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- SCIENCE BACKGROUND
-
- STELLAR DISKS AND JETS
-
- Stellar jets are analogous to giant lawn sprinklers. Whether a sprinkler
- whirls, pulses or oscillates, it offers insights into how its tiny
- mechanism works. Likewise stellar jets, billions or trillions of miles
- long offer some clues to what's happening close into the star at scales
- of only millions of miles, which are below even Hubble's ability to
- resolve detail. Hubble's new findings address a number of outstanding
- questions:
-
- Where Are Jets Made?
-
- Hubble shows that a jet comes from close into a star rather than the
- surrounding disk of material. Material either at or near the star is heated
- and blasted into space, where it travels for billions of miles before
- colliding with interstellar material.
-
- Why Are Jets So Narrow?
-
- The Hubble pictures increase the mystery as to how jets are confined
- into a thin beam. The pictures tend to rule out the earlier notion that a
- disk was needed to form a nozzle for collimating the jets, much like a
- garden hose nozzle squeezes water to a narrow stream. One theoretical
- possibility is that magnetic fields in the disk might focus the gas into
- narrow beams, but there is as yet no direct observational evidence that
- magnetic fields are important.
-
- What Causes a Jet's Beaded Structure?
-
- Hubble is solving the puzzle of a unique beaded structure in the jets,
- first detected from the ground but never fully understood.
-
- "Before the Hubble observations the emission knots were a mystery,"
- said Jeff Hester. "Many astronomers thought that the knots were the
- result of interactions of the jet with the gas that the jet is passing
- through, while others thought that the knots were due to 'sputtering'
- of the central engine. We now know that the knots are the result of
- sputtering." Hester bases this conclusion on Hubble images which
- show the beads are real clumps of gas plowing through space like a
- string of motor boats. Competing theories, now disproved by Hubble,
- suggested a hydrodynamic effect such as shock-diamond patterns
- seen in the exhaust of a jet fighter.
-
- What Do Jets Tell Us about Star Birth?
-
- "The jet's clumpy structure is like a stockbroker's ticker tape; they
- represent a recorded history of events that occurred close to the star,"
- said Jon Morse. "The spacing of the clumps in the jet reveals that
- variations are occurring on several time scales close to the star where
- the jet originates. Like a "put-put" motor, variations every 20 to 30
- years create the strings of blobs we see," Morse concluded.
- "However, every few hundred years or so, a large amplitude
- variation generates a 'whopper' of a knot, which evolves into one
- of the major bow-shaped shock waves." Other Hubble views by
- Chris Burrows reveal new blobs may be ejected every few months.
- "If the circumstellar disk drives the jet then the clumpiness of the
- jet provides an indirect measure of irregularities in the disk."
-
- Why Are Jets "Kinky"?
-
- The Hubble pictures also show clear evidence that jets have unusual
- kinks along their path of motion. This might be evidence for a stellar
- companion or planetary system that pulls on the central star, causing
- it to wobble, which in turn causes the jet to change directions, like
- shaking a garden hose. The jet blast clears out material around the
- star, and perhaps determines how much gas finally collapses onto
- the star.
-
- Star Formation
-
- A star forms through the gravitational collapse of a vast cloud of
- interstellar hydrogen. According to theory, and confirmed by
- previous Hubble pictures, a dusty disk forms around the newborn star.
- As material falls onto the star, some of it can be heated and ejected
- along the star's spin axis as opposing jets. These jets of hot gas blaze
- for a relatively short period of the star's life, less than 100,000 years.
- However, that brief activity can predestine the star's evolution, since
- the final mass of a star determines its longevity, temperature, and
- ultimate fate. The jet might carry away a significant fraction of the
- material falling in toward the star, and, like a hose's water stream
- plowing into sand, sweeps out a cavity around the star that prevents
- additional gas from falling onto the circumstellar disk.
-
- Historical Background
-
- In the early 1950's, American astronomer George Herbig and Mexican
- astronomer Guillermo Haro independently catalogued several
- enigmatic "clots" of nebulosity near stars near the Orion nebula that
- have since been called Herbig-Haro objects. It is only in the last 20
- years, however, that the true nature of these objects, and their role
- in the star formation process, has been revealed. Careful study
- showed that many of the Herbig-Haro objects represent portions
- of high-speed jets streaming away from nascent stars. Now there
- are nearly 300 Herbig-Haro objects identified by astronomers around
- the world, and the list is growing as new technologies and techniques
- are developed to probe the dusty depths of nearby stellar nurseries.
-