home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Date: Sunday, 3 June 1984
- From: decvax!cwruecmp!cmf
- To: net.micro
- Re: Apple drives may have more storage?
-
- There seems to be some confusion (this may be an understatement) about
- exactly what an Apple disk drive is and what it will do. This may be a
- bit technical, but here goes...
-
- The mechanics (i.e. head, motors, chassis, etc.) of the Apple drives
- are equivalent to those of a Shugart SA400. Shugarts were used for a
- while, but reliability problems started cropping up, and they switched
- to ALPS drives. In any case, these are your standard, run-of-the-mill,
- 48 TPI floppy drives. Only 35 out of the 40 available tracks are used,
- probably because 35 track drives are cheaper, being older. The
- recording method used is FM. However, they pack 4K on a track, which
- is the same density as most MFM disks. In fact, if the Apple drive
- used 40 tracks and both sides (like some of the Rana and other drives),
- it would have 320K per disk, just like an IBM PC. Now, you may ask,
- how does the Apple get MFM data density with FM data rates and
- encoding? The answer is a very clever recording method called MGCR
- (stands for Modified Group Code Recording). Thanks to some wizardry
- (no lesser adjective is appropriate) on the part of Steve Wozniak, this
- is done with a handful of cheap chips (look closely at the Apple
- controller sometime).
-
- The basic idea involved in FM is to have a stream of clock bits with a
- stream of data bits interleaved. MFM takes this and fudges with the
- clock bits (sorry for the lack of technical accuracy, folks), sometimes
- dropping them altogether in order to fit in the data. On the average,
- there are more flux changes per unit length, and thus a higher bit
- density. MGCR takes the data bit stream and breaks it up into 6-bit
- groups. It maps these groups to 8-bit groups (hence the name "group
- code recording") which represent flux changes on the disk. No clock
- bits are used. Instead, each 8-bit group conforms to a simple set of
- restrictions regarding number of consecutive 0 bits and others
- (including the high bit being high (no pun intended)). These
- restrictions allow the nifto Woz state machine on the controller to
- keep track of everything and stay synced up. This technique is used
- for high-density tape drives and on the MAC. In short, it gives you
- double-density with single-density physical bit density (flux changes
- per unit length), and hence, greater reliabilty.
-
- It's too bad everyone else uses flakey old MFM. Oh, well.
-
- On the issue of 96 TPI drives, etc.:
-
- The stepper for the head on Apple-compatible drives is controlled
- directly by the 6502. The existing code in DOS will step at 96 TPI
- even with a 48 TPI mechanism. Several copy-protection schemes rely on
- this so-called "half-tracking" ability. In fact, with appropriate
- incantations, you can step the head at 192 TPI. There's only one small
- catch: a 48 TPI head is twice as wide as the one on a 96 TPI mechanism.
- Therefore, a standard Apple drive will not quite handle 96 TPI. A 96
- TPI mechanism will. This is the trick by which the Rana and other 96
- TPI drives will boot and run 48 TPI (standard) disks without
- complaining. They look like normal drives, but can handle the higher
- track density. One wonders why Apple doesn't bring out 80 track,
- double sided drives. Again, Oh well.
-
- --Clayton Elwell
- ...!cbosgd!osu-dbs!elwell
- despite the address on the header of
- this message.
-
- P.S. Flames are welcome, but do not send to cwruecmp!cmf...