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ID:BU Bus-Mastering Devices and QEMM-386
Quarterdeck Technical Note #121
by Stan Young
last revision: 24 February 1992
BUS-MASTERING DEVICES, QEMM-386 AND VIRTUAL DMA SERVICES
Q: What is a bus-mastering device and what problems might be seen when using
one?
Bus-mastering devices are ones which do their own direct memory
addressing (DMA). DMA is done without going through the machine's processor.
The most common bus-mastering devices we see currently are SCSI hard disk
controllers, but, technically, other types of devices could be bus-mastering
as well. We have seen bus-mastering ESDI disk controllers and an increasing
number of bus-mastering network cards as well. The problem seen with bus-
mastering devices is that while they are high-performance devices and quite
often found on 386 and 486 machines, they are unfortunately, in their design,
incompatible with one of the operating modes of the 80386 and i486 processors -
- the Virtual 86 mode.
Specifically, the problem is that the device puts data into absolute
memory addresses and assumes that the contents of those memory addresses will
always remain constant. However, on a 386 machine with the processor in
Virtual 86 mode, this can often be an incorrect assumption. In Virtual 86
mode, the same physical memory addresses can, at any given moment hold
different data, depending on which virtual machine is current.
If you are using a bus-mastering device on a 386 or 486 that is in
Virtual 86 mode and actual memory paging is occurring (the switching from one
virtual machine to another), your machine will probably hang when you use the
bus-mastering device.
A "real world" example:
Quarterdeck first became aware of the problem from customers who had
bus-mastering SCSI hard disk controllers. They reported that they could
boot their machines, start our multitasking DESQview software and as long
as they ran only one application, their system ran fine. As soon as they
opened a second application, the system would hang. The problem was also
seen by users who were not using DESQview, but who were using the LOADHI
feature of QEMM-386.
In this case, the hang occurred because the disk controller would
prepare to load some absolute memory addresses with data pertaining to an
application that was running, but by the time the data was actually
transferred to these addresses, QEMM-386 had switched the memory map.
Those absolute memory addresses no longer belonged to the application
which could process the data. They belonged instead to some other
application or process. In theory, this could have caused data
corruption, but in reality it never did. The memory corruption was
typically so extensive that the systems simply hung as soon as a change
in the memory map occurred.
Q: How can the problem with running Bus-mastering devices in Virtual 86 mode
be corrected?
A: There are four possible solutions:
1) QEMM 5.00 (and later versions) has a DB=xx (DISKBUF=xx) parameter
which should prevent QEMM-SCSI problems at the expense of a little
conventional memory. xx is the number of K used for buffering. Any
value for xx is sufficient to correct the problem. DISKBUF=2 would be
fine for most cases. Higher numbers, say up to 10 may improve
performance. Setting DISKBUF to more than 10 is probably a waste of
memory.
This approach will not work in cases where the bus-mastering device
is something other than a hard disk. If your bus-mastering device is
something other than a hard disk the solutions below, especially #4, are
your only options.
2) Similarly, the drivers of many bus-mastering hard disks have buffering
options. Check the documentation for your disk controller to see if the
driver has a parameter to set up buffering for disk operations. Some
drivers will also document parameters that are specific to 386
operations. For example, the early Adaptec drivers SCSIHA.SYS and
AHA1540.SYS included both 386 and disk buffering options invoked by the
parameters "/v386" and "/b:64." "/v386" stands for virtual 386; "/b:64"
allocates a 64k buffer, for DMA.
3) Check the documentation for your bus-mastering device and see if it
can be configured to use the BIOS or any one of the standard DMA
channels. QEMM can correct the problem if the BIOS or standard DMA
channels are used.
4) THE BEST SOLUTION: Contact the maker of your bus-mastering device and
see if they have a driver available which supports the VDS (Virtual DMA
Services) specification. VDS is now an industry-wide specification
supported by IBM, Microsoft and Quarterdeck, as well as many other
hardware and software suppliers.
A VDS driver allows a bus-mastering device to find the real physical
address of its data when the processor is in Virtual 86 mode.
QEMM 5.00 (and later versions) supports the VDS specification. A VDS
driver provides the best solution to this problem in terms of reliability,
speed and memory efficiency.
Q: I know I have a bus-mastering device on my computer, but I haven't seen
any problem. Why not?
A: It's possible that your bus-mastering device uses a standard DMA channel
for DMA operations. QEMM-386 can correct the problem when standard DMA
channels are used.
It is quite possible that your bus-mastering device was shipped with a
VDS driver. Bus-mastering hard disk controllers are starting to ship with
drivers that make VDS calls, and these drivers do not require the DB parameter
or any other buffering. We expect that most bus-mastering devices will
eventually include VDS drivers and therefore will not exhibit any problems
when run in Virtual 86 mode.
WINDOWS 3, QEMM-386, AND BUS-MASTERING DISK CONTROLLERS
The problem mentioned here is also a problem for Microsoft's "Windows"
version 3. Microsoft's solution is in SMARTDRV.SYS. Smartdrive does the same
"double-buffering" for disk I/O that QEMM-386's DISKBUF parameter does. Since
QEMM-386 is disabled when you enter Enhanced mode, this is a good thing. If
you have a bus-mastering disk controller and wish to run Microsoft's "Windows"
program in Enhanced mode while loading any programs high, you must load
SMARTDRV.SYS and load it LOW. In addition, the switch "/B-" disables this
service of SMARTDRV.SYS, so it cannot be used.
************************************************************************
*This technical note may be copied and distributed freely as long as it*
*is distributed in its entirety and it is not distributed for profit. *
* Copyright (C) 1990-2 by Quarterdeck Office Systems *
************************ E N D O F F I L E *************************