Share Gallery 1/share_gal_1.zip/share_gal_1/ED/ED046.ZIP/PART2.EXE/EQUIPMNT.TUT

Text File | 1992-03-17 | 36KB | 632 lines

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                         PURCHASING AND UPGRADING A PC
                          YOU'RE ON THAT SINFUL PATH!

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       Buying a new or used computer is always THE traumatic event. It
       seems to be easier if you merely NEED one for a definite office
       or productivity goal such as financial analysis or compiling a
       mailing list of customers. In that case, you can be logical and
       evaluate among several machines and take your time. If, however
       you WANT one because it sounds interesting and you feel a little
       lost when everyone in the neighborhood is discussing CPU WAIT
       STATES, you have some serious research ahead!

       From a use standpoint, start at the beginning: What do you want
       to do with the computer? What software applications will perform
       these tasks? After determining answers to those two questions,
       purchase as much computing power as you can afford which allows
       you to use all current software of interest as well as retaining
       the possibility of upgrading the machine later - more memory or a
       better video display, for example.

       Simple applications like word processing, accounting and
       telecommunications may run equally fast on both budget and high
       end computers while sophisticated software such as drafting,
       large databases and desktop publishing may run so slowly on a
       low end computer that your wasted time far offsets the original
       savings on the budget computer. When in doubt run several
       software packages which provide features you want on the
       computer in question.

       Three technical factors are of interest when purchasing a
       computer: the type of CPU (central processing unit) which is the
       brains of a personal computer, the speed of the CPU and finally
       the choice between 8 bit and 16 bit CPU types.

       A brief refresher course taken from our PC-Learn introduction.
       A bit is a binary digit used by computers to store and process
       data. Typically 8 bits are needed to construct a byte or
       computer character such as a number or letter. Eight bit
       processors can process one byte or character at a time. Sixteen
       bit processors can processor two bytes at a time.

       In the IBM world of clone PC's there are four camps of CPU desire
       and capability.

       On the low end of price and performance are personal computers
       of the so-called XT class using the oldest processors such as
       the Intel 8088 (8 bit data bus outside the CPU and 16 bit data
       bus inside the CPU) which was used on the original IBM PC. The
       Intel 8086 CPU, alternatively, provides both 16 bit internal and
       external construction. A similar CPU is the NEC V-20 chip.
       Advantages, disadvantages and uses for these XT class machines?

       XT's are affordable. A basic machine with a couple of floppy
       drives, monitor and keyboard can be obtained for $300 to $400.
       XT class machines are useful for small and home office work or
       light hobbyist use such as word processing and accounting where
       speed is not of great concern. Generally XT class machines, as
       with all IBM clones, can be upgraded by the gradual (or
       immediate) addition of hard drives, color monitors and even
       faster processors. As a curious aside, PC-LEARN is programmed
       and edited entirely on an XT class machine. In a sense computing
       power does not derive from the machine, but HOW you use it!

       When is an XT not a good buy? If you intend to do CAD drafting,
       work with large database mailing list, or high resolution
       graphics, an XT is not a wise choice. If you ever to run
       the OS/2 operating system or Microsoft Windows which are
       advanced operating and display standards, XT machines are not a
       good idea. Finally, if you intend to expand the machine to
       color graphics such as an EGA or VGA standard or install large
       amounts of memory an XT is probably not an ideal choice.

       One step up the ladder in performance and price is the AT class
       machine which runs an Intel (or alternate manufacturer) 80286
       CPU chip. The machine is usually 2 to 4 times faster than an XT
       class machine at perhaps $200 more in price. For most people an
       AT class machine is a comfortable choice since it can not only
       run OS/2 and Windows (albeit sluggishly) but also run earlier
       software programs at greater speeds. AT class machines are
       considered a "plain vanilla" standard in most office environments
       and are usually sold with hard drives and additional memory as
       standard equipment.

       The 80286 processor also operates in two modes which the 8088
       and 8086 cannot: REAL MODE which allows the 80286 CPU to work
       like an 8088 CPU and PROTECTED MODE which allows access to more
       RAM memory. In theory, the older 8088 CPU chip can address up to
       1 Megabyte of memory. An 8088 CPU always operates in real mode.

       In protected mode, however, the 80286 CPU can use up to 16
       Megabytes of memory which can be an advantage in running both
       larger, more sophisticated programs as well as earlier programs.
       In addition, the 80286 CPU can, with the proper software, run
       several programs simultaneously which is know as MULTITASKING.

       The benefits of both protected mode and multitasking are
       somewhat unrealized at present although certain of these
       benefits can be obtained when running Windows software rather
       than DOS. Because of this, most users who continue to run DOS
       use an 80286 computer as a FAST device rather than seeking the
       advantages of multitasking or protected mode operation. And the
       80286 is VERY fast indeed with some manufacturers pushing the
       CPU to speeds of 25 Mhz.

       Generally, adding additional upgrade equipment such as EGA
       monitors and laser printers is a good investment with an AT
       machine but a poor idea with an XT machine. The AT machine uses
       a 16 bit bus structure for rapid data flow while the older XT
       class machine uses a more primitive 8 bit bus.

       AT class machines run graphics and CAD programs relatively
       quickly. Hard drives operate quickly on an AT class machine with
       its larger 16 bit bus. For most folks an AT will last quite a
       few years and expand nicely with extra peripherals as time goes
       on. It is a good choice for the small home office doing word
       processing, accounting, light desktop publishing, medium sized
       database mailing lists and so forth.

       Still higher up the food chain are 80386 and 80386SX CPU
       equipped machines which are still faster and provide a few more
       whistles and bells. They can run software which XT and AT class
       machines run, only FASTER. They are the machines of choice for
       office LAN networks, intensive graphics, CAD programming,
       Windows, OS/2, compilers and other number intensive programs.

       Curiously, though, the 80386 data bus remains 16 bits wide in
       most of these machines and there is no "OS/3" operating system,
       so the performance you derive is speed without additional
       whistles and bells. For most users, a "386" machine is mostly an
       office computer which a home or hobby user might admire but
       rarely need.

       Intel corrected the problem of switching from real mode to
       protected mode - a design flaw of the 80286 - and added a third
       mode called virtual mode which allows the CPU to act as if
       several "separate" 8088 computers are all running within one
       machine. In addition the 80386 chip is a true 32 bit CPU which
       processes four bytes or characters at a time. This 32 bit
       structure effectively makes the 80386 CPU twice as fast as the
       80286 CPU. Finally, the 80386 can directly address a whopping
       four gigabytes of memory if available which is 256 times larger
       than the amount of memory the 80286 can address! The downside is
       that many of these advantages cannot be realized when running
       DOS. Windows or OS/2 operating systems provide access to these
       advanced features. Speed and additional memory capability is the
       primary byproduct of operating an 80386 within a DOS environment.

       The 80386SX is an affordable variant of the 80386 CPU. The key
       difference is that it uses an EXTERNAL 16 bit data bus outside
       the CPU which is similar to that used on conventional 80286 or
       AT class computers. Internally it is quite similar to its big
       brother, the 80386, and offers similar multitasking modes and
       memory addressing. It can run all of the software the 80386
       machine can, albeit slightly more slowly. These design
       compromises allow manufacturers to produce an affordable
       computer with a good balance of speed and cost. For many users
       needing a powerful computer which can run all current and most
       future software, the 80386SX is an enviable balance of
       performance versus price and offers superior memory management,
       optimum speed and ability to run current and future software.

       The primary reason to select a 80386 over the 80386SX involves
       the need for higher speed processing, ability to run 32-bit
       software and advanced multitasking.

       Before introducing the fourth Intel CPU, the 80486, two new
       concepts must be mentioned: memory caching and mathcoprocessing.

       As the speed of the CPU becomes faster, the RAM memory chips
       where data is stored have difficulty moving data into and out of
       the CPU. Memory caching involves special high speed RAM memory
       chips - typically an amount from 64K to 128K - in addition to
       the normal memory chips within the computer. These high speed
       chips are expensive but keep data poised to quickly move in and
       out of the CPU. Memory caching should not be confused with disk
       caching which is another concept used when discussing hard
       drives.

       A second way to increase performance is to install a math
       coprocessor chip into the empty socket which is available on
       most computers. This device shares the processing of specific
       numeric operations which can slow the CPU. Only certain types of
       software support math coprocessors such as some CAD, spreadsheet
       and graphics software. Not all software benefits from the use of
       a math coprocessor.

       The 80486 CPU combines the features of the 80386 chip plus the
       addition of a self-contained on-chip coprocessor and memory
       cache. Although the memory cache is small, a mere 8K, it is
       extremely effective since it is onboard with the CPU itself. The
       80486 is useful for advanced scientific applications, CAD
       drafting, graphics and high speed LAN (local area network)
       shared computers in an office environment.

       An 80486SX CPU is also available which is essentially a "poor
       man's" 80486 with a smaller external data bus.

       Back to CPU clock speed. Older XT (8088 CPU) machines operate at
       a relatively slow speed of 4.7 to 10.0 Mhz or Megahertz. One
       Megahertz equals one million cycles of electricity per second.

       AT class machines (80286 CPU) operate in regions of 10 to 25 Mhz
       while 80386 and 80486 machines operate at speeds in the 20 to
       40Mhz region. Obviously faster is better especially when it
       comes to colorful graphics displays, CAD drafting, large
       spreadsheets and massive programming tasks. However simple word
       processing, small business accounting and routine mailing list
       management is more than adequate at 4.7 Mhz. The need for speed
       is relative to the computing task at hand!

       Let's backtrack for a moment and discuss RAM memory. Most
       computers are sold with a specific amount of memory installed on
       the main "motherboard". Increments of 640K to 1Meg of memory are
       common. It is commonly advertised that additional memory may be
       added as "expandable on the motherboard" to some upper limit
       such as 4Meg or 8Meg. Thus the user can easily install plug in
       chips of SIMM's (single inline memory modules) to sockets on the
       motherboard. If possible, insist on SIMM memory modules which
       are simpler for the average user to install rather than earlier
       DRAM chips. Additional plug in memory boards can also be
       installed into computers having an 80286 or higher CPU. Up to 16
       Meg of RAM memory is possible on 80286 CPU equipped computers.

       Why install more memory beyond the 640K which DOS can address?
       For fast memory caching, RAM disks, TSR installations, access
       to programs which can use either or both expanded or extended
       memory, to run the Windows operating system or OS/2. These
       software requirements are not terribly exotic - but are simply
       ways to improve performance and speed for more experienced
       computer users.

       The hard disk is also a consideration in any computer purchase.
       CPU speed is determined by the clock speed of the computer while
       hard drive speed is determined by two factors: access speed and
       drive type.

       Extremely fast hard drives operate at 18 milliseconds access
       time or faster. Bargain computer hard drives operates in the
       range of 28 to 40 milliseconds. Hard drives must also be mated
       to a controller circuit which offers its own blend of
       performance and economy. MFM and RLL drive/controller
       combinations are earlier and less expensive hard drives while
       ESDI, IDE and SCSI drives are faster and more expensive high
       performance options. See the PC-Learn tutorial on hard drives.

       Floppy drives come is various configurations. Budget computers
       may contain only a 1.2MB floppy drive and hard drive. This
       configuration can read two floppy densities: 1.2MB and 360K
       floppies. A more flexible computer contains a hard drive, 1.2MB
       floppy and 1.44MB floppy. This computer can read four floppy
       formats: 1.2MM, 1.44MB, 720K and 360K. Ask if a budget computer
       can later be upgraded to include other drive configurations. The
       new smaller drives housing the rigid "mini floppies" such as
       the 1.44MB and 720K formats hold 20% to 50% more data in a
       sturdy plastic case with spring loaded dust door.

       For aspects about video configurations see the PC-Learn tutorial
       on video circuits. Briefly, monochrome is suitable for low end
       word processing but today's software usually requires VGA color
       resolution as a minimum. An affordable option is a VGA video
       card and a MONOCHROME (black and white) VGA monitor which
       provides an acceptable 64 shades of gray with most modern
       software applications.

       Several sources of computer equipment are available - each with
       a different flavor.

       1) Manufacturer direct or direct sales, such as Dell, Northgate
       and Zeos. This method usually assures relatively high quality
       at fairly attractive price savings since you are dealing
       directly with those who design and manufacture the computer.
       Service is usually good, via telephone, FAX and BBS. The
       downside is that you must deal through the mail and await
       delivery. Price is very attractive, but not necessarily the
       lowest available.

       2) Retail vendors such as Computerland or Tandy. Convenience is
       the factor here since service, returns and delivery is handled
       locally. You pay slightly higher for this additional
       convenience. Generally this is the most expensive computer
       purchase option.

       3) Mail Order Houses. Almost 15 percent of PC sales are
       conducted by mail. Mail order houses do not completely design
       and build their own systems like direct sellers but rely on
       imported and pre-manufactured assemblies. Technical phone
       support can be variable, but if you shop carefully, you can save
       even more over local retail or manufacturer direct channels.
       Mail order sources are available in newsstand magazines such as
       Computer Shopper and PC Sources.

       4) VAR's or Resellers. These specialized vendors usually provide
       systems in volume frequently with "value added" features such as
       special software setup, training or unique customization of
       computer systems.

       5) Home brewers. The ready availability of computer components
       has spawned a cottage industry of small shops, some in home or
       low rent office spaces which can custom design a system or allow
       you to build your own computer using parts and facilities which
       they provide. These small, minimum overhead operations can
       provide extremely low prices but guarantees and service
       contracts should be provided in writing and background of the
       vendor should be investigated carefully.

       What are some questions and requirements in purchasing a system?

       What speeds are available on the CPU? 10 Mhz is standard on XT's
       with 12 to 20 Mhz on AT's and 33 mhz on 80386 machines. How many
       free slots are available on the internal motherboard for
       expansion with future upgrade circuits? Five to eight expansion
       slots is desirable except on small laptop computers. Is there
       both a serial and parallel port? How many of each? Mouse port?
       Is a clock chip included? How big is the hard drive? 40  to 80
       Meg is considered somewhat standard in size today for most hard
       drives although smaller 20 meg hard drives are useful for light
       office use computers.

       How many bays are available for extra drives? Two is minimum.
       How many floppies? What size of floppies? Most computers today
       minimally have either two floppies OR one floppy and one hard
       drive. Who makes the hard drive? Seagate, Connor and Miniscribe
       are considered reasonable, although not exclusive choices. Who
       makes the floppy drive? Teac, Panasonic, Sony and Toshiba are
       considered reputable in floppy manufacture.

       Whose BIOS chip powers the machine? Phoenix, Award and AMI Bios
       chips are all fine. How much memory is installed on the
       motherboard. 640K is a bare minimum for all machines with 80286
       and 80386 machines usually offered with at least two to four
       Megs of RAM memory. Any memory cache chips? Any coprocessor
       installed? Coprocessor socket available?

       What warranty covers the product and for how long? Does the
       warranty cover both parts and labor? Does the vendor have
       sufficient inventory to replace the entire computer if problems
       arise? Is there a different warranty for the printer? Who
       provides the service? What is the vendor's return policy AND
       refund policy. Is there a restocking charge? Is there a discount
       or change in price when dealing by check or charge card? How
       long has the vendor been in business? Is the warranty 90 days,
       one year or two years as some manufacturers are now offering?
       Money back guarantee? How long? 30, 60, 90 days? What type of
       refund on this guarantee: store credit, cash, exchange? Will you
       put it in writing? Shipping and handling fee? Visa card
       surcharge?

       How good is technical support? Is there a toll-free support
       line? 24 hours or limited hours? Is there a BBS (modem)
       telephone line for support?

       Is maintenance performed on site (the customer's location) or
       only at the vendor's location? Response time? Special
       conditions? Is the on-site service essentially the same in
       terms, such as parts and labor, as off-site?

       Has the vendor sold computers to buyers in your business
       specialty (medical, for example). References? How long has the
       vendor been in business?

       What is the estimated life of the PC? Of the hard drive? How far
       can it be upgraded? In RAM memory? How many expansion slots?
       Can the CPU be upgraded? The display and graphics card? What is
       the MTBF or mean time between failure of the components such as
       the hard drive and printer according to printed manufacturer's
       literature?

       Does the computer come with ALL the parts you will need such as
       monitor and graphics card? On many bare bones systems this is
       extra.

       Are the accessories from the same manufacturer? Is the item
       available for immediate shipment or is a backorder the option of
       the moment? When will it be shipped? Has there been a recent
       price increase?

       Any financing options available from the vendor which offer
       advantage over bank or credit card purchase? Leasing options?
       Bank financing carried by the vendor? What bank?

       Extras included with purchase? Documentation? DOS software? What
       version? DOS 5.0 is the latest. Mouse? Software installed on the
       hard drive? Is it legal software? Is is commercial software?
       Shareware?

       Any training classes provided? When? How often. Brush up
       training free?

       What utilities and extra software comes with the machine? Any
       hard drive menu systems or utility software? How is the
       documentation? Really good or just whatever the manufacturer had
       translated?

       What display monitor and card are included (if any)? VGA is
       standard. EGA is minimum. CGA and Hercules are the bare minimum.
       Are printer cables included with purchase of the printer? Any
       spare printer ink cartridges included?

       How is the keyboard. Springy and clicky with a tactile feel or
       just mushy and so so?

       Is the Basic programming language included or is this an extra
       cost. Will the manufacturer throw in a software package suitable
       for beginners such as Microsoft Works? Is the machine FCC class
       B certified (the best) or class A (acceptable)? What is the
       interleave on the hard drive (1:1 is fastest)? Is the keyboard
       an 84 key type or 101 key type?

       Is the computer case metal or plastic? How hard or easy is it to
       pop the cover and install new circuit cards? Does the keyboard
       plug into the front or back of the machine? The front plug
       option is a sometimes more handy. Is the reset and on/off switch
       on the front, back or side of the machine? Front is again more
       handy. Panel lights on the machine to indicate CPU speed and
       hard drive use? Keylock for security? How many copies of the
       key? Does your key fit all the computers in the store too?

       Does a local computer club/user group buy from the vendor which
       might provide personal references who can discuss why they
       bought from that vendor?

       For those who wish to read published reviews concerning specific
       brands of computers, printers, monitors, modems and software:
       the most complete resource is PC Magazine published by Ziff-
       Davis and available at most libraries and many newsstands. PC
       Magazine editors usually select one or two items within a
       product classification as their "Editors Choice." The complete
       index to both PC Magazine as well as their product review index
       is contained in their on-line modem service PC MagNet.
       Instructions for reaching PC Magnet by modem are contained in
       the Utilities section included within each issue of PC Magazine.

       For product reviews of hardware and software you may wish to
       download the PC MagNet files PCM.EXE, PCSRCH.EXE and PCM.INF
       which are quite large. The files occupy more than 2 Megabytes of
       disk space and require about 1.5 hours of somewhat expensive
       modem connect time. Alternatively, you can reach the same
       index of products on line within PC MagNet by typing GO REVIEWS
       which allows you to search the product review database directly.
       A larger database of 130 periodicals and their respective
       product reviews can be viewed by typing GO COMPLIB from within
       PC MagNet. Additional product review sources are suggested on
       page 27 of the June 26, 1990 issue of PC Magazine (Vol 9 No 12.)
       Page 397 of the same issue contains instructions on reaching and
       using PC MagNet by modem.

       If you do not have a modem or a friend with that capability, a
       low-tech method for reviewing specific computer hardware and
       software recommendations is to visit a local library which
       contains back issues of PC Magazine. Glance at the magazine
       cover for highlights of products reviewed in that issue. If you
       work your way from the current issue backwards in time for 6 to
       12 months, you should find detailed reviews on the equipment you
       are investigating. Many computer clubs maintain a library of PC
       Magazine issues and may be a source if your local library does
       not subscribe to the magazine.

       Yet another way to constructively shop for computer equipment is
       to obtain free catalogs which are provided at no charge by
       reputable computer vendors and manufacturers. See the listing of
       free equipment catalogs contained in the recommended
       reading/bibliography section of PC-LEARN elsewhere on this disk.

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                 22 BASIC COMMANDMANTS OF COMPUTER CONSUMERISM

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       1) Does the computer contain sufficient RAM memory and CPU speed
       for the applications you intend to run and how easy is it to add
       more memory? A 80286 computer may be fine for word processing,
       for example, but a poor choice for extensive desktop publishing.

       2) Is the computer FCC approved with an FCC sticker? Class A or
       B? Class B is better since it means certified for home use and
       theoretically emits less objectionable static radiation.

       3) Have you identified the software you will (or might) be
       using? Can the machine run that software? Is DOS included with
       your machine?

       4) As your needs change in time, will the machine expand or
       change with those needs?

       5) Is the outer case of the computer large enough to accommodate
       additional expansion circuit boards? How many?

       6) Is the power supply sufficiently large for future expansion?
       What is the wattage of the power supply? Is the fan noise low or
       NERVE WRACKING?

       7) How many and what kind of floppy drives do you need?

       8) Is the hard disk (if the machine contains one) certified for
       use with the internal controller board which operates it? What
       make on the controller card and hard drive?

       9) Is the hard disk set with the correct interleave factor?

       10) Will your dealer offer superior service after the sale? Who
       does the service? Where? Any free training classes?

       11) Are all warranties in writing and how do they compare to
       other dealers warranties in writing?

       12) What kind of monitor will you need and does the video
       adapter card inside the computer allow for monitor upgrades and
       will it display the software you intend to use?

       13) Are you buying the computer or a sales pitch?

       14) Are the internal components industry standard? Especially
       the floppy and hard drives. What brands?

       15) Is the dealer trying to sell you more/less than you need?

       16) Have you set a realistic budget?

       17) Have you gathered information for all sources such as
       friends, magazine reviews, stores and advertisements? Are you
       relying on one computer guru from work or, more wisely, several?

       18) If the price is far below the average, something is missing.
       What is it? Quality of the hard drive, lack of higher resolution
       video, toll free telephone support, software such as DOS?

       19) Determine the REAL price by extracting hidden additional
       shipping charges, credit card surcharges, restocking charge if
       item returned.

       20) Pay by credit card if possible since if you end in dispute,
       your credit card company can go to bat for you and issue a
       credit until the dispute is resolved. In addition, many credit
       cards automatically double the manufacturer's warranty.

       21) Get details in writing. What is the salesperson's name? What
       is the exact shipping date? 24 hours? same day? Get it in
       writing via FAX. Retain the ORIGINAL AD which promoted the
       computer. A paper trail established early is the best
       protection. Retain warranty cards long enough to test all
       equipment functions first! If you mail in manufacturer's
       warranty cards too quickly, you may have to settle for
       warranty coverage rather than replacement by the vendor.

       22) Retain all original cartons and packing material. Many
       vendors ABSOLUTELY require it in case of return!

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            MUSCLE FOR COMPUTER CONSUMERS - THE LONG ARM OF THE LAW

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       If you are dealing with a mail order supplier, Federal Trade
       Commission rules apply! Essentially the vendor must ship the
       order within 30 days of receiving it unless the advertisement
       states otherwise. If a delay will be experienced in shipment,
       the vendor must notify you in writing of a definite new shipment
       date and also offer you the chance to cancel the order with full
       refund. That notice must include a stamped or self-addressed
       envelope or card which allows you to indicate your choice. If
       you do not respond, the seller may rightfully assume you accept
       the delay. However, the vendor must either ship or cancel the
       original order within 30 days after the original shipping date
       which was promised.

       Any refunds for order cancellation must be made promptly. Even
       if you accept an indefinite delay, you have the right to cancel
       the original order at any time before the item is shipped. If
       you chose to cancel any order, which has been paid by check or
       money order, the vendor must mail a refund within seven business
       days excluding weekends and holidays.

       Likewise if the order was paid for by credit card, the vendor
       must credit your account within one business cycle following
       your cancellation request. Store credits and other methods or
       offers of similar merchandise are NOT acceptable unless you
       agree. If the original item is not available, a substitute item,
       even if similar, is not acceptable unless the vendor has your
       consent. Report violations to the Federal Trade Commission whose
       phone number is usually listed in the blue pages (government
       section) of your local telephone book. Tell the vendor you are
       reporting violations to the FTC and mail the vendor a copy of
       the letter you wrote to the FTC. This usually brings action
       quickly.

       One primary conduit for recourse is the Direct Marketing
       Association which maintains an action line for problem
       resolution. First you should attempt to deal directly with the
       seller, but if a problem is not promptly resolved you may wish
       to contact the Mail Order Action Line, c/o DMA, 6 East 43rd
       Street, NY, NY 10017.

       The first step in any attempt to seek redress from a vendor is
       to notify the supplier in writing that the item is defective
       and include a copy of the invoice with information as to model,
       price, date of order and account number if available. Retain a
       copy of your letter seeking refund or replacement. Any phone
       calls should be followed by a letter.

       Generally do not return the item to the vendor until told how
       and when to do so, since many have formal return policies and
       require "return authorization numbers" which are usually issued
       to you by phone or in writing. The return authorization number
       accompanies the defective item on its return. Keep a copy of the
       shipping receipt and packing slip. Any rights to recover postal
       or shipping costs is determined by the policy of that vendor as
       is usually stated in advertising and product literature.

       You may also consider contacting the attorney general for the
       state in which you live as well as the state in which the vendor
       does business. This can be MOST effective especially if you send
       a copy of that letter to the vendor. If the product was paid for
       with a credit card, you may also retain the right to withhold
       payment or cancel payment which is usually arranged directly
       with your bank or credit card issuing agency. This is explained
       under provisions of the Federal Fair Credit Billing Act.

       Tutorial finished. Have you registered PC-Learn to receive your
       bonus disks? Registration is encouraged. Shareware works on the
       honor system! Send $25 to Seattle Scientific Photography,
       Department PCL5, PO Box 1506, Mercer Island, WA 98040. Latest
       version of PC-Learn and two bonus disks shipped promptly!