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Parity Errors
Quarterdeck Technical Note #128 Filename: PARITY.TEC
by Bryan Scott CompuServe: PARITY.TEC
Last revised: 7/02/93 Category: HW
Subject: What hardware parity errors are, and some suggestions on
finding and correcting the problem.
Q. What is a parity error?
A. The memory controller chip on your PC reports a parity error
when it reads a byte of data and the 9 bits it used to encode
the byte do not add up to 1 (odd parity). Parity errors are
always hardware-related. Software applications cannot cause
parity errors, although an application may cause one to be
detected.
In the digital world, all information is represented by the
binary numbers 0 and 1. The binary digit, or bit, is the
fundamental building block of digital information in a
computer, and it stores information in two states: off or on
(0 or 1, respectively). One bit can make a big difference.
Here's why:
The binary number for the letter U is:
01010101
If you change just the fourth bit over from the left, from one
state to the other, the binary number becomes the letter E.
01000101
Now while there are 8 bits in a byte, your memory controller
handles information 9 bits at a time. This extra bit is called
a "parity bit", and is the computer's way to verify the
integrity of your data. Whenever you write data to memory, the
memory controller adds up the number of 1's in each byte of
information, and then sets the ninth bit to make the sum of all
nine bytes odd. IBM, the original designers of the PC, could
have chosen to make the sum of the nine bytes even (even
parity), but they chose to store data in memory with odd parity
and every other PC manufacturer followed suit.
In the example above, the letter U has the binary value of
01010101, which has 4 1s in it, and the letter E is 01000101,
which has 3 1s in it. When your PC reads each byte of data, it
sums the 9 bits to make sure the number of 1s in the byte is
still odd. If the state of a single bit gets changed from 1 to
0, or 0 to 1, the parity of the nine bits becomes even and the
memory controller asserts the NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt).
This signal is put directly on a pin of the CPU, then the code
pointed at by Interrupt 2 posts a Parity Error message, which
warns you that there is a problem with your RAM.
Q. Why am I getting parity errors on my system since I installed
QEMM?
A. As stated above, parity errors are indicative of a hardware
problem. The error may appear since you've installed QEMM
because QEMM gives you and your applications access to memory
that may never have been used before, and which could be
marginally bad.
Q. How do I determine which piece of hardware is causing the
problem?
A. First, check is the RAM in your system. An easy test is to
disable everything that uses EMS and XMS memory so you can
create a RAMDRIVE the size of all your system memory. (Refer
to your DOS manual for information on creating a RAMDRIVE.)
Then:
a) Run CHKDSK on the RAMDRIVE, or
b) Copy files to the RAMDRIVE until it is full.
Either way, if you have bad memory on your system, eventually
you will get a parity error or a General Drive Failure on the
RAMDRIVE.
The first thing you can do to try to remedy this problem is to
make sure that the RAM chips are seated properly in their
sockets. If they are DRAMs or SIPPs, make sure the pins aren't
broken off or bent. If they are SIMMs or the memory is on a
card, you may just need to clean the contacts. If the chips
physically check out ok, the chip speeds could be mismatched
with memory that is too slow for the CPU/memory bus, or a
controller chip could be bad. At this point the only sure way
to test this is to swap out the chips for ones that you know
are good.
Parity errors may also be caused by the presence of an
autoswitching video card or one that is using 16-bit ROM
access. Your motherboard could be assigning parity to the
address space where your EMS page frame is located. Also there
may be some special features of the computer in the CMOS Setup
that could be causing problems. Try disabling the computer's
shadowing of BIOS or video ROM or turning off memory caching or
other features to see if one of them is involved. This may
allow you to pinpoint the cause of the problem. In all these
cases you should refer to the documentation that came with your
hardware product to disable a particular feature.
Q. I ran a hardware diagnostic program on my machine, and it
didn't report bad memory. Why not?
A. While there are several diagnostic programs on the market that
will test your memory for errors, they may not duplicate
conditions that would cause marginal memory to fail. Most are
not even designed to be run with a memory manager. When parity
errors are encountered, it is time to have the hardware
components of the machine examined.
Q. Is there any software I can use to get around this problem?
A. No. Note that all of the parity operations are performed
directly by your computer's hardware, regardless of which
operating system (DOS, OS/2, UNIX) you use and regardless of
which utility programs or application software you run. One
exception is Macintosh computers, which use 8 bit SIMM chips
that do not have parity. When errors occur, the system just
malfunctions from the invalid data. Also remember that parity
checking will only detect if one bit in a byte gets changed. If
two bits in the same byte get changed it will accurately
reflect that the sum is still odd and errors will not be
detected.
******************************************************************
* Trademarks are property of their respective owners. *
* This and other technical notes may be available in updated *
* forms through Quarterdeck's standard support channels. *
* Copyright (C) 1996 Quarterdeck Corporation *
******************** E N D O F F I L E ***********************