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- Installing Computer Chips
-
- Guy Pinte
- New York IBM PC Users Group
-
- There are no real problems to
- installing chips, just a little
- common sense and care are all that is
- required.
-
- TURN OFF THE POWER. Remove the PC
- cover and any cards, but remember
- which slots the cards were in. An
- installation tool is not required;
- however a chip extractor, special
- tweezers with hooks at the tips, is
- highly recommended when removing
- chips.
-
- The three main problems encountered
- are static electricity, broken pins,
- and carelessness.
-
- STATIC. Do not wear synthetic
- clothes or leather soled shoes. Work
- and stand on newspaper. Discharge
- yourself before beginning. Do not use
- aluminum foil as a work surface!!
-
- PINS. The pins on most chips are
- spread apart in too much of a "v"
- shape to align easily with the socket
- holes. You will probably need to
- place the chip on its side and press
- on it gently, bending the set of pins
- resting on the table inward SLIGHTLY
- to move them more near vertical. Do
- this one chip at a time as you
- install them into the sockets.
-
- Each chip has a "U" shaped notch at
- one end. This is important! This
- notch should match up with a similar
- mark on the socket or you may have to
- use other chips of the same type as a
- guide. Set each chip into its socket
- GENTLY and push it firmly in with
- both thumbs. Do not rush.
-
- NEVER DISCONNECT A CABLE, INSTALL OR
- PULL EITHER A CARD OR CHIP WITH THE
- POWER ON!!!
-
- After the chips are installed, you
- will need to set the dip switches,
- assuming you are adding memory chips.
- There are two switch units on the PC
- and one on the XT. Positions 1-4 of
- switch #2 reflects the total memory
- of all the installed memory on the
- PC. The single switch unit on the XT
- reflects only the total on the system
- board and does not deal with
- expansion card memory.
-
- Some switches 'slide' while others
- 'rock'. Consult the Guide to
- Operations manual or expansion card
- documentation for the proper switch
- settings.
-
- Note: Rocker settings are not always
- intuitive. The active end is pushed
- down (use a ball point pen). However,
- some diagrams show the raised end of
- the rocker as black. Black in this
- case is the 'other end'. Confusing?
- Beware of illustrations. Compare the
- illustration for the pre-upgrade
- settings to what you had before, this
- will help you determine whether a
- switch should be down or up in the
- illustration.
-
- Some expansion cards have switches to
- 'switch in' individual banks of
- memory as needed. This should not be
- confused with setting the starting
- address of the card which is usually
- equal to the amount of memory on the
- system board. Some cards require to
- be told the total memory on the card
- itself.
-
- Now, reinstall the cards, insert DOS
- in drive A and turn on the power. It
- will take longer than you are
- accustomed to.
-
-
- Run CHKDSK and note the total memory
- at the bottom of the screen. this
- should be your new total memory. If
- it is not, then the switches are set
- incorrectly.
-
- If the memory failed the diagnostic
- and gave an error message on the
- screen, you have a bad chip(s). This
- is rare but it does happen. If you
- have a special diagnostic that can
- locate the chip use it.
-
- The first step is to locate the row
- of chips with the bad one(s). POWER
- OFF. Set the memory switches to the
- next lower 64K and power on again. If
- the diagnostic passes, then the bad
- chip is in the last 64K. If it does
- not pass, reduce the memory (by the
- switches) by another 64K etc. until
- the row harboring the culprit is
- isolated.
-
- Note: Since the XT switches do not
- deal with expansion card memory and
- therefore the total memory, a
- different technique will have to be
- used. If the card allows the
- switching out of individual memory
- banks, use them. Otherwise you may
- have to remove chips a row at a time
- until the fault goes away.
-
- Once the row has been isolated, pull
- a chip from a good row and set it
- aside. Pull a chip from the bad row
- and install it in the good row.
- Repeat until you get a failure.
- Remember when you pull and install
- each chip Power Down first. There
- could be more than one bad chip.
-
- After you have tried all the chips
- from the bad row and not found a bad
- one, things may be okay. If a chip
- was not fully seated, or if oxidation
- has formed, an undeserved error may
- point to a perfectly good chip. When
- you moved the chip, you may have
- corrected the fault when it was
- reseated. Install the chips you
- removed from the good row and install
- them in the row that you removed all
- the "suspect" chips from. Rerun the
- diagnostics with all the memory
- switched on again. If all goes well,
- power off, button up, and enjoy.