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- CHAPTER 1 - What is a computer program?
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- If you are a complete novice to computers you will find
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- the information in this chapter useful. f however, you
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- have had some experience with programming, you can
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- completely ignore this chapter. It will deal with a few
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- fundamentals of computers in general and will introduce
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- nothing that is specific to Pascal.
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- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
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- A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has
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- the ability to perform mathematical operations very rapidly
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- and very accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid
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- of a program written by a human being. Moreover, if the
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- human being writes a program that turns good data into
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- garbage, the computer will very obediently, and very
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- rapidly, turn the good data into garbage. It is possible to
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- write a computer program with one small error in it that
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- will do that very thing. It is up to the human programmer
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- to design the program to achieve the desired results.
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- A computer program is simply a "recipe" which the
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- computer will use on the input data to derive the desired
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- output data. It is similar to the recipe for baking a cake.
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- The input data is comparable to the ingredients, including
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- the heat supplied by the oven. The program is comparable to
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- the recipe instructions to mix, stir, wait, heat, cool, and
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- all other possible operations on the ingredients. The
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- output of the computer program can be compared to the final
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- cake sitting on the counter ready to be cut and served. A
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- computer program then is composed of two parts, the data
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- upon which the program operates, and the program that
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- operates on the data. The data and program are inseparable
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- as implied by the last sentence.
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- WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?
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- Nearly any computer program requires some numbers that
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- never change throughout the program. They can be defined
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- once and used as often as needed during the operation of the
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- program. To return to the recipe analogy, once you have
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- defined how big a tablespoon is, you can use the same
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- tablespoon without regard to what you are measuring with it.
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- When writing a computer program, you can define the value of
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- PI = 3.141592, and continue to use it wherever it makes
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- sense knowing that it is available, and correct.
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- WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
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- In addition to constants, nearly any computer program
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- uses some numbers that change in value throughout the
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- program. They can be defined as variables, then changed to
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- Page 4
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- CHAPTER 1 - What is a computer program?
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- any values that make sense to the proper operation of the
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- program. An example would be the number of eggs in the
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- above recipe. If a single layer of cake required 2 eggs,
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- then a triple layer cake would require 6 eggs. The number
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- of eggs would therefore be a variable.
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- HOW DO WE DEFINE CONSTANTS OR VARIABLES?
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- All constants and variables have a name and a value. In
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- the last example, the name of the variable was "eggs", and
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- the value was either 2 or 6 depending on when we looked at
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- the stored data. In a computer program the constants and
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- variables are given names in much the same manner, after
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- which they can store any value within the defined range.
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- Any computer programming language has a means by which
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- constants or variables can be first named, then assigned a
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- value. The means for doing this in Pascal will be given
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- throughout the remainder of this tutorial.
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- WHAT IS SO GOOD ABOUT PASCAL?
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- Some computer languages allow the programmer to define
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- constants and variables in a very haphazard manner and then
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- combine data in an even more haphazard manner. For example,
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- if you added the number of eggs, in the above recipe, to the
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- number of cups of flour, you would arrive a a valid
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- mathematical addition, but a totally meaningless number.
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- Some programming languages would allow you to do just such
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- an addition and obediently print out the meaningless answer.
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- Since Pascal requires you to set up your constants and
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- variables in a very precise manner, the possibility of such
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- a meaningless answer is minimized. A well written Pascal
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- program has many cross checks to minimize the possibility of
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- a completely scrambled and meaningless output.
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- Notice however, in the last statement, that a "well
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- written" Pascal program was under discussion. It is still
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- up to the programmer to define the data structure in such a
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- way that the program can prevent garbage generation. In the
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- end, the program will be no better than the analysis that
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- went into the program design.
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- If you are a novice programmer, do not be intimidated by
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- any of the above statements. Pascal is a well designed,
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- useful tool that has been used successfully by many computer
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- novices and professionals. With these few warnings, you are
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- ready to begin.
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- Page 5
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