Quick Study Spanish

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Quick Study Spanish / DISK_1_QSSP.iso / tlc.z / GRAMMAR.DBT (.txt) < prev next >

Wrap

dBase/FoxBase/XBase/FoxPro Database File | 1997-02-15 | 67KB | 1,459 lines

GRAMMAR SUBJECT PRONOUNS A subject pronoun is a pronoun used as the subject of a verb. The subject pronouns are grouped into first, second, and third person singular and plural, based on who is carrying out the action of the verb. Singular Plural yo I nosotros we (m.) nosotras we (f.) you (familiar) vosotros you (fam. m.) vosotras you (fam. f.) l he ellos they (m.) ella she ellas they (f.) usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal) Note: In Spanish, a conjugated verb identifies the subject of the verb andmost often the subject pronoun is not used except in cases of ambiguity, such as in the third-person when the subject of the verb could be: he, she, you, or even it. jet.exe pieces.res podium.mps resource.cpp resource.map svsyssnd.res trans.dbf travel.mps video.dbf cultdetl.mdx jet.rws anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques INFINITIVE VERBS The infinitive form of a verb can be identified by its ending: -ar, -er, or -ir. It is a main dictionary entry and in English is equivalent to saying, "to" + verb: hablar to speak comer to eat vivir to live The infinitive form will often depend upon another verb. For example: Necesito cambiar d lares, I need to change money, please. por favor. Puedo ver su pasaporte, May I see your passport, please? por favor? Reflexive and object pronouns may become suffixes of infinitive verbs. sacarnos una foto to take our picture sentarme to seat myself lles adorent they adore These forms translate the English "I am adoring" (or "She is adoring" etc.) as well as the English "I adore" (or "She adores" etc.). svsyssnd.res trans.dbf travel.mps video.dbf cultdetl.mdx jet.rws anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques PRESENT TENSE -AR The present tense means that the action of a verb is taking place at the present time. It can mean the same thing in English as the present, present progressive, or present emphatic. Regular -ar verbs in the Present are conjugated as follows: Hablar (yo) -o hablo I speak ) -as hablas you speak (ella, l, usted) -a habla s/he, you speak (nosotros, nosotras) -amos hablamos we speak (vosotros, vosotras ) - is habl is you all speak (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -an hablan they, you speak vous partez you leave ils, elles partent they leave These forms translate the English "I am leaving" (or "She is leaving" etc.) as well as the English "I leave" (or "She leaves" etc.). source.map svsyssnd.res trans.dbf travel.mps video.dbf cultdetl.mdx jet.rws anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques PRESENT TENSE -ER The present tense means that the action of a verb is taking place at the present time. It can mean the same thing in English as the present, present progressive, or present emphatic. Regular -er verbs in the present tense are conjugated as follows: Comer (yo) -o como I eat ) -es comes you eat (ella, l, usted) -e come s/he, you eat (nosotros, nosotras) -emos comemos we eat (vosotros, vosotras) - is com is you all eat (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -en comen they, you eat il, elle choisit he, she chooses ils, elles choisissent they choose These forms translate the English "I am choosing" (or "She is choosing" etc.) as well as the English "I choose" (or "She chooses" etc.). PRESENT TENSE -IR The present tense means that the action of a verb is taking place at the present time. It can mean the same thing in English as the present, present progressive, or present emphatic. Regular -ir verbs in the present tense are conjugated as follows: Vivir (yo) -o vivo I live ) -es vives you live (ella, l, usted) -e vive s/he,you live (nosotros, nosotras) -imos vivimos we live (vosotros, vosotras) - s viv s you all live (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -en viven they, you live vous venez you come ils, elles viennent they come These forms translate the English "I am coming" (or "She is coming" etc.) as well as the English "I come" (or "She comes" etc.). FUTURE TENSE The future tense means that the action of the verb will take place sometime in the future. It's the same in English as "will" or "shall" + verb. The endings for all regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs are the same, and are simply added on to the infinitive form of the verb. yo - nosotros, nosotras -emos s vosotros, vosotras - l, ella, usted - ellos, ellas, ustedes - Infinitive verb Future tense ending Conjugated in future hablar + - = hablar Note: You can also form the future tense by using the construction ir + a + infinitive. For example, voy a hablar is the same as hablar , "I will speak". the English "I am taking" (or "She is taking" etc.) as well as the English "I take" (or "She takes" etc.). PRETERITE TENSE The preterite tense indicates that the action of a verb took place in the past. The endingsfor regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs are as follows: -ar hablar to speak (yo) - habl I spoke ) -aste hablaste you spoke (ella, l, usted) - habl s/he, you spoke (nosotros, nosotras) -amos hablamos we spoke (vosotros, vosotras) -asteis hablasteis you all spoke (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -aron hablaron they, you spoke -er / -ir comer to eat (yo) - com I ate ) -iste comiste you ate (ella, l, usted) -i comi s/he, you ate (nosotros, nosotras) -imos comimos we ate (vosotros, vosotras) -isteis comisteis you all ate (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -ieron comieron they, you ate Note: There are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. pend. It depends. IMPERFECT TENSE -AR The imperfect tense indicates that the action of a verb took place in the past. If the action in the past is repeated or progressive, for example in English "was + verb", or "used to + verb", the imperfect tense is used in place of the preterite tense. The endings for regular -ar verbs are as follows: -ar hablar to speak (yo) -aba hablaba I was speaking ) -abas hablabas you were speaking (ella, l, usted) -aba hablaba s/he, you were speaking (nosotros, nosotras ) - bamos habl bamos we were speaking (vosotros, vosotras) -abais hablabais you all were speaking (ellos, ellas, ustedes) -aban hablaban they, you were speaking Because the first- and third-person singular forms of each verb ending areidentical, the subject pronouns are normally used to avoid confusion. Note: See IMPERFECT TENSE -ER/-IR for the remaining imperfect tense forms. ueryValueA VerQueryValueW VerThkSL_ThunkData32 CONDITIONAL TENSE In English the conditional tense is equivalent to saying "would", "should", or"could" + main verb. It's main use in this program is for softening requests.For example: Querr a comer. I would like to eat. is more polite than Quiero comer. I want to eat. The endings for all regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs are identical, and are added to the infinitive form of the verb. yo - a nosotros, nosotras - - as vosotros, vosotras - l, ella, usted - a ellos, ellas, ustedes - Infintive verb Conditional ending Conjugated in conditional hablar + a = hablar COMMAND FORM The command form of a verb is used to give an order. Another name for the command form is the imperative mode. Formal direct commands of -ar verbs change the -o of the present tense yo form, to -e for the singular usted, and to -en for the plural ustedes: yo hablo hable usted hablen ustedes I speak. Speak! Speak! Formal direct commands of -er and -ir verbs change the -o of the present tense yo form to -a for the singular usted and to -an for the plural ustedes: yo abro abra usted abran ustedes I open. Open! Open! Reflexive and object pronouns may become suffixes of some command forms. igame una cerveza, por favor. Bring me a beer, please. vef]eR ESTAR - to be Estar is a Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to be". It is used with adverbs of place and manner to indicate the location or condition of something or someone. For example: La oficina de correos est en The post office is on the corner. la esquina. Estoy bien, gracias. I am well, thank you. Estar is also used with adjectives to describe conditions and states of being. For example: l est enfermo. He is sick. The conjugation of estar is irregular. In the present tense it is conjugated as follows: (yo) estoy I am ) est s you are (ella, l, usted) est s/he, you are (nosotros, nosotras) estamos we are (vosotros, vosotras) est is you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) est n they, you are SER - to be Ser is a Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to be". The core meaning of ser is existence. It is used to define a subject with nouns and adjectives, for example: Soy arquitecta. I'm an architect. La chaqueta es de cuero. It's a leather jacket. (The jacket is made of leather.) The conjugation of Ser in the present tense is: (yo) soy I am ) eres you are (ella, l, usted) es s/he, you are (nosotros, nosotras) somos we are (vosotros, vosotras) sois you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) son they, you are SVWU3 SVWUu IR - to go Ir is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to go". It can be used like any other verb, or it can be linked to other verbs with a in order to express the future tense. Ir + a + infinitive is the English equivalent of "to be" + "going to" + verb or "will" + verb. For example: mo va a pagar la cuenta? How are you going to pay the bill? Ir is very irregular, and the present tense conjugation is as follows: (yo) voy I go ) vas you go (ella, l, usted) va s/he, you go (nosotros, nosotras) vamos we go (vosotros, vosotras) vais you all go (ellos, ellas, ustedes) van they, you go Note: The command forms of ir are vaya usted and vayan ustedes. ;|$(t TENER - to have Tener is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to have". It is also used in theconstruction tener + que + infinitive, meaning "to have to" + verb. Tener isirregular and in the present tense is conjugated as follows: (yo) tengo I have ) tienes you have (ella, l, usted) tiene s/he, you have (nosotros, nosotras) tenemos we have (vosotros, vosotras) ten is you all have (ellos, ellas, ustedes) tienen they, you have t he, she would like nous voudrions we would like vous voudriez you would like ils, elles voudraient they would like ""#$%%&'())*+,-. ./01234556789:;< =>?@AABCDEFGHIJK LMNOPQRSTUVXYZ[\ ]^_`abcdfghijklm uwxyz{|~ ya'&& QUERER - to want Querer is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to want". It can be used witheither a noun or the infinitive form of another verb. Quiero un caf , por favor. I want a coffee, please. nde quiere ir? Where do you want to go? Querer is a stem-changing verb, and in the present tense is conjugated (yo) quiero I want ) quieres you want (ella, l, usted) quiere s/he, you want (nosotros, nosotras) queremos we want (vosotros, vosotras) quer is you all want (ellos, ellas, ustedes) quieren they, you want VWUhq PONER - to put, place Poner is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to put, place". It is irregular in the first person singular of the present tense, yo pongo, but all remaining present tense conjugations are regular. (yo) pongo I put ) pones you put (ella, l, usted) pone s/he, you put (nosotros, nosotras) ponemos we put (vosotros, vosotras) pon is you all put (ellos, ellas, ustedes) ponen they, you put .idata P.edata (ellos, ellas, ustedes) quieren they, you want s) vais you all go (ellos, ellas, ustedes) van they, you go Note: The command forms of ir is vaya usted and vayan ustedes. is you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) est n they, you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques PODER - to be able to, can Poder is the Spanish infinitive meaning "to be able to, can". It is often used with an infinitive: mo puedo servirle? How can I help you? Poder is a stem-changing verb, and in the present tense is conjugated as follows: (yo) puedo I can ) puedes you can (ella, l, usted) puede s/he, you can (nosotros, nosotras) podemos we can (vosotros, vosotras) pod is you all can (ellos, ellas, ustedes) pueden they, you can "She is having" etc.) as well as the English "I have," etc. The expression avez-vous is a question form of vous avez. It means "do you have." CBmpResourceI \z'}2 +G-@A TRAER - to bring Traer is the Spanish infinitive meaning "to bring". It is irregular in the first person singular of the present tense, yo traigo, but all remaining present tense conjugations are regular. (yo) traigo I bring ) traes you bring (ella, l, usted) trae s/he, you bring (nosotros, nosotras) traemos we bring (vosotros, vosotras) tra is you all bring (ellos, ellas, ustedes) traen they, you bring Note: The command form is regular, and is traiga usted or traigan ustedes. SABER - to know Saber is the Spanish infinitive meaning "to know". It is irregular in the first person singular of the present tense, yo s , but all remaining present tense conjugations are regular. (yo) s I know ) sabes you know (ella, l, usted) sabe s/he, you know (nosotros, nosotras) sabemos we know (vosotros, vosotras) sab is you all know (ellos, ellas, ustedes) saben they, you know ugan ustedes. las, ustedes) quieren they, you want s) vais you all go (ellos, ellas, ustedes) van they, you go Note: The command forms of ir is vaya usted and vayan ustedes. is you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) est n they, you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques HACER - to do, make Hacer is the Spanish infinitive meaning "to do" or "to make". It is also used to express climate and weather conditions, and in temporal expressions. For example: Hace calor. It is hot. Hace dos d as que me siento mal. I've been feeling ill for two days. Hacer is irregular in the first-person singular of the present tense, yo hago, but all remaining present tense conjugations are regular. (yo) hago I do ) haces you do (ella, l, usted) hace s/he, you do (nosotros, nosotras) hacemos we do (vosotros, vosotras) hac is you all do (ellos, ellas, ustedes) hacen they, you do HAY - there is, there are Hay is the present tense conjugation of the verb haber. It means "there is" or"there are". Hay is used in place of estar if the subject is an indefiniteperson, or persons, or if its existence is denied or uncertain. Hay una mesa disponible? Is there an available table? (nosotros, nosotras) hacemos we do (vosotros, vosotras) hac is you all do (ellos, ellas, ustedes) hacen they, you do The command forms of ir is vaya usted and vayan ustedes. is you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) est n they, you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques NOUNS A noun is any word that is a person, place, or thing. In Spanish all nouns have a gender, masculine or feminine, and a number, singular or plural. The ending of a noun will most often tell you if it is masculine, -o, or feminine, -a, and if it is plural, it will end with an el desayuno breakfast los documentos papers, ID la semana week las canastas baskets Sign! Tournez! Turn! Remplissez! Fill out! These are formal command forms. They are made by simply taking the vous form of any verb and saying it without the vous. To make a command form negative, simply place ne and pas around the verb, as in: N'oubliez pas! Don't forget! DEFINITE ARTICLES The definite article is a word placed before a noun to show that it refers to a particular person, place, or thing. The definite article must agree with the noun in gender and number, hence, there are four definite articles: el, la, los, las. The definite articles are used in Spanish much more often than in English. el hotel, los hoteles the hotel, the hotels la canasta, las canastas the basket, the baskets (nosotros, nosotras) hacemos we do (vosotros, vosotras) hac is you all do (ellos, ellas, ustedes) hacen they, you do The command forms of ir is vaya usted and vayan ustedes. is you all are (ellos, ellas, ustedes) est n they, you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques INDEFINITE ARTICLES The indefinite article is the word placed before a noun to show that it refers to an unspecified person, place, or thing. The indefinite article must agree with the noun in gender and number, hence, there are four indefinite articles: un, una, unos, and unas. un hotel, unos hoteles a hotel, some hotels una canasta, unas canastas a basket, some baskets t@z you will be ils, elles seront they will be A simpler--and more common--way to talk about the future is to use a form of the verb aller (to go) along with the infinitive of the verb in question. See the grammar note Aller II: Near future. ADJECTIVES An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. It must agree in number and gender with the noun, or pronoun, it modifies. In Spanish, the adjective is usually placed after the noun. un vino blanco a white wine Una cerveza fr a, por favor. A cold beer, please. elles ont they have When you are in France, you will often be asked questions which begin with "Avez-vous." One example is: Avez-vous choisi? Have you chosen? For information on forming past participles, see the grammar notes on PAST. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES A possessive adjective is a word that describes who or what possesses a noun. In Spanish, the stem of the word refers to the possessor and the ending of the possessive must agree in gender and number with the noun. mi maleta my suitcase mis maletas my suitcases nuestras hijas our daughters The forms of the possessive adjectives are: Singular Plural mi mis my tu tus your (familiar) su sus his, her, your, its nuestro, nuestra nuestros, nuestras our vuestro, vuestra vuestros, vuestras your (familiar) su sus their, your OBJECT PRONOUNS An object pronoun is a pronoun that is the direct or indirect object of a sentence. Direct object pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The forms of the direct and indirect object pronouns are: direct object pronouns indirect object pronouns me me me to me te you te to you lo, la it, you le to him, her, you nos we nos to us os you os to you all los, las them, you les to them, you Object pronouns can be placed either before a conjugated verb or directly attached to a command or infinitive verb. Puedes ayudarme? Can you help me? Me puedes ayudar? Can you help me? Puede escribirlo? Could you write it down? igame la cuenta, por favor. Bring me the check, please. 9w0t'W REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS A reflexive pronoun works with certain verbs to show that the action of a verb reflects on the doer or subject of the verb. It's the equivalent in English to saying, "myself," "yourself," and so on. For example: Me cort . I cut myself. The forms of the reflexive pronouns are: singular plural me myself nos ourselves te yourself os yourselves se himself, herself, se themselves, yourselves yourself Certain verbs in Spanish require the use of a reflexive pronoun, and sometimes it depends on what exactly you are trying to express. Look for examples of the reflexive verbs to help you in learning them. Reflexive pronouns may be placed either before a conjugated verb or directly attached to a command or infinitive verb. No me acuerdo bien. I don't remember very well. Puedo sentarme aqu ? May I sit here? >datat GUSTAR - to like Gustar is the Spanish infinitive meaning "to like" or "to be pleasing to." It is a special verb in that it is not conjugated exactly like other verbs. In this case, the ending of the verb is only conjugated in the third person singular and plural forms, gusta and gustan, which is dictated by the subject of the sentence. In order to indicate who is doing the liking, an indirect object pronoun: me, te, le, nos, os, les, is placed before the verb. No me gustan las chaquetas I don't like black leather jackets. de cuero negro. (Black leather jackets are not pleasing to me.) Note: The verbs encantar and doler function in exactly the same manner. To phrase a polite request, use the conditional tense of the verb: Me gustar a un caf . I would like a coffee. De is a Spanish preposition which introduces nouns and noun phrases as modifiers. De can function in four different ways: De as origin, source, or point of departure: Soy de los Estados Unidos. I am from the United States. De as possession or belonging: Es la maleta de Ashley. It is Ashley's suitcase. De as characteristic or condition: Tiene una chaqueta de cuero. She has a leather jacket. De as contents: Ella quiere un vaso de vino. She wants a glass of wine. When de comes before the singular masculine definite article it forms the word del (de+el=del). Tiene usted un mapa del museo? Do you have a map of the museum? A is a Spanish preposition that describes the relationship between two entities. It introduces nouns and noun phrases describing motion, direction, and destination in space and time. It often expresses to, at, or in. When a comes before the singular masculine definite article it forms the word al, (a + el = al). Quiero ir al hotel. I want to go to the hotel. La pr xima excursi n sale The next tour leaves at two o'clock. a las dos. sculine. Singular Plural le chapeau les chapeaux la semaine les semaines l'h tel les h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''sssssssskssssskssssssskssksssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssskslslkklkk^kb^^b^ TIME MARKERS Time markers are words that enable you to structure the sequence of events. Sometimes if you have trouble remembering which is the correct tense of the verb to use (i.e. the future, imperfect, etc.), it helps to use one of the following words to aid in expressing when the action occurs: ayer yesterday ahora now hoy today ana tomorrow todav a still hasta until luego after Unlike English adjectives, most French adjectives follow the noun, with some exceptions. The adjectives appearing in the program which come before the noun are: beau, petit, grand, and bon. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ssssssllssssslsssskssslsksssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssskkllllkssssslllllllsssssssssssslkkkkkkkk^bbb^^b^VbVVVVVKUKKKVKIIKKKKKFKFF>>>FF>F@>>@: INTERROGATIVES Interrogative words are those words used to ask information questions. Interrogatives carry a written accent and in Spanish, the subject follows the verb in questions introduced by them. Some of the more common interrogatives that you'll run across in this program are: nde to where l which, what ndo when nto how much ntos how many nde where what n who Certain interrogatives have plural forms such as: cu les, qui nes, and ntos. Cu nto also has a feminine form, cu nta, along with the plurals, cu ntos and cu ntas. =RIFFt =LISTt NEGATION The simplest form of negation in Spanish is to place the word no in front of the verb. Quiero una cerveza. I want a beer. No quiero una cerveza. I don't want a beer. Other useful words are nada - "nothing", and ning n - "no one" or "none". No tengo nada que declarar. I have nothing to declare. No hay ning n taxi disponible. There is not one taxi available. La poste est dans cette rue. The post office is in that street. 2) When making a general statement about something, as in: Est-ce que vous acceptez les cartes bancaires? Do you accept credit cards? 3) When expressing a like or dislike, as in: Je n'aime pas les pommes. I don't like apples. Note that in the latter two examples above, the English translation does not include the definite article "the." This is an area where French and English differ. BUENO / BIEN Bueno is the Spanish word for "good" and because it functions as an adjective it must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. It has five forms, bueno, buena, buenos, buenas, and when placed before a masculine singular noun, buen. In contrast, bien is the Spanish word for "well", and as an adverb it does not change in form. Buenos d as. Good morning. Es un buen restaurante. It's a good restaurant. Muy bien, gracias. Very well, thank you. L$also has a feminine form, cu nta, along with the plurals, cu ntos and cu ntas. unction in exactly the same manner. To phrase a polite request, use the conditional tense of the verb: Me gustar a un caf . I would like a coffee. , you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques The number one in Spanish is uno. Una is used before a feminine singular noun, and un before a masculine singular noun. El tren sale a la una. The train leaves at one o'clock. Necesito una habitaci n I need a room for one person. para una persona. Note: Don't get confused by the number one and the indefinite article "a", or "an." Sometimes they may appear to be interchangeable, but the context should help you figure out which to use. P.edata also has a feminine form, cu nta, along with the plurals, cu ntos and cu ntas. unction in exactly the same manner. To phrase a polite request, use the conditional tense of the verb: Me gustar a un caf . I would like a coffee. , you are e are many irregular preterite verbs that must be studied and remembered. anchor.wav simstat.mdx signin.map resource.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques ADVERBS An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can indicate quantity, time, place, or intensity. Remember that adverbs do not change like nouns or adjectives do. Some of the more common adverbs you'll encounter in this program are: bien well mal badly s more menos less muy very poco little notre carte our card votre sac (formal) your purse votre carte (formal) your card leur sac their purse leur carte their card ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''())))--33 !!!!%!! %A%A%AAyAAyAy DEMONSTRATIVES A demonstrative adjective is a word used to modify a noun in terms of time or space. In Spanish there are three different sets of demonstratives all expressing the amount of space or time between the subject and the object. Like most adjectives, demonstratives must agree in gender and number with the noun they introduce or replace. When a demonstrative is used to replace a noun, it becomes and pronoun; an accent is added to the stressed syllable, and the meaning changes to imply this one, that one, etc. Te gusta esta chaqueta? Do you like this jacket? No, prefiero sta. No, I prefer this one. Masculine Feminine this este esta these estos estas that ese, aquel esa, aquella those esos, aquellos esas, aquellas Note: The difference between ese and aquel is one of distance. Aquel refers to something over there, farther removed. The neuter forms esto, eso, and aquello are used when the speaker makes reference to something unidentified or abstract. es eso? What is that? leurs billets their tickets See grammar notes Possession I and Possession II for information on how to show possession of nouns that are not plural. ''''''''''''(''))))-)-- !!%A% AAAAyAyAAyyAyAyyy ,,,,6 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' QUE/QU Que is a word in Spanish with many more functions than meanings. As an interrogative qu means what: hora es? What time is it? Sometimes when que is used to divide two clauses of a compound sentence it means that: Creo que est abierto. I believe that it is open. But sometimes que serves a purely grammatical function and carries no meaning, such as in the phrase: disfrute su viaje! Enjoy your trip! 'ai trouv la poste. Je l'ai trouv Je cherche le m tro. Je le cherche. An object pronoun receives the action of a verb. And the pronoun comes just before this verb. This is different from English, where the pronoun follows the verb: Je les ai I have them. ,,,,6 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' POR / PARA Por and para are Spanish prepositions. The English equivalents are "for", "to", or both "for" and "to". Prepositions are some of the most complex and difficult grammar items to master in any language. In this program most often por and para are used in phrases, so pay particular attention to which one is being used in each example and try to develop a feel for when each is used. Pienso quedarme por dos semanas. I'm thinking of staying for two weeks. Necesito una habitaci n para I need a room for one person. una persona. DisableThreadLibraryCalls GetProcAddress LoadLibraryA GetModuleHandleA IsBadWritePtr IsBadStringPtrA SetLastError KERNEL32.dll USTED Usted is the second person (formal) singular subject pronoun used as the subject of a verb. In English usted means "you." Usted is the standard address form used when being formal, courteous, or addressing strangers in such situations as: waiter / customer, doctor / patient. Puede usted ayudarme? Can you help me? Spanish differentiates between the singular "you," usted, and the plural "you," ustedes, based on the subject of the verb. Whereas in English, the you is ambiguous as to whether the subject is singular or plural. Tiene usted algo que declarar? Do you have anything to declare? Tienen ustedes ni os? Do you have children? Also, Spanish differentiates between the formal "you," usted, ustedes, and the familiar "you," t , vosotros/vosotras. The familiar form is used when addressing friends, children, or animals. Juan, mo est ? John, how are you? nde vais vosotros? Where are you all going? Note: In addition to changing the subject pronoun the form of the verb changes as well. Also, the use of the plural familiar form vosotros, vosotras, is for the most part limited to use in Spain. Most of Latin America will use ustedes for both the formal and familiar plural "you." Pronoun Pronoun je me nous nous tu te vous vous il, elle se ils, elles se Je me sens mal. I feel ill. Tu te sens mal. You feel ill. Elle se sent mal. She feels ill. Nous nous sentons mal. We feel ill. Vous vous sentez mal. You feel ill. NUMBERS Numbers in Spanish are quite logical and follow a number of rules. The numbers 16-19 and 21-29 are written as one word: diecisiete seventeen veintiuno twenty-one For compound numbers 30-99, the numbers are written as two words joined by the conjunction y: treinta y dos thirty-two setenta y cinco seventy-five All multiples of 100 have a feminine form and form the compound hundreds by adding the smaller number to the hundreds, without a conjunction. The number 100 is cien, but becomes ciento when preceding a smaller number: ciento veinticinco one hundred and twenty-five trescientas mujeres three hundred women ochocientos cincuenta y nueve eight hundred and fifty-nine In Spanish, mil is one thousand. Multiples of one thousand are formed by placing the number before mil, just like in English. To indicate thousands, Spanish uses a period notation while English uses a comma. Also, the comma will mark a decimal point in Spanish. dos mil two thousand cuatrocientos mil four hundred thousand 1.000 mil (one thousand) $2,50 dos d lares y cincuenta centavos (two dollars and fifty cents) ersona. I need a room for one person. like this jacket? No, prefiero sta. No, I prefer this one. Masculine Feminine this este esta these estos estas that ese, aquel esa, aquella those esos, aquellos esas, aquellas Note: The difference between ese and aquel is one of distance. Aquel refers to something over there, farther removed. e.lib signin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques SET PHRASES There are a number of words and combinations of words in Spanish that when used alone or together, cannot be translated word for word. When this happens, we call them a set phrase.The easiest thing to do is to simply remember what is being expressed by the Spanish phrase. If you try and match them up with a word-for-word translation you'll either translate incorrectly or be left wondering where all the other words are. For example: tal sta? What do you think about this one? Gracias. Thank you. En seguida. Right away. Buenos d as. Good morning. ^:h:m:y: ;0;7;L;S; <"<W<&=M=k= =$>.> >3?H? 1"1&1 2.2@2Y2o2 2.3W3h3 6!7=7c7 788I8_8f8|8 8+929[9b9 213(4 :-:U: ;6<<<=?C? |0D1v2 5&6J6P6v6 7 7F7[7a7p7w7 8&8]8w8}8 :R;a;s;|; DIRECTION WORDS In and of themselves, the words used for giving directions on how to get somewhere,are not a separate grammatical category. However, there are a number of constructionsand conventions used when giving directions in Spanish. The first thing you shouldnote is that there is a tendency to use the command form of the verb: Siga derecho hasta la Keep going straight until Avenida Carranza. Carranza Avenue. Doble a la izquierda. Turn left. When expressing the location of someone or something use the Spanish verb estar. nde est la oficina de correos? Where is the post office? Estoy en la habitaci n trescientos diez. I am in room 310. Other common phrases you will need to remember include: a la derecha to the right (as in turn right) a la izquierda to the left al lado de next to derecho straight (as in straight ahead) ?&?G?Z?y? 0!0>0U0h0p0 0=1}1 2-2B2L2g2w2~2 2$353?3b3r3y3 4_4f4o4z4 PROPER NOUNS In Spanish, names of people and places are proper nouns. Proper nouns are always capitalized, but may or may not be translated. While it is common to translate first names, last names are never translated. Jorge Washington George Washington Juan Domingo John Domingo Sevilla, Espa a Seville, Spain San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan, Puerto Rico 4O5q5|5 6?6e6n6v6{6 9!9/9f:z: :%;k; ; <7< =(=K=U=`=s= >! Try it on! Excusez-moi! Excuse me! Suivez-moi! Follow me! In commands with negations, the object pronoun is placed before the verb. Ne le prenez pas! Don't take it! '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''(')))3 AyAAyyy..y.. yAAAAyAAAA PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that describes the relationship between a noun and another word in a sentence. A preposition often indicates position, time or direction. They do not become plural, nor do they agree in gender with the noun in a sentence. In Spanish, a preposition is never at the end of a sentence. And remember, these are very difficult words to master. It may be easier to remember an entire phrase that uses a preposition instead of trying to use the preposition in an original sentence. a to, at con with en in, into, on para for, to por for, to 0!0K0q0 0<1U1 0 0$0(0004080<0@0H0L0P0T0X0`0d0h0l0p0x0|0 ,343<3D3L3T3\3d3l3t3|3 :P=X= P2\2`2d2h2t2x2 UNITS OF TIME The following words express a unit of time: a day semana week mes month o year cada decade siglo century All of these words are nouns and follow the noun conventions of gender, number, and placement. nal sentence. en in; into; on con with a to; at por in order to; for; from para for; to en la habitaci n trescientos diez. I am in room 310. Other common phrases you will need to remember include: a la derecha to the right (as in turn right) a la izquierda to the left al lado de next to derecho straight (as in straight ahead) nin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques VER - to see Ver is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to see". It is irregular in the present tense. (yo) veo I see ) ves you see (ella, l, usted) ve s/he, you see (nosotros, nosotras) vemos we see (vosotros, vosotras) veis you all see (ellos, ellas, ustedes) ven they, you see Note: Ver uses the preposition a when the object is a person. Veo a Juan. I see John. /"JT) thing costs, you also need to Les cartes postales sont The postcards are cinq francs. 5 francs. is also used in many idiomatic expressions, such as: pied on foot ::::6 ''''''''''''''''''' SALIR - to leave Salir is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to leave." The first- person singular in the present tense is irregular, yo salgo, but all remaining conjugations in the present tense are regular. (yo) salgo I leave ) sales you leave (ella, l, usted) sale s/he, you leave (nosotros, nosotras) salimos we leave (vosotros, vosotras) sal s you all leave (ellos, ellas, ustedes) salen they, you leave L$ QP D$$=VU12 =UV41 nal sentence. en in; into; on con with a to; at por in order to; for; from para for; to en la habitaci n trescientos diez. I am in room 310. Other common phrases you will need to remember include: a la derecha to the right (as in turn right) a la izquierda to the left al lado de next to derecho straight (as in straight ahead) nin.res jet.dsw common.dll jet.obr common.lib c4dll.dll l_status.mdx conquest.res coach.dbf cultdetl.dbf conquest.hlp bcomplet.wav conques DAR - to give Dar is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to give". The first-person singular in the present tense is irregular, and is yo doy. The remaining conjugations in the present tense are regular. (yo) doy I give ) das you give (ella, l, usted) da s/he, you give (nosotros, nosotras) damos we give (vosotros, vosotras) dais you all give (ellos, ellas, ustedes) dan they, you give Note: When expressing the idea of giving something to someone, an object pronounis often used. For example: Le doy treinta pesos por la canasta. I'll give you thirty pesos for the basket. CREER - to believe Creer is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to believe" or "to think". It is also used in the construction creer + que... meaning "to believe that" or "to think that". Creer is a regular -er verb. (yo) creo I believe ) crees you believe (ella, l, usted) cree s/he, you believe (nosotros, nosotras) creemos we believe (vosotros, vosotras) cre is you all believe (ellos, ellas, ustedes) creen they, you believe ce matin this morning demain matin tomorrow morning depuis since d already bient t soon tout de suite right away jusqu' until maintenant now ::::6 '''''''''''''''''' ''''''' INCLUIR - to include Incluir is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to include". It has a y in all singular forms and in the third-person plural. The present tense is conjugated as: (yo) incluyo I include ) incluyes you include (ella, l, usted) incluye s/he, you include (nosotros, nosotras) incluimos we include (vosotros, vosotras) inclu s you all include (ellos, ellas, ustedes) incluyen they, you include Note: The past participle of incluir is incluido, meaning "included". For example: El desayuno est incluido. Breakfast is included. T$$PQRW l$4f+l$ L$"URPQV f;D$4r l$49kdu L$8PQ BUSCAR - to look for Buscar is the Spanish infinitive verb meaning "to look for". The preposition "for" is included in the meaning of the verb therefore, no additional preposition is needed. The only exception is when looking for a person, the personal a must be used. Buscar in the present tense is a regular -ar verb. (yo) busco I look for ) buscas you look for (ella, l, usted) busca s/he, you look for (nosotros, nosotras) buscamos we look for (vosotros, vosotras) busc is you all look for (ellos, ellas, ustedes) buscan they, you look for Busco una chaqueta de cuero. I am looking for a leather jacket. Busco a mi esposo. I am looking for my husband. PAST PARTICIPLES A past participle is a form of a verb that is used either with an auxiliary verb to express certain tenses, or as an adjective. He viajado a M xico. I have traveled to Mexico. El museo est abierto. The museum is open. A regular past participle is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs, and by adding -ido to the stem of -er/-ir verbs. cerrar cerr + ado cerrado closed incluir inclu + ido incluido included There are irregular past participles that do not follow the above pattern. A few of the more common ones are: abrir abierto open romper roto broken hacer hecho made morir muerto dead Note: Remember when using the past participle as an adjective it must agree in both gender and number with the noun it modifies. La tienda est abierta. The store is open. LOS DOMINGOS In Spanish, it is possible to use the plural form of a noun to function as a collective noun, as with the days of the week and numbers. No me gustan los lunes. I don't like Mondays. Los domingos es gratis. On Sundays it's free. `otre billet! Don't forget to validate your ticket! When ne is placed before a vowel, it becomes n'. A good example of this is the statement: Je n'aime pas ... I don't like ... ''''''''''''''''' ''''' '''''' ' ('((( ''''''''''''''''''''' '''('))))3)----4--44444<<< ALGO / ALGUNO Algo is the Spanish word for "something", or when used in a question "anything" . Being a pronoun, algo does not change its form. Whereas alguno is the Spanish word for "some", or "any", and being an adjective, it must change to agree in both gender and number with the noun it modifies. When placed before a masculine singular noun, alguno becomes Necesita algo m s? Do you need anything else? Desean alg n postre? Do you want some dessert? c'est a that's it propos by the way quelque chose something quelqu'un somebody aller simple one-way aller retour round trip beaucoup de many ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''))3-))---344-44<<<4<<<< MUY / MUCHO Muy is the Spanish word for "very". Because it is an adverb its form does not change. Mucho is the Spanish word for "a lot of" or "much". Mucho is an adjective and thus must agree in both gender and number with the noun it modifies. Es muy cara. It's very expensive. Muchas gracias. Thank you very much. Tambi n, beba muchos jugos. Also, drink a lot of juices. L$voir Goodbye bient t See you soon ce soir Until tonight demain See you tomorrow Excusez-moi Excuse me Oh la la! Wow! Ah bon! Oh really! Bon appetit Have a nice meal CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word that is used to unite two independent clauses, unite two words or phrases, or express a selection. The four most common conjunctions in Spanish are: y, o, pero, and si. y and Tenemos cerveza y vino. We have beer and wine. o or Tiene usted cheques de viajero Do you have traveler's checks o billetes? or cash? pero but Ay, lo siento pero tengo que Oh, I'm sorry but I have to leave irme ahora. now. si if Vamos a ver si tiene fiebre. Let's see if you have a fever. 8+uN; 8.u/3 l? is a Spanish interrogative meaning "which" or "which one". It is used to ask a question in which there is a choice or selection among alternatives. Don't be confused by the translation being what when you can tell the answer is a choice or selection among alternatives. does have a plural form les?, but there is no feminine form. l es la l nea que va al centro? Which line goes downtown? l es el prop sito de su viaje? What is the purpose of your trip? (You must choose from business, pleasure, etc.) MEM t% MEM u STEM-CHANGING VERBS A stem-changing verb is a verb whose stem vowel changes to a diphthong, either, e-ie, e-i, or o-ue. All three types of verbs -ar, -er, and -ir have stem-changing verbs. The stem-change occurs in all forms of the verb except in the first- and second-person plural (nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, and vosotras). Some of the verbs that follow this pattern are: querer Quiero un caf . I want a coffee. poder Puede ayudarme? Can you help me? costar nto cuesta? How much does it cost? cerrar Se cierra a las nueve. It closes at nine o'clock. servir El camarero sirve la cena. The waiter serves dinner. oImMuT MEM tG IMPERFECT TENSE -ER/-IR The imperfect tense indicates that the action of a verb took place in the past. If the action in the past is repeated or progressive, for example in English "was + verb", or "used to + verb", the imperfect tense is used in place of the preterite tense. The endings for regular -er and -ir verbs are as follows: -er / -ir comer to eat (yo) - a com a I was eating ) - as com as you were eating (ella, l, usted) - a com a s/he, you were eating (nosotros, nosotras) - amos com amos we were eating (vosotros, vosotras) - ais com ais you all were eating (ellos, ellas, ustedes) - an com an they, you were eating Because the first- and third-person singular forms of each verb ending areidentical, the subject pronouns are normally used to avoid confusion. Note: See IMPERFECT TENSE -AR for the remaining imperfect tense forms. t,jLP