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- M16 -- Star Birth in the Nest of the Eagle
-
- Stars are born from the gas of interstellar space. When they
- eventually burnout and die, they bequeath their legacy back to the
- interstellar medium from which they formed. The signposts marking this
- ongoing cycle of birth, death, and renewal would be easily visible to
- any casual observer who had a bird's-eye view of our pinwheel-shaped
- galaxy. Spread across our galaxy such an observer would see majestic
- spiral arms, highlighted by bright young stars and the glowing clouds
- of gas that those stars illuminate.
-
- On a clear, dark summer night earth-based observers can see these
- glowing clouds, called nebulae, scattered along the track of the Milky
- Way. Many can be found by looking in the direction of the great star
- clouds in the summer constellation, Sagittarius.
-
- One of the most unique star-birth regions is the Eagle Nebula, (also
- called M16 because it is in the Messier Catalog of "fuzzy" permanent
- objects in the sky, that was compiled more than 200 years ago by French
- astronomer Charles Messier) it is visible in binoculars near the border
- between the constellations of Sagittarius and Serpens. The nebula is
- actually a bowl-shaped blister on the side of a dense cloud of cold
- interstellar gas.
-
- Most of this cloud is so dense and cool that its hydrogen atoms are
- bound as molecules. This "molecular hydrogen" is the raw material for
- building new stars. The cloud contains microscopic dust particles of
- carbon (in the form of graphite), silicates and other compounds similar
- to those found in terrestrial and lunar rocks. Though this trace dust
- accounts for only a fraction of the nebula's mass, it's enough dust to
- absorb visible light -- cloaking some of the visual details of star
- birth.
-
- A cluster of about 100 newborn stars glitters inside the open "bowl" of
- the nebula. A few of these stars are much more massive than our Sun
- is, and so are tremendously hotter and brighter than the Sun. The
- brightest of these stars may be 100,000 times brighter than the Sun and
- have temperatures of nearly 90,000 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degrees
- Kelvin).
-
-
- These young stars emit intense ultraviolet radiation which is so
- energetic it heats the surrounding gas, causing it to glow like the gas
- inside a fluorescent light bulb. When this ultraviolet light hits the
- bowl-shaped surface of the molecular cloud, it heats that gas, causing
- it to "evaporate" and stream away from the surface. If one could watch
- the process for more than a million years, they would see the bowl grow
- increasingly larger as the radiation from the stars eats deeper into
- the molecular cloud.
-
- Unlike other stellar nebula which we see face-on -- like the great
- Orion Nebula -- M16 presents astronomers with a unique side view of the
- structure of a typical star-birth region: the cluster of hot, young
- stars in the center of the cavity, the evaporating surface of the
- cloud, and finally the great cold mass of the cloud itself.
-
- The Eagle Nebula's name comes from its symmetrical appearance which is
- reminiscent of a bird of prey with outstretched wings and talons
- bared. The Eagle's "talons" are actually a series of dense columns of
- gas that protrude into the interior of the nebula. These columns form
- as a result of the same process that causes the bowl to grow. Because
- the columns are denser than their surroundings, they are not
- evaporating as rapidly as the surrounding gas, and so remain. The
- process is analogous to the formation of towering buttes and spires in
- the deserts of the American Southwest. These geological features
- formed when wind and rain eroded away softer ground, but places where
- the rock was harder resisted erosion and were left behind.
-
- Inside these interstellar columns, the gas density can get so high that
- gravity takes over and causes the gas to start collapsing into
- ever-smaller clumps. As more and more gas falls onto these growing
- clumps they get further compressed by their own weight, until finally
- they trigger nuclear fusion reactions in their cores, and "turn on" as
- stars.
-
- However, in M16 this process may not get a chance to go on to
- completion. If a forming star and the gas cloud that surrounds it are
- "uncovered" by photoevaporation before the star finishes growing, the
- mass of the young star may be "frozen." The star can't grow any more
- simply because the cloud from which it was drawing material is gone.
- In M16 Hubble Space Telescope's high resolution seems to have caught
- about 50 stars in this situation.
-
- These are called EGGs "evaporating gaseous globules." The acronym is
- appropriate because these EGGs are objects within which stars are being
- born and are now emerging.
-
- M16 is where the action is today, but it won't remain so forever.
- Within another few million years, star formation will have exhausted or
- dispersed the available raw material, and the massive stars that
- illuminate the Eagle will have lived out their short lives and died in
- spectacular supernova explosions. But even though the "birth cloud"
- nebula will be gone, most of the stars that formed there will remain.
- The offspring of the Eagle will "take wing" among the rest of the
- hundreds of billions of stars that make up our galaxy.
-
-