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- PROTOCOLS EXPLAINED
- *********************************************
-
-
- This is a brief summary of asynchronous protocols commonly used
- for sending and receiving files with personal computers.
-
- Sending files from one computer to another involves some sort of
- checking to insure that the receiving end gets only what was sent.
- This usually involves the use of some "protocol" or handshaking.
- This is a set of rules and signals performed in concert by both
- ends. Hence both ends must be using the same protocol!
-
-
- -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
-
-
- When transferring files via a PC using a modem and a communications
- program, it is necessary to select one protocol for use at both ends.
-
- Different communications packages support different transfer proto-
- cols so you will need to check your documentaion to determine which
- protocols your communications package supports.
-
- Following is a brief description of the most commonly used file
- transfer protocols.
-
-
-
-
- ASCII DATA CAPTURE
- ******************
-
- NOTE: You MAY NOT transfer a binary file (such as a .COM or
- .EXE file) using this method! You MAY NOT tranfer compressed
- files such as .ZIP or .ARC files either. ASCII may only be used
- for small text files where data integrity is not important.
-
- ASCII transfer is simply the sending of textual information, and
- is limited to 7 bit information. This excludes all characters
- above 127 decimal such as the IBM PC graphics characters. It may
- be used for small text files over clean telephone lines. If data
- integrity is required, this method should NOT be used, or if used,
- the file should be sent twice and received as different filenames
- so that they can be compared with some utility such as COMP which
- comes with DOS.
-
- The transfer of files in ASCII mode can be done if your system is
- capable of any type of data capture. Just be aware that data may
- be dropped or garbage characters may be added from line noise during
- the transfer. Since no error checking such as a checksum or block
- length is being done, you are at the mercy of the irregular quality
- of phone transmission and switching equipment.
-
- ASCII is presented here even though it is not truly a "protocol".
- Even if the XON/XOFF (Control-S - Control-Q) signals are respected
- by both ends to prevent overruns, and the eighth bit is used for
- parity checking, the user has some aid, but not really enough.
-
-
-
-
- KERMIT
- ******
-
-
- This protocol's main claim is not speed, but rather its ability to
- interact with many types of computers from mainframes to micros.
- It can cope with systems limited to seven-bit characters even when
- the data to be transmittted is in eight-bit form. All characters
- to be sent are translated into standard printable characters and
- reconstructed on the receiving end. While not terribly efficient,
- it is sometimes an absolute necessity for data transfer involving
- different types of systmes and terminal types. It is not recom-
- mended for PC to PC transfers.
-
-
-
-
- XMODEM and XMODEM/CRC
- *********************
-
-
- Xmodem is a file transfer protocol originally developed by Ward
- Christensen. There are two basic type of XMODEM protocols, XMODEM
- and XMODEM/CRC. Xmodem offers the advantage of error checking on
- a block by block basis to assure that the data sent contains no
- errors. It does this by adding a checksum byte to the end of each
- 128 byte block of data; the receiver calculates its own checksum
- and compares it to the one received. If an error is detected in
- the transmission, XMODEM will request that the sending PC retrans-
- mit the block of data.In addition to the above checksum comparison,
- XMODEM/CRC adds another level of error detection using a complex
- CYCLICAL REDUNANCY CHECK algorithm.
-
- XMODEM and XMODEM/CRC are slow protocols compared to many others
- available but they are quite reliable and available in almost all
- communications packages. They should only be used when you software
- supports no other protocol. XMODEM/CRC is preferrable to XMODEM due
- to its greatly improved error checking.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1K-XMODEM
- *********
-
-
- This protocol performs exactly like regular XMODEM/CRC, but it
- increases the block size to 1024 bytes, hence the name 1K. It is
- slightly faster (on fairly clean phone lines) than regular XMODEM
- due to a smaller number of blocks being sent, and therefore fewer
- block checks being made.
-
-
-
-
- 1K-XMODEM/G
- ***********
-
-
- This version of 1K-XMODEM makes use of MNP hardware error correction
- to do away with the block-by block checking in the normal version.
- The result is a very fast single file transfer protocol for use if
- YMODEM/G is not readily available.
-
-
-
-
- YMODEM
- ******
-
-
- YMODEM is a protocol devised by Chuck Forsberg of Omen Technology
- which adds enhancements to portocol based transfer. He is the author
- of DSZ and PRO-YAM communications products. These are mature and
- robust file transfer programs.
-
- YMODEM block sizes are variable at 128/1024, but 1K (1024) is the
- usual size. Error checking makes use of CRC-16, accurate to 99.99%.
- By definition, all YMODEM transfers are capable of sending multiple
- files at one request, with the file size and date included in the
- "header block" sent prior to each file. YMODEM supports multiple
- file transfer (both down and up) of up to 50 files om a "batch".
-
- CAUTION: A number of communication programs incorrectly use the
- term YMODEM but actually send using 1K-XMODEM. This
- practice is not proper and will result in a failure when
- used with a true YMODEM transfer.
-
- Use of YMODEM, if supported by a caller's software is recommended
- over XMODEM and 1K-XMODEM for speed, reliability and features.
-
-
-
-
- YMODEM/G
- ********
-
-
- This variation of YMODEM is usually only available when callers are
- using modems supporting MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol) or the
- U.S. Robotics ARQ hardware error checking. MNP is a hardware based
- system in which the modems perform the actual error checking and
- correction, if needed. The software simply sends the information
- blindly from one system to the other using the protocol for block
- sorting information only. YMODEM/G is among the fastest protocols
- with the exception of the newer versions of ZMODEM. YMODEM/G also
- supports multiple file transfer (both down and up) of up to 50 files
- per "batch".
-
-
-
-
- ZMODEM
- ******
-
-
- Use this protocol if it is available at both ends. As of 1991, it
- is the protocol of choice for asynchronous file transfers. It is
- solid, widely used, and fast.
-
- ZMODEM is another protocol developed by Chuck Forsberg of Omen tech-
- nology. It is a "streaming protocol", one which sends variable sized
- blocks of data with CRC-32 error checking for an accuracy of 99.9999%,
- but does not wait for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer.
- The sending system assumes data received is OK unless a repeat request
- is sent for a specific block. This streaming activity makes ZMODEM
- one of the fastest protocols available.
-
- ZMODEM supports multiple files transfer capability. This is commonly
- referred to as "batch transfers". ZMODEM also has the unique capa-
- bility to resume file transfers that have been aborted for some reason
- and thus only partially completed. This crash recovery facility is
- usually not needed, but is very handy when it is.
-
-
- ------------------ END -------------------
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