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- 155
- à 2.5ïAstronomy Problems
-
- ä Please solve the following problems from astronomy.
-
- âêêè An astronomer chooses a time to measure the an-
- êêêïgle between the sun and a star then waits six
- êêêïmonths and measures the angle again.ïIf the dis-
- êêêïtance between the earth and the sun is 93 million
- êêêïmiles and the measured angles are 86° and 87°,
- êêêïfind the approximate distance to the star.
- @fig2501.bmp,25,118
- éSêêè From the information given in the Example and
- êêêïthe figure, it is seen that the distance from the
- êêêïstar to the earth at point B is the same as find-
- êêêïing the length of side "a" in triangle ABC.ïThe
- êêêïlength of side AB is twice 93 million or 186 mil-
- êêêïlion and angles A and B are 86° and 87°.ïThus,
- êêêïwe know two angles and a side, so we can use the
- êêêïLaw of Sines. Note that angle
- êêêêC is 180° - (86° + 87°) or 7°.
-
- êêêë186,000,000êèa
- #êêêë───────────è=è───────
- êêêê sin 7°êïsin 86°
- @fig2501.bmp,15,118
- êêêëaè≈è1,522,506,876 miles
- êêêïThus, the distance from the star to the earth
- êêêïat point B in the diagram is 1,522,506,876 miles.
- 1ïA certain town on the coast of North Carolina (Emerald Isle)
- is located at approximately 34.5°N latitude.ïHow far north of the equa-
- tor is this town?
-
- êê A)ï2,378.45 miêêB)ï2,649.3 mi
-
- êê C)ï3,860 miêêèD)ïå of ç
- üêêè A latitude north angle has it's initial side
- êêê from the center of the earth over to the equator.
- êêê The vertex is at the center of the earth, and the
- êêê terminal side passes through the town in question.
- êêê If you think of the earth as a circle of radius
- êêê 3,950 miles, you can use the formula for arc
- @fig2502.bmp,100,600
- êêê length to get the distance to the equator.
- êêêêïsè=èr∙w
- êêêè sè=è3,950∙34.5°∙π/180°
- êêêêsè≈è2,378.45 mi
- Ç A
- 2ïAn astronomer very carefully measures the angle across the
- moon and finds that from the earth the width of the moon is subtended
- by an angle of .78°.ïIf the distance to the moon is 380,000 km, approx-
- imate the diameter of the moon.
- êê A)ï6,312 kmêêèB)ï5,173.12 km
-
- êê C)ï3,468.6 kmêê D)ïå of ç
- üêêè The diameter of the moon can be approximated
- êêê by the arc length subtended by an angle of .78°
- êêê on a circle of radius 380,000 km.ïThe degree
- êêê measure needs to be changed to radian measure.
- êêêêêèsè=èr∙w
- êêêêèsè=è380,000∙.78°∙π/180°
- @fig2503.bmp,100,600
- êêêêêèsè≈è5,173.12 km
- Ç B
- 3ïTo estimate the radius of the earth, Eratosthenes placed a
- stake in Alexandria 800 km north of a water well in Syene.ïWhen the sun
- shown straight to the bottom of the well, he found the angle from the
- top of his stake to the end of the stake's shadow to be 7.2°.ïHe rea-
- soned that the angle at the center of the earth between Alexandria and
- Syene is also 7.2°.ïFind the radius of the earth.
- ïA)ï7,683 kmëB)ï5,832 kmëC)ï6,366.2 kmëD)ïå of ç
- üêêëThe angle at the center of the earth is 7.2°,
- êêêïbecause of alternate interior angles.ïSince the
- êêêïarc length is known to be 800 km, you can use the
- êêêïarc length formula to find the radius.
- êêêêêïsè=èr∙Θ
- êêêêè800 kmè=èr∙7.2°∙π/180°
- @fig2504.bmp,100,600
- êêêêë rè≈è6,366.2 km
- Ç C
- 4ïAn astronomer chooses a time when a certain planet is at it's
- furthest position from the sun relative to his point of view.ïHe mea-
- sures the angle between the sun and the planet to be 38.5°.ïIf the sun
- is 93,000,000 miles from the earth, how far is the earth from this pla-
- net?
- êêïA)ï82,360,421 miêïB)ï91,000,000 mi
- êêïC)ï72,782,558.6 miêD)ïå of ç
- üêêë At the moment the planet is at it's furthest
- êêêïposition from the sun, a right triangle is
- êêêïformed with the 90° angle at the planet's posi-
- êêêïtion.ïYou can use the formula for the cosine.
- êêêêïcos 38.5°è=èx/93,000,000
- êêêêë xè≈è72,782,558.6 mi
- @fig2505.bmp,100,600
- êêêïThus, the distance to the star is 72,782,558.6 mi
- Ç C
- 5ïAn astronomer chooses a time when a certain planet is at it's
- furthest position from the sun relative to his point of view.ïHe mea-
- sures the angle between the sun and the planet to be 38.5°.ïIf the sun
- is 93,000,000 miles from the earth, how far is the planet from the sun?
-
- êêïA)ï64,683,251 miêïB)ï57,893,861 mi
- êêïC)ï72,861,114 miêïD)ïå of ç
- üêêë At the moment the planet is at it's furthest
- êêêïposition from the sun, a right triangle is
- êêêïformed with the 90° angle at the planet's posi-
- êêêïtion.ïYou can use the formula for the sine.
- êêêêïsin 38.5°è=èy/93,000,000
- êêêêë yè≈è57,893,861 mi
- @fig2505.bmp,100,600
- êêêïThis is the distance from the star to the sun.
- Ç B
- 6ïThe earth makes one revolution about its axis in 24 hours.
- Find the speed of a point on the equator in miles per hour.
- (The radius of the earth is approximately 3,960 miles.)
-
- êêA)ï1,036.7 mphêë B)ï867.3 mph
-
- êêC)ï983.6 mphêê D)ïå of ç
- üïSince the radius is known to be 3,960 miles, and the angular
- velocity is known to be one revolution per 24 hours, you can use the
- formula for linear velocity.
- êêêêïvè=èr∙w
- It is necessary to change the angular velocity from revolutions to
- radian measure.
- êïvè=è3,960 mi∙1 rev/24 hr∙2π/1 revè=è1,036.7 mph
- Ç A
- 7ïIf you assume that the earth moves around the sun in a cir-
- cular orbit with radius 93,000,000 miles, and that one revolution takes
- 365 days, what is the speed of the earth in miles per hour?
-
- êêïA)ï55,680 mphêëB)ï66,705 mph
-
- êêïC)ï43,693 mphêëD)ïå of ç
- üïWe can use the formula for linear velocity, but it will be
- necessary to change the angular velocity from revolutions per day to
- radians per hour.
- êêêêïvè=èr∙w
- êïvè=è93,000,000 mi∙1 rev/365 days∙2π/1 rev∙1day/24 hr
- êêêë vè≈è66,705 mph
- Ç B
- 8 An astronomer measures the angle formed by the sun, the earth,
- and a star.ïHe then waits six months and measures a similar angle de-
- termined by the sun, the earth, and the star.ïIf the distance from the
- earth to the sun is 93,000,000, and the angles are 87.5° and 88°, find
- the approximate distance from the star to the second measuring point.
- êëA)ï2,368,405,696 miêè B)ï2,183,682,114 mi
- êëC)ï1,936,480,216 miêè D)ïå of ç
- üêêëFrom the information given in the figure, you
- êêêïcan approximate the distance from the star to
- êêêïthe earth at point B by using the Law of Sines
- êêêïto find side "a".ïThe angle at C is seen to be
- êêêï4.5°.è186,000,000/sin 4.5°ï=ïa/sin 87.5°
- êêêêê aï=è2,368,405,696 mi
- @fig2506.bmp,100,600
- Ç A
-