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- Computer-Based Instruction
-
- Terry Schieve
- Central Texas IBM PC Users Group
-
- Computer-Based Instruction is an area
- in which many programmers are
- developing software. A common fallacy
- is that many assume that anyone who
- can write a program can develop a
- good instructional program. A truly
- fine piece of instructional
- programming is often due to planners
- and instructors, as well as
- programmers. At the present time, the
- market is flooded with CBI programs,
- many of which offer no educational
- value. Therefore, the potential
- buyer must become familiar with some
- means of identifying sound
- educational programs from the lot.
- Also, potential CBI programmers
- should familiarize themselves with
- the software currently available and
- be able to evaluate program strengths
- and weaknesses, thus avoiding a
- repetition of common mistakes.
-
- Many educators today divide
- instructional software into several
- categories, using "computer-based
- instruction" as an umbrella term to
- describe all of the software.
- Obviously, these categories are not
- rigid; they are used simply for
- convenience. Some programs may
- overlap these categories and
- subcategories.
-
- Computer Literacy - refers to
- instructing students about computers.
- Courses relating to computer hardware
- and software such as programming
- languages, would be included here.
-
- o Computer-Managed Instruction
- (CMI) - is a way to keep track of
- all the records that instructors
- usually must keep. These programs
- can range from gradebooks to
- course scheduling.
-
- o Utilities - are programs that
- could be considered as teachers'
- aides. Test generators and
- authoring languages could be
- examples of educational
- utilities.
-
- o Computer-Aided (or Assisted)
- Instruction - is probably the
- largest group of educational
- materials. CAI is using the
- computer to teach students about
- another subject, such as math,
- foreign languages or social
- studies. A point to emphasize
- here is that the student need not
- be aware of any specific
- functions of the computer, except
- for those that are absolutely
- necessary to run the software.
- The computer is simply a tool,
- the same way a book or a
- television is used as an
- educational tool. One can
- subdivide CAI programs into
- smaller categories according to
- how the material is presented.
-
- o Drill and Practice - is probably
- the simplest form of
- instructional presentation. A
- drill program simply gives the
- student more practice in a
- subject that regular class time
- may not be able to offer. One can
- think of the old flash cards as a
- noncomputerized example of drill
- and practice.
-
- o Tutorials - tend to present some
- new information to a student,
- although they usually are not a
- total replacement of a
- conventional classroom course.
- The tutorial usually provides a
- step-by-step presentation of new
- material. It is constantly
- relating the new knowledge to the
- prior experience of the
- individual, often giving shout
- tests along the way to make sure
- that the student is following the
- presentation.
-
- o Computer Games - are often the
- most abused educational programs.
- The criteria for a game is
- usually 1)that it provide some
- type of learning experience and
- 2)that there is a winner and a
- loser to the game. Educators do
- employ games as a method similar
- to a spelling bee, for example.
- In the spelling bee, one advances
- by correctly spelling words. The
- winner is the last person left
- who correctly spells all the
- words given. Computers also can
- effectively use the gaming
- method, even if the players are
- the student and the computer,
- rather than several students.
-
- o Simulations - are more than
- likely the most difficult
- programs to write. Simulations
- attempt to show a part of reality
- to the student, whether it be
- physical phenomena or foreign
- language conversations. The big
- advantage of a simulation is that
- various problems can be presented
- for solution, and the student's
- solution will not have any
- adverse effects. For example, a
- person may want to learn how to
- fly an airplane. An instructor
- can teach the basics, but cannot
- put the student in the plane
- without seriously jeopardizing
- the student's safety. Using a
- simulation program, the student
- can try out all of the problems
- and learn from mistakes, without
- any disastrous results. Of
- course, a simulation is only as
- good as the programmer's
- imagination, so some simulations
- will prove to be far superior to
- others. These programs, if done
- correctly, can become extremely
- large and complex pieces of
- software.
-
- o Testing - is a final subcategory
- of CAI, and it serves to test a
- student at the computer terminal
- about a given subject. It is
- debatable whether this is indeed
- a subcategory of CAI or a utility
- or a CMI program (if it keeps
- track of scores).
-
- Hopefully, it is fairly evident
- by now that computer-based
- instruction is much more complex
- than one might expect. It is not
- simply a matter of a programmer
- sitting down and dashing off a
- program to reel off
- multiplication tables.