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1991-08-09
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╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
As computer application programs get more sophisticated, they also
get larger and slower. Even if your application does not involve
math explicitly, it may use math behind the scenes to do its work.
For example, graphics and font manipulation, spreadsheet
calculations, even chart creation, all involve mathematical
operations.
HOW THE INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR WORKS
Your computer's central processing unit (Intel's 8086, 8088, 286,
386(TM) SX(TM) or 386 DX(TM)) can, of course, do basic integer
arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of
whole numbers). However, mathematical operations involving very
large numbers, floating point numbers (numbers with decimals), or
more complex calculations put a substantial drag on the CPU.
The CPU tackles such complex mathematical operations by using
software subroutines. Depending on the complexity of the
operation, one of these subroutines can take hundreds of times
longer than a basic arithmetic function.
The Intel Math CoProcessor (8087, 287, 387(TM)) takes math-
intensive operations from the CPU and handles in one instruction
what would take hundreds of instructions on the general-purpose
CPU. For example, a floating point division takes 24.4
microseconds for an 8086/8087 combination and 2,000 microseconds
with the 8086 alone.
FLOATING POINT EXPERT
Specifically, the Intel Math CoProcessor is an expert at floating
point calculations. Its instruction set includes 68 numeric
functions for extended precision, floating point, trigonometric,
logarithmic, and exponential functions.
While a program is running, the CPU continues to control overall
program execution. But when it encounters a floating point
operation, it generates an ESCAPE instruction to the math
coprocessor. The math coprocessor operates independently from the
time it receives the instruction to the time it is ready to pass
the result back to the CPU. While the math coprocessor is
working, the CPU can be either waiting for the result or
processing other tasks.
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February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 1
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║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
In addition to performing many calculations considerably faster
than the CPU, the Intel Math CoProcessor can often provide much
more accurate answers than software subroutines. The math
coprocessor can perform arithmetic on integers with 64-bit
precision in the range of +/- 10E18, and can process decimal
numbers up to 18 digits without round-off errors. It holds and
manipulates all numbers in a format called "temporary real," which
has a precision of 64 bits and a range of +/- 10E4932.
THE INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR AND YOUR APPLICATIONS
The Intel Math CoProcessor can speed up all kinds of business
application software -- probably a program you're using now. The
following examples give you a good idea of how the Intel Math
CoProcessor works with a wide variety of application software to
get work done faster.
GRAPHICS AND DESKTOP PUBLISHING
There are two types of graphics software: bit-mapped and vector-
oriented. Bit-mapped graphics use patterns of dots to make up
lines, letters, boxes, and other shapes and does not take
advantage of Intel Math CoProcessors. Z-SOFT's PC Paintbrush is
an example of a bit-mapped graphics package.
Vector-oriented graphics, however, uses formulas to represent what
the user draws or writes and can benefit from the Intel Math
CoProcessor. For example, when the user draws a circle, the
software actually calls up the formula for a circle. When the user
saves the circle to disk, the formula gets stored. And when the
user changes the size or location of the circle, the software
simply changes the parameters of its formula and recalculates.
The Intel Math CoProcessor makes these recalculations considerably
faster, speeding up changes and other redraws.
CHARTS & DIAGRAMS
Picture Perfect and Diagraph/2000 are menu-driven business
graphics programs from Computer Support Corporation. Picture
Perfect is designed to turn data into presentation-quality charts
and graphs. Diagraph/2000 creates charts, diagrams, maps,
symbols, forms, and much more.
Both programs have been optimized for speed with the Intel Math
CoProcessor. They are vector-oriented and use floating point data
and operations. The math coprocessor helps most on diagrams with
bold lines, shading, and shadowing. Tests show a time savings of
65 to 80 percent for previewing a chart, and 63 to 75 percent for
previewing text when a 287-10 Intel Math CoProcessor was added to
a 286 PC.
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February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 2
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║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
FONT GENERATION
Font generation is an excellent example of using math behind the
scenes. Users define the typefaces they want with a font package
such as Bitstream's Fontware or SoftCraft, Inc.'s Spinfont or
WYSIfonts! The software applies a formula to produce the size and
typeface requested. The Bitstream Fontware benchmarks show, on
average, a 75 percent time savings with an Intel Math CoProcessor.
POSTSCRIPT EMULATION
Freedom of Press from Custom Applications, Inc., allows you to
print PostScript files on several non-postscript laser and 24-pin
dot matrix printers. The program uses the computer's memory to
interpret the PostScript code and makes a customized bit map for
your printer. The customized bit map is generated using formulas.
Intel Math CoProcessors speed up these formulas considerably.
Tests show that the 287 math coprocessor yielded a 44 percent time
savings for an Epson LQ-850, and a 57 percent time savings for a
Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Series II.
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
Computer-aided design (CAD) is a classic graphics application for
Intel Math CoProcessors. Many CAD drawings are created by
specifying coefficients for formulas. Math coprocessors are used
to generate and change drawings and are essential for image
rotations and 3D diagrams.
Many CAD packages today would be so slow without a math
coprocessor that they require one. Benchmarks were done with an
older version (2.5) of Autodesk's AutoCAD to show the dramatic
performance increases with Intel Math CoProcessors (newer releases
of AutoCAD will not run without an Intel Math CoProcessor). They
show a 50 percent time savings for hidden line removal and a 77
percent time savings for drawing regeneration.
SPREADSHEETS AND STATISTICS
Intel Math CoProcessors speed up many common spreadsheet
functions, though some operations are not accelerated at all.
Since basic integer arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division of whole numbers) is performed easily by
the main CPU, the math coprocessor will not accelerate those
functions. However, floating point operations are laborious for
the CPU and run considerably faster with an Intel Math
CoProcessor.
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February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 3
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╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
Floating point math includes basic arithmetic of numbers with
decimals, trigonometric and exponential functions, and any
operations that build on trigonometry or exponentiation. Many
common financial and statistical functions are based on exponents
and work much faster with an Intel Math CoProcessor.
Consider the net present value formula, the function for the
periodic interest rate, and the formula for standard deviation.
Because these functions contain exponents, they take advantage of
the Intel Math CoProcessor's specialties. The Intel Math
CoProcessor can speed up recalculation time for these and many
other common financial and statistical operations.
SPREADSHEETS
The Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.01 benchmarks show a sample of different
functions. Each function was tested for math coprocessor
sensitivity by filling all of the cells in a large spreadsheet
(200K to 400K) with that formula. While this does not represent a
realistic spreadsheet, it does give a precise indication of the
Intel Math CoProcessor's effect on each function.
Tests show a range of time savings from 16 percent for
multiplication and division to 80 percent for periodic interest
rate (@rate). This could add up to a savings of several hours a
week for many spreadsheet users.
STATISTICS
Statistical analysis programs take advantage of Intel Math
CoProcessors primarily when working with several data sets and
doing floating point math. The many statistical formulas which
are based on exponents run much faster with an Intel Math
CoProcessor installed.
The benchmarks show statistical operations with STSC, Inc.'s
STATGRAPHICS, a fully integrated statistical graphics system for
PCs. The time savings with the Intel Math CoProcessor range from
8 percent for forecasting to 50 percent for correlation analysis.
DATABASES
Most database applications, including Ashton-Tate's dBASE IV, Fox
Software's FoxBASE +, Borland's Paradox, and Nantucket's Clipper,
make use of Intel's Math CoProcessors for math calculations
included in the database program. The DBASE IV benchmarks show a
65 percent savings for doing square root and logarithmic
calculations. This translates into similar time savings for any
function that uses exponents or logarithms (net present value,
standard deviation, variance, square root).
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February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 4
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║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
WE MEAN BUSINESS
So you see, math coprocessors are good for more than just speeding
up engineering and math software. They'll speed up your
spreadsheets, graphics and font packages, chart programs, CAD
software, and over other business programs.
Installation is easy; just plug it in and go. You don't have to
worry about compatibility, because virtually every IBM PC and
compatible on the market provides a socket for an Intel Math
CoProcessor. And you don't have to worry about reliability,
because we back every Intel Math CoProcessor with an industry-
leading 5 year warranty.
Visit your PC dealer today, or contact us at one of the numbers
below for information. You may have an application (or two or
three) that an Intel Math CoProcessor could really send screaming.
Other ways to contact Intel for information:
U.S. and Canada (800) 538-3373
International (503) 629-7354
Fax Machine (800) 458-6231
Compuserve "GO INTEL"
MCI MAIL "INTEL SUPPORT"
Intel BBS (503) 645-6275
(9600bps, 8 bits, NO parity, 1 stop)
Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Other brand
and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.
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February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 5