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<blockquote>
<p>The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose
from. And if you really don't like all the standards you just have to
wait another year until the one arises you are looking for.</p>
<p class="cite">-- <cite>A. Tanenbaum</cite>, "Introduction to
Computer Networks"</p>
</blockquote>
<p>As an introduction this chapter is aimed at readers who are familiar
with the Web, HTTP, and Apache, but are not security experts. It is not
intended to be a definitive guide to the SSL protocol, nor does it discuss
specific techniques for managing certificates in an organization, or the
important legal issues of patents and import and export restrictions.
Rather, it is intended to provide a common background to <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> users by pulling together various concepts, definitions,
and examples as a starting point for further exploration.</p>
<p>The presented content is mainly derived, with the author's permission,
from the article <a href="http://home.comcast.net/~fjhirsch/Papers/wwwj/">Introducing
SSL and Certificates using SSLeay</a> by <a href="http://home.comcast.net/~fjhirsch/">Frederick J. Hirsch</a>, of The
Open Group Research Institute, which was published in <a href="http://www.ora.com/catalog/wjsum97/">Web Security: A Matter of
Trust</a>, World Wide Web Journal, Volume 2, Issue 3, Summer 1997.
Please send any positive feedback to <a href="mailto:hirsch@fjhirsch.com">Frederick Hirsch</a> (the original
article author) and all negative feedback to <a href="mailto:rse@engelschall.com">Ralf S. Engelschall</a> (the
<p>One common use of SSL is to secure Web HTTP communication between
a browser and a webserver. This does not preclude the use of
non-secured HTTP - the secure version (called HTTPS) is the same as
plain HTTP over SSL, but uses the URL scheme <code>https</code>
rather than <code>http</code>, and a different server port (by default,
port 443). This functionality is a large part of what <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> provides for the Apache webserver.</p>
1996. See <a href="http://www.counterpane.com/">http://www.counterpane.com/</a> for various other materials by Bruce
Schneier.</dd>
<dt><a id="X208" name="X208">[X208]</a></dt>
<dd>ITU-T Recommendation X.208, <q>Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1)</q>, 1988. See for instance <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items&lang=e&parent=T-REC-X.208-198811-I">http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=items&lang=e&parent=T-REC-X.208-198811-I</a>.
Framework</q>. See for instance <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent=T-REC-X.509">http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent=T-REC-X.509</a>.
RSA Laboratories Technical Notes, See <a href="http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/pkcs/">http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/pkcs/</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="MIME" name="MIME">[MIME]</a></dt>
<dd>N. Freed, N. Borenstein, <q>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</q>, RFC2045.
See for instance <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="SSL2" name="SSL2">[SSL2]</a></dt>
<dd>Kipp E.B. Hickman, <q>The SSL Protocol</q>, 1995. See <a href="http://www.netscape.com/eng/security/SSL_2.html">http://www.netscape.com/eng/security/SSL_2.html</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="SSL3" name="SSL3">[SSL3]</a></dt>
<dd>Alan O. Freier, Philip Karlton, Paul C. Kocher, <q>The SSL Protocol
Version 3.0</q>, 1996. See <a href="http://www.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/draft302.txt">http://www.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/draft302.txt</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="TLS1" name="TLS1">[TLS1]</a></dt>
<dd>Tim Dierks, Christopher Allen, <q>The TLS Protocol Version 1.0</q>,
1999. See <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt">http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt</a>.</dd>
</dl>
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