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X% /radical [0 -75 550 0]
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X%
X% Move braceleftbt a bit - default PostScript character is off a bit.
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X /braceleftbt [203 490]
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X /parenleftex [-20 -170 0 0]
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X/S1defs [
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X%
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X%%EndSetup
X%%Page: 1 1
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Xmark
X1 pagesetup
X12 B f
X(Rc \320 A Shell for Plan 9 and UNIX Systems)9 2230 1 1765 1230 t
X10 I f
X(Tom Duff)1 381 1 2689 1470 t
X10 R f
X(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2383 1650 t
X(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2246 1770 t
X10 I f
X(ABSTRACT)2643 2150 w
X(Rc)1330 2410 w
X10 R f
X( also runs on a variety of traditional sys-)8 1641( It)1 115( interpreter for Plan 9.)4 900(is a command)2 561 4 1463 2410 t
X( provides similar facilities to Bourne's)5 1580( It)1 120( SunOS and the Tenth Edition.)5 1273(tems, including)1 627 4 1080 2530 t
X10 I f
X(/bin/sh)1080 2650 w
X10 R f
X( paper intro-)2 497( This)1 229(, with some small additions and mostly less idiosyncratic syntax.)9 2601 3 1353 2650 t
X(duces)1080 2770 w
X10 I f
X(rc)1335 2770 w
X10 R f
X( why it varies)3 547('s highlights with numerous examples, and discusses its design and)9 2715 2 1418 2770 t
X(from Bourne's.)1 610 1 1080 2890 t
X10 B f
X(1. Introduction)1 670 1 720 3250 t
X10 R f
X( new)1 208( porting the Bourne shell to an incompatible)7 1875( As)1 177(Plan 9 needs a command-programming language.)5 2060 4 720 3406 t
X( new command interpreter, called)4 1350(environment seemed a daunting task, I chose to write a)9 2232 2 720 3526 t
X10 I f
X(rc)4330 3526 w
X10 R f
X(because it runs)2 599 1 4441 3526 t
X( could hardly resist trying to)5 1220( tinkering with perfection is a dangerous business, I)8 2197(commands. Although)1 903 3 720 3646 t
X( Thus)1 250(`improve' on Bourne's design.)3 1226 2 720 3766 t
X10 I f
X(rc)2221 3766 w
X10 R f
X(is similar in spirit but different in detail from Bourne's shell.)10 2424 1 2329 3766 t
X(The bulk of this paper describes)5 1318 1 720 3922 t
X10 I f
X(rc)2071 3922 w
X10 R f
X( features with many small examples and a few larger ones.)10 2426('s principal)1 460 2 2154 3922 t
X(We close with a discussion of the principles guiding)8 2143 1 720 4042 t
X10 I f
X(rc)2895 4042 w
X10 R f
X( it differs from Bourne's design.)5 1317('s design and why)3 745 2 2978 4042 t
X( features, as individual details)4 1198(The descriptive sections include little discussion of the rationale for particular)10 3122 2 720 4162 t
X( skip to the discussion at the end before)8 1632( impatient reader may wish to)5 1230( The)1 213(are hard to justify in isolation.)5 1245 4 720 4282 t
X(skimming the expository parts of the paper.)6 1740 1 720 4402 t
X10 B f
X( commands)1 486(2. Simple)1 420 2 720 4642 t
X10 R f
X(For the simplest uses)3 881 1 720 4798 t
X10 I f
X(rc)1639 4798 w
X10 R f
X( all of the following behave as)6 1293( Thus)1 263(has syntax familiar to Bourne-shell users.)5 1724 3 1760 4798 t
X(expected:)720 4918 w
X9 CW f
X(date)1008 5088 w
X(con alice)1 486 1 1008 5198 t
X(who >user.names)1 810 1 1008 5308 t
X(who >>user.names)1 864 1 1008 5418 t
X(wc <file)1 432 1 1008 5528 t
X(echo [a-f]*.c)1 702 1 1008 5638 t
X(who | wc)2 432 1 1008 5748 t
X(who; date)1 486 1 1008 5858 t
X(cc *.c &)2 432 1 1008 5968 t
X(cyntax *.c && cc -g -o cmd *.c)7 1620 1 1008 6078 t
X(is the name of the file from which)7 1356 1 2242 7002 t
X10 I f
X(rc)3623 7002 w
X10 R f
X('s input is being read.)4 863 1 3706 7002 t
Xcleartomark
Xshowpage
Xsaveobj restore
X%%EndPage: 2 2
X%%Page: 3 3
X/saveobj save def
Xmark
X3 pagesetup
X10 R f
X(- 3 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
X10 B f
X(6. Concatenation)1 747 1 720 840 t
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 996 w
X10 R f
X(has a string concatenation operator, the caret)6 1781 1 850 996 t
X10 CW f
X(\303)2656 996 w
X10 R f
X(, to build arguments out of pieces.)6 1360 1 2716 996 t
X9 CW f
X(echo hully\303gully)1 864 1 1008 1166 t
X10 R f
X(is exactly equivalent to)3 924 1 720 1346 t
X9 CW f
X(echo hullygully)1 810 1 1008 1516 t
X10 R f
X(Suppose variable)1 685 1 720 1696 t
X10 CW f
X(i)1430 1696 w
X10 R f
X( Then)1 255(contains the name of a command.)5 1342 2 1515 1696 t
X9 CW f
X(cc -o $i $i\303.c)3 756 1 1008 1866 t
X10 R f
X(might compile the command's source code, leaving the result in the appropriate file.)12 3367 1 720 2046 t
X(Concatenation distributes over lists. The following)5 2027 1 720 2202 t
X9 CW f
X(echo \(a b c\)\303\(1 2 3\))5 1080 1 1008 2372 t
X(src=\(main subr io\))2 972 1 1008 2482 t
X(cc $src\303.c)1 540 1 1008 2592 t
X10 R f
X(are equivalent to)2 665 1 720 2772 t
X9 CW f
X(echo a1 b2 c3)3 702 1 1008 2942 t
X(cc main.c subr.c io.c)3 1134 1 1008 3052 t
X10 R f
X(In detail, the rule is: if both operands of)8 1640 1 720 3232 t
X10 CW f
X(\303)2392 3232 w
X10 R f
X( non-zero number of strings, they are con-)7 1735(are lists of the same)4 821 2 2484 3232 t
X( if one of the operands is a single string, it is concatenated with each mem-)15 3059( Otherwise,)1 491(catenated pairwise.)1 770 3 720 3352 t
X( other combination of operands is an error.)7 1702( Any)1 222(ber of the other operand in turn.)6 1272 3 720 3472 t
X10 B f
X( carets)1 279(7. Free)1 318 2 720 3712 t
X10 R f
X(User demand has dictated that)4 1263 1 720 3868 t
X10 I f
X(rc)2023 3868 w
X10 R f
X( syntax look more like the)5 1121(insert carets in certain places, to make the)7 1773 2 2146 3868 t
X( example, this:)2 586( For)1 189(Bourne shell.)1 533 3 720 3988 t
X9 CW f
X(cc -$flags $stems.c)2 1026 1 1008 4158 t
X10 R f
X(is equivalent to)2 611 1 720 4338 t
X9 CW f
X(cc -\303$flags $stems\303.c)2 1134 1 1008 4508 t
X10 R f
X(In general,)1 440 1 720 4688 t
X10 I f
X(rc)1199 4688 w
X10 R f
X(will insert)1 417 1 1321 4688 t
X10 CW f
X(\303)1777 4688 w
X10 R f
X( Specifically,)1 567( not separated by white space.)5 1272(between two arguments that are)4 1325 3 1876 4688 t
X(whenever one of)2 668 1 720 4808 t
X10 CW f
X($'`)1415 4808 w
X10 R f
X(follows a quoted or unquoted word, or an unquoted word follows a quoted word with)14 3418 1 1622 4808 t
X(no intervening blanks or tabs, a)5 1264 1 720 4928 t
X10 CW f
X(\303)2011 4928 w
X10 R f
X( an unquoted word immediately following)5 1700( If)1 119( between the two.)3 713(is inserted)1 410 4 2098 4928 t
X(a)720 5048 w
X10 CW f
X($)797 5048 w
X10 R f
X(contains a character other than an alphanumeric, underscore or)8 2564 1 890 5048 t
X10 CW f
X(*)3487 5048 w
X10 R f
X(, a)1 102 1 3547 5048 t
X10 CW f
X(\303)3682 5048 w
X10 R f
X( the first such)3 562(is inserted before)2 703 2 3775 5048 t
X(character.)720 5168 w
X10 B f
X( substitution)1 532(8. Command)1 575 2 720 5408 t
X10 R f
X( list from the output of a command.)7 1444(It is often useful to build an argument)7 1528 2 720 5564 t
X10 I f
X(Rc)3746 5564 w
X10 R f
X(allows a command, enclosed)3 1160 1 3880 5564 t
X(in braces and preceded by a left quote,)7 1569 1 720 5684 t
X10 CW f
X(`{...})2319 5684 w
X10 R f
X( command is)2 519( The)1 209( an argument is required.)4 1011(, anywhere that)2 622 4 2679 5684 t
X( characters stored in the variable)5 1333( The)1 213( its standard output captured.)4 1189(executed and)1 530 4 720 5804 t
X10 CW f
X(ifs)4018 5804 w
X10 R f
X(are used to split the)4 809 1 4231 5804 t
X( example,)1 388( For)1 189(output into arguments.)2 903 3 720 5924 t
X9 CW f
X(cat `{ls -tr|sed 10q})3 1134 1 1008 6094 t
X10 R f
X(will catenate the ten oldest files in the current directory in temporal order.)12 2947 1 720 6274 t
X10 B f
X( branching)1 465(9. Pipeline)1 470 2 720 6514 t
X10 R f
X( occasionally it is useful to have)6 1312( Very)1 254( for almost all cases.)4 838(The normal pipeline notation is general enough)6 1916 4 720 6670 t
X( can require arbitrarily large pipe)5 1350( topologies more general than trees)5 1440( Pipeline)1 386(pipelines that are not linear.)4 1144 4 720 6790 t
X(buffers, or worse, can cause deadlock.)5 1567 1 720 6910 t
X10 I f
X(Rc)2346 6910 w
X10 R f
X( of non-linear but treelike pipelines.)5 1481(has syntax for some kinds)4 1074 2 2485 6910 t
X(For example,)1 527 1 720 7030 t
X9 CW f
X(cmp <{old} <{new})2 918 1 1440 7200 t
Xcleartomark
Xshowpage
Xsaveobj restore
X%%EndPage: 3 3
X%%Page: 4 4
X/saveobj save def
Xmark
X4 pagesetup
X10 R f
X(- 4 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
X(will regression test a new version of a command.)8 1963 1 720 840 t
X10 CW f
X(<)2734 840 w
X10 R f
X(or)2820 840 w
X10 CW f
X(>)2929 840 w
X10 R f
X( in braces causes the com-)5 1054(followed by a command)3 971 2 3015 840 t
X( parent command \()3 751( The)1 205( be run with its standard output or input attached to a pipe.)12 2334(mand to)1 326 4 720 960 t
X10 CW f
X(cmp)4336 960 w
X10 R f
X(in the exam-)2 499 1 4541 960 t
X( descriptor or other, and with an argument)7 1701(ple\) is started with the other end of the pipe attached to some file)13 2619 2 720 1080 t
X( connect to the pipe when opened \(e.g.)7 1601(that will)1 341 2 720 1200 t
X10 CW f
X(/dev/fd/6)2721 1200 w
X10 R f
X( systems without)2 691(.\) On)1 239 2 3261 1200 t
X10 CW f
X(/dev/fd)4225 1200 w
X10 R f
X(or some-)1 361 1 4679 1200 t
X(thing similar \(SunOS for example\) this feature does not work.)9 2475 1 720 1320 t
X10 B f
X( status)1 275(10. Exit)1 353 2 720 1560 t
X10 R f
X( Plan 9 status is a character)6 1153( On)1 184( executed it.)2 509(When a command exits it returns status to the program that)10 2474 4 720 1716 t
X( normal termination it is empty.)5 1267( On)1 172(string describing an error condition.)4 1434 3 720 1836 t
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 1992 w
X10 R f
X( the variable)2 537(captures commands' exit statuses in)4 1521 2 871 1992 t
X10 CW f
X($status)2976 1992 w
X10 R f
X( a simple command the value of)6 1408(. For)1 236 2 3396 1992 t
X10 CW f
X($status)720 2112 w
X10 R f
X( a pipeline)2 420( For)1 191(is just as described above.)4 1048 3 1167 2112 t
X10 CW f
X($status)2853 2112 w
X10 R f
X( to the concatenation of the statuses of)7 1535(is set)1 205 2 3300 2112 t
X(the pipeline components with)3 1180 1 720 2232 t
X10 CW f
X(|)1925 2232 w
X10 R f
X(characters for separators.)2 998 1 2010 2232 t
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 2388 w
X10 R f
X( control flow, many of them conditioned by the status returned from previously)12 3286(has a several kinds of)4 895 2 859 2388 t
X( Any)1 224(executed commands.)1 839 2 720 2508 t
X10 CW f
X($status)1810 2508 w
X10 R f
X(containing only)1 627 1 2257 2508 t
X10 CW f
X(0)2911 2508 w
X10 R f
X('s and)1 243 1 2971 2508 t
X10 CW f
X(|)3241 2508 w
X10 R f
X('s has boolean value)3 818 1 3301 2508 t
X10 I f
X(true)4146 2508 w
X10 R f
X( other status)2 485(. Any)1 248 2 4307 2508 t
X(is)720 2628 w
X10 I f
X(false)812 2628 w
X10 R f
X(.)1001 2628 w
X10 B f
X( grouping)1 415(11. Command)1 625 2 720 2868 t
X10 R f
X(A sequence of commands enclosed in)5 1505 1 720 3024 t
X10 CW f
X({})2250 3024 w
X10 R f
X( example:)1 391( For)1 189(may be used anywhere a command is required.)7 1873 3 2395 3024 t
X9 CW f
X({sleep 3600;echo 'Time''s up!'}&)3 1728 1 1008 3194 t
X10 R f
X( the braces:)2 454( Without)1 378(will wait an hour in the background, then print a message.)10 2319 3 720 3374 t
X9 CW f
X(sleep 3600;echo 'Time''s up!'&)3 1620 1 1008 3544 t
X10 R f
X(this would lock up the terminal for an hour, then print the message in the background!)15 3440 1 720 3724 t
X10 B f
X( flow \320)2 333(12. Control)1 508 2 720 3964 t
X10 CW f
X(for)1586 3964 w
X10 R f
X(A command may be executed once for each member of a list by typing, for example:)15 3387 1 720 4120 t
X9 CW f
X(for\(i in printf scanf putchar\) look $i /usr/td/lib/dw.dat)7 3078 1 1008 4290 t
X10 R f
X(This looks for each of the words)6 1292 1 720 4470 t
X10 CW f
X(printf)2037 4470 w
X10 R f
X(,)2397 4470 w
X10 CW f
X(scanf)2447 4470 w
X10 R f
X(and)2772 4470 w
X10 CW f
X(putchar)2941 4470 w
X10 R f
X( general form is)3 629( The)1 205(in the given file.)3 655 3 3386 4470 t
X9 CW f
X(for\()1008 4640 w
X9 I f
X(name)1224 4640 w
X9 CW f
X(in)1473 4640 w
X9 I f
X(list)1635 4640 w
X9 CW f
X(\))1745 4640 w
X9 I f
X(command)1853 4640 w
X10 R f
X(or)720 4820 w
X9 CW f
X(for\()1008 4990 w
X9 I f
X(name)1224 4990 w
X9 CW f
X(\))1419 4990 w
X9 I f
X(command)1527 4990 w
X10 R f
X( first case)2 394(In the)1 235 2 720 5170 t
X10 I f
X(command)1380 5170 w
X10 R f
X(is executed once for each member of)6 1503 1 1799 5170 t
X10 I f
X(list)3333 5170 w
X10 R f
X(with that member assigned to variable)5 1553 1 3487 5170 t
X10 I f
X(name)720 5290 w
X10 R f
X(. If)1 141 1 936 5290 t
X10 CW f
X(in)1102 5290 w
X10 I f
X(list)1247 5290 w
X10 R f
X(is not given,)2 492 1 1395 5290 t
X10 I f
X($*)1912 5290 w
X10 R f
X(is used.)1 300 1 2037 5290 t
X10 B f
X( execution \320)2 555(13. Conditional)1 682 2 720 5530 t
X10 CW f
X(if)1982 5530 w
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 5686 w
X10 R f
X( example:)1 391( For)1 189(also provides a general if-statement.)4 1444 3 850 5686 t
X9 CW f
X(if\(cyntax *.c\) cc -g -o cmd *.c)6 1674 1 1008 5856 t
X10 R f
X(runs the C compiler whenever)4 1259 1 720 6036 t
X(if\(test -f /tmp/$i\) echo $i already in /tmp)7 2322 1 1224 6436 t
X(if not cp $i /tmp)4 918 1 1224 6546 t
X(})1008 6656 w
X10 R f
X(This loops over each file in)5 1090 1 720 6836 t
X10 CW f
X($*)1835 6836 w
X10 R f
X(, copying to)2 475 1 1955 6836 t
X10 CW f
X(/tmp)2455 6836 w
X10 R f
X(those that do not already appear there, and printing a mes-)10 2320 1 2720 6836 t
X(sage for those that do.)4 879 1 720 6956 t
Xcleartomark
Xshowpage
Xsaveobj restore
X%%EndPage: 4 4
X%%Page: 5 5
X/saveobj save def
Xmark
X5 pagesetup
X10 R f
X(- 5 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
X10 B f
X( flow \320)2 333(14. Control)1 508 2 720 840 t
X10 CW f
X(while)1586 840 w
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 996 w
X10 R f
X('s while statement looks like this:)5 1342 1 825 996 t
X9 CW f
X(while\(newer subr.c subr.o\) sleep 5)4 1836 1 1008 1166 t
X10 R f
X(This waits until)2 623 1 720 1346 t
X10 CW f
X(subr.o)1368 1346 w
X10 R f
X(is newer than)2 532 1 1753 1346 t
X10 CW f
X(subr.c)2310 1346 w
X10 R f
X(\(presumably because the C compiler finished with it.\))7 2147 1 2695 1346 t
X10 B f
X( flow \320)2 333(15. Control)1 508 2 720 1586 t
X10 CW f
X(switch)1586 1586 w
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 1742 w
X10 R f
X( general form is)3 629( Its)1 150(provides a switch statement to do pattern-matching on arbitrary strings.)9 2852 3 850 1742 t
X9 CW f
X(switch\()1008 1912 w
X9 I f
X(word)1386 1912 w
X9 CW f
X(\){)1571 1912 w
X(case)1008 2022 w
X9 I f
X(pattern ...)1 352 1 1278 2022 t
X(commands)1224 2132 w
X9 CW f
X(case)1008 2242 w
X9 I f
X(pattern ...)1 352 1 1278 2242 t
X(commands)1224 2352 w
X9 CW f
X(...)1008 2462 w
X(})1008 2572 w
X10 I f
X(Rc)720 2752 w
X10 R f
X( are the same as)4 647( Patterns)1 376(attempts to match the word against the patterns in each case statement in turn.)13 3164 3 853 2752 t
X(for filename matching, except that)4 1372 1 720 2872 t
X10 CW f
X(/)2117 2872 w
X10 R f
X(and the first characters of)4 1013 1 2202 2872 t
X10 CW f
X(.)3240 2872 w
X10 R f
X(and)3350 2872 w
X10 CW f
X(..)3519 2872 w
X10 R f
X(need not be matched explicitly.)4 1251 1 3689 2872 t
X( to the next case \(or the end of the switch\) are)11 1864(If any pattern matches, the commands following that case up)9 2456 2 720 3028 t
X( example,)1 388( For)1 189(executed, and execution of the switch is complete.)7 2010 3 720 3148 t
X9 CW f
X(switch\($#*\){)1008 3318 w
X(case 1)1 324 1 1008 3428 t
X(cat >>$1)1 432 1 1224 3538 t
X(case 2)1 324 1 1008 3648 t
X(cat >>$2 <$1)2 648 1 1224 3758 t
X(case *)1 324 1 1008 3868 t
X(echo 'Usage: append [from] to')4 1620 1 1224 3978 t
X(})1008 4088 w
X10 R f
X( two, the first)3 536( With)1 251( with one file argument, it tacks standard input to its end.)11 2279( Called)1 311(is an append command.)3 943 5 720 4268 t
X( other number elicits a usage message.)6 1533( Any)1 222(is appended to the second.)4 1051 3 720 4388 t
X(The built-in)1 475 1 720 4544 t
X10 CW f
X(\304)1220 4544 w
X10 R f
X( arguments are a)3 659( Its)1 151( more concise than a switch.)5 1136(command also matches patterns, and is often)6 1789 4 1305 4544 t
X( sets)1 181( It)1 118(string and a list of patterns.)5 1123 3 720 4664 t
X10 CW f
X($status)2173 4664 w
X10 R f
X(to true if and only if any of the patterns matches the string.)12 2416 1 2624 4664 t
X(The following example processes option arguments for the)7 2349 1 720 4784 t
X10 I f
X(man)3094 4784 w
X10 R f
X(\(1\) command:)1 563 1 3266 4784 t
X9 CW f
X(opt=\(\))1008 4954 w
X(while\(\304 $1 -* [1-9] 10\){)4 1296 1 1008 5064 t
X(switch\($1\){)1224 5174 w
X(case [1-9] 10)2 702 1 1224 5284 t
X(sec=$1 secn=$1)1 756 1 1440 5394 t
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X(c=f s=f)1 378 1 1440 5614 t
X(case -[qwnt])1 648 1 1224 5724 t
X(cmd=$1)1440 5834 w
X(case -T*)1 432 1 1224 5944 t
X(T=$1)1440 6054 w
X(case -*)1 378 1 1224 6164 t
X(opt=\($opt $1\))1 702 1 1440 6274 t
X(})1224 6384 w
X(shift)1224 6494 w
X(})1008 6604 w
Xcleartomark
Xshowpage
Xsaveobj restore
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X%%Page: 6 6
X/saveobj save def
Xmark
X6 pagesetup
X10 R f
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X10 B f
X(16. Functions)1 598 1 720 840 t
X10 R f
X(Functions may be defined by typing)5 1441 1 720 996 t
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X(fn)1008 1166 w
X9 I f
X(name)1170 1166 w
X9 CW f
X({)1419 1166 w
X9 I f
X(commands)1527 1166 w
X9 CW f
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X10 R f
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X10 I f
X(name)2550 1346 w
X10 R f
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X( to)1 106(ment list will assigned)3 910 2 720 1466 t
X10 CW f
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X10 R f
X(and)1912 1466 w
X10 I f
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X10 R f
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X10 CW f
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X10 R f
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X9 CW f
X(fn g {)2 324 1 1008 1756 t
X(gre -e $1 *.[hcyl])3 972 1 1224 1866 t
END_OF_FILE
if test 26880 -ne `wc -c <'plan9.ps.a'`; then
echo shar: \"'plan9.ps.a'\" unpacked with wrong size!