000152
EV003795||1804|July|12|||||Hamilton died in New York City from wound received in duel with Aaron Burr.|TM000152
EV003796||1736|May|29|||||Patrick Henry born in Hanover County, Virginia.|TM000153
EV003797||1760|||||||Henry received his licence to practise law.|TM000153
EV003798||1764|||||||Henry elected to Virginia House of Burgesses.|TM000153
EV003799||1765|||||||Henry gave speech against the Stamp Act--one of his greatest orations.|TM000153
EV003800||1774|Aug.||||||Henry elected a delegate to First Continental Congress.|TM000153
EV003801||1775|||||||Henry a member of Second Continental Congress for a short time.|TM000153
EV003802||1775|March|23|||||Henry gave his famous "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech at Virginia Provincial Convention|TM000153
EV003803||1776||||1779|||Henry served as governor of Virginia.|TM000153
EV003804||1784||||1786|||Henry again served as governor of Virginia.|TM000153
EV003805||1788|||||||Henry served in Virginia state convention called to ratify U.S. Constitution.|TM000153
EV003806||1788|||||||Henry left public service, returned to his law practice, and became a successful criminal lawyer.|TM000153
EV003807||1794|||||||Henry retired to his Red Hill estate near Appomattox, Virginia.|TM000153
EV003808||1796|||||||Henry elected governor of Virginia but refused the office.|TM000153
EV003809||1799|||||||Henry, who had won election to Virginia state legislature, died before taking office.|TM000153
EV003810||c. 1855|||||||British soldiers in Kingston, Ontario, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, played first hockey games.|TM000154
EV003811||1870's|||||||Students at McGill University in Montreal drew up first formal ice hockey rules.|TM000154
EV003812||1880's|||||||McGill rules widely distributed.|TM000154
EV003813||1893|||||||Baron Stanley of Preston donated silver bowl to be awarded to Canada's champion ice hockey team.|TM000154
EV003814||1894|||||||A Montreal team won first Stanley Cup match.|TM000154
EV003815||c. 1895|||||||First U.S. ice hockey games probably played at Yale University and Johns Hopkins University.|TM000154
EV003816||1903|||||||First professional ice hockey team organized at Houghton, Michigan.|TM000154
EV003817||1904|||||||Ice hockey's first professional league, the International Pro Hockey League, was started.|TM000154
EV003818||1904|||||||Six-person ice hockey teams introduced.|TM000154
EV003819||1908|||||||International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) founded.|TM000154
EV003820||1914|||||||Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (now the Canadian Hockey Association) founded.|TM000154
EV003821||1917|||||||Four Canadian teams formed National Hockey League (NHL).|TM000154
EV003822||1920|||||||Olympic ice hockey competition began.|TM000154
EV003823||1924|||||||Boston Bruins became first U.S. team to join the NHL.|TM000154
EV003824||1937|||||||Amateur Hockey Association of the United States (now USA Hockey) founded.|TM000154
EV003825||1947|||||||NHL held its first annual All-Star Game.|TM000154
EV003826||1948|||||||National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began its annual ice hockey tournaments.|TM000154
EV003827||1961|||||||First Hockey Hall of Fame opened in Toronto.|TM000154
EV003828||1967|||||||NHL began an expansion programme.|TM000154
EV003829||1972|||||||World Hockey Association (WHA) began its first season.|TM000154
EV003830||1973|||||||U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame established in Eveleth, Minnesota.|TM000154
EV003831||1979|||||||WHA disbanded; four of its teams joined NHL.|TM000154
EV003832||1998|||||||Women's ice hockey added as event at Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan.|TM000154
EV003833||1918|||||||Toronto Arenas defeated Vancouver Millionaires to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003834||1919|||||||Stanley Cup play-off between Montreal Canadiens and Seattle Metropolitans called off.|TM000155
EV003835||1920|||||||Ottawa Senators defeated Seattle Metropolitans to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003836||1921|||||||Ottawa Senators defeated Vancouver Millionaires to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003837||1922|||||||Toronto St. Pats defeated Vancouver Millionaires to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003838||1923|||||||Ottawa Senators defeated Edmonton Eskimos to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003839||1924|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Calgary Tigers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003840||1925|||||||Victoria Cougars defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003841||1926|||||||Montreal Maroons defeated Victoria Cougars to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003842||1927|||||||Ottawa Senators defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003843||1928|||||||New York Rangers defeated Montreal Maroons to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003844||1929|||||||Boston Bruins defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003845||1930|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003846||1931|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003847||1932|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003848||1933|||||||New York Rangers defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003849||1934|||||||Chicago Blackhawks defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003850||1935|||||||Montreal Maroons defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003851||1936|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003852||1937|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003853||1938|||||||Chicago Blackhawks defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003854||1939|||||||Boston Bruins defeated Toronto Mlaple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003855||1940|||||||New York Rangers defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003856||1941|||||||Boston Bruins defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003857||1942|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003858||1943|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003859||1944|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003860||1945|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003861||1946|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003862||1947|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003863||1948|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003864||1949|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003865||1950|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003866||1951|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003867||1952|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003868||1953|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003869||1954|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003870||1955|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003871||1956|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003872||1957|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003873||1958|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003874||1959|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003875||1960|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Toronto Maple Leafs to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003876||1961|||||||Chicago Blackhawks defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003877||1962|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003878||1963|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003879||1964|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003880||1965|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003881||1966|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003882||1967|||||||Toronto Maple Leafs defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003883||1968|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated St. Louis Blues to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003884||1969|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated St. Louis Blues to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003885||1970|||||||Boston Bruins defeated St. Louis Blues to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003886||1971|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003887||1972|||||||Boston Bruins defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003888||1973|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003889||1974|||||||Philadelphia Flyers defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003890||1975|||||||Philadelphia Flyers defeated Buffalo Sabres to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003891||1976|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Philadelphia Flyers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003892||1977|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003893||1978|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003894||1979|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated New York Rangers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003895||1980|||||||New York Islanders defeated Philadelphia Flyers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003896||1981|||||||New York Islanders defeated Minnesota North Stars to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003897||1982|||||||New York Islanders defeated Vancouver Canucks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003898||1983|||||||New York Islanders defeated Edmonton Oilers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003899||1984|||||||Edmonton Oilers defeated New York Islanders to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003900||1985|||||||Edmonton Oilers defeated Philadelphia Flyers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003901||1986|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Calgary Flames to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003902||1987|||||||Edmonton Oilers defeated Philadelphia Flyers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003903||1988|||||||Edmonton Oilers defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003904||1989|||||||Calgary Flames defeated Montreal Canadiens to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003905||1990|||||||Edmonton Oilers defeated Boston Bruins to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003906||1991|||||||Pittsburgh Penguins defeated Minnesota North Stars to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003907||1992|||||||Pittsburgh Penguins defeated Chicago Blackhawks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003908||1993|||||||Montreal Canadiens defeated Los Angeles Kings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003909||1994|||||||New York Rangers defeated Vancouver Canucks to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003910||1995|||||||New Jersey Devils defeated Detroit Red Wings to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003911||1996|||||||Colorado Avalanche defeated Florida Panthers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003912||1997|||||||Detroit Red Wings defeated Philadelphia Flyers to win Stanley Cup.|TM000155
EV003913||1900|||||||A hurricane and storm surge killed about 6,000 people in the Galveston, Texas, area.|TM000156
EV003914||1928|||||||About 1,800 people died in a hurricane and floods in the Lake Okeechobee area of Florida.|TM000156
EV003915||1938|||||||The New England Hurricane tore through the northeastern U.S., killing about 600 people.|TM000156
EV003916||1963|||||||Hurricane Flora killed about 5,000 people in Haiti, 1,700 in Cuba, 400 in the Dominican Republic.|TM000156
EV003917||1969|||||||Hurricane Camille killed over 250 people in seven states from Louisiana to Virginia.|TM000156
EV003918||1970|||||||Storm surge from a tropical cyclone drowned about 266,000 people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).|TM000156
EV003919||1972|||||||Floods well inland caused by Hurricane Agnes killed 117 people from Florida to New York.|TM000156
EV003920||1974|||||||Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, killing about 8,000 people.|TM000156
EV003921||1975|||||||Floods caused by Typhoon Nina killed over 100,000 people in China.|TM000156
EV003922||1988|||||||Hurricane Gilbert became the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere.|TM000156
EV003923||1989|||||||Hurricane Hugo struck the West Indies and the southeastern U.S., causing over 60 deaths.|TM000156
EV003924||1992|||||||Hurricane Andrew hit the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana, causing about $22 billion in damage.|TM000156
EV003925||1995|||||||Hurricane Ismael struck northwestern Mexico, causing 107 deaths.|TM000156
EV003926|B.C.|50|||||||Earliest evidence of ice skating found among Roman ruins in London.|TM000157
EV003927|A.D.|1100|||||||People in Scandinavia wore skates of deer or elk bones for transportation.|TM000157
EV003928||1100's|||||||Recreational ice skating may have begun in Britain.|TM000157
EV003929||c. 1250|||||||Iron blades first used for ice skates in the Netherlands.|TM000157
EV003930||c. 1400|||||||Steel blades on wooden soles first used for ice skates.|TM000157
EV003931||1850|||||||E. W. Bushnell of Philadelphia produced first all-steel skates.|TM000157
EV003932||c. 1870|||||||U.S. ballet dancer Jackson Haines first blended creative dance movements with ice skating.|TM000157
EV003933||1892|||||||International Skating Union (I.S.U.) founded.|TM000157
EV003934||1908|||||||Men's and women's figure skating added as Olympic events at games in London.|TM000157
EV003935||1924|||||||Men's speed skating added as Olympic event.|TM000157
EV003936||1928|||||||Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie won first of her three Olympic gold medals.|TM000157
EV003937||1948|||||||U.S. figure skater Dick Button won first of his two gold medals.|TM000157
EV003938||1960|||||||Women's speed skating became an Olympic event.|TM000157
EV003939||1976|||||||Ice dancing became on Olympic event.|TM000157
EV003940||1980|||||||U.S. speed-skater Eric Heiden first athlete to win 5 individual gold medals in one Olympics.|TM000157
EV003941||1988||||1994|||Bonnie Blair of the U.S. won 5 Olympic gold medals in speed skating.|TM000157
EV003942||1992|||||||Men's and women's short-track skating became Olympic events.|TM000157
EV003943||1840's||||1850|||About 1 1/2 million Irish immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003944||1840's||||1880|||About 4 million German immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003945||1870's||||1900|||About 1 1/2 million Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003946||1880's||||1920|||About 1 million Polish immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003947||1880's||||1920|||About 2 1/2 million Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003948||1880's||||1920|||About 4 million Austrians, Czechs, Hungarians, and Slovaks moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003949||1880's||||1920|||About 4 1/2 million Italian immigrants movedto the United States.|TM000158
EV003950||1910||||1920|||About 700,000 Mexican immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003951||1950's||||1990|||About 5 million Mexican immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003952||1960's||||1980|||About 700,000 Cuban immigrants moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003953||1970's||||1980|||About 900,000 immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica moved to the United States.|TM000158
EV003954||1970's||||1980|||About 500,000 Vietnamese immigrants came to the United States.|TM000158
EV003955|B.C.|c. 1000|||||||King David made Jerusalem the capital of the Israelites.|TM000159
EV003956|B.C.|c. 928|||||||Jerusalem became capital of Judah.|TM000159
EV003957|B.C.|580's|||||||Babylonians conquered Judah, destroyed Solomon's Temple, and took many Jews captive.|TM000159
EV003958|B.C.|538|||||||Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, where they built the Second Temple.|TM000159
EV003959|B.C.|c. 168|||||||King Antiochus IV angered the Jews by dedicating the Temple to the Greek god Zeus.|TM000159
EV003960|B.C.|c. 165|||||||Jews led by Judah Macabee overthrew Antiochus and recaptured the Temple.|TM000159
EV003961|B.C.|63|||||||Roman general Pompey the Great captured Jerusalem and made it part of Roman Empire.|TM000159
EV003962|B.C.|37|||B.C.|4|||Herod the Great began huge building programme in Jerusalem, including restoration of the Temple.|TM000159
EV003963|A.D.|28|||||||Jesus Christ arrived in Jerusalem; was later crucified there.|TM000159
EV003964||66|||||||Jews began a major revolt against Roman rule and held Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003965||70|||||||Romans retook Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple and much of the city's fortifications.|TM000159
EV003966||70||||130|||Jerusalem was largely uninhabited.|TM000159
EV003967||130|||||||Roman Emperor Hadrian announced plans to build a Roman city on site of Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003968||132|||||||Jews led by Bar Kikhba recaptured the city from the Romans.|TM000159
EV003969||135|||||||Hadrian drove the rebels out of Jerusalem and prohibited Jews from visiting or living there.|TM000159
EV003970||395|||||||Jerusalem became part of Byzantine Empire.|TM000159
EV003971||614||||629|||Persian troops held Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003972||629||||638|||Byzantine troops controlled Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003973||638|||||||Muslim Arabs took control of Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003974||1099|||||||Crusaders captured Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade.|TM000159
EV003975||1099||||1187|||Jerusalem served as capital of Crusader state called Kingdom of Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003976||1187|||||||Muslim leader Saladin reconquered Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003977||1250||||1516|||Jerusalem controlled by Mamelukes, Muslims from Egypt.|TM000159
EV003978||1516||||1917|||Jerusalem controlled by Ottomans.|TM000159
EV003979||1800's|||||||Construction spread outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003980||1917|||||||Jerusalem became centre of British administration of Palestine.|TM000159
EV003981||1930's|||||||Severe anti-Jewish riots by Arabs broke out in Jerusalem.|TM000159
EV003982||1948|||||||Jerusalem's Old City came under heavy shelling during First Arab-Israeli War.|TM000159
EV003983||1949|||||||First Arab-Israeli War ended; Israel held West Jerusalem, Jordan held East Jerusalem and Old City.|TM000159
EV003984||1967|June||||||Israel captured the Old City and East Jerusalem during Six-Day (or June) War.|TM000159
EV003985||1980|||||||Israeli Knesset passed a law restating Israel's position that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.|TM000159
EV003986|B.C.|c. 1100|||||||Iron Age villages existed in the Johannesburg area.|TM000160
EV003987|A.D.|1200's|||||||New settlers--mostly Tswana--arrived in the Johannesburg area.|TM000160
EV003988||1886|||||||Johannesburg founded as a mining camp when Witwatersrand gold field discovered.|TM000160
EV003989||1887|||||||Joubert Park laid out in Johannesburg.|TM000160
EV003990||1890|||||||Johannesburg Public Library opened.|TM000160
EV003991||1915|||||||Johannesburg City Hall completed.|TM000160
EV003992||1922|||||||University of  Witwatersrand established in Johannesburg.|TM000160
EV003993||1928|||||||Johannesburg became a city.|TM000160
EV003994||1935|||||||Africana Museum opened in Johannesburg.|TM000160
EV003995||1986|||||||Gold Reef City--a major tourist attraction--opened in Johannesburg.|TM000160
EV003996||1994|||||||Johannesburg named capital of Gauteng Province.|TM000160
EV003997|B.C.|59|||||||"Acta Diurna" ("Daily Events"), earliest known newssheet, began in Rome.|TM000161
EV003998|A.D.|c. 700|||||||Chinese circular "Diabo" (also spelled "Ti-Pao") first printed newspaper.|TM000161
EV003999||1609|||||||"Avisa Relation oder Zeitung" of Germany first regularly published printed newspaper in Europe.|TM000161
EV004000||1622|||||||A weekly newssheet first newspaper regularly printed in England.|TM000161
EV004001||1644|||||||John Milton's pamphlet "Areopagitica" one of earliest arguments for freedom of the press.|TM000161
EV004002||1690|||||||First newspaper in American Colonies, "Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick," published.|TM000161
EV004003||1695|||||||England lifted its newspaper licensing system.|TM000161
EV004004||1704|||||||"Boston News-Letter" first regularly published paper in American Colonies.|TM000161
EV004005||1733|||||||John Peter Zenger founded "New York Weekly Journal."|TM000161
EV004006||1735|||||||Zenger tried for libel; found not guilty because he had printed the truth; truth is not libelous.|TM000161
EV004007||1741|||||||"American Magazine" first magazine published in America; lasted only three months.|TM000161
EV004008||1765|||||||American Colonies had over 20 newspapers.|TM000161
EV004009||1765|||||||British Parliament passed Stamp Act requiring tax stamps on newspapers; colonists protested.|TM000161
EV004010||1766|||||||Parliament repealed Stamp Act after colonial newspapers refused to buy the stamps.|TM000161
EV004011||1786|||||||Philadelphia printer Mathew Carey started "The Columbian" magazine.|TM000161
EV004012||1830|||||||U.S. had about 1,000 newspapers; most cost about 6 cents a copy.|TM000161
EV004013||1830|||||||"Godey's Lady's Book" first American magazine for women.|TM000161
EV004014||1831|||||||"The American Rail-Road Journal" trade magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004015||1833|||||||Benjamin H. Day founded "New York Sun," first successful penny newspaper.|TM000161
EV004016||1835|||||||"New York Herald" newspaper established by James Gordon Bennett.|TM000161
EV004017||1841|||||||Horace Greeley started the "New York Tribune" newspaper.|TM000161
EV004018||1847|||||||"The Chicago Tribune" newspaper began publication.|TM000161
EV004019||1848|||||||Six New York City newspapers formed Associated Press (AP), first major news service in U.S.|TM000161
EV004020||1851|||||||"The New York Times" newspaper began publication.|TM000161
EV004021||1851|||||||German journalist Baron de Reuter founded Reuters news service in London.|TM000161
EV004022||1857|||||||"Atlantic Monthly" magazine began publication; first edited by famous poet James Russell Lowell.|TM000161
EV004023||1861||||1865|||During American Civil War, people read "Harper's Weekly" magazine for drawings of battlefront.|TM000161
EV004024||1861||||1865|||Photographer Mathew Brady and staff travelled with Union Army to take American Civil War pictures.|TM000161
EV004025||1861||||1865|||Northern newspapers sent more than 100 reporters to cover Civil War battles in South.|TM000161
EV004026||1865|||||||"The Nation" founded as a liberal weekly newspaper; it later became a magazine.|TM000161
EV004027||1866|||||||"Contemporary Review," one of England's oldest intellectual political journals, founded.|TM000161
EV004028||1878|||||||Joseph Pulitzer bought 2 newspapers and combined them into "St. Louis Post-Dispatch."|TM000161
EV004029||1881|||||||"Los Angles Times" newspaper founded.|TM000161
EV004030||1883|||||||Joseph Pulitzer bought "New York World" newspaper.|TM000161
EV004031||1888|Oct.||||||First issue of "National Geographic" magazine published.|TM000161
EV004032||1889|||||||"Wall Street Journal" newspaper began publication.|TM000161
EV004033||1895|||||||William Randolph Hearst bought "New York Journal" newspaper to compete with "New York World."|TM000161
EV004034||1896||||1926|||Edward Wyllis Scripps founded or bought more than 30 newspapers.|TM000161
EV004035||1899|||||||"Motor Age" trade magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004036||c. 1900|||||||Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and other "muckrakers" exposed government and business corruption.|TM000161
EV004037||1905|||||||Canadian weekly newsmagazine "MacLean's" began publication.|TM000161
EV004038||1907|||||||United Press Associations organized by Edward Wyllis Scripps.|TM000161
EV004039||1909|||||||International News Service (INS) established by William Randolph Hearst.|TM000161
EV004040||1909|||||||Number of U.S. newspapers peaked--2,600 dailies, 14,000 weeklies.|TM000161
EV004041||1909|||||||"Progressive" magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004042||1912|||||||Columbia University School of Journalism founded with 2 million U.S. dollars from will of Joseph Pul|TM000161
EV004043||1914|||||||"New Republic" magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004044||1917|||||||First Pulitzer Prizes awarded, in journalism and literature.|TM000161
EV004045||1920|||||||Station KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA, began radio journalism; broadcast presidential election returns.|TM000161
EV004046||1922|||||||"Reader's Digest" magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004047||1923|||||||Henry R. Luce and Briton Hadden established "Time" magazine, first U.S. newsweekly.|TM000161
EV004048||1925|||||||Harold W. Ross founded "The New Yorker" magazine.|TM000161
EV004049||1925|||||||Soviet news agency TASS founded.|TM000161
EV004050||1930|||||||"Advertising Age" magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004051||1930|||||||Henry R. Luce started "Fortune" magazine for business people.|TM000161
EV004052||1931||||1953|||Henry R. Luce's radio programme "March of Time" broadcast.|TM000161
EV004053||1933|March|12|||||President F.D. Roosevelt broadcast first of his famous "fireside chats" on radio.|TM000161
EV004054||1933|||||||"Newsweek" magazine began publication to compete with "Time."|TM000161
EV004055||1933|||||||"U.S. News & World Report" magazine founded.|TM000161
EV004056||1933|||||||American Newspaper Guild trade union formed.|TM000161
EV004057||1935||||1953|||"March of Time" newsreels shown in cinema's.|TM000161
EV004058||1936||||1972|||"Life" weekly magazine published.|TM000161
EV004059||1939||||1945|||Edward R. Murrow's on-the-scene radio broadcasts described German bombing of London in WWII.|TM000161
EV004060||1944|||||||Agence France-Presse news service founded.|TM000161
EV004061||1945|||||||John H. Johnson began publishing "Ebony" magazine mainly for African American readers.|TM000161
EV004062||1954|||||||TV coverage of Army-McCarthy hearings brought major historical event into millions of homes.|TM000161
EV004063||1955|||||||William F. Buckley, Jr., founded "National Review" magazine.|TM000161
EV004064||1958|||||||United Press Associations merged with INS to form United Press International (UPI).|TM000161
EV004065||1960|||||||First radio and television debates between two presidential candidates, Kennedy and Nixon.|TM000161
EV004066||1961|||||||First radio talks with a person in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.|TM000161
EV004067||1963|Nov.|24|||||In full view of TV cameras, Jack Ruby shot and killed accused Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.|TM000161
EV004068||1965|||||||First commercial communications satellite launched; made worldwide TV broadcasting possible.|TM000161
EV004069||c. 1965||||1975|||Regular battle-scene broadcasts made Vietnam War "first war to be fought on television."|TM000161
EV004070||1967|||||||"American Spectator" magazine founded; emphasized investigative reporting.|TM000161
EV004071||1969|||||||Radio signals carried to earth first words spoken by astronauts on the moon.|TM000161
EV004072||1970's|||||||Development of minicams made videotape practical for use on daily newscasts.|TM000161
EV004073||1972|||||||Gloria Steinem founded "Ms." magazine, published and edited by women.|TM000161
EV004074||1974|Aug.|8|||||Nationwide television audience watched President Richard M. Nixon's resignation speech.|TM000161
EV004075||1974|||||||"People" magazine began publication.|TM000161
EV004076||1978|||||||"Life" resumed publication as a monthly magazine.|TM000161
EV004077||1980|||||||"The Columbus Dispatch" of Ohio first electronic or on-line newspaper in U.S.|TM000161
EV004078||1980|||||||Cable News Network (CNN), founded by Ted Turner, began broadcasting on television.|TM000161
EV004079||1982|||||||"USA Today" began publication, intending to be "the nation's newspaper.|TM000161
EV004080||1985|||||||UPI filed for reorganization under U.S. bankruptcy laws.|TM000161
EV004081||1991|||||||After breakup of Soviet Union, news agency TASS reorganized in Russia and renamed ITAR-TASS.|TM000161
EV004082||1995|||||||Publisher Rupert Murdoch founded "The Weekly Standard" for conservative reporting.|TM000161
EV004083||1995|||||||"George" magazine began publication; John F. Kennedy, Jr., its first editor.|TM000161
EV004084||1995|||||||Electronic journal "The Daily Brief" began issuing weekday news summaries via e-mail.|TM000161
EV004085||1452|||||||Leonardo da Vinci was born, probably outside the village of Vinci, near Florence, Italy.|TM000162
EV004086||1460's|||||||Leonardo became apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio, leading painter and sculptor in Florence.|TM000162
EV004087||1472|||||||Verrocchio and Leonardo collaborated on "The Baptism of Christ."|TM000162
EV004088||1478||||1482|||Leonardo had his own studio in Florence; received commission to paint "Adoration of the Kings."|TM000162
EV004089||1480's|||||||Leonardo da Vinci began drawing sketches of birds in flight and of proposed flying machines.|TM000162
EV004090||c. 1482||||1499|||Leonardo lived in Milan and was court artist for Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan.|TM000162
EV004091||1483|||||||Leonardo da Vinci painted "Madonna of the Rocks," his earliest completely surviving major work.|TM000162
EV004092||1483|||||||Leonardo sketched design for helicopter with large, screwlike wing made of starched linen.|TM000162
EV004093||c. 1487|||||||Leonardo drew proportional study "Vitruvian man," one of the most famous images in European art.|TM000162
EV004094||1495|||||||Leonardo da Vinci drew a sketch of a parachute he designed, called a "tent roof."|TM000162
EV004095||c. 1497|||||||Leonardo finished painting "The Last Supper" on wall of monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.|TM000162
EV004096||c. 1500|||||||Leonardo made detailed, accurate pen and ink drawings of human heart's anatomy.|TM000162
EV004097||c. 1500|||||||Leonardo worked on unfinished oil painting "The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne."|TM000162
EV004098||1503|||||||Leonardo da Vinci painted portrait "Mona Lisa."|TM000162
EV004099||c. 1508|||||||Leonardo attempted to illustrate body's circulatory system in anatomical drawing of female.|TM000162
EV004100||1513|||||||Pope Leo X gave Leonardo rooms for his use in Vatican Palace.|TM000162
EV004101||c. 1514|||||||Leonardo da Vinci drew a self-portrait in red chalk, the artist's only existing likeness.|TM000162
EV004102||1515|||||||Leonardo da Vinci completed "The Deluge," series of drawings depicting end of world in flood.|TM000162
EV004103||1516|||||||King Francis I of France invited Leonardo to become his "first painter and engineer and architect."|TM000162
EV004104||1519|May|2|||||Leonardo da Vinci died in France.|TM000162
EV004105||c. 1900|||||||Leonardo's notebooks--4,000 pages of drawings, ideas, and observations--published.|TM000162
EV004106||1500||||1599|||Shoshone Indians lived in a village called Yang-na near what is now central Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004107||1542|||||||Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese explorer working for Spain, discovered Yang-na.|TM000163
EV004108||1769|||||||Spanish explorers visited what is now the Los Angeles area.|TM000163
EV004109||1771|||||||Franciscan priests built Mission San Gabriel Arcangel.|TM000163
EV004110||1781|||||||Settlers from Mexico founded Pueblo of Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004111||1821|||||||Mexico won independence from Spain and took control of Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004112||1841|||||||First settlers from the United States arrived in the Los Angeles area.|TM000163
EV004113||1848|||||||Under terms of treaty ending Mexican War, U.S. gained control of California, including Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004114||1850|||||||Los Angeles incorporated as a city.|TM000163
EV004115||1885|||||||Santa Fe Railway linked Los Angeles with the Midwest; people flocked to LA area.|TM000163
EV004116||1914|||||||Harbour at San Pedro completed, helping to make Los Angeles a major seaport.|TM000163
EV004117||1965|||||||Blacks in the Watts district of south-central part of Los Angeles rioted.|TM000163
EV004118||1973|||||||Thomas Bradley elected as the first African American mayor of Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004119||1984|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Los Angeles.|TM000163
EV004120||1994|Jan.|17|||||A powerful earthquake struck Los Angeles, killing 57 people.|TM000163
EV004121||1325|||||||Aztec Indians founded capital, Tenochtitlan, at site of present-day Mexico City.|TM000164
EV004122||1519|||||||Spanish invaders entered Tenochtitlan.|TM000164
EV004123||1521|||||||Spanish invaders destroyed Tenochtitlan; began building Mexico City on its ruins.|TM000164
EV004124||1629|||||||Floods killed 30,000 people in Mexico City, prompting Spaniards to build drainage system.|TM000164
EV004125||1847||||1848|||U.S. troops occupied Mexico City.|TM000164
EV004126||1940's|||||||Many factories built in Mexico City.|TM000164
EV004127||1968|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Mexico City.|TM000164
EV004128||1970|||||||Mexico City's underground railway system began operating.|TM000164
EV004129||1970's|||||||Population of metropolitan area of Mexico City increased by over 70 per cent.|TM000164
EV004130||1985|Sept.|19||1985|Sept.|20|Massive earthquakes in Mexico City destroyed hundreds of buildings and caused thousands of deaths.|TM000164
EV004131||1991|||||||Government of Mexico City stepped up efforts to improve city's air quality.|TM000164
EV004132||1997|||||||Mexico City voters elected mayor for first time; city previously ruled by presidential appointee.|TM000164
EV004133||1475|March|6|||||Michelangelo Buonarroti born in village of Caprese, Italy.|TM000165
EV004134||1487|||||||Michelangelo became apprentice to painter Domenico Ghirlandajo in Florence, Italy.|TM000165
EV004135||c. 1491|||||||Under sculptor Donatello's guidance, Michelangelo made his earliest surviving sculpture.|TM000165
EV004136||1494|||||||After his Florentine patrons the Medicis lost power, Michelangelo began travelling.|TM000165
EV004137||1496||||1501|||Michelangelo lived in Rome and carved statue of Roman wine god Bacchus.|TM000165
EV004138||1498|||||||Michelangelo's larger-than-life-sized "Pieta" statue established him as a leading sculptor.|TM000165
EV004139||1501||||1505|||Michelangelo lived in Florence, possibly to compete for abandoned piece of sculpting marble.|TM000165
EV004140||1504|||||||Michelangelo carved marble statue "David," which went on display in main square of Florence.|TM000165
EV004141||1505||||1545|||Michelangelo worked on statues for tomb of Pope Julius II, a project that ended unsuccessfully.|TM000165
EV004142||1508||||1512|||Michelangelo painted frescoes in Sistine Chapel in Rome.|TM000165
EV004143||1515||||1534|||Michelangelo designed architecture and created statues for tombs of Medici Chapel in Florence.|TM000165
EV004144||1524||||1559|||Michelangelo designed hall and staircase to Laurentian library in Florence.|TM000165
EV004145||1534|||||||Michelangelo left Florence and settled in Rome for the rest of his life.|TM000165
EV004146||1536||||1541|||Michelangelo painted fresco "The Last Judgment" on altar wall of Sistine Chapel in Rome.|TM000165
EV004147||1546|||||||Pope Paul III appointed Michelangelo supervising architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.|TM000165
EV004148||1550|||||||Michelangelo completed his last painting, fresco "The Crucifixion of St. Peter" in Vatican chapel.|TM000165
EV004149||1555|||||||Michelangelo sculpted the Florentine "Pieta," meant for his own tomb.|TM000165
EV004150||1564|||||||Michelangelo was working on Rondanini "Pieta," which he never finished.|TM000165
EV004151||1564|||||||Michelangelo died; he was buried in Florence.|TM000165
EV004152||1980's||||1990|||Sistine Chapel frescoes cleaned and restored.|TM000165
EV004153||1608|Dec.|9|||||John Milton born in London.|TM000166
EV004154||1629|||||||While a student at Cambridge University, Milton wrote poem "On the Morning of Christ's Nativity."|TM000166
EV004155||c. 1631|||||||Milton wrote poems "L'Allegro" and "Il Penseroso."|TM000166
EV004156||1632|||||||Milton graduated from Cambridge University and went to Horton, his father's country home.|TM000166
EV004157||1637|||||||Milton wrote the words and Henry Lawes the music to pastoral elegy "Lycidas."|TM000166
EV004158||1638|||||||Milton embarked on a 15-month European tour.|TM000166
EV004159||1640||||1660|||Milton turned away from poetry to work for Parliament and Commonwealth through prose.|TM000166
EV004160||1641|||||||Milton criticized Church of England in "Reformation in England."|TM000166
EV004161||1643|||||||Milton married 16-year-old Mary Powell.|TM000166
EV004162||1644|||||||Milton published his most famous prose work, "Areopagitica," a defence of freedom of the press.|TM000166
EV004163||1649|||||||Milton defended people's right to choose and depose rulers in "The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates."|TM000166
EV004164||1652|||||||Milton completely blind by this time; his wife Mary died.|TM000166
EV004165||1655|||||||Milton wrote sonnet "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" about his blindness.|TM000166
EV004166||1656|||||||Milton married Katherine Woodcock.|TM000166
EV004167||1658|||||||Milton's wife Katherine died.|TM000166
EV004168||1658|||||||Milton wrote sonnet "Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint," probably about Katherine.|TM000166
EV004169||1660|||||||Milton wrote "The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth."|TM000166
EV004170||1660|||||||Charles II restored to throne; Milton arrested but not harmed.|TM000166
EV004171||1663|||||||Milton went into retirement and married Elizabeth Minshull.|TM000166
EV004172||1667|||||||Milton wrote epic poem "Paradise Lost."|TM000166
EV004173||1671|||||||Milton wrote "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes."|TM000166
EV004174||1674|||||||Milton revised "Paradise Lost."|TM000166
EV004175||1674|||||||John Milton died.|TM000166
EV004176||1147|||||||First recorded reference to Moscow.|TM000167
EV004177||1200's|||||||Tatar invaders conquered Moscow.|TM000167
EV004178||1480|||||||Ivan III (the Great) ended Tatar control of Moscow.|TM000167
EV004179||1547|||||||Ivan IV (the Terrible) crowned czar of all Russia; made Moscow his capital.|TM000167
EV004180||1555||||1560|||St. Basil's Cathedral built in Moscow.|TM000167
EV004181||1600's|||||||Moscow grew rapidly; czars built palaces in the Kremlin.|TM000167
EV004182||1712|||||||Peter I (the Great) moved Russia's capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg.|TM000167
EV004183||1755|||||||Moscow State University, Russia's largest university, established.|TM000167
EV004184||1812|||||||Napoleon I of France and his troops entered Moscow but retreated after 35 days.|TM000167
EV004185||1905|||||||Revolution against czar in Moscow and elsewhere.|TM000167
EV004186||1917|||||||Revolutions against czar in Moscow and elsewhere; government fell to Bolsheviks.|TM000167
EV004187||1918|||||||Bolsheviks moved capital back to Moscow.|TM000167
EV004188||1925|||||||Gorki Park, Moscow's most popular amusement centre, opened.|TM000167
EV004189||1939||||1945|||German air raids damaged Moscow during World War II.|TM000167
EV004190||1956|||||||Huge Luzhniki Stadium sports complex completed in Moscow.|TM000167
EV004191||1960|||||||New zoning took effect; more than doubled Moscow's area.|TM000167
EV004192||1980|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Moscow, first Soviet city to host Olympics.|TM000167
EV004193||1991|||||||Soviet Union was dissolved; Moscow remained Russia's capital.|TM000167
EV004194||1928|||||||"Wings" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004195||1929|||||||"The Broadway Melody" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004196||1930|||||||"All Quiet on the Western Front" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004197||1931|||||||"Cimarron" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004198||1932|||||||"Grand Hotel" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004199||1933|||||||"Cavalcade" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004200||1934|||||||"It Happened One Night" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004201||1935|||||||"Mutiny on the Bounty" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004202||1936|||||||"The Great Ziegfield" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004203||1937|||||||"The Life of Emile Zola" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004204||1938|||||||"You Can't Take It with You" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004205||1939|||||||"Gone with the Wind" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004206||1940|||||||"Rebecca" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004207||1941|||||||"How Green Was My Valley" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004208||1942|||||||"Mrs. Miniver" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004209||1943|||||||"Casablanca" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004210||1944|||||||"Going My Way" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004211||1945|||||||"The Lost Weekend" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004212||1946|||||||"The Best Years of Our Lives" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004213||1947|||||||"Gentleman's Agreement" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004214||1948|||||||"Hamlet" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004215||1949|||||||"All the King's Men" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004216||1950|||||||"All About Eve" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004217||1951|||||||"An American in Paris" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004218||1952|||||||"The Greatest Show on Earth" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004219||1953|||||||"From Here to Eternity" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004220||1954|||||||"On the Waterfront" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004221||1955|||||||"Marty" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004222||1956|||||||"Around the World in 80 Days" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004223||1957|||||||"The Bridge on the River Kwai" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004224||1958|||||||"Gigi" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004225||1959|||||||"Ben-Hur" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004226||1960|||||||"The Apartment" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004227||1961|||||||"West Side Story" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004228||1962|||||||"Lawrence of Arabia" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004229||1963|||||||"Tom Jones" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004230||1964|||||||"My Fair Lady" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004231||1965|||||||"The Sound of Music" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004232||1966|||||||"A Man for All Seasons" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004233||1967|||||||"In the Heat of the Night" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004234||1968|||||||"Oliver!" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004235||1969|||||||"Midnight Cowboy" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004236||1970|||||||"Patton" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004237||1971|||||||"The French Connection" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004238||1972|||||||"The Godfather" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004239||1973|||||||"The Sting" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004240||1974|||||||"The Godfather, Part II" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004241||1975|||||||"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004242||1976|||||||"Rocky" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004243||1977|||||||"Annie Hall" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004244||1978|||||||"The Deer Hunter" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004245||1979|||||||"Kramer vs. Kramer" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004246||1980|||||||"Ordinary People" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004247||1981|||||||"Chariots of Fire" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004248||1982|||||||"Gandhi" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004249||1983|||||||"Terms of Endearment" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004250||1984|||||||"Amadeus" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004251||1985|||||||"Out of Africa" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004252||1986|||||||"Platoon" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004253||1987|||||||"The Last Emperor" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004254||1988|||||||"Rain Man" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004255||1989|||||||"Driving Miss Daisy" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004256||1990|||||||"Dances with Wolves" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004257||1991|||||||"The Silence of the Lambs" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004258||1992|||||||"Unforgiven" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004259||1993|||||||"Schindler's List" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004260||1994|||||||"Forrest Gump" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004261||1995|||||||"Braveheart" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004262||1996|||||||"The English Patient" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004263||1997|||||||"Titanic" won Academy Award for Best Picture.|TM000168
EV004264||1609|||||||The Netherlands claimed what is now the New York City region.|TM000169
EV004265||1625|||||||Dutch settlers laid out a town at tip of Manhattan island; settlement soon named New Amsterdam.|TM000169
EV004266||1647|||||||Peter Stuyvesant became governor; town began to prosper rapidly.|TM000169
EV004267||1664|||||||English gained control of New Amsterdam and renamed it New York.|TM000169
EV004268||1789|||||||George Washington inaugurated in New York City as first U.S. president.|TM000169
EV004269||1792|||||||New York Stock Exchange founded.|TM000169
EV004270||1857|||||||Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed Central Park.|TM000169
EV004271||1863|July||||||AmericanCivil War draft riots took place for four days in New York City.|TM000169
EV004272||1871|||||||Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed caught cheating New York City out of several million U.S. dollars|TM000169
EV004273||1883|||||||Brooklyn Bridge opened; first direct link between Manhattan and Brooklyn.|TM000169
EV004274||1886|Oct.|28|||||The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in Upper New York Bay.|TM000169
EV004275||1904|||||||New York City's first underground railway--Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT)--opened.|TM000169
EV004276||1931|||||||Empire State Building completed--at that time, world's tallest building.|TM000169
EV004277||1934||||1945|||Mayor Fiorello La Guardia reformed New York City politics.|TM000169
EV004278||1937|||||||Guggenheim Museum founded.|TM000169
EV004279||1973|||||||World Trade Centre dedicated; headquarters of many trading firms.|TM000169
EV004280||1975|||||||Financial crisis resulted from New York City government's inability to pay all bills for the year.|TM000169
EV004281||1993|||||||Rudolph W. Giuliani became the first Republican to be elected mayor of New York City since 1965.|TM000169
EV004282|B.C.|59|||||||"Acta Diurna" ("Daily Events"), earliest known newssheet, began in Rome.|TM000170
EV004283|A.D.|c. 700|||||||Chinese circular "Diabo" (also spelled "Ti-Pao") first printed newspaper.|TM000170
EV004284||1609|||||||"Avisa Relation oder Zeitung" of Germany first regularly published printed newspaper in Europe.|TM000170
EV004285||1622|||||||A weekly newssheet first newspaper regularly printed in England.|TM000170
EV004286||1644|||||||John Milton's pamphlet "Areopagitica" one of earliest arguments for freedom of the press.|TM000170
EV004287||1690|||||||First newspaper in American Colonies, "Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick," published.|TM000170
EV004288||1695|||||||England lifted its newspaper licensing system.|TM000170
EV004289||1704|||||||"Boston News-Letter" first regularly published paper in American Colonies.|TM000170
EV004290||1733|||||||John Peter Zenger founded "New York Weekly Journal."|TM000170
EV004291||1735|||||||Zenger tried for libel; found not guilty because he had printed the truth; truth is not libelous.|TM000170
EV004292||1765|||||||American Colonies had over 20 newspapers.|TM000170
EV004293||1765|||||||British Parliament passed Stamp Act requiring tax stamps on newspapers; colonists protested.|TM000170
EV004294||1766|||||||Parliament repealed Stamp Act after colonial newspapers refused to buy the stamps.|TM000170
EV004295||1821|||||||British newspaper "Guardian" founded.|TM000170
EV004296||1830|||||||The United States had about 1,000 newspapers; most cost about 6 cents a copy.|TM000170
EV004297||1833|||||||Benjamin H. Day founded "New York Sun," first successful penny newspaper.|TM000170
EV004298||1835|||||||"New York Herald" newspaper established by James Gordon Bennett.|TM000170
EV004299||1841|||||||Horace Greeley started the "New York Tribune" newspaper.|TM000170
EV004300||1844|||||||"Globe & Mail" newspaper of Toronto founded.|TM000170
EV004301||1847|||||||"Chicago Tribune" newspaper began publication.|TM000170
EV004302||1848|||||||Six New York City newspapers formed Associated Press (AP), first major news service in U.S.|TM000170
EV004303||1848|||||||"Des Moines Register" newspaper began publication in Iowa.|TM000170
EV004304||1851|||||||"New York Times" newspaper began publication.|TM000170
EV004305||1851|||||||German journalist Baron de Reuter founded Reuters news service in London.|TM000170
EV004306||1851|||||||"San Jose Mercury News" newspaper began publication in California.|TM000170
EV004307||1861||||1865|||Photographer Mathew Brady and staff travelled with Union Army to take pictures of the American Civil|TM000170
EV004308||1861||||1865|||Northern newspapers sent more than 100 reporters to cover American Civil War battles in South.|TM000170
EV004309||1865|||||||"The Nation" founded as a liberal weekly newspaper; it later became a magazine.|TM000170
EV004310||1868|||||||"Atlanta Journal & Constitution" newspaper began publication.|TM000170
EV004311||1872|||||||"Boston Globe" newspaper founded.|TM000170
EV004312||1878|||||||Joseph Pulitzer bought 2 newspapers and combined them into "St. Louis Post-Dispatch."|TM000170
EV004313||1881|||||||"Los Angeles Times" newspaper founded.|TM000170
EV004314||1883|||||||Joseph Pulitzer bought "New York World" newspaper.|TM000170
EV004315||1888|||||||"Financial Times" newspaper founded.|TM000170
EV004316||1889|||||||"Wall Street Journal" newspaper began publication.|TM000170
EV004317||1895|||||||William Randolph Hearst bought "New York Journal" newspaper to compete with "New York World."|TM000170
EV004318||1896||||1926|||Edward Wyllis Scripps founded or bought more than 30 newspapers.|TM000170
EV004319||c. 1900|||||||Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and other "muckrakers" exposed government and business corruption.|TM000170
EV004320||1907|||||||United Press Associations organized by Edward Wyllis Scripps.|TM000170
EV004321||1908|||||||"Christian Science Monitor" newspaper founded.|TM000170
EV004322||1909|||||||International News Service (INS) established by William Randolph Hearst.|TM000170
EV004323||1909|||||||Number of U.S. newspapers peaked--2,600 dailies, 14,000 weeklies.|TM000170
EV004324||1912|||||||Columbia University School of Journalism founded with 2 million U.S. dollars from will of Joseph Pul|TM000170
EV004325||1917|||||||First Pulitzer Prizes awarded, in journalism and literature.|TM000170
EV004326||1925|||||||Soviet news agency TASS founded.|TM000170
EV004327||1933|||||||American Newspaper Guild trade union formed.|TM000170
EV004328||1944|||||||Agence France-Presse news service founded.|TM000170
EV004329||1958|||||||United Press Associations merged with INS to form United Press International (UPI).|TM000170
EV004330||1980|||||||"The Columbus Dispatch" of Ohio first electronic or on-line newspaper in U.S.|TM000170
EV004331||1982|||||||"USA Today" began publication, intending to be "the nation's newspaper.|TM000170
EV004332||1985|||||||UPI filed for reorganization under U.S. bankruptcy laws.|TM000170
EV004333||1991|||||||After breakup of Soviet Union, news agency TASS reorganized in Russia and renamed ITAR-TASS.|TM000170
EV004334||1642|Dec.|25|||||Isaac Newton born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England.|TM000171
EV004335||1665|||||||Newton graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University.|TM000171
EV004336||1667|||||||Newton became a fellow of Trinity College.|TM000171
EV004337||1669|||||||Newton became professor of mathematics at Cambridge.|TM000171
EV004338||1672|||||||Newton was elected to the Royal Society.|TM000171
EV004339||1687|||||||Newton's laws of motion and theories of gravitation published in his "Principia Mathematica."|TM000171
EV004340||1689||||1690|||Newton was a member of Parliament.|TM000171
EV004341||1696|||||||Newton became warden of the mint.|TM000171
EV004342||1699||||1727|||Newton served as master of the mint.|TM000171
EV004343||1701|||||||Newton was again elected to Parliament.|TM000171
EV004344||1703||||1727|||Newton served as president of the Royal Society.|TM000171
EV004345||1704|||||||Newton published results of his studies of light in "Opticks."|TM000171
EV004346||1705|||||||Queen Anne knighted Newton.|TM000171
EV004347||1727|March|20|||||Newton died in London.|TM000171
EV004348|B.C.|776|||||||First recorded Olympic contest, "stadion" running race, took place at Olympia in western Greece.|TM000172
EV004349|B.C.|708|||||||Wrestling and pentathlon added as ancient Greek Olympic events.|TM000172
EV004350|B.C.|688|||||||Boxing added to ancient Greek Olympic programme.|TM000172
EV004351|B.C.|396|||||||Kyniska of Sparta first woman winner in ancient Olympics; won "tethrippon" 4-horse chariot race.|TM000172
EV004352|A.D.|393|||||||Roman Emperor Theodosius I banned Olympic games.|TM000172
EV004353||1875|||||||Archaeological excavation of Olympia inspired French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin.|TM000172
EV004354||1892|||||||De Coubertin publicly proposed modern international Olympics.|TM000172
EV004355||1894|||||||First International Olympic Committee (IOC) formed.|TM000172
EV004356||1896|||||||First Olympic Games of modern era held in Athens, Greece; athletes competed in 9 sports.|TM000172
EV004357||1900|||||||Olympic Games held in Paris as part of Universal Exposition.|TM000172
EV004358||1900|||||||Men's gymnastics, soccer added; first women's Olympic events, in tennis and golf, added.|TM000172
EV004359||1904|||||||Olympic Games held in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, as part of Louisiana Purchase Exposition.|TM000172
EV004360||1904|||||||Men's swimming, freestyle wrestling, and equestrian events became Olympic sports.|TM000172
EV004361||1906|||||||Unofficial Intercalated, or Interim, Games in Athens, Greece, helped hold Olympic movement together|TM000172
EV004362||1908|||||||Olympic Games held in London.|TM000172
EV004363||1908|||||||Added events included men's and women's figure skating and men's diving and field hockey.|TM000172
EV004364||1912|||||||Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden; women's swimming and men's modern pentathlon added.|TM000172
EV004365||1912|||||||American Native track hero Jim Thorpe stripped of medals because had played "professional" baseball|TM000172
EV004366||1913|||||||Olympic symbol of five interlocking rings created.|TM000172
EV004367||1920|||||||Olympic Games held in Antwerp, Belgium; women's diving and men's ice hockey added.|TM000172
EV004368||1924|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Paris; women's fencing added.|TM000172
EV004369||1924|||||||First separate Winter Olympic Games held in Chamonix, France.|TM000172
EV004370||1924|||||||Men's speed skating, bobsled, and ski events included for first time.|TM000172
EV004371||1928|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|TM000172
EV004372||1928|||||||At Summer Olympic Games, women competed in track and field for first time.|TM000172
EV004373||1928|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.|TM000172
EV004374||1928|||||||Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie won first of three Olympic gold medals.|TM000172
EV004375||1932|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, California, USA; first Olympic Village erected.|TM000172
EV004376||1932|||||||At Summer Olympics, automatic timing for races and photo-finish camera introduced.|TM000172
EV004377||1932|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Lake Placid, New York, USA.|TM000172
EV004378||1936|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Berlin, Germany; first Olympics shown on TV.|TM000172
EV004379||1936|||||||Berlin games first to be preceded by torch relay of Olympic flame from Greece.|TM000172
EV004380||1936|||||||Black U.S. track star Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals, debunking Hitler's theory of white superiority|TM000172
EV004381||1936|||||||Men's basketball and baseball became Olympic sports at Berlin Summer Games.|TM000172
EV004382||1936|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.|TM000172
EV004383||1948|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in London.|TM000172
EV004384||1948|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.|TM000172
EV004385||1952|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Helsinki, Finland; women's gymnastics added.|TM000172
EV004386||1952|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Oslo, Norway.|TM000172
EV004387||1956|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Melbourne, Australia, first time in Southern Hemisphere.|TM000172
EV004388||1956|||||||First boycotts of Olympics; Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Netherlands, and Spain skipped Summer Games.|TM000172
EV004389||1956|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Cortina, Italy.|TM000172
EV004390||1960|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Rome.|TM000172
EV004391||1960|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Squaw Valley, California, USA; women's speed skating added.|TM000172
EV004392||1964|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Tokyo, Japan, first Asian city to serve as host.|TM000172
EV004393||1964|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Innsbruck, Austria.|TM000172
EV004394||1968|||||||IOC began testing Olympic athletes for steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs.|TM000172
EV004395||1968|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Grenoble, France; French skier Jean-Claude Killy won 3 gold medals.|TM000172
EV004396||1968|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Mexico City.|TM000172
EV004397||1972|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Munich, West Germany; men's and women's archery added.|TM000172
EV004398||1972|Sept.|5|||||Palestinian terrorists broke into Olympic Village; 7 Israelis, 5 terrorists, and 1 policeman killed|TM000172
EV004399||1972|||||||U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz won a record 7 gold medals (4 individual, 3 team) in Summer Games.|TM000172
EV004400||1972|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Sapporo, Japan.|TM000172
EV004401||1976|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Montreal, Canada; over 20 African nations boycotted.|TM000172
EV004402||1976|||||||Romanian gymnast Nadia Comeneci earned first perfect score of 10 ever awarded in Olympics.|TM000172
EV004403||1976|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Innsbruck, Austria; ice dancing added.|TM000172
EV004404||1980|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Moscow, Soviet Union; U.S. led boycott of over 50 nations.|TM000172
EV004405||1980|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Lake Placid, New York, USA.|TM000172
EV004406||1980|||||||U.S. speed-skater Eric Heiden first athlete to win 5 individual gold medals in one Olympics.|TM000172
EV004407||1982|||||||IOC voted to return 1912 winner Jim Thorpe's medals to his family and reinstate his victories.|TM000172
EV004408||1984|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, California, USA; Soviet Union launched revenge boycott.|TM000172
EV004409||1984|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.|TM000172
EV004410||1988|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Seoul, South Korea; disputes over anabolic steroids marked the games.|TM000172
EV004411||1988|||||||Women's cycling and men's and women's table tennis added at Summer Olympics.|TM000172
EV004412||1988|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Calgary, Canada.|TM000172
EV004413||1992|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Barcelona, Spain; South Africa competed for first time since 1960.|TM000172
EV004414||1992|||||||Pro basketball players became eligible for Olympics; U.S. "Dream Team" of NBA stars won gold medal.|TM000172
EV004415||1992|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Albertville, France; men's and women's short-track skating added.|TM000172
EV004416||1994|||||||Under new biennial winter-summer schedule, Winter Olympic Games held in Lillehammer, Norway.|TM000172
EV004417||1995|||||||IOC rule change required that all members retire before they reach age 81; formerly served for life|TM000172
EV004418||1996|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, largest in Olympics history--197 nations.|TM000172
EV004419||1996|||||||Women's fast-pitch softball became an Olympic event at Summer Games.|TM000172
EV004420||1996|||||||Bomb blast in downtown Atlanta killed 1 person and injured over 100 during Summer Games.|TM000172
EV004421||1998|||||||Winter Olympic Games held in Nagano, Japan; snowboarding and women's ice hockey added.|TM000172
EV004422||2000|||||||Summer Olympic Games to be held in Sydney, Australia.|TM000172
EV004423||2002|||||||Winter Olympic Games to be held in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.|TM000172
EV004424|B.C.|c.  15,|||B.C.||||Prehistoric artists completed wall paintings in caves at Lascaux, France.|TM000173
EV004425|B.C.|c. 1450|||||||Aegean artists completed wall paintings in Palace of Knossos on island of Crete.|TM000173
EV004426|B.C.|530|||||||Greek painters in Athens invented "red figure" style of vase painting.|TM000173
EV004427|B.C.|c. 80|||A.D.||||Roman painters decorated villas with realistic frescoes.|TM000173
EV004428|A.D.|800's|||||||Artists illustrated manuscripts in Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen, Germany.|TM000173
EV004429||1270||||1285|||Cimabue painted "Madonna Enthroned."|TM000173
EV004430||1305||||1306|||Giotto painted frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.|TM000173
EV004431||c. 1308||||1311|||Duccio painted altarpiece known as "Maesta."|TM000173
EV004432||1333|||||||Simone Martini painted "The Annunciation."|TM000173
EV004433||1416|||||||Limbourg Brothers illustrated "The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry."|TM000173
EV004434||c. 1427|||||||Masaccio painted frescoes "The Tribute Money" and "The Expulsion from Eden."|TM000173
EV004435||1434|||||||Jan van Eyck painted "Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride."|TM000173
EV004436||c. 1435|||||||Rogier Van der Weyden painted "The Descent from the Cross."|TM000173
EV004437||c. 1450|||||||Fra Angelico painted fresco "The Annunciation."|TM000173
EV004438||c. 1450|||||||Piero della Francesca painted "The Baptism of Christ."|TM000173
EV004439||1455|||||||Paolo Uccello painted "The Battle of San Romano."|TM000173
EV004440||c. 1465|||||||Andrea Mantegna painted "The Agony in the Garden."|TM000173
EV004441||c. 1485|||||||Sandro Botticelli painted "The Birth of Venus."|TM000173
EV004442||c. 1497|||||||Leonardo da Vinci completed fresco "The Last Supper."|TM000173
EV004443||1500|||||||Albrecht Durer painted "Self Portrait."|TM000173
EV004444||c. 1505|||||||Giorgione painted "The Tempest."|TM000173
EV004445||c. 1505||||1510|||Hieronymus Bosch painted "Garden of Earthly Delights."|TM000173
EV004446||1508||||1512|||Michelangelo painted frescoes in Sistine Chapel in Rome.|TM000173
EV004447||1510||||1511|||Raphael painted "The School of Athens."|TM000173
EV004448||1515|||||||Matthias Grunewald painted "Isenheim Altarpiece."|TM000173
EV004449||c. 1534|||||||Parmigianino painted "The Virgin of the Long Neck."|TM000173
EV004450||1538|||||||Titian painted "The Venus of Urbino."|TM000173
EV004451||1540|||||||Hans Holbein the Younger painted "Henry VIII in Wedding Dress."|TM000173
EV004452||c. 1562||||1564|||Pieter Bruegel the Elder painted "The Triumph of Death."|TM000173
EV004453||1573|||||||Paolo Veronese painted "Feast in the House of Levi."|TM000173
EV004454||1586|||||||El Greco painted "Burial of Count Orgaz."|TM000173
EV004455||1594|||||||Tintoretto painted "Last Supper."|TM000173
EV004456||1601||||1602|||Caravaggio painted "The Conversation of Saint Paul."|TM000173
EV004457||c. 1604|||||||Annibale Carracci painted "The Flight into Egypt."|TM000173
EV004458||1616|||||||Frans Hals painted "Banquet of the Officers of the Civic Guard."|TM000173
EV004459||1618|||||||Peter Paul Rubens painted "Battle of the Amazons."|TM000173
EV004460||c. 1620|||||||Artemisia Gentileschi painted "Judith and Holofernes."|TM000173
EV004461||1628|||||||Francisco de Zurburan painted "Saint Serapion."|TM000173
EV004462||c. 1635|||||||Anthony Van Dyke painted "Portrait of Charles I Hunting."|TM000173
EV004463||1642|||||||Rembrandt painted "The Night Watch."|TM000173
EV004464||1648|||||||Nicolas Poussin painted "Holy Family on the Steps."|TM000173
EV004465||1651|||||||Diego Velazquez painted "Las Meninas."|TM000173
EV004466||c. 1665|||||||Jan Vermeer painted "Young Woman Reading a Letter."|TM000173
EV004467||1717|||||||Antoine Watteau painted "The Island of Cythera."|TM000173
EV004468||1743||||1745|||William Hogarth painted "Marriage a la Mode" series.|TM000173
EV004469||1748|||||||Thomas Gainsborough painted "Mr. and Mrs. Andrews."|TM000173
EV004470||1759|||||||Francois Boucher painted "Madame de Pompadour."|TM000173
EV004471||1767|||||||Jean Honore Fragonard painted "The Swing."|TM000173
EV004472||1769|||||||Giovanni Battista Tiepolo painted "The Immaculate Conception."|TM000173
EV004473||1784|||||||Jacques Louis David painted "The Oath of the Horatii."|TM000173
EV004474||1788|||||||Sir Joshua Reynolds painted "The Age of Innocence."|TM000173
EV004475||1800|||||||Francisco Goya painted "The Family of Charles IV."|TM000173
EV004476||1819|||||||Theodore Gericault painted "The Raft of the Medusa."|TM000173
EV004477||1821|||||||John Constable painted "Hay Wain."|TM000173
EV004478||1834|||||||Eugene Delacroix painted "The Women of Algiers."|TM000173
EV004479||1842|||||||J. M. W. Turner painted "Snowstorm, Steamboat Off a Harbour's Mouth."|TM000173
EV004480||1845|||||||J. A. D. Ingres painted "Comtesse d'Haussonville."|TM000173
EV004481||1848|||||||Honore Daumier painted "The Uprising."|TM000173
EV004482||1849|||||||Gustave Courbet painted "The Stonebreakers."|TM000173
EV004483||1853|||||||Rosa Bonheur painted "The Horse Fair."|TM000173
EV004484||1863|||||||Edouard Manet painted "The Luncheon on the Grass."|TM000173
EV004485||1872|||||||Claude Monet painted "Impression: Sunrise."|TM000173
EV004486||1873|||||||Berthe Morisot painted "The Cradle."|TM000173
EV004487||1874|||||||Edgar Degas painted "The Rehearsal."|TM000173
EV004488||1881|||||||Pierre Auguste Renoir painted "The Luncheon of the Boating Party."|TM000173
EV004489||c. 1885|||||||Paul Cezanne painted "Still Life with Commode."|TM000173
EV004490||1886|||||||Georges Seurat painted "Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte."|TM000173
EV004491||1889|||||||Vincent Van Gogh painted "The Starry Night."|TM000173
EV004492||1891|||||||Paul Gauguin painted "Ia Oriana Maria."|TM000173
EV004493||1892|||||||Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painted "At the Moulin Rouge."|TM000173
EV004494||c. 1892|||||||Mary Cassatt, an American who spent most of her life in France, painted "The Bath."|TM000173
EV004495||1893|||||||Edvard Munch painted "The Scream."|TM000173
EV004496||1897|||||||Henri Rousseau painted "The Sleeping Gypsy."|TM000173
EV004497||1901|||||||Gustav Klimt painted "Judith with the Head of Holofernes."|TM000173
EV004498||1907|||||||Pablo Picasso painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."|TM000173
EV004499||1909|||||||Ernst Ludwig Kirchner painted "Street Scene, Dresden."|TM000173
EV004500||1909|||||||Georges Braque painted "Violin and Palette."|TM000173
EV004501||1911|||||||Henri Matisse painted "The Red Studio."|TM000173
EV004502||1911|||||||Marc Chagall painted "I and the Village."|TM000173
EV004503||1911|||||||Marcel Duchamp painted "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 1."|TM000173
EV004504||1912|||||||Giacomo Balla painted "Dog on a Leash."|TM000173
EV004505||1913|||||||Wassily Kandinsky painted "Black Lines."|TM000173
EV004506||1914|||||||Giorgio de Chirico painted "Mystery and Melancholy of a Street."|TM000173
EV004507||1914|||||||Oskar Kokoschka painted "The Tempest."|TM000173
EV004508||1919|||||||Fernand Leger painted "The City."|TM000173
EV004509||1921|||||||Piet Mondrian painted "Composition."|TM000173
EV004510||1921||||1927|||Kasimir Malevich painted "Suprematist Painting."|TM000173
EV004511||1925|||||||Pierre Bonnard painted "La Baignoire."|TM000173
EV004512||1925|||||||Joan Miro painted "Carnival of Harlequin."|TM000173
EV004513||1926|||||||Juan Gris painted "Guitar and Music Paper."|TM000173
EV004514||1926|||||||Rene Magritte painted "The Menaced Assassin."|TM000173
EV004515||1926|||||||Paul Klee painted "Around the Fish."|TM000173
EV004516||1931|||||||Salvador Dali painted "The Persistence of Memory."|TM000173
EV004517||1932|||||||Max Beckmann painted his first "Triptych."|TM000173
EV004518||1938|||||||Georges Rouault painted "The Old King."|TM000173
EV004519||1943|||||||Balthus painted "Solitaire."|TM000173
EV004520||1951|||||||Francis Bacon painted "Pope II."|TM000173
EV004521||1966|||||||Gerhard Richter painted "Act Lehrnschwestern."|TM000173
EV004522||1982|||||||Anselm Kiefer painted "March Sand."|TM000173
EV004523||1992|||||||David Hockney painted "Where Now?"|TM000173
EV004524|B.C.|52|||||||Roman invaders established a colony called Lutetia on what is now the Ile de la Cite.|TM000174
EV004525|A.D.|507|||||||Paris became capital of Frankish kingdom under Clovis.|TM000174
EV004526||1100's|||||||University of Paris founded in Latin Quarter of Left Bank.|TM000174
EV004527||1180||||1223|||King Philip II developed Paris as centre of culture and learning.|TM000174
EV004528||c. 1200|||||||Louvre built as a royal fort; structure later remodelled .|TM000174
EV004529||1200's|||||||Cathedral of Notre Dame completed in Paris.|TM000174
EV004530||1400's||||1500|||During Renaissance, French kings developed culture and beauty of Paris.|TM000174
EV004531||1789||||1799|||French Revolution ended absolute rule by French kings; Paris was centre of revolutionary activity.|TM000174
EV004532||1836|||||||Arc de Triomphe (Arch of Triumph) completed in Paris.|TM000174
EV004533||1875|||||||Construction began on the Basilique du Sacre Coeur in Paris.|TM000174
EV004534||1889|||||||Eiffel Tower erected in Paris for a world fair.|TM000174
EV004535||1919||||1938|||Many great writers, including Ernest Hemingway, gathered in Paris between world wars.|TM000174
EV004536||1940||||1944|||German troops occupied Paris during World War II.|TM000174
EV004537||1968|||||||Students and workers staged protests that led to resignation of President Charles de Gaulle.|TM000174
EV004538||1977|||||||Pompidou Arts Centre opened in Paris.|TM000174
EV004539||1978|||||||La Defense--huge complex with offices, shops, entertainment and sports facilities--opened.|TM000174
EV004540||1992|||||||Disneyland Paris opened in the Paris suburb of Marne-la-Vallee.|TM000174
EV004541||1809|Jan.|19|||||Edgar Allan Poe born in Boston U.S.A., second of 3 children.|TM000175
EV004542||1811|||||||Poe's mother died; Edgar separated from siblings and became ward of Richmond merchant John Allan.|TM000175
EV004543||1815||||1820|||Poe lived with Allan family in United Kingdom.|TM000175
EV004544||1818|||||||Poe became a boarding student at Manor House School in London.|TM000175
EV004545||1820|July||||||Allan family returned to Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.|TM000175
EV004546||1826|||||||Poe enrolled at University of Virginia.|TM000175
EV004547||1827|May||||||Poe enlisted in U.S. Army as "Edgar A. Perry."|TM000175
EV004548||1827|||||||Poe's first book, "Tamerlane and Other Poems," published.|TM000175
EV004549||1829|||||||Poe honurably discharged from enlistment.|TM000175
EV004550||1829|Dec.||||||Poe's second volume of poems, "Araaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems," published.|TM000175
EV004551||1830|May||||||Poe entered U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York.|TM000175
EV004552||1831|Jan.||||||After deliberately neglecting his duties, Poe was court-martialled and expelled from West Point.|TM000175
EV004553||1831|||||||Poe's "Poems: Second Edition" published; contained two important poems, "To Helen" and "Israfel."|TM000175
EV004554||1831||||1836|||Poe began to publish tales while living with his aunt Maria Clemm and her daughter, Virginia.|TM000175
EV004555||1834|Aug.||||||Poe hired as book reviewer at "Messenger" newspaper in Richmond, Virginia.|TM000175
EV004556||1836|May||||||Poe married his cousin Virginia Clemm shortly before her 14th birthday.|TM000175
EV004557||1837|Jan.||||||Poe resigned from "Messenger" after disputes over salary.|TM000175
EV004558||1838|July||||||Poe's "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym" published by Harper's.|TM000175
EV004559||1839|||||||Poe's "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" published; contained "The Fall of the House of Usher."|TM000175
EV004560||1841|||||||Poe became an editor of "Graham's Magazine."|TM000175
EV004561||1841|||||||Poe's tale "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" published; considered the first modern detective story.|TM000175
EV004562||1842|||||||Poe's tales "The Masque of the Red Death" and "The Pit and the Pendulum" published.|TM000175
EV004563||1843|||||||Poe won greater recognition with prize-winning tale "The Gold Bug."|TM000175
EV004564||1843|||||||Poe's tales "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "Lenore" published.|TM000175
EV004565||1845|Jan.||||||Poe's poem "The Raven" made him famous.|TM000175
EV004566||1845|Jan.|||1845|Aug.||Poe antagonized many people by accusing poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and others of plagiarisms.|TM000175
EV004567||1845|July||||||Poe's "Tales," a collection of 12 stories, published.|TM000175
EV004568||1845|Oct.||||||At a public appearance in Boston, Poe admitted to being drunk, further alienating the public.|TM000175
EV004569||1845|Nov.||||||Poe's "The Raven and Other Poems" published.|TM000175
EV004570||1846|||||||Despite ill health, Poe published story "The Cask of Amontillado" and other writings.|TM000175
EV004571||1846|||||||Poe published "The Philosophy of Composition" to explain how he composed "The Raven."|TM000175
EV004572||1847|Jan.|30|||||Wife Virginia died of tuberculosis after 5 years of illness.|TM000175
EV004573||1848|||||||Poe's "Eureka: A Prose Poem" published; explored the mysteries of the universe.|TM000175
EV004574||1848|||||||Poe devoted attention to techniques of versification in essay "The Rationale of Verse."|TM000175
EV004575||1849|Oct.|3|||||Poe found semiconscious and delirious outside a tavern used as a polling place.|TM000175
EV004576||1849|Oct.|7|||||Edgar Allan Poe died in Baltimore, Maryland; cause of death listed as "congestion of the brain."|TM000175
EV004577||1849|||||||Poe's "The Bells" and "Annabel Lee" published.|TM000175
EV004578|A.D.|c. 64|||||||Saint Peter, considered the first pope, died.|TM000176
EV004579||c. 92|||||||During his reign, Pope Saint Clement I asserted Roman See's primacy over other churches.|TM000176
EV004580||330|||||||Constantine the Great moved imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).|TM000176
EV004581||440||||461|||Pope Saint Leo I argued forcefully for primacy of Roman See over See of Constantinople.|TM000176
EV004582||590||||604|||Pope Saint Gregory I defended Italy from barbarian attack and established temporal power of papacy.|TM000176
EV004583||756||||1870|||Papacy controlled Papal States--provinces and cities in central Italy, including Rome.|TM000176
EV004584||858||||867|||Dispute took place between Pope Saint Nicholas I and Photius, patriarch of Constantinople.|TM000176
EV004585||900's|||||||Cluniac monks led reform movement to eliminate simony and practice of priests being married.|TM000176
EV004586||1054|||||||Complete schism (split) between Eastern and Western churches during reign of Pope Saint Leo IX.|TM000176
EV004587||1059|||||||Pope Nicholas II declared that papal electors must be cardinals.|TM000176
EV004588||1073||||1085|||Pope Saint Gregory VII issued decrees against simony and lay investiture.|TM000176
EV004589||1075|||||||Pope Saint Gregory VII claimed that pope had power to depose both temporal and spiritual leaders.|TM000176
EV004590||1179|||||||Pope Alexander III presided over Third Lateran Council.|TM000176
EV004591||1198||||1216|||Pope Innocent III, most powerful of medieval popes, influenced political affairs of much of Europe.|TM000176
EV004592||1274|||||||Pope Gregory X required that all cardinals meet within 10 days of a pope's death to elect successor|TM000176
EV004593||1302|||||||Pope Boniface VIII's bull "Unam sanctam" claimed pope to be exclusive instrument of salvation.|TM000176
EV004594||1303|||||||French soldiers held Pope Boniface VIII prisoner for 3 days at his family home in Italy.|TM000176
EV004595||1309||||1377|||Popes resided at Avignon in what is now France during "Babylonian Captivity."|TM000176
EV004596||1378||||1417|||Candidates from Avignon and Rome both claimed to be rightful pope during Great Schism.|TM000176
EV004597||1409|||||||Council of Pisa tried to resolve Schism dispute but instead created third claim to papacy.|TM000176
EV004598||1417|||||||Council of Constance resolved Great Schism; one candidate abdicated; the two others were deposed.|TM000176
EV004599||1417||||1431|||Martin V, elected in place of the three previous papal candidates, reigned as sole legitimate pope.|TM000176
EV004600||1471||||1484|||Pope Sixtus IV was a patron of the arts and scholarship during the Renaissance.|TM000176
EV004601||1503||||1513|||Pope Julius II, nephew of Sixtus IV, supported work of artists Raphael and Michelangelo.|TM000176
EV004602||1534||||1549|||Pope Paul III approved Society of Jesuits.|TM000176
EV004603||1545|||||||Pope Paul III first called Council of Trent.|TM000176
EV004604||1648|||||||Peace of Westphalia reduced influence of the papacy.|TM000176
EV004605||1700's|||||||Papacy came under attack from Febronianism, Josephism, and Gallicanism movements.|TM000176
EV004606||1740||||1758|||Pope Benedict XIV was admired for enlightened reign and support of religious and secular education.|TM000176
EV004607||1846||||1878|||Pope Pius IX ruled longer than any pope in history; he updated and revised many church practices.|TM000176
EV004608||1869|Dec.|||1870|Sept.||Called by Pius IX, Vatican Council I gathered for the first time bishops from throughout the world.|TM000176
EV004609||1870|||||||Vatican Council I proclaimed papal infallibility in document "Pastor Aeternus" (Eternal Shepherd)."|TM000176
EV004610||1870|||||||Papal States gone; pope's territory reduced to Vatican and Lateran palaces and papal villa.|TM000176
EV004611||1929|||||||Lateran Treaty created tiny independent country of Vatican City, ruled by pope.|TM000176
EV004612||1958||||1963|||John XXIII called Vatican Council II to update Catholic doctrine.|TM000176
EV004613||1968|||||||Pope Paul VI issued encyclical that continued church teachings prohibiting birth control.|TM000176
EV004614||1978|Aug.|26||1978|Sept.|28|John Paul I first pope to take two names; had one of shortest reigns in papal history.|TM000176
EV004615||1978|||||||John Paul II of Poland became first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI (1522-1523) of Netherlands.|TM000176
EV004616||1981|May||||||Pope John Paul II shot and seriously wounded by Turkish terrorist.|TM000176
EV004617||1983|||||||Pope John Paul II issued new code of church law.|TM000176
EV004618||1984|||||||Pope John Paul II negotiated new concordat recognizing separation of church and state.|TM000176
EV004619||1992|||||||Pope John Paul II approved new catechism.|TM000176
EV004620||1994|||||||Under Pope John Paul II, Vatican established full diplomatic relations with state of Israel.|TM000176
EV004621||1789||||1797|||George Washington served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004622||1797||||1801|||John Adams served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004623||1801||||1809|||Thomas Jefferson served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004624||1809||||1817|||James Madison served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004625||1817||||1825|||James Monroe served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004626||1825||||1829|||John Quincy Adams served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004627||1829||||1837|||Andrew Jackson served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004628||1837||||1841|||Martin Van Buren served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004629||1841|||||||William Henry Harrison served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004630||1841||||1845|||John Tyler served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004631||1845||||1849|||James K. Polk served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004632||1849||||1850|||Zachary Taylor served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004633||1850||||1853|||Millard Fillmore served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004634||1853||||1857|||Franklin Pierce served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004635||1857||||1861|||James Buchanan served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004636||1861||||1865|||Abraham Lincoln served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004637||1865||||1869|||Andrew Johnson served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004638||1869||||1877|||Ulysses S. Grant served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004639||1877||||1881|||Rutherford B. Hayes served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004640||1881|||||||James A. Garfield served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004641||1881||||1885|||Chester A. Arthur served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004642||1885||||1889|||Grover Cleveland served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004643||1889||||1893|||Benjamin Harrison served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004644||1893||||1897|||Grover Cleveland served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004645||1897||||1901|||William McKinley served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004646||1901||||1909|||Theodore Roosevelt served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004647||1909||||1913|||William Howard Taft served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004648||1913||||1921|||Woodrow Wilson served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004649||1921||||1923|||Warren G. Harding served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004650||1923||||1929|||Calvin Coolidge served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004651||1929||||1933|||Herbert C. Hoover served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004652||1933||||1945|||Franklin D. Roosevelt served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004653||1945||||1953|||Harry S. Truman served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004654||1953||||1961|||Dwight D. Eisenhower served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004655||1961||||1963|||John F. Kennedy served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004656||1963||||1969|||Lyndon B. Johnson served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004657||1969||||1974|||Richard M. Nixon served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004658||1974||||1977|||Gerald R. Ford served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004659||1977||||1981|||Jimmy Carter served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004660||1981||||1989|||Ronald W. Reagan served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004661||1989||||1993|||George H. W. Bush served as president of the United States.|TM000177
EV004663||1867||||1873|||Sir John A. Macdonald served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004664||1873||||1878|||Alexander Mackenzie served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004665||1878||||1891|||Sir John A. Macdonald served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004666||1891||||1892|||Sir John J. C. Abbott served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004667||1892||||1894|||Sir John S. D. Thompson served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004668||1894||||1896|||Sir Mackenzie Bowell served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004669||1896|||||||Sir Charles Tupper served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004670||1896||||1911|||Sir Wilfrid Laurier served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004671||1911||||1920|||Sir Robert L. Borden served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004672||1920||||1921|||Arthur Meighen served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004673||1921||||1926|||W. L. Mackenzie King served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004674||1926|||||||Arthur Meighen served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004675||1926||||1930|||W. L. Mackenzie King served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004676||1930||||1935|||Richard B. Bennett served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004677||1935||||1948|||W. L. Mackenzie King served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004678||1948||||1957|||Louis S. St. Laurent served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004679||1957||||1963|||John G. Diefenbaker served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004680||1963||||1968|||Lester B. Pearson served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004681||1968||||1979|||Pierre Elliott Trudeau served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004682||1979||||1980|||Charles Joseph Clark served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004683||1980||||1984|||Pierre Elliott Trudeau served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004684||1984|||||||John N. Turner served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004685||1984||||1993|||Brian Mulroney served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004686||1993|||||||Kim Campbell served as prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004687||1993|||||||Jean Chretien became prime minister of Canada.|TM000178
EV004688||1503|||||||Portuguese explorers first arrived in Guanabara Bay near what is now Rio de Janeiro.|TM000179
EV004689||1565|||||||Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro.|TM000179
EV004690||1700's|||||||Brazil's gold trade brought many settlers to Rio de Janeiro.|TM000179
EV004691||1808||||1821|||Rio de Janeiro served as capital of the Portuguese empire.|TM000179
EV004692||1822|||||||Brazil became independent nation with Rio de Janeiro as its capital.|TM000179
EV004693||c. 1850|||||||Steamship lines linked Rio with Europe and North America; trade expanded.|TM000179
EV004694||1900||||1910|||Millions moved to Rio de Janeiro from rural Brazil; housing shortages resulted.|TM000179
EV004695||1912|||||||A cable car line carried its first passengers up Sugar Loaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro.|TM000179
EV004696||1931|||||||Christ the Redeemer statue, famous Rio de Janeiro landmark, completed.|TM000179
EV004697||1960|||||||Brasilia replaced Rio de Janeiro as capital of Brazil.|TM000179
EV004698||1975|||||||Rio annexed some of its suburbs and outlying areas.|TM000179
EV004699|B.C.|753|||||||According to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome.|TM000180
EV004700|B.C.|509|||||||Romans drove out Etruscans and established a republic.|TM000180
EV004701|B.C.|44|||||||Julius Caesar assassinated in Rome.|TM000180
EV004702|B.C.|27|||||||Augustus became first Roman emperor.|TM000180
EV004703|A.D.|395|||||||East and West Roman empires split apart.|TM000180
EV004704||410|||||||Visigoths looted Rome.|TM000180
EV004705||476|||||||Last emperor of West Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, overthrown by a Germanic tribe.|TM000180
EV004706||500's|||||||Byzantine Emperor Justinian I drove the Ostrogoths from Rome.|TM000180
EV004707||700's|||||||Popes increased their political power; Papal States established.|TM000180
EV004708||800's|||||||Rome began to be torn by struggles among kings and princes.|TM000180
EV004709||1303|||||||University of Rome founded.|TM000180
EV004710||1400's|||||||Vatican Library established.|TM000180
EV004711||1527|||||||German and Spanish troops stole many of Rome's treasures and killed thousands of Romans.|TM000180
EV004712||1500's||||1600|||Popes hired great artists who created magnificent buildings and artworks in Rome.|TM000180
EV004713||1762|||||||Trevi Fountain completed in Rome.|TM000180
EV004714||1809||||1815|||Rome served as second city, after Paris, of the empire of Napoleon I.|TM000180
EV004715||1871|||||||King Victor Emmanuel II made Rome capital of Italy, ending pope's political power.|TM000180
EV004716||1929|||||||Vatican City established as independent state.|TM000180
EV004717||1950|||||||Central railway station completed in Rome.|TM000180
EV004718||1960|||||||Summer Olympic Games held in Rome.|TM000180
EV004719||1976|||||||Government and business centre called Universal Exhibition of Rome project completed.|TM000180
EV004720||1980's|||||||Rome's city government adopted a plan to restore many of Rome's ruins.|TM000180
EV004721|A.D.|c. 988|||||||First Russian literature appeared; mainly sermons, hymns, biographies of saints.|TM000181
EV004722||1100's|||||||Some chronicles warned against danger of a divided Russia.|TM000181
EV004723||1100's|||||||Epic "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" written by anonymous author.|TM000181
EV004724||1400's|||||||"Zadonshchina" described first major Russian victory over the Tatars.|TM000181
EV004725||1600's|||||||Western Europe began to have a strong influence on Russian literature.|TM000181
EV004726||1739|||||||Mikhail Lomonosov wrote influential "Letter on the Rules of Russian Versification."|TM000181
EV004727||1740's|||||||Classical movement, introduced by Mikhail Lomonosov's literary reforms, emerged fully in Russia.|TM000181
EV004728||1747|||||||Alexander Sumarokov wrote "Khorev," the first of his nine tragedies.|TM000181
EV004729||1771|||||||Vasili Ivanovich Maykov wrote mock epic poem "Elisey, or Bacchus Infuriated."|TM000181
EV004730||1779|||||||Gavriil Derzhavin wrote ode "On the Death of Prince Meshchersky."|TM000181
EV004731||1782|||||||Denis Fonvizin wrote satirical comedy "The Adolescent."|TM000181
EV004732||1789||||1790|||Sentimentalist Nikolai Karamzin wrote "Letters of a Russian Traveller."|TM000181
EV004733||1812|||||||Konstantin Batyushkov wrote "My Penates."|TM000181
EV004734||1825||||1832|||Alexander Pushkin wrote narrative poem "Eugene Onegin."|TM000181
EV004735||1825|||||||Alexander Pushkin wrote drama "Boris Godunov."|TM000181
EV004736||1825|||||||Alexander Griboyedov wrote satirical comedy "Woe from Wit."|TM000181
EV004737||1835|||||||Nikolai V. Gogol wrote historical novel "Taras Bulba."|TM000181
EV004738||1836|||||||Romantic poet Fyodor Tyutchev wrote "Nature Is Not What You Think."|TM000181
EV004739||1840|||||||Mikhail Lermontov wrote psychological novel "A Hero of Our Time."|TM000181
EV004740||1842|||||||Nikolai V. Gogol published first part of satire "Dead Souls."|TM000181
EV004741||1850|||||||Ivan Turgenev completed play "A Month in the Country."|TM000181
EV004742||1854|||||||Alexander N. Ostrovsky wrote drama "Poverty Is No Crime."|TM000181
EV004743||1856|||||||Ivan Turgenev wrote novel "Rudin."|TM000181
EV004744||1859|||||||Ivan Goncharov wrote realistic novel "Oblomov."|TM000181
EV004745||1860|||||||Alexander N. Ostrovsky wrote "The Storm."|TM000181
EV004746||1862|||||||Ivan Turgenev wrote realistic novel "Fathers and Sons."|TM000181
EV004747||1866|||||||Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote psychological novel "Crime and Punishment."|TM000181
EV004748||1869|||||||Leo Tolstoy wrote "War and Peace."|TM000181
EV004749||1875||||1877|||Leo Tolstoy wrote "Anna Karenina."|TM000181
EV004750||1879||||1880|||Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote "The Brothers Karamazov."|TM000181
EV004751||1886|||||||Leo Tolstoy wrote tale "The Death of Ivan Ilyich."|TM000181
EV004752||1899|||||||Anton Chekhov wrote drama "Uncle Vanya."|TM000181
EV004753||1901|||||||Anton Chekhov wrote drama "The Three Sisters."|TM000181
EV004754||1902|||||||Maxim Gorki wrote drama "The Lower Depths."|TM000181
EV004755||1912|||||||Anna Akhmatova published "Evening," her first book of poems.|TM000181
EV004756||1913|||||||Osip Mandelshtam published "Stone," his first collection of poems.|TM000181
EV004758||1913||||1914|||Symbolist Andrey Bely wrote "St. Petersburg."|TM000181
EV004759||1915|||||||Leonid Andreyev combined elements of realism and symbolism in play "He Who Gets Slapped."|TM000181
EV004760||1915|||||||Ivan Bunin wrote short-story "The Gentleman from San Francisco."|TM000181
EV004761||1915|||||||Futurist Vladimir Mayakovsky published "A Cloud in Trousers" and "The Backbone Flute."|TM000181
EV004762||1918|||||||Symbolist poet Alexander Blok wrote "The Twelve."|TM000181
EV004763||1921||||1941|||Alexei N. Tolstoy wrote three-novel work "The Road to Calvary."|TM000181
EV004764||1926|||||||Isaak Babel wrote "Red Cavalry," a series of stories about horrible conditions resulting from war.|TM000181
EV004765||1928|||||||Ilya Ilf and Eugene Petrov wrote satire "The Twelve Chairs."|TM000181
EV004766||1928||||1932|||Soviet writers promoted Soviet industry with works on agriculture and manufacturing.|TM000181
EV004767||1928||||1940|||Mikhail A. Sholokhov wrote epic novel "The Quiet Don."|TM000181
EV004768||1943||||1944|||Konstantin Simonov wrote patriotic war novel "Days and Nights."|TM000181
EV004769||1954|||||||Ilya Ehrenburg wrote short novel "The Thaw."|TM000181
EV004770||1957|||||||Boris Pasternak's novel "Dr. Zhivago" published in Italy.|TM000181
EV004771||1958|||||||Boris Pasternak won Nobel Prize for literature but refused it under pressure from Soviet government|TM000181
EV004772||1961|||||||Poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko wrote "Babi Yar," a tribute to Soviet Jews massacred by Nazis in 1941.|TM000181
EV004773||1968|||||||Alexander Solzhenitsyn published "The First Circle."|TM000181
EV004774||1969|||||||Venedikt Erofeev wrote short novel "Moscow to the End of the Line."|TM000181
EV004775||1970|||||||Alexander Solzhenitsyn won Nobel Prize for literature.|TM000181
EV004776||1975|||||||Yuri Trifonov wrote "Another Life."|TM000181
EV004777||1975|||||||Vladimir Voinovich wrote satire "The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin."|TM000181
EV004778||1988|||||||"Dr. Zhivago" published in Soviet Union for first time.|TM000181
EV004779||1833|||||||The "Lady of the Lake" sank after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean; 215 people died.|TM000182
EV004780||1852|||||||The "Birkenhead" became shipwrecked off the South African coast; 420 people died.|TM000182
EV004781||1853|||||||The "Annie Jane" became shipwrecked off Scotland; 348 people died.|TM000182
EV004782||1854|||||||The "City of Glasgow" vanished out of Liverpool, England, with 399 people aboard.|TM000182
EV004783||1857|||||||The "Central America" sank on a Cuba-New York run; 422 people died.|TM000182
EV004784||1858|||||||The "Austria" burned in the North Atlantic Ocean; 509 people died.|TM000182
EV004785||1859|||||||The "Pomona" became shipwrecked off Ireland; 388 people died.|TM000182
EV004786||1865|||||||The "Sultana" exploded on the Mississippi River; 1,653 people died.|TM000182
EV004787||1867|||||||A hurricane in the West Indies sank 58 vessels, killing about 1,000 people.|TM000182
EV004788||1873|||||||The "Atlantic" became shipwrecked off Nova Scotia; about 500 people died.|TM000182
EV004789||1878|||||||The "Princess Alice" involved in collision in Thames River; 640 people died.|TM000182
EV004790||1891|||||||The "Utopia" collided with HMS "Anson" in a storm off Gibraltar; about 533 people died.|TM000182
EV004791||1895|||||||The "Reina Regenta" foundered near Gibraltar; 402 people died.|TM000182
EV004792||1898|||||||The "Cromartyshire" and "La Bourgogne" collided off Nova Scotia; 561 people died.|TM000182
EV004793||1904|||||||The "General Slocum" burned in East River, New York; 1,030 people died.|TM000182
EV004794||1904|||||||The "Norge" became shipwrecked off Scotland; 651 people died.|TM000182
EV004795||1912|||||||The "Titanic" sank after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean; 1,517 people died.|TM000182
EV004796||1914|||||||The "Empress of Ireland" involved in collision in the St. Lawrence River; 1,029 people died.|TM000182
EV004797||1915|||||||The "Eastland" capsized in the Chicago River; 812 people died.|TM000182
EV004798||1917|||||||The "Mont Blanc" exploded in the harbur of Halifax, Nova Scotia, killing 1,635 people.|TM000182
EV004799||1931|||||||The "St. Philibert" capsized off France; 368 people died.|TM000182
EV004800||1942|||||||The "Curacao" involved in collision off England; 335 people died.|TM000182
EV004801||1948|||||||The "Kiangya" exploded in the China Sea; about 1,100 people died.|TM000182
EV004802||1948|||||||The "Taiping" collided with the "Kien Yuan" off China; about 600 people died.|TM000182
EV004803||1954|||||||The "Toya Maru" sank in Tsugaru Strait, Japan; 1,172 people died.|TM000182
EV004804||1956|||||||The "Andrea Doria" collided with the "Stockholm" off Massachusetts coast; 46 died; 1,660 rescued.|TM000182
EV004805||1958|||||||The "Uskudar" capsized off Ismit Turkey; 361 people died.|TM000182
EV004806||1963|||||||The "Thresher," a nuclear submarine, sank in the North Atlantic Ocean; 129 people died.|TM000182
EV004807||1970|||||||The "Namyong-Ho" sank off South Korea; 308 people died.|TM000182
EV004808||1981|||||||The "Tampomas II" burned and sank in the Java Sea; 580 people died.|TM000182
EV004809||1983|||||||The "Tenth of Ramadan" burned in Lake Nasser, Egypt; 357 people died.|TM000182
EV004810||1986|||||||The "Admiral Nakhimov" involved in collision in Black Sea; 398 people died.|TM000182
EV004811||1987|||||||The "Maria" sank in the Luapula River, Zambia; about 390 people died.|TM000182
EV004812||1987|||||||The "Dona Paz" involved in collision near the Philippines; 1,840 people died.|TM000182
EV004813||1991|||||||The "Salem Express" sank after striking a coral reef near Egypt; about 475 people died.|TM000182
EV004814||1993|||||||The "Neptune" capsized off Haiti; about 800 people died.|TM000182
EV004815||1994|||||||The "Estonia" sank off southwest Finland; about 850 people died.|TM000182
EV004816||1938|||||||Don Budge of U.S. first player to win grand slam (Wimbledon and Australian, French, and U.S. Opens)|TM000183
EV004817||1950||||1967|||Australian teams won Davis Cup 15 times.|TM000183
EV004818||1953|||||||Maureen Connolly of U.S. won grand slam.|TM000183
EV004819||1957||||1958|||Althea Gibson, first important black tennis player, won U.S. and Wimbledon titles 2.|TM000183
EV004820||1963|||||||ITF established Federation Cup tournament for women players.|TM000183
EV004821||1968|||||||ITF members voted to allow amateurs and professionals to compete together in "open" tournaments.|TM000183
EV004822||1969|||||||Rod Laver of Australia became only person to win grand slam twice; he won his first in 1962.|TM000183
EV004823||1970|||||||Margaret Smith Court of Australia won grand slam.|TM000183
EV004824||1972|||||||Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for men and Women's Tennis Association (WTA) established.|TM000183
EV004825||1973|||||||"Battle of the sexes" televised match between Bobby Riggs and Margaret Smith Court; Riggs won.|TM000183
EV004826||1973|||||||Largest crowd ever to watch a tennis match saw Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs at Astrodome.|TM000183
EV004827||1973||||1994|||Martina Navratilova won a record 167 singles championships.|TM000183
EV004828||1976||||1980|||Bjorn Borg became only player in modern history to win 5 straight Wimbledon singles titles.|TM000183
EV004829||1978||||1990|||Martina Navratilova won 9 Wimbledon singles titles, more than any other woman tennis player.|TM000183
EV004830||1988|||||||Steffi Graf of West Germany won grand slam.|TM000183
EV004831||c. 1820|||||||Harriet Tubman born a slave in Bucktown, Maryland U.S.A.; original name was Araminta Ross.|TM000184
EV004832||1844|||||||Married John Tubman, a freed slave.|TM000184
EV004833||1849|||||||Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and went to Philadelphia via underground railway.|TM000184
EV004834||1850's|||||||Tubman made 19 rescue missions to Maryland; helped about 300 slaves escape.|TM000184
EV004835||1857|||||||Tubman led her parents to freedom in Auburn, New York.|TM000184
EV004836||1861||||1865|||In American Civil War, Tubman served as nurse, scout, and spy for Union Army in South Carolina.|TM000184
EV004837||1869|||||||Author Sarah H. Bradford wrote "Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman."|TM000184
EV004838||1908|||||||Tubman established a home in Auburn, New York, for elderly and needy blacks.|TM000184
EV004839||1913|March|10|||||Harriet Tubman died in Auburn, New York.|TM000184
EV004840||1978|||||||U.S. postage stamp with portrait of Tubman issued.|TM000184
EV004841||1835|Nov.|30|||||Mark Twain born in Florida, Missouri U.S.A.; original name was Samuel Longhorne Clemens.|TM000185
EV004842||1839|||||||Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri.|TM000185
EV004843||1847|||||||Twain's father died in debt; Twain went to work for newspaper and printing firm.|TM000185
EV004844||1851|||||||Twain began assisting older brother Orion in production of Hannibal "Journal" newspaper.|TM000185
EV004845||1853|||||||Twain left Hannibal.|TM000185
EV004846||1857|||||||Twain travelled down Mississippi River toward New Orleans.|TM000185
EV004847||1857||||1859|||Twain learned to be a riverboat pilot.|TM000185
EV004848||1861|||||||Twain travelled to Carson City, Nevada, with brother Orion.|TM000185
EV004849||1862|||||||Twain joined staff of Virginia City, Nevada, "Territorial Enterprise" newspaper.|TM000185
EV004850||1863|Feb.|3|||||First used pen name "Mark Twain."|TM000185
EV004851||1865|||||||Twain's story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" appeared.|TM000185
EV004852||1866|||||||Twain travelled to Hawaiian Islands as newspaper reporter.|TM000185
EV004853||1867|||||||Twain took voyage to Europe and Holy Land.|TM000185
EV004854||1869|||||||Twain published travel book "The Innocents Abroad."|TM000185
EV004855||1870|Feb.|2|||||Twain married Olivia L. Langdon.|TM000185
EV004856||1871|||||||Twains moved to Hartford, Connecticut.|TM000185
EV004857||1873|||||||Twain published first novel "The Gilded Age."|TM000185
EV004858||1876|||||||Twain wrote novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."|TM000185
EV004859||1880|||||||Twain wrote travel narrative "A Tramp Abroad."|TM000185
EV004860||1882|||||||Twain wrote novel "The Prince and the Pauper."|TM000185
EV004861||1883|||||||Twain wrote autobiographical narrative "Life on the Mississippi."|TM000185
EV004862||1885|||||||"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," generally considered Twain's greatest novel, published in U.S.|TM000185
EV004863||1889|||||||Twain wrote novel "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court."|TM000185
EV004864||1892|||||||Twain wrote "The American Claimant."|TM000185
EV004865||1894|April||||||Twain's publishing company, established in 1880's, declared bankruptcy.|TM000185
EV004866||1894|||||||Twain wrote detective novel "The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson."|TM000185
EV004867||1895||||1896|||Twain went on successful lecture tour.|TM000185
EV004868||1896|||||||Twain wrote "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc."|TM000185
EV004869||1897|||||||Twain recounted travel experiences in "Following the Equator."|TM000185
EV004870||1899|||||||Twain wrote story "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg."|TM000185
EV004871||1904|June|5|||||Twain's wife, Olivia, died.|TM000185
EV004872||1910|April|21|||||Twain died of heart disease in Redding, Connecticut.|TM000185
EV004873||1916|||||||Twain's pessimistic tale "The Mysterious Stranger" published.|TM000185
EV004874||1856|April|5|||||Booker Taliaferro Washington born a slave in Hales Ford, Virginia, U.S.A.|TM000186
EV004875||1865|||||||U.S. government freed all slaves; Washington's family moved to Malden, West Virginia.|TM000186
EV004876||1872||||1875|||Washington attended Hampton Institute, an industrial school for blacks in Hampton, Virginia.|TM000186
EV004877||1879|||||||Washington became a teacher at Hampton Institute.|TM000186
EV004878||1881|||||||Washington founded and became principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.|TM000186
EV004880||1900|||||||Washington founded National Negro Business League.|TM000186
EV004881||1901|||||||Washington's best-selling autobiography, "Up from Slavery," published.|TM000186
EV004882||1901||||1913|||Washington advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft on racial issues.|TM000186
EV004883||1915|Nov.|14|||||Booker T. Washington died in Tuskegee, Alabama.|TM000186
EV004884||1791|||||||President George Washington chose the site of U.S. capital.|TM000187
EV004885||1792|||||||Construction of original White House begun in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004886||1800|||||||U.S. federal government moved to Washington, D.C., from temporary capital in Philadelphia.|TM000187
EV004887||1800|||||||President John Adams and his wife, Abigail, became the first occupants of the White House.|TM000187
EV004888||1800|||||||Congress established the Library of Congress.|TM000187
EV004889||1814|||||||British troops captured Washington, D.C., and burned government buildings.|TM000187
EV004890||1846|||||||The United States Congress established the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004891||1861||||1865|||Thousands of soldiers stationed in Washington, D.C., during American Civil War.|TM000187
EV004892||1865|||||||President Abraham Lincoln assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004893||1867|||||||Howard University founded in Washington, D.C., to educate newly freed slaves and their descendants.|TM000187
EV004894||1885|Feb.|21|||||Washington Monument dedicated in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004895||1912|||||||Cherry trees from Japan planted in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004896||1922|May|30|||||Lincoln Memorial dedicated in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004897||1930's|||||||Thousands of government jobs created in Washington, D.C., in effort to end Great Depression.|TM000187
EV004898||1932|||||||Construction of Folger Shakespeare Library completed in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004899||1943|April|13|||||Jefferson Memorial dedicated in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004900||1964|||||||Washingtonians were allowed to vote in presidential elections for first time.|TM000187
EV004901||1980|||||||In an election, majority of voters of Washington, D.C., supported statehood.|TM000187
EV004902||1982|||||||Walls of Vietnam Veterans Memorial completed in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004903||1993|||||||U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum opened in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004904||1995|||||||Korean War Veterans Memorial dedicated in Washington, D.C.|TM000187
EV004905||1564|April|23|||||Traditional birth date for Shakespeare; born in Stratford-upon-Avon.|TM000188
EV004906||1582|||||||Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway.|TM000188
EV004907||1583|||||||A daughter, Susanna, was born.|TM000188
EV004908||1585|||||||Twins were born, a boy named Hamnet and a girl named Judith.|TM000188
EV004909||1590||||1594|||At least six of Shakespeare's plays were produced.|TM000188
EV004910||1593|||||||Shakespeare's poem "Venus and Adonis" published.|TM000188
EV004911||1594|||||||Shakespeare was a member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men acting company.|TM000188
EV004912||1595|||||||"A Midsummer Night's Dream" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004913||1596|||||||"Romeo and Juliet" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004914||1597|||||||"The Merchant of Venice" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004915||1598|||||||"Henry IV," parts I and II, probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004916||1599|||||||Shakespeare became part owner of Globe Theatre in London.|TM000188
EV004917||1600|||||||"Twelfth Night" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004918||1601|||||||"Hamlet" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004919||1603|||||||Shakespeare was a member of the King's Men acting company.|TM000188
EV004920||1604|||||||"Othello" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004921||1605|||||||"King Lear" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004922||1606|||||||"Macbeth" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004923||1607|||||||"Antony and Cleopatra" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004924||1609|||||||Shakespeare's sonnets published.|TM000188
EV004925||1611|||||||"The Tempest" probably first performed.|TM000188
EV004926||1613|||||||Globe Theatre burned down during a performance of Shakespeare's "Henry VIII."|TM000188
EV004927||1616|||||||Shakespeare died in Stratford.|TM000188
EV004928||1623|||||||The First Folio of Shakespeare's collected plays published.|TM000188
EV004929||1670|||||||Shakespeare's last direct descendent, a granddaughter, died.|TM000188
EV004930||1918|April|1|||||British Royal Air Force formed.|
EV004931||1982|April|2|||||Argentine forces invaded the Falkland Islands.|
EV004932||1930|April|3|||||Ras Tafari became Emlperor Haile Selassie of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).|
EV004933||1506|April|7|||||St. Francis Xavier born in Spain.|
EV004934||1806|April|9|||||Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer, born.|
EV004935||1906|April|13|||||Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright, born.|
EV004936||1904|April|14|||||John Gielgud, British actor, born.|
EV004937||1883|April|16|||||Paulus Kruger became president of South Africa.|
EV004938||1949|April|18|||||Eire declared independent Republic of Ireland.|
EV004939||1917|April|22|||||Sidney Nolan, Australian painter, born.|
EV004940||1775|April|23|||||J. M. W. Turner, British landscape artist, born.|
EV004941||1846|April|24|||||Australian writer Marcus Clarke born.|
EV004942||1916|April|24|||||Easter Rising, revolutionary outbreak in Ireland, occurred.|
EV004943||1795|April|28|||||Explorer John Sturt born.|
EV004944||1889|April|28|||||Antonio de Oliviera Salazar, Portuguese dictator, born.|
EV004945||1899|April|29|||||Jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader Duke Ellington born.|
EV004946||1901|April|29|||||Hirohito, emperor of Japan, born.|
EV004947||1901|April|30|||||General Tinio, Philippine rebel leader, surrendered to U.S. Army.|
EV004948||1909|April|30|||||Queen Juliana of the Netherlands born.|
EV004949||1867|Aug.|3|||||Stanley Baldwin, British prime minister, born.|
EV004950||1916|Aug.|3|||||Sir Roger Casement, Irish patriot, executed for treason by British.|
EV004951||1815|Aug.|5|||||Edward Eyre, explorer of Australia, born.|
EV004952||1930|Aug.|5|||||U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong born.|
EV004953||1963|Aug.|5|||||U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R. signed nuclear test ban treaty.|
EV004954||1775|Aug.|6|||||Irish patriot Daniel O'Connell born.|
EV004955||1881|Aug.|6|||||Sir Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin, born.|
EV004956||1962|Aug.|6|||||Jamaica became independent.|
EV004957||1940|Aug.|8|||||Battle of Britain began in World War II.|
EV004958||1961|Aug.|13|||||East Germans began building Berlin Wall.|
EV004959||1888|Aug.|13|||||Radio and television pioneer John Logie Baird born.|
EV004960||1902|Aug.|14|||||Felix Wankel, German inventor of rotary car engine, born.|
EV004961||1977|Aug.|16|||||Singer Elvis Presley died.|
EV004962||1944|Aug.|20|||||Rajiv Gandhi, Indian prime minister, born.|
EV004963||1968|Aug.|20|||||Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia.|
EV004964||1904|Aug.|21|||||Jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie born.|
EV004965||1647|Aug.|22|||||Denis Papin, French scientist who invented pressure cooker, born.|
EV004966||1920|Aug.|22|||||Science fiction writer Ray Bradbury born.|
EV004967||1768|Aug.|25|||||Explorer Captain Cook's ship "Endeavour" sailed from England on first voyage.|
EV004968||1346|Aug.|26|||||English won victory over French at Battle of Crecy.|
EV004969||1909|Aug.|27|||||Jazz saxophonist Lester Young born.|
EV004970||1839|Aug.|29|||||Australian city of Melbourne founded.|
EV004971||1920|Aug.|29|||||Jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker born.|
EV004972||1997|Aug.|31|||||Diana, Princess of Wales, died following a car accident in Paris.|
EV004973||1805|Dec.|2|||||Battle of Austerlitz fought between France and combined forces of Austria and Prussia.|
EV004974||1984|Dec.|3|||||Bhopal pesticide plant disaster killed over 2,000 people in India.|
EV004975||1922|Dec.|6|||||Irish Free State proclaimed.|
EV004976||1971|Dec.|6|||||War broke out between India and Pakistan.|
EV004977||1934|Dec.|8|||||First weekly air mail service between Britain and Australia began.|
EV004978||1980|Dec.|8|||||John Lennon, British pop musician, shot and killed in New York City.|
EV004979||1768|Dec.|10|||||British Royal Academy founded.|
EV004980||1919|Dec.|10|||||Ross and Keith Smith, Australian aviators, completed first flight from England to Australia.|
EV004981||1972|Dec.|11|||||Last Apollo moon landing, by Apollo 17.|
EV004982||1653|Dec.|16|||||Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, and ruler of England.|
EV004983||1620|Dec.|21|||||The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts.|
EV004984||1804|Dec.|21|||||Benjamin Disraeli, twice prime minister of Britain, born.|
EV004985||1822|Dec.|24|||||Matthew Arnold, British writer, born.|
EV004986||1792|Dec.|26|||||Charles Babbage, British scientist known as "father of the computer," born.|
EV004987||1893|Dec.|26|||||Mao Zedong, Chinese Communist leader, born|
EV004988||1965|Dec.|27|||||Singapore became a republic.|
EV004989||1170|Dec.|29|||||Saint Thomas Becket murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, England.|
EV004990||1911|Dec.|30|||||Sun Yat-sen became president of Chinese republic.|
EV004991||1980|Dec.|31|||||Solidarity trade union formed to challenge Communist rule in Poland.|
EV004992||1979|Feb.|1|||||Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran.|
EV004993||1821|Feb.|3|||||Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman in U.S. to receive medical degree, born.|
EV004994||1788|Feb.|5|||||Sir Robert Peel, British prime minister, born.|
EV004995||1478|Feb.|6|||||Sir Thomas More, British chancellor, born.|
EV004996||1838|Feb.|6|||||Sir Henry Irving, British actor, born.|
EV004997||1912|Feb.|7|||||Sir George Russell Drysdale, Australian painter, born.|
EV004998||1974|Feb.|7|||||Grenada became independent.|
EV004999||1897|Feb.|9|||||Australian aviator John Kingsford-Smith born.|
EV005000||1894|Feb.|10|||||British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (later the Earl of Stockton) born.|
EV005001||1692|Feb.|13|||||Massacre at Glencoe, Scotland.|
EV005002||1743|Feb.|13|||||Joseph Banks, British botanist who sailed with Captain Cook, born.|
EV005003||1779|Feb.|14|||||Captain James Cook, British explorer, died.|
EV005004||1942|Feb.|15|||||Surrender of Singapore to Japanese forces during World War II.|
EV005005||1876|Feb.|16|||||British historian G. M. Trevelyan born.|
EV005006||1857|Feb.|22|||||Robert Baden-Powell, founder of Scout movement, born.|
EV005007||1879|Feb.|22|||||Norman Lindsay, Australian artist and writer, born.|
EV005008||1920|Feb.|23|||||First regular radio broadcasts in Britain.|
EV005009||1943|Feb.|25|||||British rock musician George Harrison born.|
EV005010||1900|Feb.|27|||||British Labour Party founded.|
EV005011||1890|Feb.|28|||||Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky born.|
EV005012||1909|Feb.|28|||||Stephen Spender, British poet, born.|
EV005014||1958|Jan.|1|||||European Economic Community founded.|
EV005015||1956|Jan.|3|||||Actor Mel Gibson born.|
EV005016||1809|Jan.|4|||||Louis Braille, French inventor of alphabet for the blind, born.|
EV005017||1948|Jan.|4|||||Burma became independent.|
EV005018||1844|Jan.|7|||||Saint Bernadette of Lourdes born.|
EV005019||1899|Jan.|8|||||S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan leader, born.|
EV005020||1935|Jan.|8|||||American rock singer Elvis Presley born.|
EV005021||1863|Jan.|10|||||First underground railway, London.|
EV005022||1920|Jan.|10|||||League of Nations established.|
EV005023||1970|Jan.|12|||||Nigerian civil war ended.|
EV005024||1644|Jan.|13|||||Dutch explorer Abel Tasman began second voyage to Southern Hemisphere.|
EV005025||1971|Jan.|15|||||Aswan Dam on Nile River in Egypt opened.|
EV005026||1547|Jan.|16|||||Coronation of Russian Czar Ivan IV, the Terrible.|
EV005027||1979|Jan.|16|||||Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran following mass demonstrations against his rule.|
EV005028||1882|Jan.|18|||||A. A. Milne, British writer for children, born.|
EV005029||1936|Jan.|20|||||King George VI of Britain died.|
EV005030||1793|Jan.|21|||||King Louis XVI of France executed.|
EV005031||1858|Jan.|22|||||Beatrice Webb, pioneer of feminism and socialism in Britain, born.|
EV005032||1901|Jan.|22|||||Queen Victoria of Britain died.|
EV005033||1712|Jan.|24|||||Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, born.|
EV005034||1627|Jan.|25|||||Robert Boyle, Irish chemist, born.|
EV005035||1971|Jan.|25|||||Milton Obote deposed as leader of Uganda by Idi Amin.|
EV005036||1880|Jan.|29|||||W. C. Fields, American comedian, born.|
EV005037||1649|Jan.|30|||||King Charles I of England executed.|
EV005038||1771|Jan.|30|||||George Bass, explorer of Australia's coastline, born.|
EV005039||1858|Jan.|31|||||Isambard Kingdom Brunel's steamship "Great Eastern" launched.|
EV005040||1881|Jan.|31|||||Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova born.|
EV005041||1851|July|1|||||Proclamation of state of Victoria, Australia.|
EV005042||1961|July|1|||||Diana, Princess of Wales, born.|
EV005043||1489|July|2|||||Thomas Cranmer, English churchman and martyr, born.|
EV005044||1946|July|4|||||Philippines achieved complete independence.|
EV005045||1948|July|5|||||Britain's National Health Service set up.|
EV005046||1887|July|7|||||French artist Marc Chagall born.|
EV005047||1940|July|7|||||British rock musician Ringo Starr born; original name Richard Starkey.|
EV005048||1882|July|8|||||Percy Grainger, Australian composer, born.|
EV005049||1884|July|12|||||Amedeo Modigliani, Italian artist, born.|
EV005050||1704|July|16|||||John Kay, British inventor of weaving machine, born.|
EV005051||1871|July|17|||||First issue of "Punch" magazine published in London.|
EV005052||1553|July|19|||||Lady Jane Grey deposed as England's queen after brief reign.|
EV005053||1812|July|22|||||Battle of Salamanca, Peninsular War.|
EV005054||1895|July|24|||||Robert Graves, British poet and novelist, born.|
EV005055||1920|July|24|||||Arthur Boyd, Australian artist, born.|
EV005057||1894|July|26|||||Aldous Huxley, British novelist, born.|
EV005058||1870|July|27|||||Hilaire Belloc, British poet and essayist, born.|
EV005059||1866|July|28|||||Beatrix Potter, British writer for children, born.|
EV005060||1905|July|29|||||Dag Hammarskjold, Norwegian diplomat and secretary-general of UN, born.|
EV005061||1981|July|29|||||Britain's Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer were married.|
EV005062||1878|June|1|||||John Masefield, British writer, born.|
EV005063||1907|June|1|||||Sir Frank Whittle, British inventor of jet engine, born.|
EV005064||1780|June|2|||||Start of anti-Catholic "Gordon Riots" in London.|
EV005065||1953|June|2|||||Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of Britain.|
EV005066||1883|June|5|||||John Maynard Keynes, British economist, born.|
EV005067||1799|June|6|||||Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet, born.|
EV005068||1672|June|9|||||Peter the Great, czar of Russia, born.|
EV005069||1572|June|11|||||Ben Jonson, English poet and playwright, born.|
EV005070||1897|June|12|||||Anthony Eden, later Lord Avon, British prime minister, born.|
EV005071||1645|June|14|||||Battle of Naseby, English Civil War.|
EV005072||1982|June|14|||||End of fighting in Falklands war between Britain and Argentina.|
EV005073||1330|June|15|||||Edward the Black Prince of England born.|
EV005074||1703|June|17|||||John Wesley, English clergyman who founded Methodism, born.|
EV005075||1942|June|18|||||British rock musician Paul McCartney born.|
EV005076||1861|June|19|||||Earl Haig, British army commander in World War I, born.|
EV005077||1834|June|20|||||U.S. inventor Cyrus McCormick granted patent for reaper.|
EV005078||1905|June|21|||||Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and writer, born.|
EV005079||1949|June|22|||||Actress Meryl Streep born.|
EV005080||1757|June|23|||||Battle of Plassey, India, ended in victory for British under Robert Clive.|
EV005081||1314|June|24|||||Scots defeated English at Battle of Bannockburn.|
EV005082||1900|June|25|||||Earl Mountbatten of Burma, last viceroy of India, born.|
EV005083||1865|June|27|||||John Monash, Australian engineer and soldier, born.|
EV005084||1876|March|2|||||Pope Pius XII born.|
EV005085||1931|March|2|||||Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet president, born.|
EV005086||1881|March|9|||||British labour union leader and statesman Ernest Bevin born.|
EV005087||1689|March|12|||||George Berkeley, Irish philosopher, born.|
EV005088||1774|March|16|||||Matthew Flinders, explorer of Australia, born.|
EV005089||1910|March|17|||||First powered aeroplane flight in Australia.|
EV005090||1846|March|18|||||Kate Greenaway, children's book illustrator, born.|
EV005091||1935|March|21|||||Persia renamed Iran.|
EV005092||1929|March|23|||||Roger Bannister, first person to run mile in less than four minutes, born.|
EV005093||1854|March|27|||||Britain and France declared war on Russia, beginning Crimean War.|
EV005094||1660|March|28|||||George I, king of England, born.|
EV005095||1880|March|30|||||Playwright Sean O'Casey born.|
EV005096||1841|May|3|||||New Zealand was proclaimed a separate colony.|
EV005097||1898|May|3|||||Golda Meir, prime minister of Israel, born.|
EV005098||1915|May|6|||||Actor and motion-picture director Orson Welles born.|
EV005099||1953|May|6|||||Tony Blair, British prime minister, born.|
EV005100||1928|May|15|||||Flying Doctor Service began in Australia.|
EV005101||1861|May|19|||||Nellie Melba, Australian singer, born.|
EV005102||1879|May|19|||||Nancy, Lady Astor, Britain's first woman member of Parliament, born.|
EV005103||1890|May|19|||||Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese leader, born.|
EV005104||1870|May|24|||||Jan Christiaan Smuts, South African statesman, born.|
EV005105||1926|May|25|||||Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis born.|
EV005106||1953|May|29|||||Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay made first ascent of Mount Everest.|
EV005107||1470|Nov.|2|||||Edward V, king of England, born.|
EV005108||1924|Nov.|2|||||First crossword puzzle appeared in British newspaper, the "Daily Express."|
EV005109||1930|Nov.|2|||||Haile Selassie I crowned emperor of Ethiopia.|
EV005110||1979|Nov.|4|||||Iranian revolutionaries took over U.S. Embassy in Teheran and seized U.S. citizens as hostages.|
EV005111||1926|Nov.|7|||||Joan Sutherland, Australian opera singer, born.|
EV005112||1312|Nov.|11|||||Edward III, king of England, born.|
EV005113||1880|Nov.|11|||||Australian bushranger Ned Kelly hanged at Melbourne jail.|
EV005114||1912|Nov.|11|||||Eugene Ionesco, Romanian playwright, born.|
EV005115||1989|Nov.|11|||||Opening of Berlin Wall.|
EV005116||1945|Nov.|13|||||Sukarno became president of Indonesia.|
EV005117||1923|Nov.|23|||||Radio broadcasts began in Australia.|
EV005118||1859|Nov.|24|||||"On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin published.|
EV005119||1881|Nov.|25|||||Pope John XXIII born.|
EV005120||1855|Nov.|26|||||The name "Van Diemen's Land" was officially replaced by "Tasmania."|
EV005121||1789|Oct.|7|||||British explorer James Cook sighted coast of New Zealand.|
EV005122||1940|Oct.|9|||||British rock musician John Lennon born.|
EV005123||1738|Oct.|11|||||Arthur Phillip, first governor of New South Wales, Australia, born.|
EV005124||1917|Oct.|11|||||Jazz composer and pianist Thelonious Monk born.|
EV005125||1866|Oct.|12|||||James Ramsay MacDonald, first Labour prime minister of Britain, born.|
EV005126||1925|Oct.|13|||||Margaret Thatcher, British prime minister, born.|
EV005127||1917|Oct.|21|||||Jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie born.|
EV005128||1940|Oct.|23|||||Pele (Edson Arantes de Nascimento), Brazilian soccer star, born.|
EV005129||1854|Oct.|25|||||Battle of Balaklava in Crimean War.|
EV005130||1916|Oct.|26|||||French statesman Francois Mitterrand born.|
EV005131||1795|Oct.|31|||||John Keats, English poet, born.|
EV005132||1815|Sept.|7|||||John McDouall Stuart, explorer of Australia, born in Scotland.|
EV005133||1754|Sept.|9|||||William Bligh, British captain of the ship "Bounty," born.|
EV005134||1771|Sept.|10|||||Mungo Park, Scottish explorer of Africa, born.|
EV005135||1609|Sept.|12|||||English explorer Henry Hudson entered river now named after him.|
EV005136||1975|Sept.|12|||||Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia overthrown after ruling for 58 years.|
EV005137||1942|Sept.|13|||||German attack on Stalingrad in Soviet Union began in World War II.|
EV005138||1876|Sept.|15|||||Orchestra conductor Bruno Walter born.|
EV005139||1963|Sept.|16|||||Malaysia came into existence.|
EV005140||1810|Sept.|18|||||Chile declared its independence from Spain.|
EV005141||1840|Sept.|18|||||Site of Auckland, New Zealand, purchased from Maoris.|
EV005142||1926|Sept.|23|||||Jazz saxophonist John Coltrane born|
EV005143||1580|Sept.|26|||||Francis Drake, English sea captain,  returned home after circumnavigating the globe.|
EV005144||1793|Sept.|26|||||William Hobson, first governor of New Zealand, born in Ireland.|
EV005145||1862|Sept.|27|||||Louis Botha, first prime minister of South Africa, born.|