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1989-07-18
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
Customizing CALC
One of the unique features of CALC is its ability to be tailored
to individual preferences and environments.
Early versions of CALC were not very flexible. Like any good
software authors, before we started, we discussed the merits and
drawbacks of some other spreadsheet products. Then we borrowed
some concepts here and there, added a bit of our own creativity,
and started writing the programs.
But many early CALC users had already used other spreadsheet
products. They were switching to CALC for many reasons: more
features; easier to use; compatible with other software; etc. As
letters and user response forms poured in, these early users quickly
delivered their message:
"We sure wish CALC worked more like ________."
(Fill in the blank with just about every spreadsheet product that
exists, and you begin to get the picture.)
But it wasn't the internal features of the other brands, or the way
the manual was organized, or the names used for math functions.
What people wanted was for CALC's "user interface" -- the
keyboard and screen link to the user -- to look similar to other
products they had seen or used.
"I think the message and entry line should be at the top of
the screen, not the bottom."
"Sure wish the arrow keys worked like they do in KillerKalc."
"How about letting us enter @SUM instead of SUM? It would
really cut down on my FORMULA ERROR messages."
"Will it work on my BelchFire 3-PC? Its screen is 64 by 16."
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
And the list goes on and on. So for the last two years we have
continued to add features, and still the requests pour in. This
version of CALC is so full of optional features and
customization capabilities, we have devoted an entire section of
the User Guide to it. This is it.
Profile (.PRO) Files
There is a file on the CALC distribution diskette which
demonstrates a profile in its simplest form. The file is called
BW.PRO, and if you were to print it or type it, this is all you
would see:
BLACK AND WHITE
Users with black and white monitors have already discovered this
file, or maybe have used it unwittingly. To start CALC for the
first time on a computer with a black and white monitor it is
necessary to type:
CALC BW
The BW on the DOS command line tells CALC to go find a file
called BW.PRO, read all the commands in it (only one in this case),
and change CALC's configuration accordingly.
Another important step is performed before BW.PRO is read:
CALC tries to find a file called CALC.PRO. If found,
it is read first, and all the commands in it are processed, even if
no profile name is typed on the DOS command line. So, hey,
monochrome users: you don't have to remember to type BW everytime
you start up CALC. In DOS, just:
RENAME BW.PRO CALC.PRO
Now when you start CALC it is not necessary to say BW; it is in
CALC's "automatic" profile.
What if you want to specify two or more different options in the
profile? For an example of that, take a look at another file that
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
sets three profile options:
BLACK AND WHITE
SCREEN LAYOUT EMD
COLUMN WIDTH 8
Any .PRO file can have any number of profile commands in it. Just
put them each on a separate line, with a carriage return/line feed
following them.
A CALC profile command can also start with a slash. The slash is
optional when there is only one profile command per line. The
following form is acceptable too:
BLACK AND WHITE;/SCREEN LAYOUT EMD;/COLUMN WIDTH 8
In this mode, CALC looks for a semicolon/slash pair to mark the
end of a command, so if you put multiple commands on the same line,
put a semicolon and slash between them (with no space between the
semicolon and slash).
If CALC finds a profile command that it doesn't recognize or
that has bad data, the command is displayed on the screen and a
message is given:
The .PRO file contains a statement which is not valid.
Press ENTER to ignore the statement and continue. Press Control-C
to return to DOS. Or re-type the statement and press ENTER.
That about covers profile files. Now let's discuss the lines inside
the profile -- profile commands.
Profile Command Summary
Let's start by listing all the valid commands that can go into a
profile. They are listed in groups by function. Following this
section is a detailed discussion of some of the more exotic and
complex commands.
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
PROFILE COMMANDS
Screen configuration
VIDEO TYPE xxx Mono, CGA, EGA, VGA or Other.
MAXIMUM COLUMNS n Overrides 64 columns
MAXIMUM LINES n Overrides 256 lines
SCREEN WIDTH n Overrides 80 column screen width
SCREEN LINES n Overrides 25 lines on screen
COLUMN WIDTH n Overrides 11 character column width default
SCREEN LAYOUT xxx Overrides DME (Display, Message, Entry)
DISPLAY SLOW Use ROM BIOS calls (for some compatibles)
ROMBIOS Use ROM BIOS calls (same as Display Slow)
GRAPH1 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 1
GRAPH2 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 2
GRAPH3 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 3
BRACKETS xy Override () characters on negative numbers
Keyboard interface
SMART CURSOR Smart cursor on at startup
OLD CURSOR Cursor keys work like version 2.0
QUOTE ON TEXT Require quotation mark on text (like 2.0)
NO QUOTE ON TEXT No " on text, but formula starts with 0-9,+
TRANSLATE x TO yyy Translate keyboard character to string
(This is how smart keys are stored)
KEYIN xxx... Initialize keyboard buffer with this string
INSERT ONE SPACE Insert key inserts one space; no toggle
Screen colors
BLACK AND WHITE Set colors to black/white and white/black
BORDER COLOR x ON y Set border color
DISPLAY COLOR x ON y Set display area color
MESSAGE COLOR x ON y Set message area color
ENTRY COLOR x ON y Set entry line color
CURSOR COLOR x ON y Set cell cursor color
PROTECT COLOR x ON y Set color of protected cells
GRAPH1 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 1
GRAPH2 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 2
GRAPH3 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 3
WINDOW COLOR x ON y Set color of file name window
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
PROFILE COMMANDS
Global defaults
MANUAL CALCULATION Set automatic recalculation off at startup
BORDER OFF Turn off the screen border at startup
COLUMN CALCULATION Calculate down columns, not across rows
DEFAULT DECIMALS n Override default two decimal places
DEFAULT FLOATING Default to floating decimal places
DEFAULT SCIENTIFIC Default to scientific notation
DEFAULT JUSTIFY x Default to left, right or center justification
DEFAULT NO COMMAS Default to no commas between thousands
DEFAULT GRAPHICS n Default to graphic format n on numbers
DEFAULT $ Default to display floating dollar sign
DEFAULT ( Default to parentheses on negative numbers
DEFAULT % Default to percent sign on numbers
DEFAULT ZERO BLANK Default to blanking out zero fields
GLOBAL FORMULAS Default to display formulas in cells
Print configuration
PRINTER WIDTH n Override 80 char. wide default
LINES PER PAGE n Override 58 line default
PRINTER OFFSET n Override 7 character default
DOUBLE SPACE Override single spacing default
TOP MARGIN n Override 2 line default
COPIES n Override single copy default
HEADING TOP n Specify heading starting line
HEADING BOTTOM n Specify heading ending line
FOOTING TOP n Specify footing starting line
FOOTING BOTTOM n Specify footing ending line
PRINTER 10 CPI xx... String to set printer to 10 char. per inch
PRINTER 12 CPI xx... String to set printer to 12 char. per inch
PRINTER 17 CPI xx... String to set printer to 17 char. per inch
PRINTER 6 LPI xx... String to set printer to 6 lines per inch
PRINTER 8 LPI xx... String to set printer to 8 lines per inch
PRINTER INIT xx... String to send to printer before /Print
TRANSLATE PRINT TO Translate a printed character to a string
GRAPH1 PRINT x print character for bargraph 1
GRAPH2 PRINT x print character for bargraph 2
GRAPH3 PRINT x print character for bargraph 3
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
PROFILE COMMANDS
Sort commands
SORT SPACE Sort sequence: text starting with space
SORT SPECIAL CHAR n Sort sequence: text starting with sp. char.
SORT LOWER CASE n Sort sequence: text starting with letter
SORT UPPER CASE n Sort sequence: text starting with letter
SORT NUMERALS n Sort sequence: text starting with numeral
SORT NEGATIVE n Sort sequence: negative value or formula
SORT ZERO n Sort sequence: zero value or formula
SORT POSITIVE n Sort sequence: positive value or formula
SORT EMPTY n Sort sequence: empty cells
SORT Aa Sort upper case ahead of lower case
SORT IGNORE CASE Sort lower case and upper case together
Other commands
PRINTER NAME Brand of printer (used in some prompts)
ITERATIONS n Repeat calculation n times
DEFAULT DRIVE Default disk drive and path
DEFAULT EXTENSION Default file extension (such as .CAL)
PROMPT Prompt for entry of profile commands
ON EXIT RUN program On /Quit, run a specified .EXE program
NO ROUND Don't round results after calculation
NO WINDOW Don't display window with file names
SCREEN CONFIGURATION
If CALC is already running on your computer, the easiest way to
configure the screen is to use the /Configure command. /Configure
allows you to see the changes immediately on the screen. When you
have it just the way you want it, do a /Configure, Save, which
creates a .PRO file with a name you specify.
But maybe you have a computer that CALC can't run on until it's
configured. If that is the case, you can't run the /Configure
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
command. Two .PRO files are provided on the distribution diskette
for just this occasion:
BW.PRO
SL.PRO
The purpose of each of these files is explained in the "Getting
Started" section.
All the screen configuration options are discussed in the
/Configure section of the Alphabetical Reference. It is a good idea
to read that section even if you plan to use .PRO files rather than
/Configure. The only screen command which can not be set with
/Configure is the BRACKET xy command. This command allows you to
specify different characters for enclosing negative numbers. The
system default is BRACKET () but you might want to specify:
BRACKET <>
BRACKET []
BRACKET {}
SMART CURSOR/OLD CURSOR
SMART CURSOR is explained under /Global, Smart-cursor in the
Alphabetical Reference section.
OLD CURSOR causes the arrow keys to work as they did in versions
1.0 and 2.0 of CALC: Only the ENTER key can terminate a field.
Pressing left- or right-arrow while entering data does not move the
cell cursor; it moves the data cursor one character to the left or
right, like the backspace and tab keys. The up- and down-arrow keys
have no effect during data entry. The old method is no longer the
default, because most spreadsheet programs allow you to terminate a
field and move the cell cursor with a single keystroke.
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
QUOTE/NO QUOTE
QUOTE ON TEXT requires that all text fields be started with a
quotation mark. Anything without a quotation mark is considered to
be a value or formula. This is the way version 1.0 and 2.0 worked.
NO QUOTE ON TEXT is a popular way to differentiate between
text and formulas. No quotation mark is required on text unless the
text starts with a numeric digit or a plus or minus sign. Any field
that does not start with a numeric digit or plus or minus is
assumed to be text. The drawback to this method is that a formula
like A1+B1 will be taken as text, so it needs a plus sign at the
front to identify it as a formula: +A1+B1.
There are tradeoffs between QUOTE ON TEXT and NO QUOTE
ON TEXT. Would you rather remember to put a quotation mark on
your text, or a plus sign on formulas that start with a letter?
With these .PRO options you can suit yourself.
The default method of differentiating text from formulas is
preferred by many, but still has its drawbacks. If neither of the
two options above are specified, and there is no " mark at the
front, CALC takes your data string and runs it through the
formula handler. If it comes back without a formula error, it is
considered a formula (or value). If it comes back with a formula
error it is considered text. There are two pitfalls here:
(1) many text fields look suspiciously like formulas: 1985, for
example, or 8/24/85 will get processed as a formula unless you
remember to enter a quotation mark first.
(2) If you make an error in your formula, such as mismatched
parentheses, the data is considered text, and placed in the
cell as such. So instead of a number, you may have a funny
looking formula in the middle of your balance sheet. It only
takes three strokes (/E (ENTER)) to get it back on the entry
line, assuming you notice it is wrong.
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
As you can see, there are no easy choices for differentiating text
from formulas. If anybody out there knows of a better way (not just
another way, please, but a better way) please advise. In the
meantime, you have your choice of three popular methods. You pick.
TRANSLATE
TRANSLATE x TO yyy... is a useful means of translating a
keyboard character into another character or string. The most
popular use of this command is for Smart Keys; see /Configure,Keys
for a discussion of them. But TRANSLATE can serve other purposes:
* If you use the greek alphabet characters, you might translate
Ctrl-a to an alpha symbol, Ctrl-b to beta, etc. so you don't have
to look up or remember the ASCII value for each of the symbols.
* If you work with some of the foreign language characters, it may
be easier to remember Ctrl-e is an e with an acute accent; Alt-e
is an e with a grave accent, rather than ASCII 130 and 138.
The first parameter of TRANSLATE specifies the keyboard character
to be translated. If it is more than one character long, only the
first character is used. The second parameter can be any length,
and is delimited by "TO" on the left and carriage return/line feed
on the right.
If a carriage return (ENTER key) character is part of the
TRANSLATE string, use [13] to designate carriage return. Use
[8] to designate backspace. The numbers enclosed in brackets are
the ASCII values for carriage return and backspace. There are
several characters which you may want to use, for either the first
parameter or in the second parameter string, which cannot always be
typed into a string. Some special keys return an "extended code"
which is two characters long. For those keys, add the extended code
to 256 and enclose the number in square brackets. A table of
extended codes is in the back of the BASIC reference manual. A few
of the popular key values are listed here. To duplicate the
character shown on the left, use the ASCII sequence in square
brackets shown on the right. Any character's ASCII value can be
enclosed in square brackets, but these are some that
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
must be:
Backspace 8 Up arrow 328
Tab 9 Down arrow 336
Line feed 10 Left arrow 331
ENTER (CR) 13 Right arrow 333
Backtab 271 Insert 338
Home 327 Delete 339
End 335
Here is an example of a translate statement which converts the
ESCAPE key (ASCII 27) to the string /QY (ENTER):
TRANSLATE [27] TO /QY[13]
Since ESCAPE already has a special meaning in CALC, you will
need to use CONTROL-C to cancel commands. Or you could choose
another key and have it generate an ESCAPE code. That may be
getting a bit extreme, unless you are trying to duplicate a unique
set of keyboard conventions.
A maximum of fifty TRANSLATE strings can be specified. They
can be any length, but if exceptionally long, they may cause an out
of memory condition.
KEYIN
The string following the KEYIN command is sent to the keyboard
buffer when CALC is started. It works similar to a smart key,
but doesn't require pressing a key at startup. Any string that is
valid in the second parameter of TRANSLATE may be used in
KEYIN. Special characters must have their ASCII value enclosed in
square brackets (see TRANSLATE).
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
SCREEN COLORS
The recommended way to configure screen colors is with the
/Configure command. It allows you to see the colors as you
configure them, and then you can save the color profile commands
with /Configure,Save. It is possible, but cumbersome, to configure
colors by typing profile commands. For example:
BORDER COLOR LIGHT MAGENTA ON CYAN
Any of the sixteen colors can be used for the first (foreground)
color. Only the eight colors on the left can be used for the second
(background) color:
Black Gray
Blue Light Blue
Green Light Green
Cyan Light Cyan
Red Light Red
Magenta Light Magenta
Brown Yellow
White Bright White
GLOBAL DEFAULTS
Global defaults are described in detail in the /Global and /Format
command sections. They can be configured by using /G and /F to set
them, then doing a /Configure,Save or they can be typed directly
into a .PRO file.
PRINT CONFIGURATION
Most of the printer configuration options are explained in the
/Print command section. They can be configured by using /Print
to set them, then doing a /Configure,Save or they can be typed
directly into a .PRO file.
The PRINTER CPI and LPI profile commands are followed by an
ASCII string of any length. Rules for entering the ASCII string
are the same as the rules for entering the TRANSLATE TO string
(see above).
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
TRANSLATE PRINT x TO y takes every character coming from
a CALC spreadsheet and going to a printed report and compares it
to the translate table. If a character matches, the translation is
made. The same rules discussed above for the TRANSLATE command
apply to the parameters of TRANSLATE PRINT. A maximum of fifty
translate strings can be specified. Heavy use of this feature can
slow down /Print noticeably.
ITERATIONS
When CALC calculates, it makes only one pass through the
formulas. For some applications, especially those with "forward
references", it is necessary to make a second pass through the
formulas, since they refer to formulas that were not calculated on
the first pass. It is possible to set the ITERATIONS to a large
number if there are computations which get increasingly accurate
with each recalculation.
NO ROUND
When calculating a formula, CALC first computes the result to
several decimal places, then rounds the result to the number of
decimal places specified for the cell. This extra rounding step is a
feature which most other spreadsheet programs do not offer. Many
other spreadsheet programs, in order to improve their calculation
speed, do not automatically round each formula to the specified
number of decimal places. There is a profile option for CALC users
who are willing to sacrifice some rounding accuracy in exchange for
faster calculation. By including NO ROUND in the profile,
calculation speed is improved by 20%, but accuracy may affected.
BARGRAPH CONFIGURATION
The /Format, Bargraph command allows cells to be displayed in
horizontal bargraph format. Three aspects of bargraphs can be
changed: the color, the screen character and the print character.
The easiest way to change bargraph colors is with the /Configure
command, so you can see the colors on the screen. It's a good idea
to have a sample spreadsheet with bargraphs on the screen when
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
/Configuring. Or the colors can be entered into a .PRO file
directly. See "Screen Colors" above.
To change a bargraph character, use the GRAPHn SCREEN x or
GRAPHn PRINT x commands, where n is 1 to 3, and x is any
displayable character; x may also be an ASCII value enclosed
in square brackets. The default bargraph characters on the
CALC distribution diskette are:
GRAPH1 SCREEN [178]
GRAPH2 SCREEN [219]
GRAPH3 SCREEN [176]
GRAPH1 PRINT *
GRAPH2 PRINT ]
GRAPH3 PRINT /
If your printer is capable of printing graphic symbols, you may
want to use them instead of ****, ]]]] and ////. IBM graphics
printers and compatibles can specify the same character as the
screen character, so printed bargraphs will look similar to the
ones on the screen. There are dozens of characters that can be
used on the screen for bargraphs. The back of the BASIC manual
has an ASCII table with a picture of each character. Your printer
manual should have a similar table of printable characters. You
might experiment with different characters. How about gross sales
graphed in dollar sign characters (GRAPH1 SCREEN $). Or net
profits graphed with happy faces (GRAPH2 SCREEN [1]).
SORT CONFIGURATION
The /Arrange command has a sort precedence which you may want to
override. Perhaps you want empty cells to sort at the end. Or you
want special characters to all be at the beginning. While sorting,
CALC puts a number at the front of each cell to indicate
the type of data the cell contains. This number prefix is sorted
with the data. The prefix number may be overridden with one of the
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
sort sequence profile commands. The defaults are:
SORT SPACES 20
SORT SPECIAL CHAR 30
SORT LOWER CASE 40
SORT UPPER CASE 40
SORT NUMERALS 50
SORT NEGATIVE 60
SORT ZERO 70
SORT POSITIVE 80
SORT EMPTY 90
SORT aA
The prefix numbers are assigned by tens so there is space between
them for renumbering. For example, to sort values first, use:
SORT NEGATIVE 1
SORT ZERO 2
SORT POSITIVE 3
Note that upper-case (capital) letters and lower-case (small)
letters are both assigned the same sort precedence. Specifying a
lower number for upper-case will cause all upper-case letters to
sort before all lower-case letters. If both have the same
precedence, they will be sorted together like this: a, A, b, B, etc.
If you prefer: A, a, B, b, etc. use the SORT Aa profile command.
If lower case and upper case are to be sorted together as if they
were not different, use the SORT IGNORE CASE command.
To ignore the sign on a value, (i.e. sort the absolute value),
assign NEGATIVE and POSITIVE the same prefix numbers:
SORT NEGATIVE 80
SORT ZERO 70
SORT POSITIVE 80
The prefix number can be any integer from 0 to 255. On text fields,
sort precedence applies only to the first letter of text. After the
prefix number, the text field is sorted in upper-case ASCII
sequence.
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CUSTOMIZING CALC
If straight ASCII sequence is required on text fields, simply
assign all text fields the same prefix:
SORT SPACES 20
SORT SPECIAL CHAR 20
SORT LOWER CASE 20
SORT UPPER CASE 20
SORT NUMERALS 20
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CALC FILE FORMAT
CALC FILE FORMAT
This section is intended for programmers whose programs access data
in CALC files, or whose programs create CALC files.
The file format is designed so user programs can access it easily.
Numbers are stored in string format. Formulas are stored exactly as
they are entered. Attributes are stored as a string of characters,
rather than internal binary flags. On cells with formulas, both the
formula and the computed value are stored, allowing other programs
to access the result without having to go through any computations.
Reading The File
In Microsoft BASIC, use the LINE INPUT# command to read data
from the file. All data fields are string format. Numeric data can
be read into a string workarea, then converted to a double-
precision numeric value using the VAL function. See the sample at
the end of this section for more details.
Header Record
The first record is the header record. It looks like this:
CALC 4.0
To verify that the input file is a CALC file, check the first
four characters of this record for the letters "CALC". The
"4.0" is the version number of CALC that produced the output. If
you are creating a CALC file in your own program, it is
recommended that you use "0.0" through "0.9" in this field, so it
is evident that the file was not created by CALC, but by another
program. You can also put descriptive info in the record, starting
at column 20, to describe the source and/or contents of the file.
158
CALC FILE FORMAT
Cell Contents
Following the header record are the contents of each cell. Only
those cells that have something in them are saved on disk. Each
cell is saved as a series of five fields. They are:
* Cell letter (expressed as a number from 1 to 255)
* Cell row
* Cell attributes (such as left-adjust, decimals, etc.)
* Cell value
* Formula (this field is null on text fields)
To read these fields, start by reading the cell letter. Check to
see if it equals "END". If it does equal "END", you have reached
the end of the cell contents fields. Otherwise, read the other four
fields, using LINE INPUT# commands.
Cell Attributes
The "cell attributes" field is a variable-length field, one or more
bytes in length. The first byte identifies the type of contents in
the cell. The first byte may be any one of the following:
T = Cell contains text.
V = Cell contains a numeric value.
F = Cell contains a formula.
space = Cell is empty (except for attribute data).
Other bytes of the attribute field are as follows:
Position 2: Justification
L = left-justify cell.
R = right-justify cell.
C = center-justify cell.
space = use system default.
159
CALC FILE FORMAT
Position 3: Decimal positions
0 to 9 = number of decimal places.
: = 10 decimal places.
; = 11 decimal places.
< = 12 decimal places.
F = floating decimal places.
S = scientific notation.
space = use system default.
Position 4: Commas on numbers
Y = Print number with commas.
N = Print number without commas.
space = Use system default.
Position 5: Bargraph format
1 = Print number as graphics string 1.
2 = Print number as graphics string 2.
3 = Print number as graphics string 3.
N = Print number as a number.
space = Use system default.
Position 6: Floating dollar sign
Y = Print dollar sign to left of number.
N = Print number without dollar sign.
space = Use system default.
Position 7: Parentheses around negative numbers
Y = Print negative number with parentheses.
N = Print negative number with minus sign.
space = Use system default.
Position 8: Trailing percent sign
Y = Print number with trailing percent sign.
N = Print number without percent sign.
space = Use system default.
Position 9: Cell contains an external reference (from
another spreadsheet or from a database)
Y = Cell contains an external reference.
N = Cell does not contain external reference.
160
CALC FILE FORMAT
Position 10: Hidden cell
P = Hidden on printer only.
S = Hidden on screen only.
B = Hidden on printer and screen.
space = Not hidden.
Position 11: Protected cell
Y = Cell is protected.
space = Cell is not protected.
Position 12: Print zeros as blanks (spaces)
Y = Print zeros as blanks.
N = Print zeros as zeros.
space = Use system default.
Positions 13-20: For future use.
Note that the attribute field is variable length. If attributes on
the right are blank, the field may be shortened.
161
CALC FILE FORMAT
Sample File
For example, a small CALC file with only three cells might look
like this:
CALC 3.0
1
1
TL
Sample Spreadsheet
2
3
V
123.00
123
3
3
F
246.00
B3*2
END
In this example the spreadsheet has cells with data at A1, B3 and
C3. At A1, the cell contains text, because the first letter of the
attribute is "T". The second letter of the attribute is "L", which
indicates that the data is to be left-justified in the cell. Cell
B3 contains the value 123.00, and so its attribute is "V" for
value. The field with "123" is the actual value that was entered in
that cell; it may not always be a single number. For example, it
could contain "100+23". But the field that contains "123.00" will
always be a single numeric value. To use it in your program,
convert it to a double-precision number:
LINE INPUT# DISKIN,VALUE$
VALUE# = VAL(VALUE$)
The formula at cell C3 has a value of 246.00 and a formula of B3*2.
Since B3 contains the value 123.00, the formula was evaluated by
CALC and came up with the value 246.00. Finally, the table ends
with the word "END".
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CALC FILE FORMAT
Remaining Fields Optional
The fields explained below, which follow the "END" statement, are
optional. If the file ends with "END", or with only some of the
optional fields, CALC will load the fields that are present, and
use system defaults for the rest.
Column Width
Immediately following the "END" statement are a series of column
width fields. These fields are numeric integers, with values from 0
to 75, and they are followed by another "END" statement. The reason
for this second "END" statement is that the number of columns may
change when the matrix dimension is reconfigured, and CALC
needs to know when column width numbers stop.
Other Parameters
Following the column widths are the following parameters:
* Letter number of cell cursor position (1 to 255)
* Row number of cell cursor position (1 to 9999)
* Row/col or col/row sequence setting (0=row, 1=col)
* Border on/off setting (0=on, 1=off)
* Default decimal places (0 to 12 or F or S)
* Default justification (" "=none, L=left, R=right, C=center)
* Default commas (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
* Zeros as blanks (0=no, 1=yes)
* Print width (1 to 999)
* Print length (1 to 999)
* Print options (D=double space, etc. See print command.)
* Print page offset (0 to 99)
* Default graphics (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
* Default dollar sign (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
* Default parentheses on negatives (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
* Default percent sign (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
* Manual calculation setting (1=manual, 0=automatic)
* Global formula setting (1=formulas, 0=normal display)
* Top margin (1 to 99)
* Number of copies (1 to 999)
163
CALC FILE FORMAT
* Heading top line
* Heading bottom line
* Footing top line
* Footing bottom line
* Title locking pointers
As this product is enhanced, more special parameters will be added
at the end. The program checks for end-of-file as it loads, so if
some new parameters are missing, the module will still load. It
will use currently set defaults for the missing parameters. None of
these parameters are required for the spreadsheet to display, and
it is recommended that programs passing data to CALC not pass
these parameters unless it is absolutely necessary. Bad data in one
of the fields can cause unpredictable results.
Sample BASIC Subroutine
This routine demonstrates how a program might read a CALC
file. This routine puts the value of each numeric cell into a two-
dimensional array called TABLE#. The routine assumes that
housekeeping functions such as opening files, dimensioning arrays,
etc. have been performed earlier.
1000 LINE INPUT# DISKIN,LETTER$ 'Read letter.
IF LETTER$ = "END" THEN RETURN 'If END, exit.
LETTER = VAL(LETTER$) 'Convert to numeric.
LINE INPUT# DISKIN,LINE$ 'Input line number.
ROW = VAL(LINE$) 'Convert to numeric.
LINE INPUT# DISKIN,ATTRIBUTES$ 'Read attributes.
LINE INPUT# DISKIN,VALUE$ 'Read value of cell.
LINE INPUT# DISKIN,FORMULA$ 'Read formula.
TYPE$ = LEFT$(ATTRIBUTES$,1) 'Extract type code.
IF TYPE$ = "T" THEN RETURN 'Ignore text and
IF TYPE$ = " " THEN RETURN 'null fields.
TABLE#(LETTER,ROW) = VAL(VALUE$) 'Put number in table.
GOTO 1000 'Loop.
164
ENHANCEMENTS
VERSION NUMBERS
AND MAJOR ENHANCEMENTS
CALC 1.0 (January 1984)
* Enhanced /Print options: page length, titles, borders,
offset and setup.
* Added support for Home, End, Pg Up, Pg Down keys.
* Added new global command: Zeros-as-blanks.
* Added directory display to /Load and /Save commands.
* Added /Edit command.
* Added /Configure command.
CALC 2.0 (November 1984)
* Zero column width for "hidden" columns
* Sheet-to-sheet linkage allows data to be retrieved into a
spreadsheet from another spreadsheet, providing a
"3-dimensional" capability.
* Data in File Express or PC-File databases can be retrieved
directly into a cell. No limit to the number of databases
that can be accessed by a single spreadsheet.
* New formatting options:
* Center-justify
* Floating dollar sign
* Trailing percent sign
* Negatives in parentheses or with minus sign
* Horizontal bar graphs using ******
* Title locking - vertical, horizontal or both
* New print options:
* Output to printer or disk
* Dot commands for page breaks, conditional page breaks,
characters per inch (undocumented).
* Printer setup strings
* If...Then function (Nesting permitted)
* Configure for popular brands of printers
* Math functions: Absolute value, Arctangent, Cosine, e to
the power of x, Integer, True integer, Natural log, Sign,
Sine, Square root and Tangent
165
ENHANCEMENTS
* Statistical functions: Average, Count, Minimum, Maximum
* Net present value function
* Column width from 0 to 75
* Exponentiation in formulas
* 110 page reference manual
CALC 3.0 (September 1985)
* Faster calculation
* Faster screen display
* Uses all available RAM memory
* 64 columns by 256 lines
* Variable matrix: 256 x 64 to 1 x 9999
* Quotation mark not required on text
* Arrow keys terminate a field and move the cursor
* ESCAPE key now works like CONTROL-C
* Smart-cursor (automatic movement in previous direction)
* AND, OR, NOT logical operators; Modulo operator; % operator
* New functions: Random number, Lookup, Standard deviation,
Payment, Principal, Periods, Rate
* Alternate form of IF: IF x THEN y ELSE z
* Iterative recalculation option
* New formatting options:
* Horizontal bar graphs in three colors/characters
* Protect/Unprotect cells
* Hide cells
* Zero-blank cells
* Up to 12 decimals, or Floating, or Scientific (3E10)
* Exponential form (3E10) acceptable in formulas
* Smart keys
* KEYIN xxx, ON EXIT RUN pgm, TRANSLATE options
* /Global Formula option displays formulas on-screen
* .PRO file support
* /Arrange (Sort) command
* /Delete, File command
* /Load, Consolidate command
166
ENHANCEMENTS
* New print options:
* Multiple line headings
* Multiple line footings
* Multiple copies
* Specify top margin
* Optional printer INIT string
* Printer functions: char-per-inch, lines-per-inch,
page break, conditional page break, NOPRINT, NOLF,
date/time/page number
* /Replicate option: Adjust ALL
* /Save files in DIF or MailMerge format
* Optionally rename old copy to filename.BAK
* /Load DIF files, MailMerge files, File Express databases or
PC-File databases
* Default drive and/or extension option
CALC 4.0 (September 1988)
* Calculation speed twice as fast
* /Move command
* Commands load faster
* Subdirectory support
* /Window command for split screens
* Home and End key support
* Message file is resident for faster display
* "No Round" option increases speed another 20%
* Spreadsheet name may be entered on command line
* Insert and Delete multiple lines
* /Xternal support for File Express 4.0
* 43 lines per screen for EGA/VGA users
* Delete and Rename files
* Shell to DOS
167
FILES ON CALC DISKS
FILES ON THE CALC DISKS
The following files are included on your CALC diskettes:
1. CALC.EXE: The CALC program.
2. CALC1.DOC, CALC2.DOC, etc.: The CALC User Guide in
four disk files. This is an evaluation copy of the guide,
provided so you can share the program with others. This file is
not needed to run CALC.
3. PRINTDOC.BAT: This batch file is used to print the
evaluation copy of the User Guide. This file is not needed to
run CALC.
4. EXAMPLE: Sample interest computation spreadsheet. This same
spreadsheet is described in the "Brief Tutorial" and in the
section on the Replicate Command (/R).
5. BW.PRO, SL.PRO: These are small profile files for running
CALC on a black-and-white monitor and non-compatible PC.
They are discussed in the "Getting Started" section.
6. RESPONSE: This is also a CALC worksheet, and it contains
a report similar to the User Response Form at the end of this
manual. You can either remove the pages from the manual, or
fill in the blanks on this spreadsheet and print it.
168
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
SOME FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: What is your update policy?
A: All registered Expressware users will be notified by mail when
a new version of CALC becomes available. The cost of an update
is usually $20 (to registered users).
Q: Do you have any other programs you are distributing?
A: Yes. File Express, a powerful database management program,
ExpressGraph, a business graphics program, ExpressCheck, a
checkbook management program, and On-Side, a sideways printing
program. There is an order form at the end of this User's Guide.
Q: What else are you working on?
A: As always, we are making improvements to our existing products,
with new versions of all of them currently in progress. In
addition, work is under way on two new products, to be announced
in the spring.
Q: In what language was CALC written?
A: It was written in BASIC, then compiled with the Microsoft
BASIC Version 6 Compiler. It also has some assembler subroutines.
Q: What computers does CALC run on?
A: If your computer is compatible with the IBM PC, then CALC will
run on it. Users have notified us of literally hundreds of brands
and models of computers which CALC runs on. We are not aware of
any PC-compatible which CALC does not run on.
169
DISTRIBUTION NOTICE
DISTRIBUTION NOTICE
All Expressware products are distributed as SHAREWARE. Users
are welcome to copy the software and share it with their friends.
After evaluating an Expressware product, if a person decides to use
it, we trust them to buy the registered set.
Anyone may obtain an evaluation copy of any Expressware product for
$15 from a local software dealer or directly from Expressware. The
$15 disk set contains a diskette with the complete software and the
complete documentation, ready to be printed on your own printer. The
disk set also contains a rebate coupon to be redeemed after
purchasing the registered set.
The complete registered sets are also available from dealers
throughout the U.S. and Canada, or may be purchased directly from
Expressware. The registered set includes a commercially printed copy
of the User's Guide, diskettes and a user registration form.
Registered owners receive phone support on Expressware products,
newsletters, product announcements, and update service.
End users, whether registered or not, are encouraged to copy the
software and share it with their friends for evaluation. The
following restrictions apply:
* No charge may be made for the copies.
* No alteration may be made to the files on the diskettes.
* The printed manual may not be reproduced in any way.
* The computer-printed manual may not be reproduced in any way.
* Commercial sale or use of the copies is prohibited.
* Special rules apply for educational use. Contact Expressware.
170
USER RESPONSE FORM
USER RESPONSE FORM
We are always interested in knowing more about our users. This
information helps us to channel our efforts in the directions you
want. Please help us by completing the questionaire on the
following page and mailing it to:
Expressware
P. O. Box 230
Redmond, WA 98073
If you do not want to remove these pages from your manual, and a
copy machine is not readily available, there is a file on the
CALC diskette called RESPONSE which is a copy of this form.
The file is a CALC spreadsheet. Use the /Load command to load
it into CALC, then enter the requested information in the
appropriate cells. Use the /Print command to print the completed
questionaire.
If you filled out a questionaire for CALC Version 3.0, we would
appreciate hearing from you again, especially regarding the
features you would like to see in Version 5.0.
171
USER RESPONSE FORM
1. Have you sent a User Response Form in the past? Yes:___ No: ___
2. Where did you hear about CALC? _____________________________
3. System being used to run CALC:
a) Computer brand/model? _______________________________________
b) Amount of computer memory? ________________________________
c) Type of disk? ________________________________________________
d) Monochrome or color display? _________________________________
e) 40 or 80 column display? _____________________________________
f) Printer brand/model? _________________________________________
4. For what types of applications do you use CALC?
________________________________________________________________
5. ____ Registered user ____ Non-registered user
(If you are a non-registered user, we are interested in knowing
why. Is the price too high? Is CALC missing features you need?)
6. Which database manager do you use? _____________________________
7. Which word processor do you use? _______________________________
8. What other software would you like to see from Expressware?
________________________________________________________________
9. Name and address (optional): ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
172
USER RESPONSE FORM
10.Here are some of possible enhancements to CALC. Help us determine
what new features are most important for us to work on next.
Rate each of the following features from 0 to 10, where:
0 or blank - not a feature you would use
2 - might be useful
4 - definitely useful
6 - important
8 - very important
10 - absolutely essential
___ Help screens.
___ Faster calculation.
___ Faster screen display.
___ Faster load/save.
___ Faster Xternal access.
___ Larger spreadsheet matrix.
___ Spreadsheet on disk if memory fills (virtual memory).
___ Formulas larger than 74 characters.
___ Command files or macros.
___ Internal rate of return function.
___ Calendar/time functions and arithmetic.
___ Password security/encryption.
___ Natural or topological recalculation.
___ Graphics.
___ 8087 support.
___ Global search; search and replace.
___ Cell-finding with arrows when entering formulas.
___ Future value function.
___ Depreciation functions.
___ Underline, boldface formatting options.
___ Cell naming, Range naming.
___ Median and modal average.
___ Word wrap.
___ Percentile ranking.
___ Undo command.
___ Calculator mode.
___ Sideways printing.
___ ____________________________________________
___ ____________________________________________
173
USER RESPONSE FORM
11.If you find a bug in CALC, an error in the documentation, or
you just have a suggestion for doing it a better way, we would
like to hear from you. Please write your comments here, or
attach a separate sheet.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
174
ORDER FORM
EXPRESSWARE
P.O. Box 230
Redmond WA 98073 (Quantity & Dealer discounts available)
PRICE PRICE
PRODUCT QTY EACH EXTENDED
ExpressCalc Version 4
Diskettes Only ___ $15.00 $_______
Registered Set ___ $59.95 $_______
File Express Version 4
Diskettes Only ___ $15.00 $_______
Registered Set ___ $69.95 $_______
ExpressGraph Version 1
Diskette Only ___ $10.00 $_______
Registered Set ___ $49.00 $_______
ExpressCheck Version 2
Diskette Only ___ $15.00 $_______
Registered Set ___ $29.95 $_______
On-Side Version 1
Registered Set ___ $19.95 $_______
Shipping and Handling $3.50
Special handling: COD $3 * Rush $5 * Foreign $15 $_______
Washington residents add 8.1% sales tax $_______
TOTAL: $_______
Please make check (US funds only) payable to: Expressware
MasterCard: ____ Visa:____ Card Number: _____________________
Expiration date: __________ Signature: _______________________
Name: ____________________________________________________
Address: ____________________________________________________
City: _________________________ State: ___ Zip: _____________
Country: ________________ Phone Number: ____________________
NOTES
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
176
INDEX
INDEX
ABS Function 25 background colors 36, 153
absolute value 25 bad file 77
accumulate numbers 130 bargraph 55, 58
add numbers 130 bargraph configuration 154
adding a line 69 base e 79
addition 12 BASIC routine 164
Alphabetical reference 23 black and white 144
ALT key 108 BLANK command 33
amortization blank screen 37
PAYMENT 99 blank zeros 62
PERIODS 101 block of cells, blanking 33
PRINCIPAL 103 Boolean operator 12, 13
RATE 114 border
AND operator 12 color 36
angle option 60
arctangent 31 printing 106
cosine 42 brackets 144
sine 127
tangent 131
arctangent function 31
ARRANGE command 26 calculation 60
array size 37 disabling 61
arrows 16 sequence 60
ascending sequence 26 cell attributes 159
ASCII cell
codes to printer 108 block of 117
file, reading 75 contents 11
sort 26 cursor 6
asterisks, bar graph 55 definition 6
at sign 14 center-justification 53
ATN function 31 centering 53
automatic calculation 61 changing configuration 35, 143
automatic cursor 62 characters per inch
AVERAGE function 32 39, 44, 108, 147, 153
circular reference 61
clear spreadsheet 142
177
Index
color conditional testing 64
configuring 36 CONFIGURE command 35
graphics board 3 configuring 143
monitor 3, 4 global defaults 56
screen 144-146, 148-149 smart keys 37
column printer 38
hidden 53 save 38
inserting 69 conjunction 12
size 53 consolidate 76
width 46, 53, 78, 163 Control keys 16
column-wise calculation 60 copy cells 87, 116
combine spreadsheets 76 copying CALC 170
comma, terminating field 20 correct formula 48
Command Processor 22 correct text 48
command COS function 42
Arrange 26 cosine function 42
Blank 33 COUNT function 43
Configure 35 CPI function 44
Delete 46 CPI 39, 44, 108, 147, 153
Edit 48 Ctrl-C key 16
Format 52 cursor
Global 60 automatic 62
Insert 69 color 36
Load 75 movement 16
Print 105 smart 62
Quit 111 Customizing CALC 143
Replicate 116
Save 122
Title 132 Data Interchange 122
Xternal 134 database, reading 75, 136
Zap 142 date and time 72
commas in numbers 53 decimal places 52
compatible computers 169 defaults
complement 12 configuring 143
compressed print 44 numbers 12
computers, runs on 169
conditional page 96
178
Index
179
Index
degrees e, natural logarithm 50, 79
arctangent 31 EDIT command 48
cosine 42 end key 19
sine 127 end of spreadsheet 21
tangent 131 end CALC 111
DELETE command 46 enhancements 165
delete ENTER key 20
column 46 entering text 150
contents of cell 33 entry line 7
file 46, 134 color 36
key 20 Epson printer 39, 107
line 20, 46 equal sign 21
row 46 erase
spreadsheet 46 cell 33
descending sequence 26 column 46
descending sort 26 row 46
deviation 129 spreadsheet 142
DIF file to end of field 20
reading 75 ERROR 85, 86, 137
saving 122 ESC key 8, 19, 152
directory display 75, 122 Escape key 8, 19, 152
discount rate 94 exclamation point 21
disjunction 12 exit 111
disk EXP function 50
load spreadsheet 75 exponent 14, 53
printed output 106 exponential form 14
save spreadsheet 122 exponential function 50
diskette drive 3 exponentiation 12, 13
diskette files 168 external references 136
display contents 48
display directory 75, 122
division 12 features, new 165
dollar sign 53 FICA example 67
double spacing 106
double-sided diskette 3
down arrow 18
180
Index
file function
format 158 absolute value 25
loading 75 arctangent 31
names 75, 122, 168 average 32
CALC 75, 122 cosine 42
saving 122 COUNT 43
File Express database CPI 44
reading 75, 137 exponential 50
files on disk 168 fixed 51
FIX function 51 INT 71
flickering screen 40 integer 51, 71
floating dollar sign 53 KEYWORD 72
foreground colors 36 LOG 79
form advance 96 LOOKUP 80
form feed 96 LPI 84
FORMAT command 52 MAX 85
format maximum number 85
bar graph 55 MIN 86
commas in numbers 53 minimum number 86
decimals 52 net present value 94
dollar sign 53 NOLF 89
global default 57 NOPRINT 91
global settings 56 NPV 94
justify 53 PAGE 96
memory usage 56 PAYMENT 99
percent sign 54 PERIODS 101
format, file 156 PRINCIPAL 103
formula 61 RANDOM 112
entering 7, 12 RATE 114
forward reference 61 sign 126
freeing memory, Blank 33 sine 127
frequent questions 169 square root 128
function keys 38 STDEV 129
SUM 130
table lookup 80
tangent 131
trigonometric 31, 42, 127
181
Index
getting started 4 jump to
GLOBAL command 22, 60 cell 17, 21
global end of spreadsheet 19
defaults 60 top of spreadsheet 19
formula 61, 62 justification, default 53
options 60 justify 53
settings 60
go to coordinate 21
graph, bar 55, 154 keyboard
configuring 37, 146, 153
conventions 16
hard copy 105 input 22
HDR files 75 macros 37
header record 158 KEYIN 152
height of screen 40 keys
hidden cells 53 alternate 16
hidden column 2 cell cursor 16
hide cells 53 entry line 16
high-speed mode 18 keystrokes 22
home key 19 KEYWORD function 72
horizontal titles 132
language 169
IF command 64 largest number 85
import database 75 learning 6
insert characters 20 leave CALC 111
INSERT command 20, 69 left margin, print 106
insert key 20, 146 left-justify 53
insert line 20, 64 line spacing 84, 147
installing CALC 4 lines per inch 84, 147
INT function 71 LOAD command 75
integer function 71 loading a file 75
interest rate 116
interest, computing 8
invoice example 82, 91
iterations 148, 154
iterative calculation 154
182
Index
loan Microsoft BASIC 155, 169
amount, principal 103 military time 73
payment 99 MIN function 86
periods 101 minimum configuration 3
principal 103 minimum value 86
term 101 mismatched parentheses 14
lock/protect cells 54 modify cell contents 48
locking titles 132 modulo 13
LOG function 79 monitor
logarithm 79 color 3
logged disk drive 75, 122 monochrome 3, 4
logical function 64 MOVE command 87
logical operator 12 MSDOS 3
longer spreadsheet 37 multiple copies 170
LOOKUP function 80 multiple databases 139
LPI function 84 multiplication 12
LPI 84, 147
natural logarithm 79
macros, smart key 37 negative numbers 54, 126
mail-merge file 75, 122 nested IF 64
major enhancements 165 net present value 94
mantissa 14, 53 new line 69
manual calculation 61 new spreadsheet 142
mathematical number e 50, 79 no line feed 89
matrix, configuring 37 NOLF function 89
MAX function 85 non-destructive cursor 19
maximum columns 37 non-IBM computers 4, 169
maximum value 85 non-print zeros 62
maximums 11 NOPRINT function 91
mean average 32 NOT operator 13
memory NPV function 94
available 11 numbers, entering 8
clearing 142
format 56
required 3 offset 105
message line 8 old cursor 149
color 36 on exit run 148
operating system 3
183
Index
operators precedence
arithmetic 12 arithmetic 13
two in a row 14 math 13
optimize memory 154 overriding 13
optional fields 163 sort 27
OR operator 13 precision, decimals 52
order form 175 present value 94
output to disk 122 prices, software 175
overprinting 89 PRINCIPAL function 103
PRINT command 105
print
page down key 19 double spacing 105
PAGE function 96 left margin 105
page length 105 offset 105
page number 72 setup 106
page offset 105 to disk 106
page up key 19 wide reports 106
page width 105 printed output 105
parentheses printer
in formulas 14 configuring 39, 108, 147
mismatched 14 fonts 44
nested 14 spacing 84
on negative numbers 54 printing border 105
PAYMENT function 99 printing spreadsheet 105
PC-File database 75, 137 profile commands 143
PCDOS 3 profile files 143
percent sign 13, 54 programming language 169
percentage operator 13 protect cells 54
PERIODS function 101
permanent configuration 39
permission to copy 170 question & answer 169
pg dn key 16 QUIT command 111
pg up key 16 quote on text 150
policy, updates 169
positive number 25
184
Index
radians row
arctangent 31 inserting 69
cosine 42 sort 29
sine 127 row-wise calculation 60
tangent 131
RANDOM function 112
random number 112 Sample BASIC routine 164
RATE function 114 SAVE command 10, 122
rate, interest 114 save configuration 39
read database 136 saving a file 122
rearranging screen 35 scientific notation 12, 52
recalculation screen colors 146, 153
automatic 61 screen configuration 146, 148
manual 61 screen
reconfiguring CALC 35 blank 40
reference, alphabetic 23 flicker 40
relational operator 13, 64 height 35, 40
remainder 12 layout 36
remove column 46 width 35
remove data from cell 33 scrolling screen 18
remove row 46 secondary key 26
remove sign 25 secondary sort 28
rename a file 134 sequencing 26
REPLICATE command 116 setting decimals 52
report to disk 106 setting colors 36
report, printed 105 setup, printer 39, 107
requirements 3 SGN function 126
resequencing 26 shell to DOS 134
reset defaults 142 sign function 25
RETURN key 18 SIN function 127
return to DOS 111 sine function 127
retype 48 skip print line 91
right-justify 53 skip to new page 96
root, square 128 slash character 22
ROUND function 121 slow calculation 61
rounding numbers 121 slow screen 40
smallest number 86
smart cursor 62, 149
smart keys 37
185
Index
sort 26 trigonometric function
configuring 148, 155 arctangent 31
precedence 27 cosine 42
sequence 156 sine 127
spreadsheet true integer 71
loading 75 tutorial 6
saving 122
SQR function 128
square root 128 unlock/unprotect 54
standard deviation 129 unprotect cells 54
STDEV function 129 up arrow 18
stream of flows 94 update policy 169
subtraction 12
SUM function 9, 130
suppress line feed 89 valid file names 76, 123
suppres print line 91 value, entering 8
system options 60 version numbers 165
system requirements 3 vertical titles 132
video RAM 40
table lookup 80
TAN function 131 what if 9
tangent function 131 whole number 71
tax table lookup 81 wider spreadsheet 37
term of loan 101 width, column 53
test scores 68 WINDOW command 135
text WS files 75, 122
entering 7, 8
overlapping 7
time and date 72 XTERNAL command 136
TITLE command 132
title locking 132
toggle border on/off 60 ZAP command 8, 142
toggling insert 20 zero-blank 56, 62
Toshiba printer 39 zeros as spaces 56
total numbers 130
trailing percent sign 54
translate 151
186