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'Bear' Symphony 1786 Hayden's symphony No. 82 composed C 'lost colony' 1587 Colony founded F 'Pathetic' Symphony 1893 Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Opus 74 is first per formed in St. Petersburg P `American' Quartet 1893 Dvorak's string quartet composed C 17th parallel 1954 Geneva conference set the cease fire line T 1812, War of 1812 War broke out between England and the US, mainly over shipping W 26th of July Movement 1959 Castro's rebel movement overthrew Batista's dictatorship W A Kempis, Nicolaus 1600 Flemish composer born, location unknown (d. 1676) B Aa, Dirck van der 1731 Born B 1809 Died D Aachen, Hans von 1552 Born B 1615 Died D 1597 Became court painter to the emperor Rudolf II M Aalto, Alvar 1898 Born B 1960 Outstanding monumental work was his memorial for the Battle of Suomussalmi. M 1976 Died D Aaltonen, Waino 1894 Born B 1966 Died D Aasen, Ivar Andreas 1813 Born B 1853 Devised a new Norwegian language S Abaco, Evaristo Felice dall' 1675 Italian violinist, cellist and composer at the Vienna court (died 1742).Born in Verona. B Abakanowicz, Magdalena 1930 Born B Abba-Cornaglia, Pietro 1851 Italian composer and organist (d. 1894) B Abbadides 1023 Arab Muslim Dynasty, ruled Seville, Spain 1023- 91 F Abbado, Claudio 1933 Italian conductor born in Milan. B Abbas I 1587 Shah of Persia was born and ruled 1587-1628 R Abbas II 1892 Last Egyptian Khedive 1892- 1914 E Abbas, Ferhat 1899 Born B 1958 Became first president of the Algerian provisional government E Abbasid 750 Rulers of Muslim Caliphate 750 - 1258 F 1258 Caliphate falls to the Mongols W Abbate, Niccolo dell' 1512 Born B 1571 Died D Abbatini, Antonio Maria 1609 Italian church musician and composer. Helped to prepare new edition of Gregorian hymns (d. 1677). Born in Citta di Castello. B Abbey Theatre 1902 Founded F Abbey, Edwin Austin 1852 Born B 1911 Died D Abbot, Lemuel Francis c. 1760 Born B 1802 Died D Abd al-Kadir 1807 Born B 1832 Began his unsuccessful strugle against French rule in Algeria W Abd al-Malik 685 Umayyd caliph 685 - 705 unified Islam R Abd er-Rahman I 756 First Umayyad emir of Cordoba 756-788 R Abd er-Rahman III 912 Umayyad emir of Cordoba 912-929 R 929 First caliph of Spain R Abd-al-Mumin 1094 Born B 1147 Defeated the Almoravides W Abd-el-Krim 1882 Born B 1926 Defeated by the French and Spanish W Abd-er-Rahman 1822 Sultan of Morocco & Fez 1822-59 R Abdali Sultanate 1728 Gains independence from Yemen F 1839 Becomes a part of Aden Protectorate ruled by the British F 1967 Integrated as part of (southern) Yemen m Abdu-r-Rahman 721 Governor of Muslim Spain 721-732 M Abdul Mejid 1839 Ottoman Sultan 1839-61 R Abdul Rahman, Tunku 1957 Became the first Prime minister of Malaysia E Abdul-Aziz 1861 Ottoman Sultan 1861-76 R Abdul-Hamid I 1774 Ottoman Sultan 1774 -89 R Abdul-Hamid II 1876 Ottoman Sultan 1876-1909 R Abdullah 1946 Became the first king of Jordan (1946-1951) R 1951 Assassinated D Abe, Komei 1911 Japanese composer and conductor born in Hiroshima. B Abegg Variations 1830 Schumann's Opus for solo performance composed C Abel, Karl Friedrich 1723 German composer and player of viola da gamba. Pupil of J.S. Bach. (d. 1787).Born in Cothen. B Abelard, Peter 1079 Born B 1121 His 'Theologia' was condemmed as heresy M Abencerages, Les 1813 Opera in 3 acts by Cherubini, based on Florian's novel P Abendroth, Hermann 1883 German conductor. Studied at Munich, specialist in German and Austrian classical repertory (d.1956). Born in Frankfurt. B Abensberg-Eckmuhl, Battles of 1809 Victory for Napolean over Austrian forces W Abercrombie, (John Ralph) Alexander (Giles) 1949 English pianist and composer. Studied at the R.C.M. Born in London. B Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of 1852 British prime minister at start of Crimean war (1852-55) E Aberhart, William 1878 Born B 1935 Served as Alberta's premier 1935-43 E Abert, Hermann 1871 German music scholar (d. 1927). Born in Stuttgart. B Aberystwyth 1879 Hymn-tune by Joseph Parry to words written in 1740 C Abide With Me 1820 Hymn, words written by Rev. Henry Francis Lyte (1793-1847) C Abijah -915 Second King of Judah R Abildgaard, Nicolai Abraham 1743 Born B 1809 Died D Abo, Treaty of 1743 Treaty ending Russo-Swedish war T Abominations, Tariff of 1828 US protective tariff passed T Aboukir, Battle of 1798 British naval victory over French in Egypt W Abraham, Gerald (Ernest Heal) 1904 English music critic and scholar, authority on Russian music (d. 1988).Born in Newport. B Abraham, Paul 1892 Hungarian conductor and composer of film music. Left Berlin 1933 when the Nazis banned his music (d. 1960).Born in Apatin. B Abram, Jacques 1915 American concert pianist and teacher born in Lufkin,Texas. B Abravanel, Maurice 1903 German-born American conductor with a special sympathy for English music (d. 1993).Born in Salonika. B Absil, Jean 1893 Belgian composer and professor of harmony at Brussels Conservatory (1939-59) (d. 1974),born in Bonsecours,Belgium. B abstract art c.1910 Term applied to any art that does not represent recognizable objects.Kandinsky is usually credited with having made the first entirely non-representational picture around 1910. F Abstract Expressionism c.1950 Term which came into common usage from c.1950 to describe a movement in abstract art that developed in New York in the 1940's. F 1940 Artistic movement developed in New York F Abstraction-Creation 1931 The name taken by a group of abstract painters and sculptors formed in Paris. F Abt, Franz Wilhelm 1819 German composer of vocal music born in Eilenburg. B Abu al-Abbas 750 Founder & first caliph of Abbasid dynasty R Abu Bakr 632 First caliph of Caliphate R Abu Muslim, Revolt of 747 Revolt against Umayyad rulers W Abyngdon lAbingdon, Habyngton, etc.r, Henry 1464 Abyngdon became the 1st person to take a music degree at Cambridge University. None of his works has yet been found (b. 1418, d. 1497).Born in Abingdon. O Academic Festival Overture 1881 Brahms's Opus first performed in honor of a Ph.D. degree conferred on him by Breslau University P academy 1563 Association of artists,scholars,etc.,arranged in a professional institution.The first academy proper was tha 'Accademia del Disengo' in Florence. F 1768 Royal Academy founded in London. F 1648 Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture' founded in France. F -387 Ancient school in Greece, founded by Plato F Academy of Ancient Music 1726 London society formed for the performance and study of works F Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields 1958 Chamber orchestra formed, named after the church in which it gave performances F Academy of Vocal Music 1725 Founded in St. Clement Dane's, Strand F Acadia 1763 Passed to the English by the Treaty of Paris T Accademia di Belli Arti 1807 Municipal picture gallery of Venice and one of the most important collections in Italy. F Accardo, Salvatore 1941 Italian violinist and conductor, made his professional debut aged 13.Born in Turin. B Achaea -146 Became part of the Roman empire M Achaean League -550 Ancient Persian dynasty, founded by King Achaemenes F Acheson, Dean Gooderham 1893 Born B 1949 Served as US Secretary of State 1949-52 M Achille Lauro 1985 Cruise ship hijacked by Palestinian terrorists M Achinese War 1873 Between Dutch forces & Muslims of Achin, Sumatra W Achron, Joseph 1886 Lithuanian-born American violinist and composer, made his public debut as a violinist aged 7.Born in Lozdzieje,Poland. B Achucarro, Joaquin 1936 Spanish pianist, made his public debut in Bilbao aged 12.Born in Bilbao. B Acis and Galatea 1718 Masque, serenata or pastoral in 2 acts by Handel to text by John Gay was first performed P Ackermann, Otto 1909 Rumanian-born conductor who worked in most leading opera houses, noted for his interpretation of J. Strauss II and Lehar (d. 1960).Born in Bucharest. B Ackte, Aino 1876 Finnish soprano. Studied at Paris Conservatoire, directed the Finnish National Opera 1938-9 (d. 1944).Born in Helsinki. B Acre -1500 City of ancient Palestine F 638 Conquered by Arabs W 1104 Held by Crusaders 1104-87, 1191- 1291 w 1918 Captured by British W 1949 Annexed by newly independant Israel W Acre, Battle of 1191 Crusader victory over Saladin W 1291 Muslim victory that ended Christian crusade W Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome 1533 Law passed nullifying the pope's authority in England T Act of Abjuration 1581 Dutch declaration of Independence T Act of Settlement 1701 British act establishing line of succession for the crown T Act of Six Articles 1539 Laws passed concerning the doctrine of the Church of England T Act of Supremacy 1534 Law passed to make Henry VIII head of the Chuch of England T 1559 Law passed establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the Church of England T Act of Union 1536 United Wales &England T 1707 United Scotland & England T 1801 United Ireland & Great Britain T 1841 United Upper & Lower Canada T Action painting 1952 Term first used by art critic Harold Rosenberg to describe paintings such as those of Jackson Pollock F Actium, Battle of -31 Antony defeated by Octavian in naval battle w Acton, Sir John Francis Edward 1736 Born B 1785 Became prime minister of Naples 1785-1806 E Actus Tragicus 1707 Bach's church cantata written for an occasion of mourning C acupuncture -2500 Developed in China F Adam de la Halle 1245 French trouvere, poet and composer, anticipated the genre of opera comique d. 1288? Born in Arras B Adam, Adolphe (Charles) 1803 French composer and critic. Wrote 70 operas, mostly operas comiques (d. 1856).Born in Paris. B Adam, Henri-Georges 1904 Born B 1967 Died D Adam, Robert 1728 Born B 1792 Died D Adam, Theo 1926 German bass-baritone and opera director born in Dresden. B Adamberger, (Josef) Valentin 1743 German tenor, a friend of Mozart, who wrote a part for him (d. 1804).Born in Munich. B Adami, Valerio 1935 Born B Adamis, Michael George 1929 German composer, studied in Athens and founded the Athens Chamber Choir in 1958.Born in Piraeus,Greece. B Adams, Byron 1955 American composer, conductor and teacher born in Atlanta. B Adams, Donald 1928 English bass, studied at Bristol Cathedral School born in Bristol. B Adams, James Truslow 1878 Born B 1922 Won the Pulitzer Prize for history Z Adams, John 1797 2nd US President 1797-1800 E 1789 Became the first vice-president of the US E Adams, John (Coolidge) 1947 American composer, conductor and clarinetist born in Worcester,Mass. B Adams, John Quincy 1825 6th US President 1825-29 E 1803 Became a Federalist Senator 1803-08 E Adams, Samuel 1772 Founded the Boston Committee of Correspondence F 1794 Served as governor of Massachusetts 1794-97 E Addams, Jane 1889 Founded Hull House F 1931 Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Z Addinsell, Richard 1904 English composer, trained at Oxford, R.C.M. and Vienna (d. 1977).Born in Oxford. B Addison, Joseph 1672 Born B 1719 Died D Adeney, Richard 1920 English flautist born in London. B Ades, Thomas 1971 English composer and pianist born in London. B Adler, Alfred 1870 Austrian psychiatrist who founded a school of psychiatry based on analysis of an individuals inferiority feelings born (d. 1937) B Adler, Felix 1876 Founded the New York Society foe Ethical Culture F Adler, Guido 1855 Austrian critic and musicologist (d. 1941),born in Moravia. B Adler, Jankel 1895 Born B 1949 Died D Adler, Kurt 1907 Czech conductor, pianist and scholar (d. 1977).Born in Neuhaus. B Adler, Kurt Herbert 1905 Austrian-born conductor and impressario (d. 1988).Born in Vienna. B Adler, Larry (Lawrence) 1914 American virtuoso on harmonica and writer.Born in Baltimore. B Adler, Peter Herman 1899 Czech conductor who emigrated to the US in 1939 (d. 1990).Born in Gablonz,Bohemia. B Adler, Samuel 1928 German-born American conductor, composer and teacher born in Mannheim. B Admiral Graf Spee 1939 Scuttled by Allied cruisers W Admonition to the Parliament, An 1572 Proposal sent anonymously to the English government M Adni, Daniel 1951 Israeli pianist, studied in Tel Aviv, Paris and Zurich,born in Haifa. B Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund 1903 German social philosopher and musicologist (d. 1969). Born in Frankfurt. B Adowa, Battle of 1896 Decisive battle which halted Italy's expansion in Africa W Adrian I 772 Roman catholic Pope 772- 795 R Adrian IV 1154 Roman catholic Pope 1154-59 R Adriana Lecouvreur 1902 Opera in 4 acts by Cilea to Libretto by Colautti first produced P Adrianople 125 City in north-west Turkey founded. Now Edirne F Adrianople, Treaty of 1829 Treaty ending the Russo-Turkish war (1828-29) T Adullamites 1866 Joined with British Conservatives to defeat the Reform Bill M Adventists 1863 Seventh day adventists formed F Aegean civilization -3000 Name of Bronze Age cultures in the region of the Aegean Sea. c3000-c1000 BC. R Aegospotami, Battle of -405 The Spartans defeated the Athenians in the final naval battle of the Peloponnesian War W Aelbert Cuyp 1620 Born B 1691 Died D Aelst, Willem van 1625 Born B 1683 Died D Aerophor 1912 Patent received for a device to help wind players by supplying a continuous flow of wind to a corner of the mouth O Aertsen, Pieter 1508/9 Born B 1575 Died D Aeschylus -525 Born B -472 Awarded a prize for his play "The Persians" Z Aesop -600 Greek fable writer, possibly only legendary born B Aestheticism c.1818 Term applied to various exaggerations of the doctrine that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose.Found in the expression 'art for art's sake',first used by French F Aeterni Patris 1879 Encyclical issued by the pope T Aethelbald 716 King of Mercia (716-757) and self-styled King of Britain. R Aethelbert (552-616) 560 King of Kent 560-616 R Aethelbert (865) 860 King of Wessex 860-865 R Aethelflaed 911 Mercian ruler called "Lady of the Mercians." 911-918 AD R Aethelfrith c593 King of Northumbria c593-616 AD R Aethelred (871) 865 King of Wessex and Kent 865-71 R Aethelred (968-1016) 978 King of England (978-1016) Nicknamed "The Unready" R Aethelwulf 839 King of Wessex 839-856 AD R Affair of the Diamond Necklace 1785 Famous French scandal M Affair of the Spanish Marriages 1846 Political affair errupted over Spanish royal marriages M Afghanistan 1919 Independence of Afghan Republic recognised by Britain F 1979 USSR invades country, installs puppet government W 1992 Islamic rebels form new government F Africaine, L' 1864 Meyerbeer finished this work, which he began in 1837 C African Sanctus 1972 Work composed by David Fanshawe using orthodox instruments and recordings made in Africa C Afrika Korps 1943 Surrendered to Montgomery W Afrikaner Bond 1879 Founded F Afro 1912 Born B 1976 Died D Aga Khan III 1937 Became secretary general of the League of Nations General Assembly E Agadir Incident 1911 Germany sent the gun boat Panther to Agadir Harbour W Agam, Yaacov 1928 Born B 1955 Participated in the exhibition 'Le Mouvement' at the Denise Rene Gallery M Agasse, Jacques-Laurent 1767 Born B 1849 Died D Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe 1807 Swiss-born American naturalist, geologist and educator born (d. 1873) B Agazzari, Agostino 1578 Italian composer of church songs and madrigals (d. c1640). Born in Siena. B Age of Anxiety, The 1949 L. Bernstein's symphony No. 2 performed for the first time P Age of Enlightenment, Orchestra of the 1986 Self-governing orchestra founded by the players in London F Age of Gold, The 1927 Ballet in 3 acts with music by Shostakovitch C Age of Steel, The 1925 Ballet in 2 scenes with music by Prokofiev C Agee, James 1909 American writer, film critic and Pulitzer Prize winner born (d. 1955) B 1957 Posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize Z Agesilaus II -399 Spartan king 399-360 BC R Agha Muhammad Khan 1794 Shah of Persia 1794-1797 R Agincourt, Battle of 1415 Famous English victory over the French in 100 years war W Agis II -427 King of Sparta c.427-399 BC R Agis IV -244 King of Sparta c.244-240 BC R Agnesi, Luigi lAgniez, Louis Ferdinand Leopoldr 1833 Belgian bass especially celebrated for singing in Rossini's operas (d.1875).Born in Namur. B Agnew, Roy (Ewing) 1893 Australian pianist and composer of sonatas and smaller pieces (d. 1944).Born in Sydney. B Agnew, Spiro Theodore 1969 39th US vice-president under R. Nixon E 1973 Resigned during Watergate crisis M Agostini, Paolo 1583 Italian maestro of Vatican chapel (d. 1629). Born in Vallerano. B Agostino di Duccio 1418 Born B 1446 Banished from Florence for theft. M 1481 Died D Agrarian party 1866 Finnish political party F Agrarian Reform Act 1906 Reform measures allowing individual Russian peasant families to own land that formerly belonged to peasant communes M Agrell, Johan (Joachim) 1701 Swedish composer, violinist and harpsichordist (d. 1765). Born in Loth. B Agricola AD c.37 Roman soldier and statesman born (d. 93 AD) B AD 78 Governor of Britain AD 78-84. R Agricola, Alexander 1446 Flemish composer in service of French and Italian royalty and aristocracy (d. 1506). Born in Flanders. B Agricola, Georgius 1494 German mineralogist born (d. 1555) B Agricola, Johann 1494 German Protestant reformer born (d. 1566) B Agricola, Johann Friedrich 1720 German organist, conductor and singing teacher born in Dobitschen (d. 1774). Born in Dobitschen. B 1751 Became court composer to Frederick the Great M Agricola, Rodolphus c1443 Dutch humanist who helped spread Renaissance ideas in germany is born (d. 1485) B Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius -63 General under Octavian, defeated Anthony and Cleopatra born B Agrippina 1709 Opera in 3 acts by Handel Produced in Venice P Agthe, Karl Christian 1762 German organist and composer born in Hettstedt (d. 1797).Born in Hettstedt. B Aguinaldo, Emilio 1869 Filipino revolutionary born (d. 1964) B Aguirre, Lope de c1508 Spanish adventurer and rebel born (d. 1561) B Agujari, Lucrezia 1743 Italian operatic soprano much admired by Motzart born in Ferrara (d. 1783) B Agyptische Helena, Die 1927 Opera in 2 acts by R. Strauss completed C Ahab -874 Great king of the north kingdom of Israel c874-c853 BC R Ahaz -731 King of Judah c731-727 BC R Ahaziah -853 King of Israel c853-851 BC R Ahmed 1909 Shah of Persia 1909-1925 R Ahmed I 1603 Ottoman sultan 1603-1617 R Ahmed III 1703 Ottoman sultan 1703-1730 R Ahmed Shah 1747 Afghan ruler, considered the founder of Afghanistan 1747-1773 R Ahmose I -1570 King of ancient Egypt c1570-1546 BC R Ahna, Pauline de 1894 German soprano married Richard Strauss M Aho, Kalevi 1949 Finnish composer born in Forssa B Ahronovitch, Yuri (Mikhailovich) 1933 Israeli conductor born in Leningrad B Aiblinger, Johann Kaspar 1779 German composer and conductor (d. 1867) B Aichinger, Gregor 1564 German organist and composer born in Resenburg (d. 1628) B Aida 1870 Opera in 4 acts by Verdi to libretto by Ghislanzoni composed C 1871 First performed in Cairo P AIDS 1981 Acquired Immune Deficiency Symndrome first identified M Aiken, Conrad 1889 American poet, novelist and Pulitzer Prize winner is born B Ainsley, John Mark 1962 English tenor born in Crewe B Air on the G String 1871 This name was framed for the 2nd movement of J.S. Bach's Suite No. 3 M Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaties of 1668 Treaty ending the War of Devolution T 1748 Treaty ending the war of Austrian Succession T Ajmone-Marsan, Guido 1947 Italian-born American conductor born at Turin B Akbar 1556 Great Mughal emperor of India 1542-1605 R Aken, Joseph van 1699 Born B 1749 Died D Akhenaton -1379 Egyptian Pharaoh c1379-c1362 R Akimenko lAkimyenko, etc.r, Fyodor Stepanovich 1876 Ukranian composer, pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov born in Kharkov (d. 1945) B Alabama 1819 Declared 22nd State of the US M 1861 Seceded from the Union during the civil war M 1865 Slavery abolished M 1901 State constitution adopted M Alabama Claims 1872 US government claims against Britain M Alabama Platform 1848 Plan advanced by Southern political leader in opposition to the outlawing of slavery M Alain, Jehan 1911 French organist and composer born in St. Germain-en-Laye (killed 1940) B Alain, Marie-Claire 1926 French organist who recorded the complete organ works of Bach, born in St Germain-en-Laye B Alaleona, Domenico 1881 Italian composer and teacher born in Montegiorgio (d. 1928) B Alam al-Halfa, Battle of 1942 British victory in Egypt during WW II W Alamein, Battles of El 1942 Two WW II battles fought in Egypt and won by Allies W Alamo 1835 Texan fort defended by 200 Americans against great odds W Alan, Hervey 1910 English bass-baritone in opera and oratorio born in Whitstable (d. 1982) B Alarcos, Battle of 1195 Muslim victory over Spanish Christians W Alard, (Jean-)Delphin 1815 French violinist and violin teacher born in Bayonne (d. 1888) B Alaric I 395 King of the Visigoths 395-410 AD R Alaric II 484 Visigoth king 484-507 AD R Alaska 1959 Alaska becomes 49th US state M 1867 Alaska purchased by US for $7.2 Million M Alaskan boundary dispute 1903 US - Canadian border dispute involving Canada's border with Alaska M Alaungpaya 1753 King of Burma 1753-1760 R Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, duke of 1567 Spanish soldier and statesman, adviser to King Philip II and governor of the Spanish Netherlands 1567-1573 R Alban Berg Quartet 1971 Austrian string quartet founded F Albanese, Licia 1913 Italian-born American soprano born in Bari B 1945 Became naturalised American citizen M Albani, (Dame) Emma 1847 French-Canadian soprano born Chambly (d. 1930) B 1870 Debut in Messina in La Sonnambula O Albani, Cardinal Alessandro 1692 Born B 1779 Died D Albani, Francesco 1578 Born B 1660 Died D Albania 1955 People's Socialist Republic of Albania joins Warsaw pact M 1968 Leaves Warsaw Pact, allies with China M 1991 First elections since 1945 M Albanian League 1878 Albania's first nationalist group formed 1878-1881 F Albany Congress 1754 Meeting held at Albany, New York, to win the Iroquois Confederacy over to the British side in the impending French and Indian Wars M Albany Regency 1820 Founded, New York State political machine run by Democrats 1820-c1850 F Albee, Edward Franklin 1928 American playwrite and Pulitzer Prize winner is born B Albeniz, Isaac (Manuel Francisco) 1860 Spanish pianist and composer born in Catalonia (d. 1860) B Albeniz, Mateo (Antonio) Perez de 1755 Spanish composer and theorist born in the Basque region (d. 1831) B Alberni Quartet 1962 British string quartet founded F Alberoni, Giullo 1664 Italian cardinal statesman born (d. 1752) B Albers, Josef 1888 Born B 1950 Best known for his long series of paintings entitled 'Homage to the Square'. M 1976 Died D Albert 1819 Prince consort of British Queen Victoria born (d. 1861) B Albert Herring 1947 Comic chamber opera in 3 acts by Britten first produced P Albert I (1250-1308) 1298 German king 1298-1308 R Albert I (1875-1934) 1909 Belgian king 1909-1934 R Albert II 1397 Holy Roman Emperor, 1st in Habsburg line of Emperors is born B Albert of Brandenburg 1525 First duke of Prussia 1525-1568 R Albert the Bear c1100 First margrave of Brandenburg born (d. 1170) B Albert, Eugen d' lEugene Francis Charlesr 1864 Scottish-born pianist and composer born in Glasgow (d. 1932) B Albert, Heinrich 1604 German organist, poet and composer, cousin and pupil of Schultz, born in Saxony B Albert, Prince 1819 Born B 1861 Died D 1840 Married Queen Victoria. M 1841 Appointed chairman of the Royal Commission,who 10 years later inspired the 'Great Exhibition'. M Albert, Stephen (Joel) 1941 American composer born in New York (d. 1992) B 1958 Won Pulitzer Prize for Run River M Alberta 1905 Alberta, in Western Canada becomes a province M Alberti, Domenico 1710 Italian composer of operas, songs and of 36 harpsichord sonatas born in Venice (d. 1746) B Alberti, Giuseppe Matteo 1685 Italian composer and violinist born in Bologna (d. 1751) B Alberti, Leon Battista 1404 Born B 1436 Wrote his first theoretical work on the arts,'Della Pittura'. M 1472 Died D 1485 Wrote first printed book on architecture,'De Re Aedificatoria'. O Albertina 1776 Celebrated collection of Old Master drawings and prints founded by Archduke Albert of Sachsen-Teschen F Albertinelli, Mariotto 1474 Born B 1515 Died D Albertus Magnus, Saint c1200 Scholastic theologian and philosopher born (d. 1280) B Albery, Tim 1952 English theatre and opera producer born in Harpenden B 1983 Made his debut in opera in Batignano Festival O Albicastro, Henricus lWeissenburg, Heinrichr c1680 German-Swiss composer and violinist born (d. 1738) B Albigensian Crusade 1208 Crusade by the catholic chuch against heretics in France W Albinoni, Tomaso 1671 Italian composer of numerous works born in Venice (d. 1751), J.S. Bach made use of several of his themes B Alboin c562 Lombard king who greatly expanded the Lombard kingdom c562-572 R Alboni, Marietta (Maria Anna Marzia) 1823 Italian contralto who so impressed Rossini that he taught her roles in his operas, born in Citta di Castello (d. 1894) B Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carrillo de 1310 A spanish soldier and cardinal born d. 1367 B Albrecht, Gerd 1935 German conductor, pianist and violinist born at Essen B 1958 Won Hilversum conducting competition A Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg 1736 Austrian organist at Viennese court, best known for teaching composition ( pupils include Beethoven), born in Klosterneuberg (d. 1809) B Albright, Ivan Le Lorraine 1897 Born B 1983 Died D Albright, William 1944 American composer born in Gary, Indiana B Albuquerque, Alfonso de 1453 A Portuguese viceroy of the Indies born (d. 1515) B Alcacovas, Treaty of 1480 Treaty between Portugal and the Kingdom of Castile T Alcaeus -580 Greek Iyric poet who invented Alcaic verse D Alcala Zamora, Niceto 1877 Spanish statesman who lead the Spanish revolution that established the republic is born (d. 1947) B 1931 Served as first president of the republic. 1931-1936. R Alceste 1767 Opera in 3 acts by Gluck first produced, in Vienna P Alcibiades -450 Athenian statesman and military leader born (d. 404 BC) B Alcina 1735 Opera in 3 acts by Handel first produced P Alcock, (Sir) Walter (Galpin) 1861 English organist, assistant organist at Westminster Abbey, born in Kent (d. 1947) B Alcott, Louisa May 1832 B Alda (nee Davis), Frances (Jean) 1883 New Zealand-born naturalised American soprano born in Christchurch (d. 1952) B Aldeburgh Festival 1948 Annual Festival held in Suffolk, revolving largely around the music and personality of Britten founded F Aldegrever, Heinrich 1502 Born B 1555 Died D Alden, David 1949 American opera producer born in New York B Alden, John c1599 English colonist, a founder of the Plymouth colony is born B Aldhelm c639 Early Saxon poet and teacher, the abbot of Malmsbury in Wessex born (d. 709) B Aldine Press 1494 A famous press established in Venice by Aldus Manutius. F Aldrich, Henry 1648 English musician, theologian and architect born in London B Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth 1841 American politician and financier born (d. 1915) B Aldrich, Richard 1863 American music critic born in Rhode Island (d. 1937) B Aldrin, Edwin Eugene, Jr. 1930 "Buzz" Aldrin, U.S. astronaut, 2nd person on the moon is born B Alechinsky, Pierre 1927 Born B 1947 Became member of the association Jeune Peinture Belge M Aleman, Miguel 1902 Mexican statesman born (d. 1983) B 1946 Served as president of Mexico 1946-1952. R Alembert, Jean le Rond d' 1717 A french mathematician and philosopher, born (d. 1783) B Aler, John 1949 American tenor, specializing in Mozart and Rossini roles born in Maryland B Alessandri Palma, Arturo 1868 Chilean politician, twice president of Chile, born (d. 1950) B 1920 First presidency of Chile 1920-1925. R 1932 Second presidency of Chile 1932-1938. R Alessandri Rodriguez, Jorge 1895 President of Chile born (d. 1970) B 1958 Ruled as president of Chile 1958-1964 R Alessandro 1726 First production, in London, of Handel's 3 act opera P Alessandro Stradella 1843 Opera in 3 acts by Flotow composed C Alexander (1857-93) 1857 Prince of Bulgaria born (d. 1893) B 1879 Ruled as prince of Bulgaria 1879-1886 R Alexander (1876-1903) 1876 King of Serbia born (d. 1903) B 1889 Ruled as king of Serbia 1889-1903 R Alexander (1888-1934) 1888 Yugoslavian king, played a major role in unifying Yugoslavia at the end of WW I born (d. 1934) B 1921 Ruled as king of Yugoslavia 1921-1934 R Alexander (1893-1920) 1893 King of Greece born (d. 1920) B 1917 Ruled as king of Greece 1917-1920 R Alexander Balas -145 King of Syria D -150 Ruled as king of Syria 150BC-145BC R Alexander Balus 1747 Oratorio by Handel composed C Alexander I (1078-1124) 1078 King of Scotland born d. 1124 B 1107 Ruled as king of Scotland 1107-24 R Alexander I (1777-1825) 1777 Russian tsar born (d. 1825) B 1801 Ruled as tsar of Russia (1801-1825) R 1812 Repulsed Napoleons invasion of Russia W Alexander II 1818 Russian tsar born (d. 1881) B 1855 Ruled as tsar of Russia (1855-1881) R Alexander III (1241-86) 1241 King of Scotland born d. 1286 B 1249 Ruled as king of Scotland 1249-86 R Alexander III (1845-94) 1845 Russian tsar born (d. 1894) B 1881 Ruled as tsar of Russia 1881-1894 R Alexander III (d. 1181) 1159 Roman Catholic Pope 1159-81 R Alexander Nevsky c1220 Russian prince and military hero born (d. 1263) B 1938 Music composed by Prokofiev for a film directed by S. Eisenstein C Alexander of Hales d. 1245 English theologian and philosopher D Alexander the Great -336 Macedonian King (336-323BC) and expansive conqueror R -332 Founded city of Alexandria M Alexander VI 1492 Roman Catholic Pope (1492-1503), Borgia family member R Alexander, Harold Rupert Leopold George, 1st earl of Tunis 1891 British field marshal born (d. 1969) B Alexander, John 1923 American tenor born in Meridian (d. 1990) B Alexander, Roberta 1949 American soprano born in Lynchburg B Alexandra 1844 Queen consort of English king Edward VII born (d. 1925) B Alexandra Feodorovna 1917 Last tsarina of Russia, shot by revolutionaries D Alexandre, Jacob 1847 Founder of a firm of harmonium makers introduced the Alexandre Organ O Alexandria -332 Egypt's second largest city, Founded by Alexander the Great F Alexandrov, Alexander (Vasilyevich) 1883 Russian composer born at Plakhino (d. 1946) B 1943 Alexandrov's 'Hymn of th Bolshevik Party' was adopted as the Russian National Anthem O Alexandrov, Anatoly 1888 Russian pianist and composer born in Moscow (d. 1982) B Alexeev, Dimitri 1947 Russian pianist, soloist with many of the world's leading orchestras was born in Moscow B Alexis 1645 Russian tsar (1645-76) R Alexius I 1081 Byzantine Emperor 1081-1118 R Alexius III 1195 Byzantine Emperor 1195-1203 R Alexius V 1204 Byzantine Emperor 1204 R Alfonso I (1111-1185) 1139 First King of Portugal 1139-85 R Alfonso I (693-757) 739 Christian king 739-757 R Alfonso I (d.1134) 1104 Christian king 1104-34 R Alfonso II 1211 King of Portugal 1211-23 R Alfonso III (1210-79) 1248 Portuguese king 1248-79 R Alfonso III (838-911) 866 Christian king 866-911 R Alfonso IV 1325 Portuguese king 1291-1357 R Alfonso und Estrella 1821 Opera in 3 acts composed by Schubert C Alfonso V (1396-1458) 1416 King of Aragon and Sicily 1416-1458 R Alfonso V (1432-81) 1438 Portuguese king 1438-1481 R Alfonso V (994-1027) 999 Spanish king of Leon 999-1027 R Alfonso VI (1030-1109) 1065 Christian king of Leon 1065-1109 R Alfonso VI (1643-83) 1656 Portuguese king 1656-1683 R Alfonso VII 1126 King of Leon and Castile 1126-57 R Alfonso VIII 1158 Spanish king of Castile 1158-1214 R Alfonso X 1252 Spanish king of Castile and Leon 1252-84 R Alfonso XI 1312 Spanish king of Castile and leon 1312-50 R Alfonso XII 1874 Spanish king 1874-1885 R Alfonso XIII 1886 King of Spain 1886-1931 R Alford, Kenneth J. 1881 English composer and bandmaster born in London (d. 1945) B Alfred 871 "The Great", Saxon King of England 871-899 R 849 Born B Alfven, Hugo (Emil) 1872 Swedish composer and violinist born in Stockholm (d. 1960) B Algardi, Alessandro 1598 Born B 1654 Died D Algarotti, Francesco 1712 Born B 1764 Died D 1755 Italian author wrote a notable treatise 'Saggio sopra l'opera in musica", making important criticisms of contemporary opera presentation T Algeciras Conference 1906 Meeting of European powers in Algeciras, Morocco M Alger, Horatio 1832 Prolific American author born B Algeria 1962 Algeria gains independence from France M 1848 Algeria becomes French Territory M Alhambra c1300 Greatest Moorish palace in Spain is built M Ali 656 4th Muslim Caliph 656-661, supported by Shiites in split with Sunnites R Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 Four laws passed by US congress M Alipasha 1741 Turkish governor born (d. 1822) B 1788 Ruled as governor 1788-1822 R Alison, Archibald 1757 Born B 1839 Died D Aljubarrota, Battle of 1385 Important battle in Portuguese history W Alkan lMorhange, Charles-Valentinr 1813 French pianist, composer and teacher whose works include chromatic harmonies well in advance of their time and very difficult to perform born in Paris (d. 1888) B Allan, David 1744 Born B 1796 Died D Allan, Sir William 1782 Born B 1850 Died D Allegri Quartet 1953 British string quartet founded F Allegri, Gregorio 1582 Italian priest, tenor and composer of a celebrated Misrere in 9 parts born in Rome (d. 1652) B Allen, (Sir) Hugh (Percy) 1869 English organist, conductor and teacher born in Reading (d. 1946) B 1920 Knighted, also awarded GCVO in 1935 M Allen, Ethan 1738 American Revolutionary War hero and leader of the Green Mountian Boys, born (d. 1789) B Allen, Thomas (Boaz) 1944 English baritone, studied at the RCM, born in Seaham Harbour B Allende Gossens, Salvador 1908 Chilean politician born (d. 1973) B Allende y Saron, Pedro Humberto 1885 Chilean composer and violinist born in Santiago (d. 1959) B Alliance for Progress 1961 Inter-American economic assistance program M Allin, Norman 1884 English bass, trained at the RCM, born in Ashton-under-Lyne (d. 1973) B Allori, Alessandro 1535 Born B 1607 Died D Allston, Washington 1779 Born B 1843 Died D 1801 Began studying at the Royal Academy M Allt, Wilfrid Greenhouse 1889 English organist and teacher born at Wolverhampton (d. 1969) B Alma, Battle of the 1854 French/British victory in the Crimean war against Russia W Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence 1836 Born B 1912 Died D Almagro, Diego de c1475 Spanish conquistador born (d. 1538) B Almeida, Antonio (Jacques) de 1928 French conductor born in Neuilly-sur-Seine B Almira 1705 First production of the opera by Handel in 3 acts P Almohades c1120 Muslim sect, founded F Alnaes, Eyvind 1872 Norwegian composer best known for songs, though he also wrote symphonies and a concerto born in Fredriksstad (d. 1932) B Alonso c.1488 Born B 1561 Died D Alpaerts, Flor 1876 Belgian composer and conductor born in Antwerp (d. 1954) B Alpensinfonie, Eine 1915 Richard Strauss' orchestral composition was first performed in Berlin P Alsace 1648 Becomes French province M 1871 Annexed by Germany M Alsloot, Denis van 1570 Born B 1627 Died D Also sprach Zarathustra 1895 Tone poem composed by Richard Strauss C Altamira c.1879 First prehistoric rock paintings discovered at site in northern Spain. F Altdorfer, Albrecht c.1480 Born B 1538 Died D Altenburg, Johann Ernst 1734 German organist and virtuoso trumpeter who also composed works for the trumpet born in Weissenfels (d. 1801) B Altenburg, Michael 1584 German theologian and composer born in Alach (d. 1640) B Althing 930 Parliament of Iceland formed, the oldest in the world M Althusius, Johannes 1557 German jurist born (d. 1638) B Altichiero 1330 Born B c.1395 Died D Altmark, Truce of 1629 Treaty between Sweden and Poland T Altmeyer, Jeannine (Theresa) 1948 American soprano of German parentage born in California B Altranstadt, Treaties of 1706 Two treaties between Poland and Sweden, the second being signed in 1707 T Alva, Luigi lAlvamTalledo, Luis Ernestor 1927 Peruvian tenor born in Lima B Alvarado, Pedro de 1486 Spanish conquistador born (d. 1541) B Alvarez Quintero, Joaquin and Serafin 1873 Spanish playwright born (d. 1944) B Alvarez y Cubero, Jose 1768 Born B 1827 Died D Alvary, Max lAchenbach, Maximilianr 1856 German tenor, specialist in Wagnerian roles, born in Dusseldorf (d. 1898) B Alvear, Marcelo T. 1868 Argentine political leader and president born (d. 1942) B 1922 Argentine president 1922-1928 R Alwin, Carl lAlwin, Oskar Pinkusr 1891 German painist, conductor and composer born in Konigsberg (d. 1945) B Alwyn lWetherallr, Kenneth 1925 English conductor and composer of film and television music born in Croydon B Alwyn, William 1905 English composer, pianist, flautist, poet, translator and painter born in Northampton (d. 1985) B Alyabyev, Alexander 1787 Russian composer and precursor of national school born in Toblosk (d. 1851) B 1823 Wrote famous song 'The Nightingale', often used for lesson scene of Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia C Alzira 1845 Opera in prologue and 2 acts by Verdi composed C Amadeus 1845 Spanish king born (d. 1890) B 1870 Ruled as king of Spain 1870-1873 R Amadeus Quartet 1948 First concert of the highly successful and admired British string quartet O Amadeus VIII 1383 The last of the antipopes (1383-1451) R Amado, Jorge 1912 Brazilian novelist born B Amahl and the Night Visitors 1951 First televised opera, Menotti's one-act work to his own libretto O Amalasuntha d. 535 Queen and regent of the Ostrogoths D 526 Ruled as Queen 526-534 R Amalric I c1135 King of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem born (d. 1174) B 1162 Ruled as king 1162-74 R Amalric II c1155 King of Cyprus and of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem born (d. 1205) B 1194 Ruled as king of Cyprus 1194-1205 R 1197 Ruled also as King of Latin Jerusalem 1197-1205 R Amana colonies 1855 Foundings of seven communal villages on the Iowa River F Amanullah Khan 1892 Amir of Afghanistan, he won independence from Britain, born (1919) (d. 1960) B 1919 Ruled as Amir 1919-1929 R Amar Quartet 1921 German string quartet founded in Berlin F Amati 1564 Italian family of violin makers, date from this time M Amato, Pasquale 1878 Italian baritone who became teacher and director of university opera productions born in Naples B Amaziah -798 King of Judah c798BC-c780BC R Amberger, Christoph 1561/2 Died D Amboina Massacre 1623 Execution of a group of English merchants M Amboise, Peace of 1563 French religious compromise allowing protestant worship T Ambrose, Saint 339AD Roman bishop of Milan (ad 374-392) and noted opponent of Arianism born (d. 397 AD) B Ameixial, Battle of 1663 Portuguese victory over a much larger Spanish force. W Amelia goes to the Ball 1937 First productions of Menotti's one-act opera, in both Berlin and Philadelphia P Ameling, Elly (Elisabeth Sara) 1934 Dutch soprano born in Rotterdam B Amenemhet I -2000 King of ancient Egypt, Ruled (c2000-c1970 BC) R Amenemhet III 1849 King of ancient Egypt, Ruled (1849-1801 BC) R Amenhotep I -1546 King of ancient Egypt, Ruled (c1546-c1526 BC) R Amenhotep II -1450 King of ancient Egypt, Ruled (c1450-c1425 BC) R Amenhotep III -1417 King of ancient Egypt. Ruled (c1417-1379 BC) R America 1507 The term "America" first used in memory of Amerigo Vespucci M America the Beautiful 1895 Patriotic American hymn first published P American Abstract Artists 1936 Association of American abstract painters and sculptors with aim of making New York a centre for abstract art. F American Anti-Slavery Society 1833 American abolitionist organisation founded F American Civil Liberties Union 1920 American legal-action group founded F American Civil War 1861 South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20th) M 1861 Lincoln blockades ports of seceded states M 1865 13th amendment abolishes slavery M 1864 Sherman's March to the sea W 1865 Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, Lee forced to surrender, effectively ending the war. W 1862 Grant's forces victorious at Shiloh W American Colonization Society 1816 Organisation to repatriate Negro freedmen founded in US F American Federation of Labor'Congress of Industrial Organizations 1955 The AFL and the CIO merge to form a national labor union F American Federation of Musicians 1895 Musicians' union formed in America F American Fur Company 1808 Fur company incorporated F American Guild of Organists 1896 Association of church organists founded F American in Paris, An 1928 Orchestral piece by Gershwin first performed P American Labor party 1936 Short-lived US political party, founded F American Revolution 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord open the hostilities in the American Revolution W 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill, First major battle in American Revolution W 1782 British Parliament sanctions negotiations M 1781 Articles of Confederation ratified T 1776 Declaration of Independence proclaimed by Congress (July 4th) T 1783 Treaty of Paris signed, recognising American independence T American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers 1914 Founded to protect copyright etc F American System 1824 Program for American economic self-suffficency M Amfiparnaso L' 1594 Comedia Harmonica by Orazio first produced P Amherst, Jeffrey Amherst, 1st baron 1717 British general born(d. 1797) B Amico Fritz, L' 1891 Opera in 3 acts by Mascagni first produced P Amiens, Treaty of 1802 Peace treaty T Amigoni, Jacopo 1682 Born B 1752 Died D Amin, Idi 1972 Ugandan general and despot, dictator from 1972-1979 M Amistad Affair 1841 African slaves mutinied M Amman 1946 Amman, in North-east Jordan, becomes the country's capital M Amman, Jost 1539 Born B 1591 Died D Ammanati, Bartolommeo 1511 Born B 1592 Died D Ammerbach, Elias Nickolaus c1530 German organist and composer born in Naumberg (d. 1597) B Ammianus Marcellinus c330 Greek soldier and historian born (d. c395) B Amner, John 1597 English composer and organist born at Ely (d. 1641) B Amon, Johannes Andreas 1763 German horn player and composer born at Bamberg (d. 1825) B Amor brujo, El 1915 Ballet in 1 act by Falla first performed P Amore dei tre re, L' 1913 Montemezzi's 3-act opera first produced P Amoyal, Pierre 1949 French violinist born in Paris B Ampere, Andre-Marie 1775 Chemistry and physics professor, developed Ampere's law born B Amram ben Scheschna d.875 Jewish scholar D Amram, David 1930 American horn player and composer born in Philadelphia B Amritsar, Treaty of 1809 British treaty in India T Amundsen, Roald 1911 Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer becomes first man to reach the South Pole O Amy, Gilbert 1936 French composer and conductor born in Paris B Anacreontic Society 1766 Aristocratic music society founded in London F Anastasius I 491 Byzantine emperor, ruled (AD 491-518) R Anaxagoras -500 Greek philpsopher born (d. 428 BC) B Anaximander -611 Greek philosopher born (d. c547 BC) B Ancerl, Karel 1908 Czech conductor born in Bohemia (d. 1973) B Anda, Geza 1921 Hungarian-born Swiss pianist and conductor born in Budapest (d. 1976) B Anders, Peter 1908 German tenor born in Essen (d. 1954) B Andersen, Hans Christian 1805 World famous Danish fantasy fairy tale writer born B Andersen, Karsten 1920 Norwegian conductor and violinist born in Oslo B Anderson (Philpot), Lucy 1797 English pianist born at Bath (d. 1878) B 1822 Became the first woman to play at a philharmonic Society concert in London O Anderson, Carl David 1905 American physicist born B Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 1836 English physician born (d. 1917) B Anderson, June 1952 American soprano born in Boston B Anderson, Marian 1897 American contralto born in philadelphia (d. 1993) B Anderson, Marion 1902 American opera contralto and advocate of racial equality born (d. 1993) B Anderson, Maxwell 1888 American dramatist and Pulitzer Prize winner born B Anderson, Ronald Kinloch 1911 Scottish pianist, teacher writer and record producer born in Edinburgh (d. 1984) B Anderson, Sherwood 1876 An American writer, born (d. 1941) B Andrada e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de 1763 Brazilian statesman, prime minister, born (1822-23) (d. 1838) B Andrassy, Count Gyula 1823 Hungarian statesman and prime minister, born (1867-71) (d. 1890) B Andre, Carl 1935 Born B Andre, Franz 1893 Belgian violinist, conductor and composer born in Brussels (d. 1975) B Andre, Johann 1741 German composer and publisher born in Offenbach-am-Main (d. 1799) B Andre, John 1751 British army officer, born (d. 1780) B Andre, Martin 1960 English conductor born in West Wickham B Andre, Maurice 1933 French trumteter born in Ales B Andrea del Castagno 1421 Born B 1444 Designed series of frescos on Christ's Passion for the monastery of Sta Apollonia dominated by one of the most celebrated of all portrayals of The Last Supper. M 1457 Died D Andrea del Sarto 1486 Born B 1530 Died D Andreae, Volkmar 1879 Swiss conductor and composer born in Berne (d. 1962) B Andrew II d.1235 King of Hungary (1205-35) D Andrews's Raid 1862 Raid during the American Civil war W Andreyev, Leonid Nikolayevich 1871 A Russian writer, born (d. 1919) B Andriessen, Hendrik 1892 Dutch composer and organist born in Haarlem (d. 1981) B Andriessen, Jurriaan 1925 Dutch composer born in Haarlem B Andriessen, Jurriaen 1742 Born B 1819 Died D Andriessen, Louis 1939 Dutch composer born in Utrecht B Andropov, Yury Vladimirich 1982 Leader of the former Soviet KGB security agency and leader of the former Soviet USSR (1982-84) E Andrusov, Treaty of 1667 Treaty between Russia and Poland. T Anerio, Giovanni Francesco 1567 Italian composer and priest born in Rome (d. 1630) B Angel, Marie 1953 Australian soprano born in Pinnaroo, S.Australia B Angelico, Fra c.1400 Born B 1455 Died D c1400 Florentine painter born (d. 1455) B Angevin 1154 Name for the Plantagenet kings of England, Ruled from 1154-1399 R Anglo-Afghan Wars 1838 First war, Britian invades Afghanistan 1838-42 W 1878 Second war 1878-80 W 1919 Third war, Afghans invade British India, war in same year with the Treaty of Rawalpindi W Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 1899 Name of the government of eastern Sudan, ruled 1899-1956 R Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 1936 Treaty granting Egypt conditional independence T Anglo-Russian Convention 1907 Pact between Britain and Russia T Anglo-Soviet Agreement 1942 Treaty uniting Britain and the USSR against Germany T Angola 1975 Angola declared independent from Portugal T 1992 Democratic elections held, coalition government formed T Angouleme, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duke of 1775 Last dauphin of France born (d. 1844) B Angstrom, Anders Jonas 1814 A Swedish physicist born (d. 1874) B Anguier, Francois 1604 Born B 1669 Died D Anguisciola, Sofonisba 1530 Born B 1625 Died D Angus, Rita 1908 Born B 1970 Died D Anhalt, Istvan 1919 Hungarian-born Canadian composer and teacher born in Budapest B Anjala League 1788 Conspiracy by Scandinavian nobles and army officers. M Ankara, Battle of 1402 Mongol victory over the Ottoman sultan Bajazet I. W Anker, Albert 1831 Born B 1910 Died D Anna Comnena 1083 Byzantine princess born d. 1148 B Anna Ivanovna 1730 Empress of Russia (1730-40), during War of Polish Succession R Annapolis Convention 1786 US convention leading eventually to the writing of the constitution M Anne 1702 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14), the last Stuart monarch R Anne of Austria 1601 French queen born (d.1666) B Anne of Brittany 1477 Duchess of Brittany born (d. 1514) B Anne of Cleves 1515 Fourth queen consort of henry VIII of England born (d. 1557) B Annigoni, Pietro 1910 Born B 1988 Died D Anouilh, Jean 1910 French playwright. B Anquetin, Louis 1861 Born B 1932 Died D Anselm, Saint c1033 Archbishop of Canterbury. (d. 1109) B Ansermet, Ernest 1883 Swiss conductor born in Vevey (d. 1969) B Antal, Frederick 1887 Born B 1954 Died D Antarctic Treaty 1959 Treaty proclaiming Antarctica an independent international scientific research zone T Antarctica 1820 First discovered. F Antes, Horst 1936 Born B Antheil, George 1900 American composer of Polish descent born in Trenton (d. 1959) B Anthonisz., Cornelis 1499 Born B 1544 Made a large map of the city of Amsterdam M Anthony of Padua, Saint 1195 Portuguese monk d. 1231 B Anthony, Saint 251 Egyptian hermit and monk,regarded as the father af Christian monasticism. (d. c350) B Anthony, Susan Brownell 1820 American reformer important in the feminist movement. B Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Agreement by which Germany and Japan opposed the Communist International T Anti-Corn-Law League 1839 An organization formed in England. F Anti-Masonic party 1826 Founded, the first American third party. F Anti-Saloon League 1893 US temperence organisation material in passage of 18th Amendment F Antico 1460 Born B 1528 Died D Antietam, Battle of 1862 Bloody victory for Union forces during the American Civil War. W Antifederalists 1787 Name in US history for those opposing adoption of the constitution. M Antigonids -276 A dynasty that ruled ancient Macedonia and parts of Greece. 276BC-168BC R Antigonus I -382 Macedonian general and king. (d. 301 BC) B Antigonus II -319 Macedonian King, ruled (276-239 BC) (d. 239 BC) B Antigonus III -221 Macedonian King, ruled (227-221 BC) D Antinous AD c110 Favorite of Emperor Hadrian. (AD d.130) B Antioch -300 Historic city founded by the Syrians. F Antiochus I -324 Seleucid king of Syria, ruled, (280-c261 BC) (d. c261 BC) B Antiochus II -287 Seleucid king of Syria, ruled, (c261-247 BC) (d. 247 BC) B Antiochus III -242 Seleucid king of Syria, ruled, (223-187 BC) (d. 187 BC) B Antiochus IV -163 Seleucid king of Syria, ruled, (175-163 BC) D Antipater -319 Macedonian general who also served as regent in Macedonia, (334-323 BC). D Antirent War 1839 US rebellion by tenant farmers in upper New York State. (1839-46) W Antisthenes -365 Greek philosopher. D Antoine, Andre 1858 French actor, manager, and critic. (d. 1943) B Antolinez, Jose 1635 Born B 1675 Died D Antonello da Messina c.1430 Born B 1479 Died D 1475 Painted 'Crucifiction' M Antonescu, Ion 1882 Rumanian general and dictator. (d. 1946) B Antoninus Pius AD 86 Roman emperor, ruled, (AD 138-161) (d. 161 AD) B Antony -83 Roman soldier, ally of J.Caesar and lover of Cleopatra born B Anvari c1126 Persian poet. (d. c1189) B Anvil, Operation 1944 Highly successful Allied invasion of S. France during WWII W Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d' 1697 French geographer and cartographer. (d. 1782) B apartheid 1948 Racial segregation policy enforced by the white supremacist government of the Republic of South Africa. M Apel, Willi 1893 German-born American musicologist born in Konitz (d. 1988) B Apell -400 Court painter to Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. M ApIvor, Denis 1916 Irish-born composer of Welsh descent born in Collinstown B Apollinaire, Guillaume 1918 Died D 1880 French poet born B Apollinarianism 381 Council of Constantinople condemns this heresy which teaches that Jesus only possessed a perfectly divine nature and not a perfectly human nature. M Apollo program 1961 Apollo mission to land men on the moon launched F 1969 First manned moon landing. Astronaut N. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. O appeasement policy 1918 British policy toward Germany after WW I. M Appel, Karel 1921 Born B 1948 Helped to find 'Reflex',experimental group of Dutch and Belgium artists from which the Cobra group sprang. F Appian Way -312 Roman road built to connect Rome with Capua. M Appiani, Andrea 1754 Born B 1817 Died D Appomattox Courthouse 1865 Site where Gen. R. E. Lee surrendered to Gen. U. S. Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War. W Apprenti Sorcier, L' 1897 Dukas' symphonic poem first performed, in Paris P APRA 1924 Political party in Peru, founded. F Apries -569 Egyptian king, ruled (c588-570 BC) D Aprile, Giuseppe 1732 Italian castato alto born in Apulia (d. 1813) B Apt, Ulrich the Elder 1532 Died D aquatint c.1775 Method of etching producing finely granulated tonal areas.The principal English pioneer was Paul Sandby who invented the spirit-ground method. F Arab League 1945 Loose alliance of Arab countries founded to promote Arab interests and unity F Arab-Israeli War 1948 War between allied Arab nations and newly-formed state of Israel W 1956 War between Israel and Egypt fought in the sinai W 1967 Six-Day War" between Israel and Egypt, Syria and Jordan W 1973 Yom Kippur War" simultaneous attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur W Arabella 1930 Opera in 3 acts composed by R. Strauss C Arafat, Yasir 1929 Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (1968-) born B Aragon, kingdom of 1035 Kingdom created by Sancho III F Araia, Francesco 1709 Italian composer born in Naples (d. 1709) B Araiza, Francisco 1950 Mexican tenor born in Mexico City B Aram -720 Western Aramean kingdoms fell to the Assyrians W Aranyi, Jelly (Eva) d' 1893 Hungarian violinist born in Budapest (d. 1966) B Arban, (Joseph) Jean-Baptiste (Laurent) 1825 French cornet player and conductor born in Lyons (d. 1889) B Arbogast ACE 394 Frankish general in Roman service died D ACE 392 Failed in his attempt to install Eugenius as emperor of the West W Arbos, Enrique (Fernandez) 1863 Spanish conductor, composer and violinist born in Madrid (d. 1939) B Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile 1806 Triumphal arch built in Paris, France to commemorate Napoleon's victories M Arcadia Conference 1941 First major WW II council to include the US T Arcadius ACE 395 Became Roman emperor of the East ACE 395-408 M Archer, William 1856 Scottish critic, playwright and translator (d. 1924) B Archidamian War -431 Beginning of war between Sparta and Athens 431-421 BCE W Archimedes -287 Greek mathematician and inventor, discoveror of Archimedes' principle born B Archipenko, Alexander 1887 Born B 1964 Died D Arcimboldo, Giuseppe 1527 Born B 1593 Died D 1562 Moved to Prague and became court painter to the emperors Gerdinand I and Rudolf II M Ardashir I 226 Became King of Persia AD c. 226-c. 241 M Arditi, Luigi 1822 Italian composer and conductor born in Crescentino (d. 1903) B Arditti Quartet 1974 British string quartet founded F Ardizzone, Edward 1900 Born B 1979 Died D Arendt, Hannah 1906 American political scientist born in Germany B Arensky, Anton (Stepanovich) 1861 Russian composer born in Novgorod (d. 1906) B Arentsz., Arent 1585 Born B 1635 Died D Argentina 1816 Argentine revolutionaries declare complete independence from Spain F 1862 Buenos Aires made capital of Argentina M 1982 Falklands Islands War. British troops drive Argentinians from the islands W Argento, Dominick 1927 American composer born in York B 1975 Won Pulitzer Prize for 'From the Diary of Virginia Woolf" M Argos -229 City in Ancient Greece joined the Achaean League M -146 City captured by Rome W Ariadne auf Naxos 1912 R. Strauss's opera in 1 act and prologue first performed P Arias de Avila, Pedro 1440 Spanish soldier and colonial administrator born (d. c. 1531) B Ariosti, Attilio 1666 Italian composer, former monk born in Bologna (d. 1729) B Aristides -468 Athenian general and statesman died D Aristophanes -448 Athenian dramatist born (d. c. 388 BCE) B Aristotle -384 Influential Greek philosopher a student of Plato at Athens born B -367 Studied under Plato at the Academy in Athens M -342 Tutored Alexander the Great M Arizona 1912 Arizona becomes the 48th state of the US M 1911 Current Arizona constitution was adopted M Arkansas 1836 Arkansas becomes the 25th state of the US M 1874 Current Arkansas constitution was adopted M Arkhipova, Irina (Konstantinova) 1925 Russian Mezzo-Soprano born in Moscow B 1956 Debut as Carmen, in Moscow M Arkwright, Godfrey (Edward Pellen) 1864 English musicologist born in Norwich (d. 1944) B Arkwright, Sir Richard 1732 English inventor of the cotton spinning frame born (d. 1792) B Arlecchino 1914 Busoni composed this opera in one act C Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st earl of 1618 English statesman born (d. 1685) B 1674 Impeached for corruption and Catholicism M Arman 1928 Born B Armenia (formerly Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) 1936 Became a Soviet Republic M 1989 Intense fighting began with Azerbijan over disputed territory W Armenia (formerly Asia Minor) -189 Formed independent kingdom M 303 ACE Adopted Christianity as a state religion M 1894 Armenians suffered massacres by the Turks M Armenian church 303 ACE Founded F 451 Broke with Rome in dispute over Monophysitism M Armide 1777 Gluck's opera in 5 acts rpoduced for the first time in Paris P Arminianism 1603 Christian theological movement begun by J. Armenius F Arminius 19 ACE Chief of German tribes died D Arminius, Jacobus 1560 Dutch theologian born (d. 1609) B Armitage, Kenneth 1916 Born B Armory Show 1913 Huge Art exhibition held in New York with over 1,600 works. F Armour, Philip Danforth 1832 American meat-packer born (d. 1901) B Armstrong, (Six) Thomas (Henry Wait) 1898 English organist and teacher born in Peterborough (d. 1994) B Armstrong, John 1758 American general, politician and diplomat born (d. 1843) B Armstrong, Karan 1941 American soprano born in Horne B Armstrong, Louis (`Satchmo') 1901 American jazz trumpeter and singer born in New Orleans (d. 1971) B 1947 Formed his All Stars band F Armstrong, Neil Alden 1969 N. Armstrong (1930-) becomes the first man to set foot on the moon O Armstrong, Richard 1943 English conductor born in Leicester B Armstrong, Sheila (Ann) 1942 English soprano born in Ashington B Arne, Thomas (Augustine) 1710 The leading British composer of his day born in London (d. 1778) B Arnell, Richard (Anthony Sayer) 1917 English composer born in London B Arnhem, Battle of 1944 German victory in WWII W Arnold Schoenberg Choir 1972 Austrian choir founded in Vienna F Arnold, (Sir) Malcolm (Henry) 1921 English composer, trumpeter and conductor born in Northampton B 1970 Awarded the CBE M 1992 Knighted M Arnold, Benedict 1741 US general and traitor during the American Revolution born (d. 1801) B Arnold, Denis (Midgley) 1926 English critic and teacher born in Sheffield (d. 1986) B Arnold, Matthew 1822 English poet, critic and advocate of state regulated education born B Arnold, Samuel 1740 English composer, conductor and organist born in London (d. 1802) B Arnolfo di Cambio c.1302 Died D Aronowitz, Cecil (Solomon) 1916 English viola player of Russo-Lithuanian origin born in South Africa (d. 1978) B Aroostook War 1838 US-Canadian border controversy W Arp, Jean 1887 Born B 1916 Co-founder and illustrator for Dada publications M 1944 Died D 1931 Founder member 'Abstaction-Creation' F Arpeggione 1823 Guitar-shaped 6-string instrument invented O Arras, Battle of 1654 French victory over Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War W Arrau, Claudio 1903 Chile-born American pianist born in Chillan (d. 1991) B 1927 Won Grand Prix de Geneve Z Arriaga, Manuel Jose de 1842 Portoguese politician born (d. 1917) B Arrigo, Girolamo 1930 Sicilian composer born in Palermo B Arroyo, Martina 1936 American soprano born in New York B Art Deco 1925 Name for the most fashionable style of design and interior decoration in the 1920's and 1930's in Europe and America.The style takes its name from the Exposition Internationale de M Art Informel 1952 Term coined M Art Nouveau c.1890 Decorative style flourishing in western Europe and USA from about 1890-1914. M Artaxerxes 1762 Thomas Arne's most successful opera first produced P Artaxerxes II -404 Became Persian king c. 404 BCE-c. 359 BCE M Artaxerxes III -359 Became Persian king c. 359 BCE-c. 338 BCE M -343 Conquered Egypt W Artevelde, Jacob van 1290 Flemish statesman born (d. 1345) B 1337 Became ruler of the city of Ghent M Arthois, Jacques d' 1613 Born B 1686 Died D Arthur I 1202 Duke of Brittany (successor to the English throne imprisoned and possibly murdered by King John, his uncle) is born B Arthur, Chester Alan 1881 21st US president (1881-85) E Artigas, Jose Gervasio 1764 Uruguayan revolutionary leader and national hero born (d. 1850) B Artot, Alexandre-Joseph (Montagney) 1815 Belgian violinist born in Brussels (d. 1845) B Arts and Crafts Movement 1888 Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society founded.An English social and aesthetic movement of the latter half of the 19th century. F Arts Council of Great Britain 1946 Independent government body established for the purpose of developing greater knowledge, understanding,and practice of the Arts. F 1945 Independent body founded to encourage music and the arts F Artyomov, Vyacheslav 1940 Russian composer born in Moscow B Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of 1586 Born B 1646 Died D Arundell, Dennis (Drew) 1898 English actor, author, translator and composer, best known as opera producer born in London (d. 1988) B Asaf'yev, Boris 1884 Russian composer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1949) B Asam, Cosmas Damian 1686 Born B 1739 Died D Ash-can School 1908 Group of American painters founded F Ashbee, Charles Robert 1863 Born B 1942 Died D 1888 Founded the Guild of Handicraft F 1898 Founded the Essex House Press F Ashikaga period 1338 Ashikaga shoguns ruled Japan 1338-1578 M Ashkenazy, Vladimir (Davidovich) 1937 Russian-born pianist and conductor born in Gorky B 1962 Won Tchaikovsky competition, Moscow Z Ashmolean Museum 1683 The first public museum in Great Britain,Oxford. F Ashton, (Sir) Frederick (William) 1904 English choreographer born in Ecuador (d. 1988) B Ashton, Algernon (Bennet Langton) 1859 English composer, pianist and teacher born in Durham (d. 1937) B Ashurbanipal -669 Became Assyrian king c. 669-c.626 BCE M -648 Crushed Babylonian rebellion W Ashurnasirpal II -884 Became Assyrian king 884-859 BCE M Askenase, Stefan 1896 Polish-born pianist born in Lemberg (d. 1985) B Asoka -273 Became Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty 273-232 BCE M Asola, Giovanni Matteo 1532 Italian composer born in Verona (d. 1609) B Aspern-Essling, Battle of 1809 Battle during Napoleonic Wars W Aspertini, Amico c.1475 Born B 1552 Died D Asquith, Herbert Henry, 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith 1908 British statesman, Liberal spokesman and Prime minister (1908-16) E Assad, Hafiz al- 1971 Syrian general became president following a bloodless coup M Asselyn, Jan 1615 Born B 1652 Died D assemblage c.1950 Term coined by Jean Dubuffet M Assembly of Notables 1787 French assembly called to approve a land tax needed to keep the government out of bankrupcy M Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music 1889 Founded to counteract the numerous spurious boards appearing at the time F Ast, Balthasar van der 1593/4 Born B 1657 Died D Aston, Francis William 1877 Nobel prize winner, physicist and inventor of the mass spectograph born B Aston, Peter (George) 1938 English composer, conductor and teacher born in Edgbaston B Astor, John Jacob 1808 Formed American fur company M Astor, Nancy Witcher Langhorne, viscountess Astor 1919 Became first woman to sit in the House of Commons O Asturias, kingdom of 718 Former Spanish kingdom located in Northwestern Spain 718-910 M At The Boar's Head 1924 Holst's opera in one part composed C Ataturk, Kemal 1881 Founder of modern Turkey born B 1923 Became president of Turkey 1923-38 E Athanagild 554 Became king of Spain 554-567 M Athens -683 Hereditary kingship abolished M -197 Athens comes under Roman rule M 1834 Athens becomes capital of independent Greek state M Atherton, David 1944 English conductor born in Blackpool B Atkins, (Sir) Ivor (Algernon) 1869 English organist, composer and conductor born in Llandaff (d. 1953) B Atkinson, Sir Harry Albert 1876 British-born prime minister of New Zealand (1876-77 / 83-84 / 87-90) E Atlan, Jean-Michel 1913 Born B 1960 Died D 1947 Turned to abstraction and developed a characteristic style M Atlanta Campaign 1864 Series of battles fought by Union forces during the American Civil War W Atlanta Compromise 1895 Plan for racial harmony given in Atlana, GA by Booker T. Washington M Atlantic Charter 1941 WWII declaration by British prime minister W. Churchill and US president Franklin D. Roosevelt M Atlantov, Vladimir (Andreyevich) 1933 Russian tenor born in Leningrad B Atlas, Dalia 1933 Israeli conductor and pianist born in Haifa B Attaignant, Pierre 1494 French music printer and publisher born in Donai (d. 1552) B 1537 Became official printer of the King's music M Atterberg, Kurt 1887 Swedish composer born in Gothenburg (d. 1974) B Attey, John 1622 Attey published the last book of lute songs produced M Attila 434 King of the Huns (434-453), barbarian hordes from central Asia that attacked the Roman empire R 1845 Verdi's ninth opera composed C Attlee, Clement Richard, 1st earl 1945 British statesman became the first Labour prime minister (1945-51) e Attwood, Thomas 1765 English composer and organist born in London (d. 1838) B Atzmon lGroszbergerr, Moshe 1931 Hungarian composer born in Budapest B 1964 Won the Liverpool international conductors competition Z Auber, Daniel (Francois Esprit) 1782 French composer born in Caen (d. 1871) B Aubert, Jacques 1689 French violinist and composer born in Paris (d. 1753) B Aubin, Tony (Louis Alexandre) 1907 French composer and conductor born in Paris (d. 1981) B 1930 Won the Grand Prix de Rome Z Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) 1907 English-born poet and librettist born in York (d. 1973) B Audran, Claude III 1658 Born B 1704 Appointed curator at Luxembourg M 1734 Died D Audran, Edmond 1840 French organist born in Lyons (d. 1901) B Audubon, John James 1785 Born B 1851 Died D Auer, Leopold 1845 Hungarian violinist and teacher born in Vezprem (d. 1930) B Auerbach, Frank 1931 Born B Auger, Arleen (Joyce) 1939 American soprano born in California (d. 1993) B 1986 Sang at wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson M Augsburg Confession 1530 A statement of the basic doctrines of the Lutheran church M Augsburg Interim 1548 Provisional settlement in an attempt to halt disputes between Catholics and Lutherans M Augsburg, Diet of 1530 Meeting convened by Roman Emperor Charles V to convince Lutheran nobleman to help turn back a Turkish invasion M Augsburg, League of 1686 Pact formed against France by Leopold I and his allies M Augsburg, Peace of 1555 A convention established to provide for an end to religious conflicts of the Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire M Augustine of Canterbury, Saint 597 Went to England and converted King Aethelbert M Augustine, Saint 354 Christian thinker and a Father of the Church born (d. 430 ACE) B 387 Converted to Christianity by Saint Ambrose M Augustus -27 First of the Roman Emperors (27BC-AD14), heir and successor to Julius Ceaesar M Augustus II 1697 Became King of Poland 1697-1733 R Augustus III 1734 Became King of Poland 1734-1763 R Auld Lang Syne 1794 Poem published in final form by R. Burns C Aulic Council 1498 Court and advisory council of the Holy Roman Empire established F Aurangzeb 1658 Mughal emperor of India (1658-1707) R Aurelian 270 ACE Roman general and emperor 270-275 ACE M Auric, Georges 1899 French composer born in Herault (d. 1983) B 1914 Became the youngest member of 'Les Six' M Auriol, Vincent 1947 First president of the French 4th Republic (1947-1954) e Aus den Sieben Tagen 1968 Stockhausen completed this collection of 15 compositions C Aus Italien 1886 Fantasia in 4 movements composed by R. Strauss C 1887 First performed, in Munich P Auschwitz 1940 Notorious Nazi Death- and Concentration camp established F Ausgleich 1867 Facilitating agreement that created the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy M Austen, Jane 1775 English novelist born B Austerlitz, Battle of 1805 Victory by Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars W Austin, Frederic 1872 English baritone and composer born in London (d. 1952) B Austin, Richard 1903 English conductor born in Birkenhead (d. 1989) B Austin, Stephen Fuller 1793 "The Father of Texas", pioneer settler in Texas born B Austin, Sumner (Francis) 1888 English baritone and opera producer (d. 1981) B Austral (Wilson), Florence 1894 Australian soprano born in Melbourne (d. 1968) B Australia 1606 First exploration of Australia by non- Aborigine O 1770 Captain J. Cook claims Australian coast for Britain F 1850 Australian Colonies Government Act grants limited self-government to Australia M 1788 First British penal colony established in Sydney O 1901 Australian colonies federated as Commonwealth of Australia M Austrasia 511 Formed when King Clovis I divided Merovingia between his sons F Austria 1156 Duchy of Austria formed F 1282 House of Habsburg gains possession of Austria F 1919 Austria-Hungaria abolished, republic of Austria formed M 1867 Austria-Hangary dual monarchy created M 1526 Austria gains control of Bohemia W Austrian Succession, War of the 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia W 1745 Treaty of Dresden ended war T 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed T Austro-Prussian War 1866 War between Prussia and Austria began W Austro-Turkish War 1682 War between Austria and the Ottoman Empire began 1682-1699 W Autumn Harvest Uprising 1927 Chinese peasant revolt inspired by Communist forces W Auxcousteaux lHautcousteauxr, Artus 1590 French composer born in Ameins (d. 1654) b Aved, Jacques-Andre-Joseph-Camelot 1702 Born B 1766 Died D Aveling, Valda 1920 Australian pianist, harpsichordist and teacher born in Sydney B Aventine secession 1924 A group of 150 non-Fascist members withdrew from the Chamber of Deputies to protest the Fascist government M Avercamp, Hendrick 1585 Born B 1634 Died D Averescu, Alexandru 1859 Rumanian politician and general born (d. 1938) B 1877 Fought against the Ottoman Turks W Avery, Milton 1885 Born B 1965 Died D Avidom lMahler-Kalksteinr, Menahem 1908 Polish-born Israeli composer B Avison, Charles 1709 English organist and composer born in Newcastle upon Tyne (d. 1770) B 1752 Wrote his famous paper 'Essay on Musical Expression' C Avni, Tzvi (Jacob) 1927 German-born Israeli composer, teacher and writer born in Saarbruchen B 1986 Awarded ACUM prize for life's work Z Avogadro, Amadeo 1776 Italian Physicist, established the important "Avogadro's law" born B Ax, Emanuel 1949 Polish-born American pianist born in Lwow B 1974 Won 1st prize, 1st Rubenstein competition, Israel Z Axman, Emil 1734 English organist and composer (d. 1808) B Ayrton, Michael 1921 Born B 1975 Died D Ayub Khan, Muhammad 1958 Pakistani president (1958-69) E Baal Shem 1923 Suite for violin and pianoforte composed by Bloch C Baal Shem-Tov c1700 Founder of the Hasidim, a Jewish sect born B Bab, the 1819 Founder of Babism born B Babbage, Charles 1792 Founder of the Royal Astronomical Society born B Babbitt, Milton 1916 American composer and mathematician born in Philadelphia B 1938 Joined the staff at Princeton M Babell, William 1690 English organist, harpsichordist, violinist and composer born in Canonbury (d. 1723) B Babin, Victor 1908 Russian-born pianist and composer born in Moscow (d. 1972) B Baburen, Dirck van 1595 Born B 1624 Died D Bacarisse, Salvador 1898 Spanish composer born in Madrid (d. 1963) B 1931 Won Premio Nacional de Musica Z 1923 Won Premio Nacional de Musica Z 1934 Won Premio Nacional de Musica Z Baccaloni, Salvatore 1900 Italian operatic bass born in Rome (d. 1969) B Baccusi, Ippolito 1550 Italian madrigalist and church musician born in Mantua (d. 1609) B Bacewicz, Grazyna 1909 Polish violinist and composer born in Lodz (d. 1969) B Bach Choir 1876 London choir formed permanently F Bach Gesellschaft 1890 Geman society founded to commemorate the centenary of Bach's death F Bach, Carl lKarlr Philipp Emanuel 1714 German composer born in Weimar (d. 1788) B 1738 Became cembalist at court of Frederick the Great M Bach, Johann Christian 1735 German composer born in Leipzig (d. 1782) B 1763 Bach's first London opera produced P Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich 1732 German composer born in Leipzig (d. 1795) B Bach, Johann Sebastian 1685 Most famous of the Bachs, born in Eisenach, Germany B 1717 Appointed Kapellmeister at the court of Anhalt-Cothen M 1723 Appointed cantor at Leipzig M 1740 Began to have trouble with his eyesight, and was almost totally blind in his last year of life B Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann 1710 German composer born in Weimar (d. 1784) B Bacharach, Burt 1928 American composer and piabist born in Kansas City B Bachauer, Gina 1913 Greek pianist born in Athens (d. 1976) B Bache, Walter 1842 English pianist and composer born in Birmingham (d. 1888) B Bachelet, Alfred 1864 French composer born in Paris (d. 1944) B 1880 Won the 'Prix de Rome' with contana Cleopatre Z Baciccio, Il 1639 Born B 1709 Died D Back, Sven-Erik 1919 Swedish composer, conductor and violinist born in Stockholm B Backer, Jacob Adriaensz 1608 Born B 1651 Died D Backhaus lBachausr, Wilhelm 1884 German pianist born in Leipzig (d.1969) B Baco, Jaime 1413 Born B 1461 Died D Bacon, Ernst 1898 American composer, conductor and critic born in Chicago (d. 1990) B Bacon, Francis 1909 Born B 1933 Took part in 2 group exhibitions at the Mayor Gallery. M 1992 Died D 1561 English philosopher, statesman and essayist born B Bacon, John 1740 Born B 1799 Died D Bacon, Roger 1214 English philosopher, Franciscan monk and scientist. Born 1214 B Bacon, Sir Nathaniel 1585 Born B 1627 Died D Bacquier, Gabriel 1924 French baritone born in Beziers B Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st baron 1857 Founder of the Boy Scouts and co-founder of the Girl Guides born B Badia, Carlo Agostino 1672 Italian composer born in Venice (d. 1738) B 1694 Became first official composer to the Viennese court M Badings, Henk 1907 Dutch composer born in Java (d. 1987) B Badura-Skoda, Paul 1929 Austrian musiclologist born in Munich B 1927 Austrian pianist born in Vienna B Baen, Jan de 1633 Born B 1702 Died D Baghdad 1920 Baghdad becomes capital of new Kingdom of Iraq F Baglione, Giovanni 1573 Born B 1644 Died D Bahaism 1863 Bahai religion, an offshoot of Babism founded F Bahamas 1492 Columbus first lands in the New World O Bailey, Lilian (June) 1860 American soprano born in Ohio (d. 1901) B Bailey, Norman 1933 English bass-baritone born in Birmingham B Baillie, (Dame) Isobel lIsabellar 1895 Scottish soprano born in Hawick (d. 1983) B Baillie, Alexander 1956 English cellist born in Stockport B Baillot, Pierre (Marie Francois de Sales) 1771 French violin virtuoso and composer born near Paris (d. 1842) B Baily, Edward Hodges 1788 Born B 1867 Died D Bainbridge, Simon 1952 English composer born in London B Baines, William 1899 English composer and pianist born in Yorkshire (d. 1922) B Bainton, Edgar (Leslie) 1880 English composer born in London (d. 1956) B Baird, John Logie 1888 Inventor of television born B Baird, Tadeusz 1928 Polish composer born (d. 1981) B Bairstow, (Sir) Edward (Cuthbert) 1874 English organist and composer born in Huddersfield (d. 1946) B Baker, (Dame) Janet (Abbott) 1933 English mezzo-soprano born in Doncaster B 1971 Won the Hamberg Shakespeare Prize Z Baker, George 1885 English baritone born in Birkenhead (d. 1976) B Baker, Richard (Douglas James) 1925 English broadcaster and music presenter born in London B Baker, Theodore 1851 American music scholar born in New York (d. 1934) B Bakhuyzen, Ludolf 1631 Born B 1708 Died D Bakst, Leon 1866 Born B 1925 Died D Bakst, Ryszard 1926 Polish pianist and teacher born in Warsaw B Balada, Leonardo 1933 Spanish composer and teacher born in Barcelona B Balakirev, Mily (Alexeyevich) 1837 Russian composer born in Nizhny-Novgorod (d. 1910) B 1862 Founded the Free School of Music in Russia F Balaklava, Battle of 1854 Battle of the Crimean war, site of the charge of the light brigade W Balanchine lBalanchivadzer, George 1904 Russian-American choreographer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1983) B 1946 Became the cofounder of the Ballet Society (later the N.Y. Ballet) F Balanchivadze, Andrey 1906 Russian composer born in St. Petersburg B Balart, Gabriel 1824 Spanish violinist and composer born in Barcelona (d. 1893) B Balassa, Sandor 1935 Hungarian composer born in Budapest B Balbastre, Claude-Benigne 1727 French organist and composer born in Dijon (d. 1799) B Balbi, Lodovico 1545 Italian musician and composer (d. 1604) B Baldinucci, Filippo 1624 Born B 1696 Died D Baldovinetti, Alesso 1426 Born B 1499 Died D Baldung Grien, Hans 1484/5 Born B 1545 Died D Baldwin Company 1862 Pianoforte manufacturing company founded in cincinatti F Baldwin, James 1924 American author of the black American experience born B Baldwin, Stanley 1923 British Prime Minister (1923-29 / 35-37) E Balen, Hendrick van 1575 Born B 1632 Died D Balewa, Sir Abubakar Tafawa 1960 First prime minister of independent Nigeria (1960-66) E Balfe, Michael (William) 1808 Irish composer, violinist and baritone born in Dublin (d. 1870) B Balfour Declaration 1917 Statement of support by the British government for a Jewish homeland in Israel T Balfour, Arthur James, 1st earl of 1902 British prime minister (1902-5) e Balkan War 1912 First Balkan war between the Ottoman empire and the Balkan League W 1913 Second Balkan war between Bulgaria and Serbia W Balkwill, Bryan (Havell) 1922 English conductor born in London B Ball, Eric (Walter John) 1903 English composer, conductor and arranger born in Kingswood (d. 1989) B Ball, Ernest R. 1878 American popular composer born in Cleveland (d. 1927) B Ball, Michael 1946 English composer born in Manchester B Ball, Thomas 1819 Born B 1911 Died D Balla, Giacomo 1871 Born B 1910 Converted to Futurism by Marinetti M 1958 Died D Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo 1932 Ballet company formed in an effort to continue Diaghilev's work F Ballif, Claude (Andre Francois) 1924 French composer and teacher born in Paris B 1968 Published a book on Berlioz P Balling, Michael 1866 German conductor and violinist born in Heidingsfield-am-Main (d. 1935) B 1892 Founded a music school in New Zealand F Ballo in Maschera, Un 1859 Opera in 3 acts first produced in Rome P Balsam, Artur 1906 Polish pianist born in Warsaw B Balthus 1908 Born B Baltic Entente 1934 Signed by Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia against Nazi German agression T Baltic War of Liberation 1918 Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia repelled attacks from Germany and Russia and thereby retained independence W Baltsa, Agnes 1944 Greek mezzo-soprano born in Lefkas B Baltzar, Thomas 1630 German-born pianist born in Lubeck (d. 1663) B Balzac, Honore de 1799 French writer and one of the world's greater novelists born B Bamberg Symphony Orchestra 1946 Orchestra based in Bamberg, Bavaria founded F Bamberger, Carl 1902 Austrian-born conductor and teacher born in Vienna (d. 1987) B Bamert, Matthias 1942 Swiss conductor, oboist and composer born in Ersigen B Bampton, Rose 1908 American soprano born in Ohio B Banchieri, Adriano 1568 Italian composer, organist and theorist born in Bologna (d. 1634) B 1613 Published his work 'Moderna practica musicale P 1598 Composed 'La pazzia senile', considered the first comic opera C Bancroft, George 1800 American historian and statesman born B Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1832 American historian born B Bandinelli, Baccio 1493 Born B 1560 Died D Banfield, Raffaello de 1922 Italian composer born in England B Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh declares its independence from Pakistan F Banister, John 1625 English violinist born in London (d. 1679) B 1672 Organised the first public concert O Banks, Don (Donald Oscar) 1923 Australian composer born in Melbourne (d. 1980) B Banks, Thomas 1735 Born B 1805 Died D 1781 Employed by Catherine the Great of Russia M Bannockburn, Battle of 1314 Scottish forces under Bruce The Great Defeated the English W Banting, Sir Frederick Grant 1891 Canadian Physician and Nobel Prize winner born B Bantock, (Sir) Granville 1868 English composer, conductor and educationalist born in London (d. 1946) B 1930 Knighted M 1908 Became the professor of music at Birmingham University M Bar Kokhba, Simon 135 Jewish leader led a major revolt against emperor Hadrian W Bar, Olaf 1957 German baritone born in Dresden B Barber, Samuel 1910 American composer born in West Chester (d. 1981) B 1935 Won a Pulitzer scholarship Z 1936 Won the American Academy's Prix de Rome Z Barbier von Bagdad, Der 1858 Comedy opera by Cornelius first performed, in New York P Barbiere di Siviglia, Il 1816 Opera buffa by Rossini first performed P Barbieri, Fedora 1920 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Trieste B Barbirolli (Lady Rothwell), Evelyn 1911 English oboist and teacher born in Wallingford B Barbirolli, (Sir) John (Giovanni Battista) 1899 English conductor of Italian-French parentage born in London (d. 1970) B 1949 Knighted M 1958 Became an Honorary freeman of Manchester Z Barblan, Otto 1860 Swiss organist, composer, teacher and conductor born at Scalfs (d. 1943) B Bardeen, John 1908 Two-time co-winner of the Nobel Prize in physics born B Bardgett, Herbert 1894 Scottish choral trainer and conductor born in Glasgow (d. 1962) B Bardos, Lajos 1899 Hungarian composer, conductor and scholar born in Budapest (d. 1986) B Barenboim, Daniel 1942 Israeli pianist and conductor born in Buenos Aires B 1976 Awarded Bruckner Medal Z Barendsz, Dirck 1534 Born B 1592 Died D Barenreiter-Verlag 1924 German publishers of many musicological works founded in Ausberg F Bargello c.1857 Art and craft museum in Florence,now the National Museum. F Bargiel, Woldemar 1828 German pianist, composer and teacher born in Berlin (d. 1897) B Bari, Council of 1098 Council called to attempt to reconcile the Eastern and Western Christian churches T Barker, Thomas 1769 Born B 1847 Died D Barlach, Ernst 1870 Born B 1938 Died D Barlow, David 1927 English composer and teacher born in Rothwell (d. 1975) B Barlow, Francis 1626 Born B 1704 Died D Barlow, Joel 1754 American writer and ambassador to France (1811) born B Barlow, Wayne 1912 American author and composer born in Ohio B Barmann, Heinrich Joseph 1784 German clarinetist born in Potsdam (d. 1847) B Barnby, (Sir) Joseph 1838 English composer, conductor and organist born in York (d. 1896) B Barnes, Dr Albert C. 1872 Born B 1951 Died D Barnett, John 1802 English composer of Prussian and Hungarian parentage born in Bedford B Barnett, John Francis 1837 English composer, conductor and painist born in London (d. 1916) B Barocci, Federico c.1535 Born B 1612 Died D Barons' War 1263 Rebellion by English barons against King Henry III W Barr, Alfred H. jun 1902 Born B 1929 Became first Director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York M 1981 Died D Barrackpore Mutiny 1824 Mutiny of Indian troops against British commanders W Barraine, Elsa 1910 French composer born in Paris B 1929 Won the Prix de Rome Z Barraque, Jean 1928 French composer born in Paris (d. 1973) B Barraud, Henry 1900 French composer born in Bordeaux B 1927 Expelled from the Paris Conservatoire due to his music being a bad influence M Barret, George 1741 Born B 1806 Died D Barrett, Richard 1959 British composer and guitarist born in Swansea B Barrie, Sir James Matthew 1860 Scottish author of, amongst others, Peter Pan born B Barriere, Jean 1705 French composer and cellist born in Bordeaux (d. 1747) B Barry, Gerald 1952 Irish composer born in Co. Clare B Barry, James 1741 Born B 1806 Died D Barry, John 1933 English composer of film music born in York B Barsanti, Francesco 1690 Italian flute and oboe player born in Lucca (d. 1772) B Barshay, Rudolf 1924 Russian conductor born in Labinskaya B Barstow, (Dame) Josephine 1940 English soprano born in sheffield B 1985 Awarded the CBE Z Barth, Christian Samuel 1735 German oboist and student of J.S. Bach born in Saxony (d. 1809) B Barth, Hans 1897 German-born pianist and composer born in Liepzig (d. 1956) B Barth, Richard 1850 Left-handed German violinist born in Saxony (d. 1923) B Barthelemon, Francois Hippolyte 1741 French violinist and composer born in Bordeaux (d. 1808) B Bartlett, Ethel 1896 English pianist born in Epping Forest (d. 1978) B Bartok, Bela 1881 Hungarian composer, pianist and folklorist born in Hungary (d. 1945) B 1940 Emigrated to the USA in reaction to the political situation in Hungary M 1917 Bartok's ballet 'The Wooden Prince' was first produced in Budapest P Bartoletti, Bruno 1926 Italian flautist and conductor born in Sesto Fiorentino B Bartoli, Cecilia 1966 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Rome B Bartolommeo, Fra c.1472 Born B 1517 Died D 1475 Master Italian painter of the Renaissance school born B Bartolozzi, Bruno 1911 Italian violinist and composer born in Florence (d. 1980) B Bartolozzi, Francesco 1727 Born B 1815 Died D Bartos, Jan Zdenek 1908 Czech composer and violinist born (d. 1981) B Bartsch, Adam von 1757 Born B 1821 Died D Barye, Antoine-Louis 1796 Born B 1875 Died D Barzun, Jacques 1907 French-born historian, critic and musicologist born in Creteil B Baschenis, Evaristo 1617 Born B 1677 Died D Basel, Treaties of 1499 Treaty granting Swiss independence T Baselitz, Georg 1938 Born B Bashmaker, Leonid 1927 Finnish composer born at Terijoki B Bashmet, Yuri 1953 Russian violinist and conductor born in Rostov B 1986 Formed the Moscow Soloists F Basil I 867 Byzantine emperor, founder of Macedonian dynasty R Basil II 976 Byzantine emperor (976-1025) R Baskerville, John 1706 Born B 1775 Died D Baskin, Leonard 1922 Born B Bassani, Giovanni Battista 1657 Italian violinist, composer and organist born in Padua (d. 1716) B Bassano 1558 Italian composer and cornett player born in Venice (d. 1617) B Bassano, Jacopo c.1510 Born B 1592 Died D Bassen, Bartholomeus van 1652 Died D Bastianini, Ettore 1922 Italian baritone born in Sienna (d. 1967) B Bastien-Lepage, Jules 1848 Born B 1884 Died D Bastille 1789 Parisian fortress stormed at outset of French revolution W Bastin, Jules 1933 Belgian bass-baritone born in Pont B Baston, John 1711 English flautist born (d. 1733) B Bate, Jennifer (Lucy) 1944 English organist and composer born in London B Bate, Stanley (Richard) 1911 English composer and pianist born in Plymouth (d. 1959) B Bateson, Thomas 1570 English composer and pianist born (d. 1630) B Bath, Hubert 1883 English composer of light music born in Barnstaple born in Barnstaple (d. 1945) B Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio 1952 seized power in Cuba, overthrown by Fidel Castro 1959 W Batka, Richard 1868 Austrian critic and music scholar born in Prague (d. 1922) B Batlle-Planas, Juan 1911 Born B 1966 Died D Batoni, Pompeo 1708 Born B 1787 Died D Batten, Adrian 1591 English composer born in Salisbury (d. 1637) B Battistini, Mattia 1856 Italian bel canto baritone born in Rome (d. 1928) B Battle Hymn of the Republic 1862 Poem written by Julia Ward C Battle, Kathleen (Deanna) 1948 American soprano born in Ohio B Bauchant, Andre 1873 Born B 1958 Died D Baudelaire, Charles 1821 Born B 1867 Died D Baudo, Serge 1927 French conductor born in Marseilles B 1969 Became musical director of Opera de Lyon M Baudouin I 1951 Belgian King (1951-93) r Baudrier, Yves 1906 French composer born in Paris (d. 1988) B 1936 Co-founded the group Jeune France F Bauer, Harold 1873 English-born pianist born in Surrey (d. 1951) B Baugin, Lubin c.1610 Born B 1663 Died D Bauhaus 1919 School of architecture and the applied arts which became the centre of modern design in Germany in the 1920's. F Bauld, Alison 1944 Australian composer born in Sydney B Baumann, Hermann (Rudolf Konrad) 1934 German horn-player born in Hamburg B 1969 Became professor in Essen M Baumeister, Willi 1889 Born B 1955 Died D Baumgartner, Rudolf 1917 Swiss violinist and conductor born in Zurich B 1956 Founded the Lucerne Festival Strings F Baur, Jurg 1918 German composer and conductor born in Dusseldorf B Bautista, Julian 1901 Argentinian composer and teacher born in Madrid (d. 1961) B Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra 1949 Founded in Munich F Bawden, Edward 1903 Born B 1989 Died D Bawden, Rupert 1958 English composer and conductor born in London B Bax, (Sir) Arnold (Edward Trevor) 1883 English composer born in London (d. 1953) B 1942 Became master of the king's musick M 1937 Knighted M 1943 Published his very well received biography, Farewell my Youth C Baxter, George 1804 Born B 1867 Died D Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 U.S.-backed unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, lead to Cuban missile crisis of 1962 W Bayer, Herbert 1900 Born B 1985 Died D 1938 Worked as a typographer, architect and designer of the Museum of Modern Art's Bauhaus exhibit M Bayer, Joseph 1852 Austrian violinist, composer and conductor born in Vienna (d. 1913) B Bayes, Gilbert 1872 Born B 1953 Died D Bayeu y Subias, Francisco 1934 Born B 1777 Became director of the royal tapestry factory M 1795 Died D Bayle, Francois 1932 French composer born in Madagascar B Baylis, Lilian 1874 English theatre manager and impressario born in London (d. 1937) B Baynes, Sydney 1879 English composer and conductor born in Sudbury (d. 1938) B Bazelon, Irwin (Allen) 1922 American composer born in Evanston B Bazille, Frederic 1841 Born B 1870 Died D Bazin, Francois (Emmanuel-Joseph) 1816 French composer, conductor and teacher born in Marseilles (d. 1878) B 1840 Won the Prix de Rome Z Baziotes, William 1912 Born B 1963 Died D Bazzini, Antonio 1818 Italian composer and violinist born in Bresicia (d. 1897) B BBC 1920 First British broadcasting station was opened by the Marconi Company O 1927 The company became a public monopoly M BBC Philharmonic Orchestra 1938 Regional symphony orchestra formed in Manchester F BBC Singers 1924 Formed as the Wireless Chorus F BBC Symphony Orchestra 1930 Chief orchestra of the BBC formed F Beach (Cheney), Amy Marcy 1867 American pianist and composer born in New Hampshire (d. 1944) B Beach, John Parsons 1877 American composer, one of the first modernists born in New York (d. 1953) B Beale, Mrs Mary 1633 Born B 1699 Died D Beamish, Sally 1956 English composer born in London B 1989 Founded the chamber group of Scotland F Bean, (Thomas) Ernest 1900 English orchestral concert administrator and lecturer (d. 1983) B Bean, Hugh (Cecil) 1929 English violinist born in Beckenham B Bear, The 1965 One-act Comic opera composed by Walton C Beard, John 1716 English tenor born in Hampton (d. 1791) B Beard, Paul 1901 English violinist born in Birmingham (d. 1989) B Beardsley, Aubrey 1872 Born B 1889 Died D Beatles, The 1960 Extremely popular Liverpool group formed F Beauharnais, Hortense de 1806 Queen of Holland 1806-10 R Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 1732 French playwright and musician born in Paris (d. 1799) B 1772 Composed his most famous work, Le Barbier de Seville C Beaumont, Sir George Howland 1753 Born B 1827 Died D Beaux Arts Trio 1955 American pianoforte trio first performed F Beaux-Arts, Ecole Nationale Superieure des 1795 The chief of the official art schools of France was founded as a separate institution. F Beccafumi, Domenico 1486 Born B 1551 Died D Becerra, Gaspar 1520 Born B 1568 Died D Beck, Conrad 1901 Swiss composer born in Lohn (d. 1990) B Becker, Gunther Hugo 1924 German composer and teacher born in Forbach B 1969 Founded electrical instrument ensemble Gruppe MHz F Becker, Hugo 1863 German cellist born in Strasbourg (d. 1941) B Becker, John Joseph 1886 American composer born in Henderson (d. 1961) B 1928 Became chairman of the fine arts dept., St Thomas College, St Paul M Beckford, William 1760 Born B 1844 Died D Beckmann, Max 1884 Born B 1937 His work was included in the infamous Nazi exhibition of Degenerate Art. M 1950 Died D Beckwith, John 1927 Canadian composer born in Victoria B 1984 Became the director of the Institute for Canadian Music M Becquerel, Antoine Henri 1896 Discovered radiation in Uranium S Bedford, David (Vickerman) 1937 English composer and teacher born in London B Bedford, Steuart (John Rudolf) 1939 English conductor and pianist born in London B 1965 Became a professor at the Royal Academy of Music M Bedyngham, Johannas 1422 English composer born in Oxford (d. 1460) B Beecham, (Sir) Thomas 1879 English conductor and impressario born in St Helens (d. 1961) B 1957 Awarded Champion of Honour Z 1905 Founded the New Symphony Orchestra F 1915 Knighted Z Beechey, Sir William 1753 Born B 1839 Died D Beecke, Ignatz von 1733 German army Kapellmeister born in Wimpfen (d. 1803) B Beer Barrel Polka 1902 'Roll out the Barrel', tune composed by J. Vejvoda C Beerbohm, Sir Max 1872 Born B 1956 Died D Beerstraten, Jan Abrahamsz 1622 Born B 1666 Died D Beert, Osias c.1580 Born B 1624 Died D Beeson, Jack (Hamilton) 1921 American composer and conductor born in Muncie B 1969 Became chairman of the music department at Colombia University M Beethoven, Ludwig van 1827 Died d 1770 German composer and pianist born in Bonn (d. 1827) B 1795 His Opus 1 was published and was an immediate success P 1805 His only opera, Fidelio, was first performed P 1815 Awarded honorary freedom of Vienna Z 1798 Discovered that he was going deaf M Beggar's Opera, The 1728 First and most popular of ballad operas first performed P Begin, Menachem 1977 Israeli Prime minister 1977-83 E 1979 Signs pece treaty with Egypt t Beglarian, Grant 1927 Russian-born American composer born in Tiflis B Begley, Kim 1955 English tenor born in Birkenhead B Behnes, William 1795 Born B 1864 Died D Behrens, Hildegard 1937 German soprano born in Land Oldenburg B Behrens, Peter 1868 Born B 1940 Died D Beiderbecke, Bix 1903 American jazz cornet player, pianist and composer born in Iowa (d. 1931) B Beier, Franz 1857 German opera composer born in Berlin (d. 1914) B Bela IV 1235 King of Hungary 1235-70 R Belaunde Terry, Fernando 1963 President of Peru 1963-68 E 1968 Ousted in military coup M 1980 Re-elected pesident E Belkin, Boris 1948 Russsian violinist born in Sverdlosk B Bell, Alexander Graham 1876 Granted US patent for the Telephone S Bell, Clive 1881 Born B 1964 Died D Bell, Graham 1910 Born B 1943 Died D Bell, Joshua 1967 American violinist born in Indianapolis B 1981 Became soloist with the Philadelphia orchestra aged 14 M Bell, Larry 1939 Born B Bell, Vanessa 1879 Born B 1961 Died D Bell, William Henry 1873 English composer, violinist and and organist born in St Albans B 1903 Became professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music M Bella, Stefano della 1610 Born B 1664 Died D Bellechose, Henri 1440/4 Died D Bellegambe, Jean 1470 Born B 1535 Died D Belletti, Giovanni Battista 1813 Italian baritone born in Sarzana (d. 1890) B Bellezza, Vincenzo 1888 Italian conductor born in Bari (d. 1964) B Belli, Giulio 1560 Italian composer and teacher born in Longiano (d. 1621) B Bellincioni, Gemma (Cesira Matilda) 1864 Italian soprano born in Como (d. 1950) B Bellini, Vincenzo 1801 Italian composer born in Sicily (d. 1835) B 1825 His first opera performed P Bellman, Carl Michael 1740 Swedish poet and composer born in Stockholm (d. 1795) B Bellmer, Hans 1902 Born B 1975 Died D Bellori, Giovanni Pietro 1615 Born B 1696 Died D Bellotto, Bernardo 1720 Born B 1780 Died D Bellows, George Wesley 1882 Born B 1925 Died D Belohlavek, Jiri 1946 Czech conductor born in Prague B Belyayev, Mitrofan (Petrovich) 1836 Russian music publisher born in St Petersburg (d. 1904) B 1885 Founded his publishing house in Leipzig F Bemberg, Hermann-Emmanuel 1859 French composer born in Paris (d. 1931) B Ben-Gurion, David 1948 First Prime minister of Israel 1948-53; 1955-63 E Ben-Haim lFrankenburgerr, Paul 1897 Israeli composer and conductor born in Munich (d. 1984) B 1949 Became associate director of the Jerusalem Academy of Music M Ben-Zvi, Itzhak 1952 Israeli President 1952-63 E Benackova, Gabriela 1944 Czech soprano born in Bratslavia B Benatzky, Ralph lRudolfr (Josef Frantisek) 1884 Prolific Czech composer born in Maravaske-budejovice (d. 1957) B Bender, Paul 1875 German bass born in Driedorf (d. 1945) B Bendl, Karel 1838 Bohemian composer born in Prague (d. 1897) B Benedetto da Maiano 1442 Born B 1497 Died D Benedict, (Sir) Julius 1804 German-born English conductor born in Stuttgart (d. 1885) B 1823 Introduced to Beethoven by Weber M 1871 Knighted Z Benesch, Otto 1896 Born B 1964 Died D Beneus, Eduard 1935 Belgian president E 1938 Resigned after German annexation of Sudetanland M 1946 Served again as president after German defeat in WW II E Benevoli, Orazio 1605 Italian composer of French extraction born in Rome (d. 1672) B Benezit, Emmanuel 1854 Born B 1920 Died D Bengtsson, (Lars) Ingmar (Olaf) 1920 Swedish musicologist, critic, teacher and keyboard player born in Stockholm B Benhadad -853 King of Damascus R Benjamin, Arthur 1893 Australian composer and pianist born in Sydney (d. 1960) B Benjamin, George 1960 English composer, pianist and conductor born in London B Bennet, John 1575 English composer of madrigals born (d. 1614) B Bennett, (Sir) William Sterndale 1816 English composer, pianist and teacher born in Sheffield (d. 1875) B Bennett, Joseph 1831 English organist and critic born in Berkley (d. 1911) B Bennett, Richard Bedford 1930 Canadian prime minister 1930-35 E Bennett, Richard Rodney 1936 English composer and pianist born in Broadstairs B 1977 Awarded Commander of the Order of the British Empire Z Bennett, Robert Russell 1894 American composer and arranger (d. 1981) B Benois, Alexandre 1870 Born B 1960 Died D Benoit, Peter (Leopold Leonard) 1834 Beligian composer born in Flanders (d. 1901) B 1867 Founded a school of music at Antwerp F Benoliel, Bernard (John) 1943 American composer and pianist born in Detroit B Benson, Ambrosius 1550 Died D Bent, Ian (David) 1938 English musicologist and university lecturer born in Birmingham B Benton, Thomas Hart 1889 Born B 1975 Died D Bentzon, Niels (Viggo) 1919 Danish composer born in Copenhagen B Berain, Jean 1640 Born B 1711 Died D Berard, Christian 1902 Born B 1949 Died D Berberian, Cathy 1925 American soprano and singer-actress born in Massachusetts (d. 1983) B Berchem, Nicolaes 1620 Born B 1683 Died D Berckheyde, Gerrit Adriaensz 1638 Born B 1698 Died D Berengar II 950 Italian King 950-961 r Berenson, Bernard 1865 Born B 1959 Died D Berezovsky lBerezowskyr, Nikolay 1900 Russian violinist born in St Petersburg (d. 1953) B Berg, Alban (Maria Johannes) 1885 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d. 1935) B 1922 Composed his first opera C 1907 First public performace of Berg's work, in Vienna P Berg, Natanael 1879 Swedish composer born in Stockholm (d. 1957) B Berganza lVargasr, Teresa 1935 Spanish mezzo-soprano born in Madrid B Berger, Arthur (Victor) 1912 American composer and writer born in New York B Berger, Erna 1900 German soprano born in Dresden (d. 1990) B Berger, Francesco 1834 English pianist composer and teacher born in London (d. 1933) B 1884 Became secretary of the Philharmonic Society M Berger, Jean 1909 German composer born in Hammburg B Berger, Theodor 1905 Austrian composer born in Trasimauer (d. 1992) B Berghaus, Ruth 1927 German theatre director born in Dresden B Berghe, Frits van den 1883 Born B 1939 Died D Berglund, Paavo (Allan Engelbert) 1929 Finnish conductor born in Helsinki B Bergman, Erik (Valdemar) 1911 Finnish composer and conductor born in Uusikaarlepyv B 1963 Became professor of composition, Helsinki Academy M Bergmann, Carl 1821 German conductor and cellist born in Ebersbach (d. 1876) B Bergonzi, Carlo (Italian tenor) 1924 Italian tenor born in Parma B Bergsma, William (Laurence) 1921 American composer born in Oakland (d. 1994) B Beringer, Oscar 1844 German-born pianist born in Baden (d. 1922) B Berio, Luciano 1925 Italian composer born in Oneglia (now Imperia) B 1989 Conducted a programme of his his own works at the Salsburg Festival M Beriot, Charles Wilfrid de 1833 French pianist born in Paris (d. 1914) B Beriot, Charles-Auguste de 1802 Beligian violinist, composer, mechanic, landscape painter and sculptor born in Louvain (d. 1870) B Berkeley, (Sir) Lennox (Randall Francis) 1903 English composer born in Oxford (d. 1989) B 1957 Awarded the Cross of the British Empire Z 1974 Knighted Z Berkeley, Michael 1948 English composer born in London B Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 1882 One of the world's major orchestras founded F Berlin, Irving lBaline, Israelr 1888 Russian-born American composer of highly popular music born in Tyumen (d. 1989) B Berlinski, Herman 1910 German composer and organist born in Leipzig B Berlioz, (Louis) Hector 1803 French composer, conductor and critic born in Grenoble (d. 1869) B 1824 Composed his Messe solonnelle, aged 21 C Berman, Eugene 1899 Born B 1972 Died D Berman, Lazar (Naumovich) 1930 Russian pianist born in Leningrad B Bernac, Pierre lBertin, Pierrer 1899 French baritone born in Paris (d. 1979) B Bernacchi, Antonio Maria 1685 Italian alto castrato born in Bologna (d. 1756) B 1729 Engaged as principle singer by Handel for London season M Bernard, Anthony 1891 English conductor, pianist and composer born in London (d. 1963) B Bernard, Emile 1868 Born B 1941 Died D Bernardi, Mario 1930 Canadian-Italian conductor and pianist born in Ontario B Bernardi, Steffano 1585 Italian church musician born in Verona (d. 1636) B Bernas, Richard 1950 American conductor and pianist born in New York B Bernasconi lWageler, Antonia 1741 German soprano born in Stuttgart (d. 1803) B Berners, Lord 1883 English composer, painter, author and diplomat born in Shropshire (d. 1950) B Bernhard, Christoph 1628 German singer, composer and theorist born in Kolberg (d. 1692) B Bernier, Nicolas 1665 French composer, organist and teacher born in Mantes-la-Jolie (d. 1734) B Bernier, Rene 1905 Belgian composer and teacher born in St. Gilles (d. 1984) B Bernini, Gianlorenzo 1598 Born B 1680 Died D c.1623 Became principal artist in the papal court. M 1664 His architectual work included the Palazzo Chigi-Odescalchi. M Bernstein, Leonard lLouisr 1918 American composer, conductor and pianist born in Massachusetts (d. 1990) B 1943 Became assistant conductor of New York Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra M 1952 Conducted his own 'Trouble in Tahiti at Brandeis M 1944 His first symphony, 'Jeremiah', won New York music critics award Z Bernward of Hildesheim 960 Born B 1022 Died D Beroff, Michel 1950 French pianist born in Epinal B Berry, Walter 1929 Austrian bass-baritone born in Vienna B Berte, Heinrich 1857 Austro-Hungarian composer of ballets and operettas born in Galgocz (d. 1924) B Bertin, Louise Angelique 1805 French contralto, pianist and composer of operas born in Les Roches (d. 1877) B Bertini, Gary 1927 Israeli conductor and composer born in Bessarabia B 1965 Founded and conducted the Israeli Chamber Orchestra F Bertini, Henri Jerome 1798 French pianist and composer born in London (d. 1876) B Bertoldo di Giovanni 1420 Born B 1491 Died D Berton, Henri-Montan 1767 French violinist, composer and teacher born in Paris (d. 1844) B Bertoni, Ferdinando Gasparo 1725 Italian composer born in Brescia (d. 1813) B Bertrand, Anthoine de 1540 French composer born in the Auvergne (d. 1580) B Berutti, Arturo 1862 Argentinian composer born in San Juan (d. 1938) B Berwald, Franz (Adolf) 1796 Swedish composer and violinist born in Stockholm (d. 1868) B 1867 Became professor of composition, Swedish Royal Academy of Music M Besard, Jean Baptiste 1567 French amateur composer and lutenist born in Besancon (d. 1617) B Besch, Anthony (John Elwyn) 1924 English opera producer born in London B Besson, Gustave Auguste 1838 French maker of musical instruments produced a new cornet aged only 18 M Best, Matthew 1957 English conductor and bass born in Sevenoaks B Best, William Thomas 1826 English organist born in Carlisle (d. 1897) B Betancourt, Romulo 1945 President of Venezuela 1945-48; 1959-64 E Bethlen, Count Stephen 1921 Hungarian prime minister 1921-31 E Bethlen, Gabriel 1613 Prince of Transylvania 1613-29 R 1620 King of Hungary R Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von 1909 Chancellor of Germany 1909- 1917 E Betz, Franz 1835 German bass-baritone born in Mainz (d. 1990) B Beuys, Joseph 1921 Born B 1986 Died D 1961 Appointed Professor of Sculpture at Kunstakademie.Dusseldorf, but was dismissed in 1972 after his teaching methods aroused conflict with authority. M Bevan, Robert 1865 Born B 1925 Died D Bevignani, Enrico 1841 Italian conductor and composer born in Naples (d. 1903) B Bevington and Sons 1794 English firm of organ-builders founded in London F Bewick, Thomas 1753 Born B 1828 Died D Beyeren, Abraham van 1620 Born B 1690 Died D Bezekirsky, Vasily 1835 Russian violinist and composer born in Moscow (d. 1919) B Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 1971 President of Pakistan 1971-73 E 1973 Prime minister 1973-77 E Bialas, Gunter 1907 German composer and teacher born in Bielschowitz B Bianchi, Francesco 1752 Prolific Italian composer born in Cremona (d. 1810) B Biancolli, Louis Leopold 1907 American music critic born in New York B Bibalo, Antonio 1922 Italian composer borm in Trieste B Biber, Heinrich Ignaz Franz von 1644 German-bohemian violinist born in Wartenberg (d.1704) B Biederman, Charles Joseph 1906 Born B Biene, August van 1850 Dutch cellist born in Holland (d. 1913) B Bierstadt, Albert 1830 Born B 1902 Died D Biggs, E(dward George) Power 1906 English-born concert organist born in Westcliff-on-sea (d. 1977) B Bigot, Trophime 1579 Born B 1650 Died D Bill of Rights 1689 Key document of English constitutional law T 1791 First ten ammendments of US Constitution T Bill, Max 1908 Born B Billings, William 1746 One of the first American-born composers born in Boston (d. 1800) B Billington, Elizabeth 1765 English soprano born in London (d.1818) B Billy Budd 1950 Opera in 4 acts composed by Britten C Billy the Kid 1938 Ballet in 1 act composed by Copland C Bilson, Malcolm 1935 American pianist born in Los Angeles B Binchois, Gilles de Bins dit 1400 Franco-flemish composer and organist born in Mons (d. 1460) B Binet, Jean 1893 Swiss composer born in Geneva B Bing, (Sir) Rudolf (Franz Joseph) 1902 Austrian-born impressario born in Vienna B 1971 Named a Knight of the British Empire Z 1956 Awarded the Cross of the British Empire Z Binge, Ronald 1910 English composer born in Derby (d. 1979) B Bingham, George Caleb 1811 Born B 1879 Died D Binkerd, Gordon Ware 1916 American composer born in Nebraska B Binns, Malcolm 1936 English pianist born in Nottingham B Birch, John (Anthony) 1929 English organist and choirmaster born in Staffordshire B Bird, Francis 1667 Born B 1731 Died D Birds, The 1927 Siute for small orchestra by Respighi first performed P Birmingham Conservatoire. 1886 College of music formally constituted as the Birmingham School of Music F Birolli, Renato 1906 Born B 1959 Died D Birtwistle, (Sir) >Harrison (Paul) 1934 English composer born in Accrington B 1988 Knighted Z Bishop, (Sir) Henry (Rowley) 1786 English composer and conductor born in London (d. 1855) B 1842 Knighted Z Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von 1871 First Chancellor of unified German Empire 1871-90 e Bispham, David (Scull) 1857 American baritone born in Philadelphia (d. 1921) B Bisschop, Jan 1628 Born B 1671 Died D Bissex 1770 12-string guitar invented by Vanhecke A Bissiere, Roger 1888 Born B 1964 Died D Bittner, Julius 1874 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d. 1939) B Bizet, lAlexandre Cesare Leopoldr, known as Georges 1838 French composer born in Paris (d. 1875) B 1857 Won the Grand Prix de Rome Z 1873 Began work on Carmen, now one of the most popular operas C Bizony, Celia 1904 German-born voice teacher, harpsichordist and composer born in Berlin (d. 1987) B Bjoner, Ingrid 1927 Norwegian soprano born in Kraakstad B Bjorling, Jussi (Johan) 1911 Swedish tenor born in Stora Tuna (d. 1960) B Bjornsson, Sveinn 1944 First President of Iceland 1944-52 e Blacher, Boris 1903 German composer born in China (d. 1975) B 1945 Became professor of composition, Berlin Hochschule M Blachut, Beno 1913 Czech tenor born in Ostrava-Vitkovice (d. 1985) B Black Dyke Mills Band 1855 Brass band founded in Yorkshire F Black Plague c1350 Outbreak of epidemic disease that killed approx. one third of population of Europe m Black Thursday 1929 New York stock market crash that precipitated the Great Depression M Black, Neil (Cathcart) 1932 English oboist born in Birmingham B Black, Stanley 1913 English composer, pianist and conductor born in London B Blackford, Richard 1954 English composer born in London B Blackshaw, Christian 1949 English pianist born in Cheadle Hume B Blades, James 1901 English percussion player born in Peterborough B 1972 Awarded the Oredr of the British Empire Z Blagrove, Henry (Gamble) 1811 English violinist born in Nottingham (d. 1872) B Blair, Hugh 1718 Born B 1800 Died D Blake, David (Leonard) 1936 English composer born in London B 1981 Became professor at York University M Blake, Howard 1938 English composer born in London B Blake, Peter 1932 Born B 1967 His most famous work was the cover design for the Beatles LP, 'Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'. M Blake, Rockwell (Robert) 1951 American tenor born in Plattsburg B 1978 Won first Richard Tucker Award Z Blake, William 1757 Born B 1789 The first of his major works of 'illuminated painting', 'Songs of Innocence' was completed. M 1827 Died D Blanchard, Jacques 1600 Born B 1638 Died D Blanchard, Jean Pierre 1784 First flight of hot air balloon S Blasis, Carlo de 1797 Italian choreographer and ballet dancer born in Naples (d. 1878) B Blaue Reiter, Der 1911 Group of Expressionist artists with revolutionary aims formed in Germany. F Blaue Vier, Die 1924 Group of four painters who exhibited together F Blaukopf, Kurt 1914 Austrian musicologist and writer born in Czernowitz B 1963 Became professor of music sociology, Vienna Hochschule fur Music M Blavet, Michel 1700 French flautist and composer born in Besancon (d. 1768) B Blech, Harry 1910 English violinist and conductor born in London B 1984 Awarded the Cross of the British Empire Z 1964 Awarded the Order of the British Empire Z Blech, Leo 1871 German conductor and composer born in Aachen (d. 1958) B Blechen, Karl 1798 Born B 1840 Died D Blegen, Judith 1941 American soprano born in Montana B Bliss, (Sir) Arthur (Drummond) 1891 English composer, conductor and administrator born in London (d. 1975) B 1953 Became Master of the Queen's music M 1950 Knighted Z 1971 Awarded Champion of Honour Z 1969 Awarded Knight Commander of The Royal Victorian Order Z Blitheman, John 1525 English organist born in London (d. 1591) B Blitzstein, Marc 1905 American composer and pianist born in Philadelphia (d. 1964) B Bloch, Ernest 1880 Swiss-born composer born in Geneva (d. 1959) B 1940 Became professor of music, University of California M Bloemaert, Abraham 1564 Born B 1651 Died D Blok 1922 Constructivist group formed in Lodz, Poland F Blom, Eric (Walter) 1888 English critic and scholar born in Berne (d. 1959) B Blomdahl, Karl-Birger 1916 Swedish composer born in Vaxjo (d. 1968) B Blomstedt, Herbert (Thorson) 1927 American-born Swedish conductor born in Massachusetts B Blondeel, Lancelot 1496 Born B 1561 Died D Bloody Sunday 1905 Russian masacre in St. Petersburg, precipitated Russian revolution W Bloomfield, Theodore (Robert) 1923 American conductor born in Cleveland B Blow, John 1649 English composer and organist born in Newark (d. 1708) B Blum, Robert (Karl Moritz) 1900 Swiss composer born in Zurich B Blume, Friedrich 1893 German musicologist born in Schluchtern (d. 1975) B Blumenfeld, Harold 1923 American composer born in Seattle B 1951 Became professor, Washington University M Blunt, Anthony 1907 Born B 1983 Died D Bluthner 1853 Piano-making firm founded in Leipzig F Blyth, Alan 1929 English critic born in London B Blyton, Carey 1932 English composer born in Beckenham B Boabdil 1482 Last Moorish King of Grenada 1482-92 R Boadicea 60 Queen of Iceni (part of Roman England) led revolt against roman rule R Boatwright, Howard 1918 American composer born in Virginia B Boccherini, (Ridolfo) Luigi 1743 Italian cellist and composer born in Lucca (d. 1805) B Boccioni, Umberto 1882 Born B 1916 Died D 1913 Produced his most famous sculpture,'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space'. M Bochsa, (Robert) Nicolas Charles 1789 French composer and harpist born in Montmedi (d. 1856) B Bocklin, Arnold 1827 Born B 1901 Died D Bodanzky, Artur 1877 Austrian conductor born in Vienna (d. 1939) B Bode, Wilhelm von 1845 Born B 1929 Died D Boehm, Theobald (Boehm System, Boehm Flute) 1794 German flautist and composer born in Munich (d. 1881) B 1832 Produced the first ring key flute O Boely, Alexandre (Pierre Francois) 1785 French composer organist and pianist born in Versailles (d. 1858) B Boesmans, Philippe 1936 Beligian composer and pianist born in Tongeren B Boheme, La 1894 Opera in 4 acts composed by Puccini C Bohm, Karl 1894 Austrian conductor born in Graz (d. 1981) B Bohme, Kurt 1908 German bass born in Dresden (d. 1989) B Bohr, Niels Henrik David 1911 Discovered nucleus of the atom S Boieldieu, Francois Adrien 1775 French composer born in Rouen (d. 1834) B 1798 Became professor of pianoforte, Paris Conservatoire M Boilly, Louis-Leopold 1761 Born B 1845 Died D Boito, Arrigo lEnricor 1842 Italian composer and poet born in Milan (d. 1918) B Boizot, Simon-Louis 1743 Born B 1809 Died D Bol, Ferdinand 1616 Born B 1680 Died D Bolcom, William (Elden) 1938 American composer born in Seattle B Boldini, Giovanni 1842 Born B 1931 Died D Bolero (ballet by Ravel) 1928 Ballet in 1 act by Ravel composed C Boleyn, Anne 1533 English Queen 1533-36, marriage to Henry VIII led to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church R Bolotowsky, Ilya 1907 Born B 1981 Died D Bolsheviks 1903 Political party founded under Lenin, became leading power in government after October 1905 revolution F Bolshoy Theatre 1780 Home of the Bolshoy Ballet and opera built by an Englishman F Boltraffio, Giovanni Antonio 1466/7 Born B 1516 Died D Bombois, Camille 1883 Born B 1970 Died D Bonci, Alessandro 1870 Italian tenor born in Cesna (d. 1940) B Bondeville, Emmanuel (Pierre Georges) 1898 French composer and administrator born in Rouen (d. 1987) B Bone, Sir Muirhead 1876 Born B 1953 Died D Bonheur, Rosa 1822 Born B 1899 Died D Boniface VIII 1294 Italian Pope 1294-1303 r Bonifazio Veronese 1487 Born B 1553 Died D Bonington, Richard Parkes 1802 Born B 1828 Died D 1824 His paintings won a gold medal at the 'English Salon'. Z Bonnard, Pierre 1867 Born B 1947 Died D 1940 One of only a few foreign paintersto be elected a member of the Royal Academy. M Bonnat, Leon 1833 Born B 1922 Died D Bononcini, Giovanni 1670 Italian composer and cellist born in Modena (d. 1747) B 1700 Became court composer in Vienna M Bontempi lAngelinir, Giovanni Andrea 1624 Italian composer, singer and writer born in Perugia (d. 1705) B Bontemps, Pierre 1505 Born B 1568 Died D Bonynge, Richard (Alan) 1930 Australian conductor and pianist born in Sydney B Boosey & Hawkes, Ltd 1930 London music publisher and instrument manufacturing firm founded F Booth, John Wilkes 1865 Assassinated US president Lincoln M Borden, Sir Robert Laird 1911 Canadian Prime minister 1911-20 E Bordes, Charles (Marie Anne) 1863 French composer born in Indre-et-Loire (d. 1909) B Bordone, Paris 1500 Born B 1571 Died D Bordoni lHasser, Faustina 1700 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Venice (d. 1781) B Borduas, Paul-Emile 1905 Born B 1960 Died D Borg, Kim 1919 Finnish bass and composer born in Helsinki B Borghese Warrior 1611 Marble statue of nude warrior discovered near Anzio;later bought by Napolean.Soon became the most admired and copied of antique statues. M Borgioli, Dino 1891 Italian tenor born in Florence (d. 1960) B Borglum, Gutzon 1867 Born B 1941 Died D Bori, Lucrezia lBorja y Gonzalez de Riancho, Lucreciar] 1887 Spanish soprano born in Valencia (d. 1960) B Boris III 1918 King of Bulgaria 1918-43 R Borkh, Inge lSimon, Ingeborgr 1917 German-born Swiss soprano born in Mannheim B Borodin Quartet 1946 Russian string quartet founded F Borodin, Alexander (Porfiryevich) 1833 Russian composer born in St Petersberg (d. 1887) B 1869 His first symphony was produced P Borodina, Olga 1960 Russian mezzo-soprano born in Leningrad B Borrassa, Luis 1425 Died D Borsdorf, (Friedrich) Adolph 1854 German horn player born in Saxony (d. 1923) B Bortnyansky, Dmitry (Stepanovich) 1751 Russian composer born in The Ukraine (d. 1852) B Bosboom, Johannes 1817 Born B 1891 Died D Bosch, Hieronymus c.1450 Born B 1516 Died D Bosendorfer 1828 Viennese pianoforte making firm founded F Boskovich, Alexander (Urijah) 1907 Romanian-born Israeli conductor, composer and violinist born in Cluj (d. 1964) B Bosschaert, Ambrosius 1573 Born B 1621 Died D Bosse, Abraham 1602 Born B 1676 Died D Bossi, Marco Enrico 1861 Italian composer, organist and teacher born in Salo (d. 1925) B Boston Symphony Orchestra 1881 One of the great orchestras, founded at Boston F Bosworth Field, Battle of 1485 Tudor victory over Yorkists ending the War of the Roses W Bote and Bock 1838 German music publishing firm founded in Berlin F Botero, Fernando 1932 Born B Both, Jan c.1618 Born B 1652 Died D Botha, Louis 1910 First prime minister of Union of South Africa 1910-19 E Bottesini, Giovanni 1821 Italian double-bass virtuoso born in Crema (d. 1889) B Botticelli, Sandro c.1444 Born B 1481 Worked on decorating the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. M 1510 Died D c1445 Florentine painter 1444-1510, whose works include Birth of Venus is born B Botticini, Francesco 1446 Born B 1497 Died D Bouchardon, Edme 1698 Born B 1762 Died D Boucher, Francois 1703 Born B 1765 Became Director of the Academy and King's Painter M 1770 Died D Boucourechliev, Andre 1925 Bulgarian-born composer and pianist born in Sofia B Boudin, Eugene 1824 Born B 1898 Died D Boughton, Rutland 1878 English composer born in Aylesbury (d. 1960) B 1922 Major critical success with the long run of The Immortal Hour M Bouguereau, Adolphe-William 1825 Born B 1905 Died D 1850 Won the Prix de Rome Z Boulanger, Nadia (Juliette) 1887 French composer, conductor and teacher of composition born in Paris (d. 1979) B 1908 Won 2nd Grand Prix de Rome Z Boulez, Pierre 1925 French composer and conductor born in Montbrison B 1958 Composed Poesie de Pouvoir, combining musique concrete with electric sounds C Boullongne, Louis de the Elder 1609 Born B 1674 Died D Boult, (Sir) Adrian (Cedric) 1889 English conductor born in Chester (d. 1983) B 1937 Knighted Z 1969 Awarded Companion of Honour Z Bourdelle, Emile-Antoine 1861 Born B 1929 Died D Bourdichon, Jean 1457 Born B 1521 Died D Bourdon, Sebastien 1616 Born B 1671 Died D Bourgault-Ducoudray, Louis Albert 1840 French composer and scholar born in Nantes (d. 1910) B 1859 Won Prix de Rome Z Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Le 1670 Comedie-ballet in 5 acts written by Moliere C Bourgeois, Louise 1911 Born B Bourgeois, Sir Peter Francis, Bt 1756 Born B 1811 Died D Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra 1893 Orchestra founded originally under the name of Bournemouth municipal orchestra F Boursse, Esaias 1631 Born B 1672 Died D Bouts, Dirk 1475 Died D Bowes, John 1811 Born B 1885 Died D Bowles, Paul (Frederic) 1910 American composer born in New York B Bowman, James (Thomas) 1941 English countertenor born in Oxford B Boyce, William 1711 English composer and organist born in London (d. 1779) B 1755 Became Master of the Kings Musick M Boyd, Anne (Elizabeth) 1946 Australian composer born in Sydney B Boyd, Arthur 1920 Born B Boydell, John 1719 Born B c.1740's Made a fortune publishing views of England and Wales,which he engraved from his drawings. M 1804 Died D Boys, Thomas Shotter 1803 Born B 1874 Died D Bracquemond, Felix 1833 Born B 1862 Helped to found the Societe des Aquafortistes M 1914 Died D Brade, William 1560 English composer and violinist born in Hamburg (d.1630) B Braga, Teofilo 1910 First president of new republic of Portugal 1910-11 and 1915 E Braham lAbrahamr, John 1774 English tenor born on London (d. 1856) B 1852 Made his last public appearance, aged 78 M Brahms, Johannes 1833 German composer and pianist born in Hamburg (d. 1897) B 1848 Public debut as a pianist M 1862 First visited Vienna, where he lived for the next 35 years M Braille, Louis 1829 Invented system of printing for the blind M Brain, Aubrey (Harold) 1893 English player of French horn born in London (d. 1955) B Brain, Dennis 1921 English player of French horn born in London (d. 1957) B Braithwaite, Nicholas (Paul Dallon) 1939 English conductor born in London B Braithwaite, Warwick 1896 New Zealand conductor born in Dunedin (d.1971) B Bramante, Donato 1444 Born B 1514 Died D Bramantino 1460 Born B 1530 Died D Bramer, Leonaert 1596 Born B 1674 Died D Brancusi, Constantin 1876 Born B 1957 Died D 1926 One-man show at the Brummer Gallery,New York gained him notoriety. M Brand, Max 1896 Austrian composer born in Lwow (d.1980) B Brandt, Marianne lBischoff, Marier 1842 Austrian mezzo-soprano born in Vienna (d. 1921) B Brandt, Michel 1934 French conductor born in Rennes. B Brandt, Willy 1969 Chancellor of German Federal republic 1969-74 E Brangwyn, Sir Frank 1867 Born B 1956 Died D Brannigan, Owen 1908 English bass born in Annitsford (d. 1973) B Brant, Henry (Dreyfuss) 1913 Canadian-born American composer born in Montreal B Branting, Karl Hjalmar 1920 Premier of Sweden 1920, 1921-23, 1924-25 E Braque, Georges 1882 Born B 1907 Met Picasso with whom he created the movement,Cubism. M 1963 Died D 1951 He was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour. Z Bratby, John 1928 Born B 1992 Died D Bratianu, John 1909 Premier of Rumania 1909-11, 1914-18, 192-26 E Braun, Eva 1945 Married Hitler one day before their joint suicide M Bray, Jan de 1627 Born B 1697 Died D Bream, Julian (Alexander) 1933 English guitarist and luteist born in London. B Brecht, Bertolt 1898 Radical German dramatist and theatrical producer born in Augsburg (d. 1956) B Bredius, Abraham 1855 Born B 1935 Best known for his complete illustrated catalogue of Rembrandt's paintings,originally published in German. M 1946 Died D Breenbergh, Bartolomeus 1598 Born B 1657 Died D Bregno, Andrea 1418 Born B 1506 Died D Brehme, Hans 1904 German composer and pianist born in Potsdam (d.1957) B Breitkopf and Hartel 1719 German firm of music publishers founded in Leipzig F Breitner, George Hendrik 1857 Born B 1923 Died D Brema, Marie lFehrman, Minnyr 1856 English mezzo-soprano born in Liverpool (d.1925) B Brendel, Alfred 1931 Austrian pianist born in Moravia B Brendel, Wolfgang 1947 German baritone born in Munich. B Brenet, Michel lBobillier, Antoinette Christine Marier 1858 Frenc musicologist born in Luneville (d. 1918) B Breton, Andre 1896 Born B 1924 Published the first Manifesto of Surrealism A 1966 Died D Breton, Tomas 1850 Spanish composer born in Salamanca (d.1923) B Brett, John 1830 Born B 1902 Died D Brett, Philip 1937 English-born musicologist and writer born in Nottinghamshire. B Breu, Jorg the Elder 1475 Born B 1537 Died D Breuer, Marcel 1902 Born B 1981 Died D 1920 Joined Bauhaus M Breval, Jean-Baptiste Sebastien 1753 French composer and cellist born in Paris (d.1823) B Breval, Lucienne lSchilling, Berthe Agnes Lisetter 1869 Swiss-born soprano(French citizen) (d.1935) B Breville, Pierre (Eugene Onfroy) de 1861 French composer born in Meuse (d.1949) B Brewer, (Sir) (Alfred) Herbert 1865 English organist,conductor and composer born in Gloucester (d.1928) B Brian Boru 1002 Irish King 1002-14 R Brian, Havergal 1876 English composer born in Staffordshire (d. 1972) B 1976 The BBC undertook to broadcast all Brian's symphonies on the centenary of his birth M Briand, Aristide 1925 French premier 11 times between 1925 & 1932 E Briccialdi, Giulio 1818 Italian composer and flautist born in Terni (d.1881) B Bridge, (Sir) (John) Frederick 1844 English composer,conductor and organist born in Oldbury (d.1924) B Bridge, Frank 1879 English composer, conductor, violinist and violist born in Brighton (d. 1941) B 1913 Conducted at Covent Garden M Bridgetower, George Augustus Polgreen 1778 Polish-born English violinist born in Biala (d. 1860) B Bright, Dora Estella lMrs. Knatchbullr 1863 English pianist and composer born in Sheffield (d.1951) B Bril, Paul 1554 Born B 1626 Died D Brisley, Stuart 1933 Born B Britain, Battle of 1940 German bombing raids over Britain in WW2, forced germans to abandon hopes of invasion W British Museum 1753 Act of Parliament established this national museum of archeology and antiquities in London. F British National Opera Company (BNOC) 1921 Company formed by singers and instrumantalists form Beechams opera co. F Britten, (Edward) Benjamin (Lord Britten of Aldeburgh) 1913 English composer, pianist and conductor born in Lowestoft (d. 1976) B 1945 Britten's opera Peter Grimes was first performed P 1953 Awarded Companion of Honour Z 1976 Became the first composer to be made life peer Z 1973 After a major heart operation, Britten scaled down his activities M Broadwood, John & Sons Ltd 1728 Firm of pianoforte makers founded in London F Broadwood, Lucy Etheldred 1858 English folk-song collector B Brodsky, Adolph 1851 Russian violinist and teacher born in Taganrog (d.1929) B Bronfman, Yefim 1958 Russian-born pianist born in Tashkent. B Bronsart lBronsart von Schellendorffr, Hans 1830 German pianist, composer and opera administrator born in Berlin (d. 1913) B Bronzino, Agnolo 1503 Born B 1572 Died D Brook, Barry S(helley) 1918 American musicologist born in New York. B Brook, Peter (Stephen Paul) 1925 English producer born in London. B Brooking, Charles 1723 Born B 1759 Died D Brosa, Antonio 1894 Spanish violinist born in Canonja (d.1979) B Brott, Alexander 1915 Canadian violinist,conductor and composer born in Montreal. B Brott, Boris 1944 Canadian conductor born in Montreal. B Brouwer, Adriaen 1605 Born B 1638 Died D Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 US Supreme court decision forcing racial integration of American schools T Brown, Christopher (Roland) 1943 English composer born in Tumbridge Wells B Brown, David (Clifford) 1929 English writer and scholar born in Gravesend. B Brown, Earle 1926 American composer born in Lunenburg,Mass. B Brown, Ford Madox 1821 Born B 1893 Died D Brown, Howard Mayer 1930 American musicologist born in Los Angeles (d.1993) B Brown, Iona 1941 English violinist and conductor born in Salisbury. B Brown, Lancelot 1716 Born B 1783 Died D Brown, Maurice John Edwin 1906 English writer on music born in London.(d.1975) B Browne, (William Charles) Denis 1888 h composer and critic born in Leamington Spa (d.1915) B Browne, Hablot Knight 1815 Born B 1882 Died D Browning, John 1933 American pianist born in Denver. B Brownlee, John (Donald Mackenzie) 1901 Australian baritone born in Geelong (d.1969) B Bruce of Melbourne, Stanley Melbourne Bruce, viscount 1923 Australian Prime minister 1923-29 E Bruch, Max 1838 German composer and conductor born in Cologne (d. 1920) B Brucke, Die 1905 Group of German Expressionist artists founded by Kirchner,Schmidt-Rottluff,Heckel,and Fritz Bleyl. F Bruckner, (Joseph) Anton 1824 Austrian composer and organist born in Linz (d. 1896) B 1855 Appointed organist of Linz cathederal M 1868 Moved to Vienna, where he lived for the next 28 years M Bruegel, Pieter c.1525 Born B 1569 Died D Brueggen, Frans 1934 Dutch virtuoso of the flute and recorder born in Amsterdam. B Brueghel, Jan 1568 Born B 1625 Died D Brueghel, Pieter the Younger 1564 Born B 1638 Died D 1585 Became guild master M Bruhns, Nikolaus 1665 German organist and composer born in Schleswig (d.1697) B Brull, Ignaz 1846 Austrian pianist and composer born in Moravia (d.1907) B Brumby, Colin (James) 1933 Australian composer born in Melbourne. B Brumel, Antoine c.1460 French composer (d.c.1515) B Bruneau, (Louis Charles Bonaventure) Alfred 1857 French composer and critic born in Paris (d. 1934) B Brunei 1984 Gained Independence M Brunelle, Philip (Charles) 1943 American conductor born in Faribault,Minn. B Brunelleschi, Filippo 1377 Born B 1446 Died D Bruning, Heinrich 1930 German Chancellor 1930-32 E Bruscantini, Sesto 1919 Italian baritone born in Porto Civitanova. B Bruson, Renato 1936 Italian baritone born near Padua. B Bryars, (Richard) Gavin 1943 English composer born in Goole B Brydon, Roderick 1939 Scottish conductor born in Edinburgh. B Bryn-Julson, Phyllis (Mae) 1945 American soprano of Norwegian parentage born in North Dakota. B Bryulov, Karl 1799 Born B 1852 Died D Buchanan, James 1957 15th US president 1857-61 E Buchbinder, Rudolf 1946 Austrian pianist born in Leitmeritz. B Buckley, Richard (Edward) 1953 American conductor born in New York. B Budapest Quartet 1917 Hungarian string quartet founded in Budapest F Buddha -563 Siddhartha Guatma c563-c483 BC (The Buddha), founder of Buddhism, was born B Buddhism -528 Founded in North East India by Siddhartha Guatma F Bueckelaer, Joachim 1535 Born B 1574 Died D Buffet, Bernard 1928 Born B Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 1955 Soviet premier 1955-57 E Bulge, Battle of the 1944 Last major German offensive of WW2 on western front W Bull, John 1562 English composer and virginalist born in Old Radnor (d. 1628) B 1613 Fled England accused of adultery and fornication M Bull, Ole (Bornemann) 1810 Norwegian violinist and composer born in Bergen (d. 1880) B Buller, John 1927 English composer born in London. B Bulow, Hans (Guido) Freiherr von 1830 German conductor, pianist and composer born in Dresden (d. 1894) B 1880 Became court conductor to the Duke of Meiningen M Bumbry, Grace (Melzia) 1937 American mezzo-soprano born in St. Louis. B Buon, Bartolommeo 1374 Born B 1465 Died D Burchfield, Charles 1893 Born B 1967 Died D Burchuladze, Paata 1950 Russian bass born in Tblisi. B Burckhardt, Jacob 1818 Born B 1897 Died D 1860 Published Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien A Burgess, Sally 1953 South African-born mezzo soprano born in Durban B Burgkmair, Hans the Elder 1473 Born B 1531 Died D Burgmuller, (August Joseph) Norbert 1810 German composer and pianist born in Dusseldorf (d.1836) B Burgon, Geoffrey 1941 English composer born in Hambledon B Burian, Karel lBurrian, Carlr 1870 Czech. tenor born near Rakovnik (d.1924) B Burke, Edmund 1729 Born B 1797 Died D Burkhard, Willy 1900 Swiss composer,pianist,and conductor born in Zurich (d.1955) B Burle Marx, Roberto 1909 Born B Burlington, Richard Boyle, third Earl of 1694 Born B 1753 Died D Burliuk, David 1882 Born B 1967 Died D Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Coley 1833 Born B 1898 Died D Burney, Charles 1726 English organist born in Shrewsbury (d.1814) B Burra, Edward 1905 Born B 1976 Died D Burrell, Diana 1948 English composer born in Cambridge B Burrell, Sir William 1861 Born B 1958 Died D Burri, Alberto 1915 Born B Burrowes, Norma (Elizabeth) 1944 Irish Soprano born in Bangor County. B Burrows, Benjamin 1891 English composer and organist born in Leicester (1966) B Burt, Francis 1926 English composer born in London. B Bury, Pol 1922 Born B 1953 Abandoned painting for kinetic sculpture M Busch, Adolf (Georg Wilhelm) 1891 German-Born violinist and composer born in Siegen (d.1952). B Busch, Fritz 1890 German conductor born in Siegen (d.1950) B Bush, Alan (Dudley) 1900 English composer, conductor and pianist born in London B Bush, Geoffrey 1920 English composer, teacher and writer B Bush, George Herbert Walker 1989 41st US president 1989-93 E Bush, Jack Hamilton 1909 Born B 1977 Died D Bushnell, John 1630 Born B 1701 Died D Busnois, Antoine 1430 French composer born (d. 1492) B Busoni, Ferruccio (Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto) 1866 Italian composer, conductor and pianist born in Empoli (d. 1924) B 1916 Began composing his most complicated work, Dr. Faust, which was never completed C Busser, Henri Paul 1872 French composer,organist and conductor born in Toulouse (d.1973) B Bussotti, Sylvano 1931 Italian composer born in Florence. B Bustelli, Franz Anton 1723 Born B 1763 Died D Bute, John Stuart, 3d earl of 1713 British Prime minister 1762-63 E Buths, Julius (Emil Martin) 1851 German conductor and pianist born in Wiesbaden (d.1920) B Butler, Elizabeth 1846 Born B 1933 Died D Butler, Martin 1960 English composer born in Romsey B Butler, Reg 1913 Born B 1981 Died D 1953 Won first prize in the International Competition for a monument to' The Unknown Political Prisoner'. Z Butt, (Dame) Clara (Ellen) 1872 English contralto born in Southwick (d.1936) B Butterley, Nigel (Henry) 1935 Australian composer and pianist born in Sydney. B Butterworth, Arthur (Eckersley) 1923 English composer,conductor and trumpeter born in Manchester. B Butterworth, George (Sainton Kaye-) 1855 English composer born in London (d. at the battle of the Somme, 1916) B Buxtehude, Dietrich (Diderik) 1637 Danish organist and composer born in Holstein (d. 1707) B 1673 Reinstated the practice of giving ambitious music performances in association with church services M Buytewech, Willem c.1591 Born B 1624 Died D Bychkov, Semyon 1952 Russian conductor born in Lenningrad. B Byrd, William 1543 English composer born, probably in Lincoln (d. 1623) B 1572 Became honorary organist at Chapel Royal jointly with T. Tallis M Byzantine art A.D. 330 Art associated with the Eastern Roman Empire,founded by the emperor Constantine and ending in 1453 when his capital Constantinople was captured by the Turks. M Caballe, Montserrat 1933 Spanish soprano born in Barcelona B 1956 Opera debut as leading lady in Die Zauberflote M Caballero, Manuel Fernandez 1835 Spanish composer and conductor born in Murcia (d.1906) Cabanel, Alexandre 1823 Born B 1889 Died D 1845 Won Prix de Rome Z Caccini, Giulio 1551 Italian singer, composer and lutenist born in Rome or Tivoli (d. 1618) B 1565 Taken to Florence by Cosime I de' Medici M Cadman, Charles Wakefield 1881 American composer,pianist,organist and music critic (d.1946) B Cadmus, Paul 1904 Born B Caesar, Julius -102 Great Roman statesman c102- 44 BC born B Caffarelli lMajorano, Gaetanor 1710 Italian mezzo-soprano castrato (d.1783) B Cage, John 1912 American composer, pianist and writer born in Los Angeles (d. 1992) B 1952 Produced 4'3", in which the performer makes no sound C Cahill, Teresa (Mary) 1870 American mezzo-soprano born in Nashville (1951) B Cahuzac, (Jean) Louis (Baptiste) 1880 French clarinettist born in Quarante (d.1960) B Caillebotte, Gustave 1848 Born B 1894 Died D Cairns, David (Adam) 1926 English critic and Writer born in Essex. B Caldara, Antonio c.1670 Italian composer born in Venice (d.1763) B Caldecott, Randolph 1846 Born B 1886 Died D Calder, Alexander 1898 Born B 1976 Died D 1931 Joined the Abstraction-Creation association. M Caldwell, Sarah 1924 American opera producer,administrator and conductor born in Maryville,Mo.. B Caligula AD 37 Roman emperor AD 37-41 E Caliphate 632 Muslim state founded on Muhammed's death 632-1258 F Calixtus II 1119 French-born Pope 1119- 24 R Calixtus III 1455 Spanish-born Pope 1455-58 R Callaghan, Leonard James 1976 British Prime minister 1976-79 E Callas lKalogeropoulour, Maria (Anna Sophia Cecilia) 1923 American-born soprano of German parentage born in Manhattan (d. 1977) B 1950 First sang at La Scalla M Callcott, John (Wall) 1766 English composer born in Kensington (d. 1821) B Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall 1779 Born B 1844 Died D Calles, Plutarco Ellas 1924 Mexican President 1924-28 E Callot, Jacques 1592 Born B 1635 Died D Calvaert, Denys 1540 Born B 1619 Died D Calve lCalvet de Roquerr, (Rosa-Noemie) Emma 1858 French soprano born in Decazeville (d. 1942) B Calvert, Edward 1799 Born B 1883 Died D Calvin, John 1509 Founder of Calvinism 1509-64 born B Calvocoressi, Michel-Dimitri 1877 French-born music critic born in Marseilles (d. 1944) B Calzabigi, Raniero de 1714 Italian writer born in Leghorn (d.1795) B Cambert, Robert c.1628 French composer,harpsichordist and organist born in Paris (d.1677) B Cambiaso, Luca 1527 Born B 1585 Died D Cambreling, Sylvain 1948 French conductor born in Amiens. B Cambridge University 1463 First music degrees comferred by this institution M 1857 Formal examinations introduced for music degrees M Camden Festival 1954 Annual fesival founded as the St Pancras Festival F Camden Town Group 1911 Group of British painters named from the drab working-class area of London,who held 2 exhibitions at the Carfax Gallery. M Camden, Battle of 1780 British victory over merican colonials W camera lucida 1807 Apparatus for drawing and copying patented M Camerata 1573 A group of poets and musicians formed to compose opera F Cameron, (George) Basil 1884 English conductor born in Reading (d. 1975) B 1957 Awarded Commander of the British Empire Z Cameron, Douglas 1902 Scottish cellist born in Dundee (d.1974) B 1974 Awarded OBE Z Cameron, John (Ewen) 1918 Australian baritone born in NSW. B Camilleri, Charles (Mario) 1931 Maltese composer and conductor born in Hamrun,Malta. B Cammarano, Salvatore 1801 Italian poet, dramatist, painter and librettist born in Naples (d. 1852) B Campagnola, Giulio 1482 Born B 1518 Died D Campania, Pedro de 1503 Born B 1580 Died D Campanini, Cleofonte 1860 Italian conductorand violinist born in Parma (d.1919) B Campen, Jacob van 1595 Born B 1648 Begun work on his most important building,Amsterdam Town Hall. A 1657 Died D Camphuysen, Govert 1623 Born B 1672 Died D Campoli, Alfredo 1906 Italian-born violinist born in Rome (d.1991) B Campra, Andre 1660 French composer of Italian descent born in Aix-en-Provence (d. 1744) B Camus, Albert 1913 Major writer of 20th-cent, author of " The Stranger", was born B Canaletto 1697 Born B c.1730 Painted 'Stone Mason's Yard'. M 1768 Died D Candide 1956 Bernstein's comic opera first performed P Caniglia, Maria 1905 Italian soprano born in Naples (d.1979) B Canino, Bruno 1935 Italian pianist and composer born in Naples. B Cannabich, Johann Christian 1731 German violinist,composer and conductor born in Mannheim (d.1798) B Cannon, (Jack) Philip 1929 English composer and conductor born in Paris. B Cano, Alonso 1601 Born B 1667 Died D 1655 Completed a polychrome wooden statue of the 'Immaculate Conception'. M Canova, Antonio 1757 Born B 1822 Died D 1815 He became the Pope's representative in recovering works of art looted by Napolean. M Cantelli, Guido 1920 Italian conductor born in Novara (d.1956) B Canteloube (de Malaret), (Marie-)Joseph 1879 French composer born in Annonay (d.1957) B Canticles 1947 Name given by Britten to 5 of his compositions. C Canute 1016 Danish King of England 1016-35, Denmark 1019-35, and Norway 1028-35 R Canute IV 1080 Danish King 1080-86 R Cape, Safford 1906 American conductor born in Denver,Colorado (d.1973) B Capecchi, Renato 1923 Italian baritone born in Cairo B Capek, Josef 1887 Born B 1945 Died D Capell, Richard 1885 English critic and author born in Northampton (d.1954) B Capet, Lucien 1873 French violinist,composer, and teacher born in Paris (d.1928) B Caplet, Andre 1878 French conductor and composer born in Le Havre (d.1925) B Capone, Al 1899 Leader of Chicago's organized crime underworld from the mid 1920's was born B 1931 Convicted of income tax invasion M Capote, Truman 1924 Noted American Author born B Cappelle, Jan van de c.1624 Born B 1679 Died D Cappuccilli, Piero 1929 Italian baritone born in Trieste. B Capuana, Franco 1894 Italian conductor born in Fano (d.1969) B Caracciolo, Giovanni Battista 1578 Born B 1635 Died D Caradori-Allan lde Munckr, Maria (Caterina Rosalbina) 1800 Italian-born Alsatian soprano born in Milan (d.1865) B Carapetian, Armen 1908 Persian-American musicologist born in Isphahan (d.1992) B Caravaggio 1573 Baroque Italian artist born B Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da 1571 Born B 1610 Died D 1599 Gained commission for the Contraelli Chapel in S.Luigi dei Francesco. M 1606 Caravaggio fled Rome in 1606 after killing a man in a brawl. M Cardew, Cornelius 1936 English composer and guitarist born in Winchcombe (d. 1981) B Cardoso, (Frei) Manuel 1566 Portuguese composer and organist (d.1650) B Carducho, Vincente c.1576 Born B 1638 Died D Cardus, (Sir) (John Frederick) Neville 1888 English critic and essayist born in Manchester B 1967 Knighted Z Carestini, Giovanni 1705 Italian contralto csatrato (d. 1760) B Carewe, John (Maurice Foxall) 1933 English conductor born in Derby. B Carissimi, Giacomo 1605 Italian composer born in Marini,Rome (d.1674) B Carl Rosa Opera Company, Royal 1875 English opera founded in Dublin and London F Carlevaris, Luca 1663 Born B 1730 Died D Carlstedt, Jan 1926 Swedish composer born Carlstedt, John Birger Jarl 1907 Born B 1975 Died D Carmelites 1155 One of the four important Roman Catholic orders of friars founded F Carmen (Bizet) 1873 Opera composed by Bizet C Carmichael, Hoagy (Hoagland) 1899 American composer,pianist,film actor and singer born in Bloomington,Indiana (d.1981) B Carnegie Hall 1891 Largest concert-hall in New York,home of the city's principle orchestra. F Carnegie, Andrew 1835 Scottish-born American steel magnate and philanthropist born B Carner, Mosco 1904 Austrian-born conductor and critic born in Vienna(d.1985) B Carnicer (y Batlle), Ramon 1789 Spanish composer born in Tarrega (d. 1855) B 1831 Composed the opera Cristofo Colombo C Caro, Sir Anthony 1924 Born B Caron, Antoine 1520 Born B 1600 Died D Carosio, Margherita 1908 Italian soprano born in Genoa. B Carpaccio, Vittore c.1450 Born B c.1525 Died D Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste 1827 Born B 1869 Sculpted 'La Danse' for the facade of the Paris Opera House. A 1875 Died D Carpenter, John Alden 1876 American composer born in Park Ridge (d. 1951) B Carr, Edwin (James Nairn) 1926 New Zealand composer born in Auckland. B Carr, Emily 1871 Born B 1945 Died D Carra, Carlo 1881 Born B 1966 Died D Carracci 1557 Born B 1560 Born B 1555 Born B 1609 Died D 1602 Died D 1595 Called to Rome by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese to carry out his masterpiece,the decoration of the Farnese Gallery in the cardinal's family palace. M 1619 Died D Carreno de Miranda, Juan 1614 Born B 1685 Died D Carreno, (Maria) Teresa 1853 Venezuelan pianist born in Caracas (d.1917) B Carreras, Jose (Maria) 1946 Spanish tenor born in Barcelona. B Carriera, Rosalba 1675 Born B 1757 Died D Carriere, Eugene 1849 Born B 1906 Died D Carrillo, Julian 1875 Mexican composer born in Ahualulco (d. 1965) B 1947 Built a pianoforte tuned in 3rds of a whole tone M Carroll, Lewis 1832 English writer and mathematician born B Carse, Adam (von Ahn) 1878 English composer and author born in Newcastle-upon Tyne (d.1958) B Carson, Kit 1809 American frontiersman, guide and Indian fighter born B Carstens, Asmus Jacob 1754 Born B 1798 Died D Carter, Elliott (Cook) 1908 American composer born in New York B 1960 Won the Pulitzer Prize Z Carter, Jimmy 1977 39th US president (1977-81) E Caruso, Enrico 1873 Italian tenor, regarded as one of the best ever, born in Naples (d. 1921) B Carvalho, Eleazar de 1912 Brazilian conductor and composer born in Ceara. B Cary, Tristram (Ogilvie) 1925 English composer and percussionist born in Oxford B Casablanca Conference 1943 WW II Meeting between US and GB premiers T Casadesus, Marius 1892 French violinist born in Paris (d.1981) B Casadesus, Robert (Marcel) 1899 French pianist and composer born in Paris (d.1972) B Casals, Pablo (Pau, in the Catalan form) 1876 Spanish cellist, composer, conductor and pianist born in Catalonia (d. 1973) B 1950 Founded Prades Festival in France F Casella, Alfredo 1883 Italian composer, conductor, pianist and author born in Turin (d. 1947) B Casken, John 1949 English composer born in Barnsley B 1980 Was the featured composer at the Bath Festival M Caslon, William 1692 Born B 1766 Died D Cassado (Moreur), Gaspar 1897 Spanish cellist and composer born in Barcelona (d.1966) B Cassatt, Mary 1844 Born B 1926 Died D Cassilly, Richard 1927 American tenor born in Washington B Cassirer, Fritz 1871 German conductor and writer born in Breslau (d.1926) B Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario 1895 Italian composer born in Florence (d. 1968) B Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto 1610 Born B 1665 Died D Castiglione, Giuseppe 1688 Born B 1766 Died D Castiglioni, Niccolo 1932 Italian composer born in Milan B Castile, kingdom of 1497 Castile and Aragon united to form the basis of modern Spain F Castro, Fidel 1926 Cuban revolutionary and communist president born B Castro, Juan Jose 1895 Argentinian composer and conductor born in Avellaneda (d. 1968) B 1959 Became dean of studies, Puerto Rico Conservatory M Castrucci, Pietro 1679 Italian violinist born in Rome (d.1752) B Catalani, Alfredo 1854 Italian composer born in Lucca (d.1893) B Catalani, Angelica 1870 Italian soprano born in Sinigaglia (d.1849) B Catel, Charles-Simon 1773 French composer born in Normandy (d.1830) B Catena, Vincenzo c.1480 Born B 1530 Died D Catherine de Medicis 1560 French queen and regent (1560-74) R Catherine II 1762 "The Great", enlightened empress of Russia (1762-96) R Catherine of Aragon 1485 Spanish-born English queen, mother of Mary Tudor, was born B Catholic Reformation 1545 Council of Trent, Catholic Church's reaction to the reformation T Catlin, George 1796 Born B 1872 Died D Catterall, Arthur 1883 English violinist born in Preston (d. 1943) B Cattermole, George 1800 Born B 1868 Died D Caulfield, Patrick 1936 Born B Caurroy, Francois Eustache de 1549 French composer born in Gerberoy (d.1609) B Cavalcanti, Emiliano di 1897 Born B 1976 Died D Cavalier Parliament 1661 Royalist English restoration parliament established F Cavalieri, Emilio de' c.1550 Italian composer born in Rome (d.1602) B Cavalieri, Katharina 1760 Austrian soprano born in Wahring (d.1801) B Cavalli lCaletti-Brunir, Pietro lPierr Francesco 1602 Italian opera composer born in Crema (d. 1676) B 1639 Debut as opera composer with Le nozze di teti e di peleo M Cavallino, Bernardo 1273 Born B 1308 Died D Caxton, William c1422 First English printer born B Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubieres, Comte de 1692 Born B 1765 Died D Cazden, Norman 1914 American composer and pianist born in Bangor,Me.(d.1980) B Cazzati, Maurizio c.1620 Italian composer and organist (d.1677) B Ceasescu, Nicolae 1918 Rumanian statesman and dictator (overthrown in 1980's) born B Cebotari, Maria 1910 Austro-Russian soprano born in Kishinev (d. 1949) B Ceccato, Aldo 1934 Italian conductor born in Milan. B Cecilia, Saint 1570 First recorded music festival in honor of the patron saint of music M Celestine I, Saint 422 Italian-born Pope (422-32) R Celestine V, Saint 1294 Italian-born Pope 1294, founder of Celestine order R Celibidache, Sergiu 1912 Romanian conductor and composer born in Iasi B 1979 Became the conductor of the Munich Philharmonic M Cellini, Benvenuto 1500 Born B 1571 Died D Celsius, Anders 1701 Swedish astronomer, inventor of the Celcius thermometer scale, was born B Cennini, Cennino 1370 Born B 1440 Died D Central Intelligence Agency 1947 US intelligence organisation replaces war-time OSS F Cercle et Carre 1929 A discussion and exhibition society for Constructivist artists formed in Paris F Cererols, Joan 1618 Spanish Catalan composer born in Martorell (d.1676) B Cerha, Friedrich 1926 Austrian composer and violinist born in Vienna B 1969 Became professor at the Vienna Academy of Music M Cerquozzi, Michelangelo 1602 Born B 1660 Died D Cesar 1921 Born B Cesari, Giuseppe 1568 Born B 1640 Died D Cesti, Antonio (Pietro) 1623 Italian composer and singer born in Arezzo (d. 1669) B Cezanne, Paul 1906 Died D 1874 Exhibited with the Impressionists. M 1839 Influential French post-impressionist painter born B Chabrier, (Alexis) Emmanuel 1841 French composer, pianist and conductor born in Ambert (d. 1894) B 1881 Became assistant choir master in Paris M Chadwick, George (Whitefield) 1854 American composer,organist and conductor born in Lowell,Mass. (d.1931) B Chadwick, Lynn 1914 Born B 1956 Awarded the International Sculpture Prize at the 28th Venice Biennale Z Chagall, Marc 1917 He founded an art school in Vitebsk. F 1985 Died D 1946 He had a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art,New York. M 1887 French Jewish painter, a forerunner of the surrealists, was born B Chagrin, Francis lPaucker, Alexanderr 1905 Romanian-born conductor and composer born in Bucharest (d.1972) B Chailley, Jacques 1910 French composer and musicologist. B Chailly, Luciano 1920 Italian administrator,teacher,and composer. B Chailly, Riccardo 1953 Italian conductor born in Milan B 1972 Became assistant conductor at La Scala M Chalabala, Zdenek 1899 Czech. conductor born in Moravia (d.1962) B Chaliapin lShalyapinr, Fyodor (Ivanovich) 1873 Russian bass born in Kazan (d. 1938) B 1899 Became meber of the Bolshoy Opera M Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville 1937 British prime minister (1937-40) E 1939 Declared war on Germany W Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 1855 English-born writer born in Portsmouth (d.1927) B Chambonnieres, Jacques Champion de c.1602 French composer and harpsichordist born in Paris (d.1672) B Champaigne, Philippe de 1602 Born B 1674 Died D c.1630's Two of his finest portraits of Richelieu are in theNational Gallery,London. M Champfleury 1821 Born B 1889 Died D Chance, Michael 1955 English countertenor born in Buckingham B 1989 Made his Covent Garden debut M Chandler, Raymond Thornton 1888 American author of detective stories born B Chantrey, Sir Francis 1781 Born B 1841 Died D 1811 Exhibited at the Royal Academy. A Chapman, John 1774 Johnny Appleseed- American pioneer and folk hero was born B Chappell & Co. Ltd 1810 London music publishers, pianoforte makers etc founded F Chapple, Brian 1945 English composer born in London B Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Simeon 1699 Born B 1779 Died D Charlemagne 768 Charles The Great- King of the Franks (768-814) r Charles I (1600-49) 1625 English King during the English Civil Wars (1625-1649) R Charonton, Enguerrand 1410 Born B 1466 Died D Charpentier, Gustave 1860 French composer born in Dieuze (d. 1956) B 1890 Won the Prix de Rome Z Charpentier, Marc-Antoine 1645 French composer born in Paris (d. 1704) B 1698 Became master of the music at Sainte Chapelle M Chase, Salmon Portland 1864 Became the 6th Cheif Justice of the US Supreme Court (1864-73) M Chase, Samuel 1741 US Supreme Court associate justice and signer of the Declaration of Inependence was born B Chase, William Merritt 1849 Born B 1916 Died D Chasins, Abram 1903 American pianist and composer born in NY (d.1987) B Chasseriau, Theodore 1819 Born B 1856 Died D Chaucer, Geoffrey 1340 Early English poet, author of The Canterbury Tales was born B Chausson, (Amedee-)Ernest 1855 French composer born in Paris (d.1899) B Chavez (y Ramirez), Carlos (Antonio de Padua) 1899 Mexican composer and conductor born in Mexico City (d. 1978) B Cheere, Sir Henry 1703 Born B 1781 Died D Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich 1860 One of Russia's great literary figures, playwrites and authors was born B Chelard, Hippolyte Andre Jean Baptiste 1789 French composer and violinist born in Paris (d. 1861) B Chelsea Opera Group 1950 Opera company founded in London F Cheltenham Festival 1945 Annual music festival established in London F Chemin-Petit, Hans 1902 German composer and conductor born in Potsdam (d.1981) B Chereau, Patrice 1944 French producer born in Lezigne B Cherkassky, Shura (Alexander Isaakovich) 1911 Russian-born pianist(American citizen) born in Odessa. B Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich 1984 became the (conservative) leader of Soviet Russia (1984-85) M Cherubini, Luigi (Carlo Zanobi Salvadore Maria) 1760 Italian composer born in Florence (d. 1842) B 1821 Became director of the Paris Conservatoire M Chevillard, Camille (Paul Alexandre) 1859 French conductor and composer born in Paris (d.1923) B Chevreuille, Raymond 1901 Belgium composer born in Brussels (d.1976) B Chiang Kai-shek 1928 Chinese Nationalist general became national leader (1928-49) M Chiara, Maria(-Rita) 1939 Italian soprano born in Oderzo B Chicago Symphony Orchestra 1891 3rd-oldest symphony orchestra in the US founded F Chickamauga Creek, Battle of 1863 One of the bloodiest battles of the US civil war W Child, William 1606 English composer and organist born in Bristol (d.1697) B Childs, Barney (Sanford) 1926 American composer born in Spokane B Chile 1818 Chile declares independence from Spain T 1973 President Allende deposed by military coup W 1990 P A Azocar democratically elected E Chilingirian, Levon 1948 Cypriot violinist born in Nicosia. B China -551 Confucius, great Chinese philosopher, was born B -255 Construction of Great Wall of China commences M 1275 Marco Polo land in China O 1260 Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty rules China M 1839 First Opium War between China and Britain W 1911 Sun-Yat-Sen's revolution overthrows Manchu government W 1949 Mao becomes chairman of the new Poeple's Republic of China M 1912 China declared a republic, boy-emperor abdicates M 1856 Second Opium War between China and Britain W Chinese Civil War 1945 War between the nationalists and communists for control of China W Chinnery, George 1774 Born B 1852 Died D Chirico, Giorgio de 1888 Born B 1978 Died D Chisholm, Erik 1904 Scottish conductor, composer and pianist born in Glasgow (d. 1965) B Chladni, Ernst (Florenz Friedrich) 1756 German scientist who made important acoustic researches.Born in Wittenberg (d.1827) B Chlubna, Osvald 1893 Czech composer born in Brno (d. 1971) B Chodowiecki, Daniel Nikolaus 1726 Born B 1801 Died D Chomsky, (Avril) Noam 1928 American writer, linguist, teacher and political activist was born B Chop, Max 1862 German composer and scholar born in Grenszen (d.1929) B Chopin, Frederic Francois 1810 World-famous Polish romantic composer born B Chopin, Fryderyk (Franciszek) lFrederic Francoisr, 1810 Polish composer and pianist born in Zelazowa (d. 1849) B 1825 His Rondo in C minor was published C 1829 Completed his concerto in F minor and gave 2 concerts in Vienna. C Choral Fantasia 1808 Beethoven's opus 80 composed C Chorley, Henry Fothergill 1808 English critic and author born in Lancashire (d.1872) B Chorzempa, Daniel (Walter) 1944 American organist,pianist and composer born in Minneapolis. B Chotzinoff, Samuel 1889 Russian-American pianist and critic born in Vitebsk (d.1964) B Chou Wen-chung 1923 Chinese-born American composer born in Chefoo B 1972 Became professor of music, Columbia University M Christian Science 1879 M. Eddy founds the Christian Science Church F Christie's 1766 Oldest fine art auctioneers in the world.Held its first sale in 1766. M Christie, Dame Agatha 1890 English writer, one of the most successful mystery writers of all time, was born B Christie, John 1882 English schoolmaster and organ builder born in Eggesford (d.1962) B Christie, William (Lincoln) 1944 American conductor and harpsichordist born in Buffalo B Christmas, Gerard 1633 Died D Christo 1935 Born B Christoff, Boris 1914 Bulgarian bass born in Plovdiv (d. 1993) B Christophers, Harry 1953 English conductor and chorusmaster born in Kent. B Christou, Jani 1926 German composer born in Egypt (d. 1970) B Christus, Petrus 1472 Died D Chrysander, (Karl Franz) Friedrich 1826 German critic and music historian born in Lubthen (d. 1901) B Chueca, Federico 1846 Spanish composer born in Madrid (d.1908) B Chung, Kyung-Wha 1948 Korean violinist born in Seoul. B Chung, Myung-Whun 1953 Korean conductor and pianist born in Seoul. B Church of England 2000 Christianity established in England under the Romans F 1534 King Henry names himself the head of the English church F 1559 Independent national church of England formed F Church of Scotland 1592 Church of Scotland's legal position ratified F Church, Frederick Edwin 1826 Born B 1900 Died D Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer 1940 British statesman, historian and prime minister (1940-45/51-55) E Ciampi, Vincenzo (Legrenzio) 1719 Italian composer born in Piacenza (d.1762) B Cibber, Caius Gabriel 1630 Born B 1700 Died D Cibber, Susanna (Maria) 1714 English mezzo-soprano born in London (d.1766) B Ciccolini, Aldo 1925 Italian-born French pianist (Naples) B Cid, the c1040 "El Cid" Spanish soldier, hero and soldier of fortune, was born B Ciesinski, Katherine 1950 American mezzo-soprano born in Newark,Delaware. B Ciesinski, Kristine (Frances) 1952 American soprano born in Delaware B Cifra, Antonio 1584 Italian composer born near Terracina (d.1629) B Cigna lSensr, Gina lGinettar 1900 French-Italian soprano born in Angere B 1927 Made debut at La Scala M Cignani, Carlo 1628 Born B 1719 Died D Cignaroli, Giambettino 1706 Born B 1770 Died D Cigoli, Il 1559 Born B 1613 Died D Cikker, Jan 1911 Czech. composer born in Banska Bystrica (d.1989) B Cillario, Carlo Felice 1915 Argentinian conductor born in San Rafael. B Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista 1459 Born B 1517 Died D Cimabue c.1240 Born B 1302 Died D Cimarosa, Domenico 1749 Italian composer born in Naples (d. 1801) B 1787 Became court composer to Catherine the Great M Cipriani, Giovanni Battista 1727 Born B 1785 Died D 1768 Became foundation member of the Royal Academy F Cistercians 1098 Order of Roman Catholic monks formed by Saint Robert F Civil Rights Act 1866 Series of laws pased by President A. Johnson to give Blacks full rights as citizens T civil rights movement 1946 Civil Rights Act bans discrimination in employment M 1965 Voting Rights Act guarantees blacks the right to vote M 1963 Civil rights activists march on Washington M Civil, Alan 1928 English horn player and composer born in Northampton (d.1989) B Claesz., Pieter 1597 Born B 1660 Died D Clarey, Cynthia 1949 American soprano born in Virginia B Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria 1667 Italian composer born in Pisa (d.1754) Clark, Edward 1888 English conductor and administrator born in Newcastle upon Tyne (d.1962) B Clark, Graham 1941 English tenor born in Littleborough. B Clark, Kenneth 1903 Born B 1983 Died D 1954 Chairman of the Independent Television Authority M Clark, Lygia 1920 Born B 1952 Became member of the movement of Concrete art M 1988 Died D Clarke, Geoffrey 1924 Born B Clarke, Henry Leland 1907 American composer born in Dover,NH. B Clarke, Jeremiah c.1674 English composer and organist born in London (d.1707) B Clarke, Rebecca 1886 English composer, violist and violinist born in Harrow (d. 1979) B Claude Gellee 1600 Born B 1635 Compiled his Liber Veritatis(Book of Truth) containing drawings of all his paintings. M 1682 Died D Clausen, Sir George 1852 Born B 1904 Became professor of painting at the Royal Academy Schools M 1944 Died D Clay, Frederick Emes 1838 English composer born in Paris (d.1889) B Clemenceau, Georges 1906 French premier (1906-09/17-20), founder of the Third Republic E Clemencic, Rene 1928 Austrian harpsichordist born in Vienna B Clemens (non Papa) c.1510 Name applied to Jacob Clement,Flemish composer born in Middelburg (d.1556) B Clement V 1305 French-born Pope 1305-14, moved papal seat to Avignon E Clement VI 1342 French-born Pope at Avignon 1342-52 E Clement VII 1523 Italian-born Medici Pope (1523-34) E Clement VIII 1592 Italian-born Pope (1592-1605) E Clement XI 1700 Italian-born Pope (1700-21) E Clement XIV 1769 Italian-born Pope (1769-74) E Clement, Charles-Francois 1720 French composer and scholar born in Provence (d. 1782) B Clement, Franz 1780 Austrian violinist born in Vienna (d. 1842) B 1806 Played soloist in first production of Beethoven's violin concerto M Clementi, Muzio 1752 English pianist and composer born in Rome (d. 1832) B Cleobury, Nicholas (Randall) 1950 English conductor,organist,pianist and harpsichordist born in Bromley. B Cleopatra -69 Queen of Egypt and lover of J. Caesar and M. Anthony was born B Clerambault, Louis-Nicolas 1676 French organist and composer born in Paris (d. 1749) B Clerck, Hendrik de 1570 Born B 1606 Appointed Court Painter to Archduke Albert M 1630 Died D Clereau, Pierre 1539 French composer (d. 1567) Clermont, Council of 1095 Church council at which Pope Urban II preached the first crusade M Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover 1885 22nd and 24th US president (1885-89/93-97) E Cliburn, Van (Harvey Lavan) 1934 American pianist born in Shreveport,La. B Clinton, Bill 1993 42nd US president (1993-) E Clinton, George 1805 American statesman and vice-president (1805-12) E Clodion 1738 Born B 1814 Died D Close, Chuck 1940 Born B Clovio, Giulio 1498 Born B 1578 Died D Cluytens, Andre 1905 French conductor born in Antwerp (d.1967) B Coates, Albert 1882 English composer and violinist born in St. Petersburg (d. 1953) B 1910 Mdae his London debut with the London Symphony Orchestra M Coates, Eric 1886 English composer and violist born in Hucknall (d. 1957) B 1912 Became principle violist , Queens Hall Orchestra M Coates, John 1865 English tenor born in Yorkshire (d.1941) B Cobra 1948 Group of Expressionist painters formed in Paris in 1948 by a number of Netherlandish and Scandinavian artists. F Coccia, Carlo 1782 Italian composer born in Naples (d. 1837) B 1807 First opera failed in Rome M Cock, Jan Wellens de 1526 Died D Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas 1897 English physicist who shared Nobel prize in physics was born B 1951 Atomic nuclei first split, using accelerated atomic particles OS Cocteau, Jean 1963 Died D 1889 French surrealist artist, writer and film-maker born B Codde, Pieter 1599 Born B 1678 Died D Code Napoleon 1804 Napoleonic Code of civil laws issued M Coecke van Aelst, Pieter 1502 Born B 1527 Entered the Antwerp Guild M 1550 Died D Coelho, Ruy 1892 Portuguese composer,conductor,pianist and critic (d.1986) Coello, Claudio 1642 Born B 1693 Died D Coertse, Mimi (Maria Sophia) 1932 South African soprano born in Durban B Cohen, Harriet 1895 English pianist born in London (d.1967) B Cohen, Raymond (Hyman) 1919 English violinist born in Manchester. B Cohen, Robert 1959 English cellist born in London. B Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 1619 Born B 1672 Protector of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. M 1683 Died D Colbran, Isabella (Angela) 1785 Spanish soprano born in Madrid (d.1845) B Cold War 1985 Geneva Summit: US and USSR ban chemical weapons T 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident (USSR) M Cold, Ulrik (Thestrup) 1939 Danish bass-baritone born in Copenhagen. B Coldstream, Sir William 1908 Born B 1937 Co-founded the Euston Road School F 1987 Died D Cole, Hugo 1917 English composer and writer born in London. B Cole, Nat King lColes, Nathaniel Adamsr 1917 American singer and Jazz pianist born in Montgomery,Alabama (d.1965) B Cole, Thomas 1801 Born B 1848 Died D Cole, Vinson 1950 American tenor born in Kansas City. B Coleman, Ornette 1930 American jazz composer and saxophonist born in Texas B 1950 Joined Pee Wee Clayton Band M Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 1772 Leading English Romantic poet and critic born B Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel 1875 English composer born in London (d. 1912) B Colette 1873 Noted French writer born B Colgrass, Michael (Charles) 1932 American composer and percussionist born in Chicago B Colla, Ettore 1899 Born B 1968 Died D Colla, Giuseppe 1731 Italian composer born in Parma (d.1806) B Colles, Henry Cope 1879 English music critic born in Bridgnorth (d.1943) B Collier, Marie 1927 Australian soprano born in Ballarat (d. 1971) B Collingwood, Lawrance (Arthur) 1887 English conductor and composer born in London (d,1982) B Collins, Anthony 1893 English viola player,conductor and composer born in Hastings (d.1963) B Collins, Michael 1962 English clarinettist born in London. B Collins, William 1788 Born B 1847 Died D Collinson, James 1825 Born B 1881 Died D Colombe, Michel 1430 Born B after 1512 Died D Colonna, Giovanni Paolo 1637 Italian composer and organist (d.1695) B Colonne, Edouard (Judas) 1838 French conductor and violinist born in Bordeaux (d.1910) B Colorado 1876 Colorado becomes the 38th state F Colquhoun, Robert 1914 Born B 1962 Died D Columbus, Christopher 1451 Genoese navigator credited with the discovery of America was born B 1492 Columbus leaves Spain and lands in the Bahamas O Colville, Alexander 1920 Born B Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda, Il 1624 Dramatic madrigal by Monteverdi first performed P Comissiona, Sergiu 1928 Romanian-born conductor born in Bucharest B Commonwealth of Independent States 1991 Loose federation of 11 of the 15 former Soviet republics F communism 1848 Communist Manifesto, statement of radical socialist principles written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels F Compere, Loyset c.1445 Flemish-born French composer born in Hainaut (d.1518) B Composers' Guild of Great Britain 1944 British organisation founded F Compton, John (Haywood) 1876 English organbuilder born in Leicestershire (d. 1957) B Conca, Sebastiano 1680 Born B 1764 Died D Conder, Charles 1868 Born B 1909 Died D Condivi, Ascanio 1574 Died D 1553 Published Life of Michelangelo A Congress of the United States 1913 17th Amendment to US constitution provides for direct election of Senators M Coninxloo, Gillis van 1544 Born B 1607 Died D Conlon, James 1950 American conductor born in New York. B Connecticut 1788 Conneticut becomes 5th US state F Connell, Elizabeth 1946 Irish soprano born in Port Elizabeth, South Africa B Connolly, Justin (Riveagh) 1933 English composer born in London B Conrad, Joseph 1857 Polish-born author, considered one of the world's best, was born B Conradi, August 1821 German composer,conductor and organist born in Berlin (d. 1873) B Constable, John 1799 Joined the Royal Academy Schools. M 1837 Died D 1824 Won gold medal at the Paris Salon with 'The Hay Wain'. Z 1776 Leading English landscape artist born B Constant, Franz 1910 Belgium composer,pianist and teacher born in Montignies-le-Tilleul. B Constant, Marius 1925 Romanian-born composer and conductor born in Bucharest B Constantinescu, Paul 1909 Romanian-born composer and conductor born in Ploiesti (d.1963) B Constantinople 330 City of Byzantium renamed Constantinople M 1930 City of Constantinople renamed Istanbul M Constitutional Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention held to amend the Articles of Confederation T Constructivism c.1913 Russian geometric abstract art movement founded by Vladimir Tatlin. M Conti, Francesco Bartolomeo 1681 Italian composer and theorbist born in Florence (d. 1732) B Convention of 1818 1818 US-British Agreement establishing 49th parallel as US-Canada border T Converse, Frederick Shepherd 1871 American composer born in Newton (d. 1940) B Conyngham, Barry 1944 Australian composer born in Sydney B Cook, (Alfred) Melville 1912 English organist born in Gloucester (d.1993) B Cook, Brian Rayner 1945 English baritone born in London B Cook, James 1768 Cook discovered New Zealand and circumnavigated the globe on the Endeavour O Cooke, Arnold (Atkinson) 1906 English composer born in Yorkshire B Cooke, Deryck (Victor) 1919 English critic, broadcaster and musicologist born in Leicester (d.1976) B Cooke, Henry c.1616 English bass and choirmaster born in Hampton Court (d. 1672) B Coolidge, (John) Calvin 1923 30th US president 1923-29 E Coolidge, Elizabeth Sprague 1864 American pianist, composer and patron of music born in Chicago (d. 1953) B Cooper, Emil (Albertovich) 1877 Russian-born conductor born in Kherson (d. 1960) B Cooper, Imogen 1949 English pianist born in London B Cooper, Joseph (Elliott Needham) 1912 English pianist born in Bristol B Cooper, Martin (Du Pre) 1910 English critic born in Winchester (d. 1986) Cooper, Samuel 1609 Born B 1672 Died D Copernicus, Nicholas 1473 Polish astronomer, considered the founder of modern astronomy, was born B Copland, Aaron 1900 American composer, pianist and conductor born in Brooklyn (d. 1990) B Copley, John (Michael Harold) 1933 English director born in Birmingham B Copley, John Singleton 1738 Born B 1815 Died D 1779 Became a full member of the Royal Academy. M Coppo di Marcovaldo 1225 Born B 1261 Painted Madonna and Child Enthroned A Coppola, Piero 1888 Italian conductor and composer born in Milan (d. 1971) B Coprario, Giovanni (John Cooper) 1575 English composer and violin player born in London (d. 1626) B Corder, Frederick 1852 English composer and conductor born in London (d. 1932) B Corelli, Arcangelo 1653 Italian violinist and composer born in Milan (d. 1713) B Corelli, Franco 1921 Italian tenor born in Ancona B Corena, Fernando 1916 Swiss-Italian bass born in Geneva (d. 1984) B Corigliano, John (Paul) 1938 American composer born in New York B Corinth, Lovis 1858 Born B 1925 Died D Cormon, Fernand 1845 Born B 1924 Died D Cornelis van Haarlem 1562 Born B 1638 Died D Cornelisz. van Oostsanen, Jacob 1470 Born B 1533 Died D Cornelius, Peter (Danish tenor) 1865 Danish tenor born in Labjerggaard (d. 1934 Cornelius, Peter (German composer) 1824 German composer and writer born in Mainz (d. 1974) B Cornelius, Peter von 1783 Born B 1867 Died D Cornell, Joseph 1903 Born B 1973 Died D Cornet, Peeter c.1575 Flemish composer and court organist born in Brussels (d. 1633) B Cornyshe lCornishr, William c.1465 English composer and actor born in Greenwich (d.1523) B Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille 1794 Born B 1875 Died D Correa de Arauxo, Francisco c.1576 Spanish composer, organist and theorist (d.1654) B Correggio c.1489 Born B 1520 Commissioned to paint the dome of S. Giovanni Evangelista M 1534 Died D Corrente 1938 Anti-Fascist association of young Italian artists formed by Renato Birolli in Milan. F Corrette, Michel 1709 French composer and organist born in Rouen (d.1795) B Corteccia, (Pier) Francesco 1502 Italian organist and composer born in Florence (d. 1571) B Cortese, Luigi 1899 Italian composer born in Genoa (d. 1976) Cortona, Pietro da 1596 Born B c.1624 His first major works were frescos in Sta. Bibiana,Rome commissioned by Urban VIII. A 1669 Died D Cortot, Alfred (Denis) 1877 Swiss-born pianist and conductor born in Nyon (d. 1962) B 1944 Arrested on charges of collaboration with the Nazis, but released M Cossa, Francesco del 1435 Born B 1477 Died D Cossotto, Fiorenza 1935 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Crescentino di Vercelli B Cossutta, Carlo 1932 Italian tenor born in Trirste B Costa Rica 1821 Declared independence from Spain F Costa, (Sir) Michael (Andrew Agnus) lMichele Andrea Agniellor 1808 Italian-born conductor and composer born in Naples (d. 1884) B 1869 Knighted Z Costa, Lorenzo 1460 Born B 1535 Died D Costa, Mary 1930 Ameriucan soprano born in Knoxville, Tenn. B Costeley, Guillaume c.1530 French composer born in Fontanges (d.1606) B Cosway, Richard 1742 Born B 1821 Died D Cosyn, Benjamin c.1570 English organist and composer (d.1652) B Cotapos, (Baeza) Acario 1889 Chilean composer born in Valdivia (d.1969) B Cote d'Ivoire 1958 Ivory Coast becomes an autonomous republic F Cotes, Francis 1726 Born B 1770 Died D Cotman, John Sell 1782 Born B 1842 Died D Cotrubas, Ileana 1939 Romanian soprano born in Galati B Cottrau, Teodoro 1827 Italian composer and publisher born in Naples (d.1879) B Coulthard, Jean 1908 Canadian composer and pianist born in Vancouver B Couperin, Francois 1668 French composer, harpsichordist and organist born in Paris (d. 1733) B 1693 Became organist du Roi, the king's organist, to Louis XIV M Couperin, Louis 1626 French composer and organist born in Chaumes (d. 1661) B 1650 Became the first of his family to be organist at St Gervais M Courbet, Gustave 1819 Born B 1854 Exhibited his most celebrated work, 'The Painter's Studio' at the Musee d'Orsay,Paris. A 1877 Died D Courtauld, Samuel 1876 Born B 1947 Died D Courtois, Jacques 1621 Born B 1676 Died D Courtois, Lambert c.1521 French composer B Cousin, Jean the Elder c.1490 Born B c.1560 Died D Cousteau, Jacques-Yves 1910 French under-water explorer and inventor of the aqualung was born B Coustou, Guillaume I. 1677 Born B 1746 Died D Couture, Thomas 1815 Born B 1879 Died D Coward, (Sir) Henry 1849 English coral conductor born in Liverpool (d.1944) B Coward, (Sir) Noel (Pierce) 1899 English actor, playwright and composer born in Teddington (d.1973) B Coward, Sir Noel 1899 English playwright, actor, composer and wit was born B Cowell, Henry (Dixon) 1897 American composer and pianist born in California (d. 1965) B 1914 Began formal trainig, having already composed 100 works M Cowen, (Sir) Frederic (Hymen) 1852 English composer and conductor born in Jamaica (d. 1935) B 1911 Knighted Z Cowie, Edward 1943 English composer and painter born in Birmingham B 1988 Founded the Australian Composers' Ensemble F Cox, David 1783 Born B 1859 Died D Cox, David (Vassall) 1916 English composer, pianist and critic born in Broadstairs B Cox, David Harold 1945 English composer and teacher born in Southsea B Cox, Frederic (Robert) 1905 English singing teacher, singer and composer born in London (d. 1985) B Cox, Jean 1922 American tenor born in Gadsden, Alabama B Cox, John 1935 English opera producer born in Bristol B Coysevox, Antoine 1640 Born B 1720 Died D Cozens, Alexander 1717 Born B 1786 Died D Crabeth, Dirk 1577 Died D Craft, Robert (Lawson) 1923 American conductor, musicologist and author born in Kingston, New York B Craig, Charles (James) 1920 English tenor born in London B Craig, Gordon 1872 Born B 1966 Died D Cramer, Johann Baptist 1771 German-born pianist, composer and teacher born in Mannheim (d. 1858) B Cranach Press 1913 A private printing press set up by Count Harry Kessler F Cranach, Lucas the Elder 1472 Born B 1553 Died D c.1483 Painted several portraits of Martin Luther. M Crane, Walter 1845 Born B 1915 Died D Cranmer, Philip 1918 English teacher and composer B Cras, Jean (Emile Paul) 1879 French composer born in Brest (d.1932) B Crawford lSeegerr, Ruth (Porter) 1901 American composer born in Ohio (d.1953) B Crawford, Thomas 1813 Born B 1857 Died D Craxton, (Thomas) Harold 1885 English pianist and teacher born in London (d. 1971) B Craxton, Janet 1929 English oboist born in London (d. 1981) B Crazy Horse 1877 American Sioux Indian chief at the Battle of Little Bighorn D Crecquillon, Thomas c.1490 French-Flemish composer (d. 1557) B Credi, Lorenzo di 1458 Born B 1537 Died D Crescentini, Girolamo 1762 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Urbania (d. 1846) B Crespi, Daniele 1598 Born B 1630 Died D Crespi, Giovanni Battista 1575 Born B 1620 Founded the Accademia Ambrosiana F 1632 Died D Crespi, Giuseppe Maria 1665 Born B 1747 Died D Crespin, Regine 1927 French soprano born in Marseilles B Cresswell, Lyell 1944 New Zealand composer born in Wellington B Creston, Paul lGuttoveggio, Giusepper 1906 American composer and organist of Italian origin born in New York (d. 1985) B Creyghton lCreightonr, Robert c.1636 English composer (d. 1734) B Crimean War 1853 War in southeastern Europe between Russia and the Ottoman Turks W Cristofori, Bartolomeo 1655 Italian harpsichord-maker born in Padua (d. 1731) B Critz, John de before 1552 Born B 1642 Died D Croce, Benedetto 1866 Born B 1952 Died D Croce, Giovanni c.1558 Italian composer and priest born in Chioggia (d. 1609) B Crockett, David 1827 American frontiersman and politician, member of Congress (1827-31/33-35) E Croft, William 1677 English composer and organist born in Warwickshire (d. 1727) B Croiza lConellyr, Claire 1882 French mezzo-soprano born in Paris (d. 1946) B Crome, John 1768 Born B 1821 Died D 1803 Founder member of the Norwich Union of Artists. M Cromwell, Oliver 1599 English soldier, statesman and hero of the English Civil War was born B Crooks, Richard (Alexander) 1900 American tenor born in Trenton, NJ (d. 1972) B Crosby, Bing lLillis, Harryr 1904 American singer and actor born in Tacoma (d. 1977) B Crosby, John (O'Hea) 1926 American conductor and administrator born in New York B Cross, Joan 1900 English soprano and opera producer (d. 1993) B 1951 Awarded CBE Z Crosse, Gordon 1937 English composer born in Bury B Crossley, Paul (Christopher Richard) 1944 English pianist born in Dewsbury B Crossley-Holland, Peter (Charles) 1916 English musicologist born in London B Crotch, William 1775 English organist, teacher and composer born in Norwich (d. 1847) B 1799 Became Oxford doctor of music M Crowe, Sir Joseph Archer 1825 Born B 1896 Died D Crozier, Eric (John) 1914 English writer and opera producer born in London B Cruft, Adrian (Francis) 1921 English composer, conductor and teacher born in Mitcham (d. 1987) B Cruft, Eugene (John) 1887 English double-bass player born in London (d. 1976) B 1953 Awarded OBE Z Cruft, John (Herbert) 1914 English oboist born in London B Cruger, Johannes 1598 German composer and conductor born in Prussia (d. 1662) B Cruikshank, George 1792 Born B 1878 Died Crumb, George (Henry) 1929 American composer born in Charleston B Crusade, Eighth 1270 Last of the crusades, in which the army was largely wiped out by disease W 1291 Last Christian outpost in the Holy Land lost to Muslims W Crusade, Fifth 1218 Fifth crusade, led by a Papal legate, makes limited gains W Crusade, First 1099 Some 20,000 crusaders took Jerusalem and massacred Muslims and Jews W Crusade, Fourth 1202 Fourth crusade leaves the West but is distracted from its cause and brings discredit on itself and future crusades W Crusade, Second 1147 Second wave of crusaders, about 140,000 strong, severely defeated by Muslim forces W Crusade, Seventh 1248 Seventh crusade led by Louis IX into Egypt, largely a failure W Crusade, Sixth 1228 Sixth crusade, led by Frederick II, avoids battle and negotiates the city of Jerusalem W 1244 Turkish and Egyptian Muslims retook the city of Jerusalem W Crusade, Third 1187 Jerusalem captured by Muslims under Saladin W 1189 Third wave of crusaders fail to recapture Jerusalem W Crusell, Bernhard Henrik 1775 Finnish composer born in Uusikaupunki (d. 1838) B Cruz, Agostinho da c.1590 Portuguese composer, organist and viol player (d. 1633?) B Cruz, Ivo 1901 Portuguese composer and conductor born in Corumba, Brazil (d. 1983) B Cruz-Diez, Carlos 1923 Born B Cuba 1933 Batista takes control of Cuban politics and retains it until 1952 M 1952 Batista seized power in Cuba and formed a dictatorship MF 1959 Batista fled Cuba, Castro marched into Havana W Cuban Missile Crisis 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion: abortive invasion of Cuba by US-based Cuban exiles W 1962 Nuclear stand-off between US and USSR over the installation of missiles on Cuban territory. The closest the world has come to a nuclear war W Cuberli lTervellr, Lella Alice 1945 American soprano born in Texas B 1975 Made opera debut in Bidapest M Cubism c.1907 Movement in painting and sculpture originated by Picasso and Braque. F Cuckston, Alan (George) 1940 English performer born in Horsforth B Cudworth, Charles 1908 English musicologist , teacher and critic born in Cambridge (d.1977) B Cuenod, Hugues(mAdhemar) 1902 Swiss tenor born in Corseaux-sur-Vevey B 1954 Made the first of over 470 appearences at Glyndebourne M Cui, Cesar lKyui, Tsezar Antonovichr 1835 Russian composer born in Vilna-now Vilnius- (d. 1918) B Cullen, Maurice 1866 Born B 1934 Died D Cullis, Rita 1949 English soprano born in Ellesmere Port B Culshaw, John (Royds) 1924 English recording and television producer and writer born in Southport (d. 1980) B Cultural Revolution 1966 Three-year campaign of terror in China designed to rid the communist party of bourgeoise elements M Cummings, William Hayman 1831 English organist, tenor and musicologist born in Devon (d. 1915) B Cundell, Edric 1893 English conductor, composer and teacher born in London (d. 1961) B Cunitz, Maud 1911 German soprano born in London (d. 1987) B Cunningham, George (Dorrington) 1878 English organist born in London (d.1948) B Cure, Cornelius 1607 Died D Curry, John Steuart 1897 Born B 1946 Died D Curtin, Phyllis 1921 American soprano born in West Virginia B Curtis Institute, Philadelphia 1924 Scool of music founded by Mrs M. L. Bok F Curtis, Alan (Stanley) 1934 American musicologist, harpsichordist and conductor born in Mason B 1970 Became professor at University of California M Curtis, Charles 1929 American politician, Vice-president of the US (1929-33) e Curtis, Natalie 1875 American pianist born in New York (d. 1921) B Curtis-Smith, Curtis (Otto) 1941 American composer, pianist and teacher born in Walla Walla B 1972 Won the Koessevitzky Prize Z Curzon, (Sir) Clifford (Michael) 1907 English pianist born in London (d. 1982) B 1977 Knighted Z 1958 Awarded Commander of the British Empire Z Cusins, (Sir) William (George) 1833 English conductor, organist, pianist and composer born in London (d. 1893) B Custer, George Armstrong 1839 American soldier during the US Civil War and at the Battle of Little Bighorn was born B Cuvillies, Francois 1695 Born B 1768 Died D Cuzzoni, Francesca 1696 Italian soprano born in Parma (d. 1778) B 1723 Joined Handel's opera company M Cyprus 1960 Cyprus gained independence from Britain F Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien 1619 French satirist and fantasist born B Czech Quartet 1891 String quartet formed in Prague F Czernohorsky lCernohorskyr, Bohuslav 1684 Bohemian composer born in Nimburg (d.1742) B Czerny, Karl 1791 Austrian composer,pianist and teacher born in Vienna (d. 1857) B Czerwenka, Oskar 1924 Austrian bass B Cziffra, Gyorgy 1921 Hungarian-born pianist born in Budapest (d.1993) B Czyz, Henryk 1923 Polish conductor and composer born in Grudziadz B D'Annunzio, Gabriele 1863 Born B 1919 Occupied Fiume for Italy W D'Erlanger, Baron Frederic lRegnal, Fredericr 1868 English composer born in Paris (d. 1943) B D'Indy, (Paul Marie Theodore) Vincent 1851 French composer and teacher born in Paris (1931) B 1894 Co-founded the Schola Cantorum and taught there until his death F D'Oyly Carte, Richard 1844 English impressario and producer of light operas born in London (d.1901) B 1881 The Savoy, built by D'oyly Carte, opened F D-Day 1944 Start of the WW II Normandy invasion by Allied forces W Da Ponte, Lorenzo (Emmanuele Conegliano) 1749 Italian poet and librettist born in Venice (d. 1838) B 1773 Ordained as a priest M 1779 Banned from Venice for 15 years for adultery M Dachau 1933 Concentration camp opened M 1945 Concentration camp liberated by the Allies M Dacia 107 Became a Roman province M 270 Was surrendered to the Goths W Dada 1915 Founded in Zurich by a group of artists and writers F Dadd, Richard 1817 Born B 1886 Died D 1843 Murdered his father M 1974 Exhibited at the Tate M Daddi, Bernardo 1348 Died D Daffner, Hugo 1882 German composer, conductor and critic born in Munich (d. 1936) B Dagobert I 629 Frankish king 629-639 R Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande 1789 French scene painter and photography pioneer born B 1839 Invented the Dagguerreotype S Dahl, Johan Christian 1788 Born B 1857 Died D Dahl, Michael 1659 Born B 1743 Died D Dahlhaus, Carl 1928 German musicologist and editor born in Hanover (d. 1989) B Dail Eireann 1918 Founded as an illegal "Parliament" of Ireland F Daimler, Gottlieb 1834 German engineer and developer of an internal combustion engine was born B 1885 Developed an internal combustion engine S 1890 Founded the Daimler motor company F Dal Monte, Toti lMeneghelli, Antoniettar 1893 Italian soprano born in Mogliano Veneto (d. 1975) B Daladier, Edouard 1884 Born B 1938 Premier of France 1938-40 E 1938 Signed the Munich pact to appease Nazi Germany T Dalai Lama 1940 The 14th and current Dalai Lama was installed M 1959 Fled Tibet as a result of the Chinese invasion M Dalayrac, Nicolas-Marie 1753 French composer born in Haute Garonne (d. 1809) B Dalby, (John) Martin 1942 Scottish composer born in Aberdeen B Daley, Richard Joseph 1902 Born B 1939 Served as a US Senator E 1955 Served as mayor of Chicago E Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st marquess of 1847 Served as governor general of India 1847-56 M 1849 Annexed the Punjab W Dali, Salvador 1889 Died D 1929 Began working in the style of Surrealists M 1904 Spanish surrealist artist born B Dall'Abaco, Evaristo Felice 1675 Italian composer born in Verona (d. 1742) B 1715 Became leader of the court orchestra in Munich M Dallapiccola, Luigi 1904 Italian composer and pianist born in Pisno d'Istria (d. 1975) B 1945 Fell out of favour with the authorities due to his opposition to fascism and began to spend a great deal of time in American M Dallas, George Mifflin 1792 Born B 1845 US Vice-president 1845-49 E 1856 Minister to Great Britain 1856-61 M Dalmatia 1947 Was recognised as an independent state by the Italian Peace Treaty T Dalou, Aime-Jules 1838 Born B 1902 Died D Dalton, John 1766 Born B 1808 Formulated the theory that elements have different weights S Dalwood, Hubert 1924 Born B 1976 Died D Damascus 1941 Became the capital of independent Syria M Damase, Jean-Michel 1928 French composer and pianist born in Bordeaux B Damrosch, Frank (Heino) 1859 German-born American conductor and composer born in Breslau (d. 1937) B Damrosch, Leopold 1832 German conductor, composer and violinist born in Posen (d.1885) B Damrosch, Walter 1862 Born B 1913 Composed his opera "Cyrano de Bergerac" A 1903 Became conductor of the New York Symphony 1903-27 A Damrosch, Walter (Johannes) 1862 German-born American conductor and composer born in Breslau (d. 1950) B 1894 Formed and conducted Damrosch Opera Company in New York F Danbury Hatters' Case 1908 A US union was declared to be in restraint of trade M Danby, Francis 1793 Born B 1861 Died D Dance, Nathaniel 1735 Born B 1811 Died D Dancla, Jean Baptiste Charles 1817 French violinist, composer and teacher (d. 1907) B Danco, Suzanne 1911 Belgium soprano born in Brussels B Dandelot, Georges (Edouard) 1895 French composer born in Paris (d 1975) B Dandolo, Enrico 1192 Doge of Venice 1192-1205 M 1203 Led the crusaders in the capture of Constantinople W Dandridge, Bartholomew 1691 Born B 1754 Died D Dandrieu, Jean-Francois c.1682 French composer born in ?Paris (d.1738) B Daniel -605 Taken captive to Babylon M Daniel, Erno 1918 Hungarian-American pianist and conductor born in Budapest B Daniel, Paul 1958 English conductor born in Birmingham B Daniel-Lesur, (Jean) Yves 1908 Freanch composer and organist born in Paris B 1937 Co-founded Jeune France group F Daniele da Volterra 1509 Born B 1566 Died D 1536 Moved to Rome and befriended Michelangelo M Daniels, Barbara 1946 American soprano born in Greenville, Ohio B Dankworth, John (Philip William) 1927 English jazz musician and composer born in London B Dannreuther, Edward (George) 1844 Alsation-born English pianist and writer born in Strasbourg (d. 1905) B 1872 Founded Wagner society in London F Danon, Oskar 1913 Serbian conductor and composer born in Sarajevo B Dante Alighieri 1263 Born B 1321 Wrote "The Divine Comedy" A 1302 Exiled M Danti, Vincenzo 1530 Born B 1576 Died D Danton, Georges Jacques 1759 Born B 1792 Elected to the new National Convention of revolutionary France E 1794 Arrested by Robespierre and guillotined D Danyel(l) lDanielr, John 1564 English lutenist born in Somerset (d. 1626) B Danzi, Franz (Ignaz) 1763 German composer and cellist born in Schwetzingen (d. 1826) B Daquin ld'Aquinr, Louis Claude 1694 French organist and composer born in Paris (d. 1772) B Dare, Virginia 1587 Became the first child of English parents born in America B Daret, Jacques 1403 Born B 1468 Died D Dargomyzhsky, Alexander 1813 Russian composer and pianist born in Tula (d. 1869) B 1847 His first opera was produced, and failed M Darius I -521 Persian king 521-486 BC R Darius II -423 Persian king 423-404 BC R Darius III -336 Last Achaemenid Persian king 336-330BC R Darke, Harold (Edwin) 1888 English organist, conductor and composer born in London (d. 1976) B Darlan, Jean Francois 1881 Born B 1942 Negotiated a North African Armistice with the Allies W 1942 Assassinated by an anti-fascist D Darnton, (Philip) Christian 1905 English composer born in Leeds (d. 1981) B Dart, (Robert) Thurston 1921 English organist, harpsichordist and musicologist born in Kingston-upon-Thames (d. 1971) B Dartmouth College Case 1819 US Supreme Court decision on the sanctity-of -contracts principle M Darwin, Charles Robert 1809 English naturalist born B 1831 Served as naturalist aboard HMS Beagle, and began to formulate his theory of evolution S 1859 Published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" P Darwin, Erasmus 1794 Charles Darwin's grandfather published "Zoonomia", aniticipating evolutionary theory P Daubigny, Charles-Francois 1817 Born B 1878 Died D Daudet, Alphonse 1869 Published "Lettres de mon Moulin" P Daudet, Leon 1907 Founded the French royalist paper L'Action Francaise F Daugherty, Harry Micajah 1921 US attorney general 1921-24 M 1927 Tried on charges of conspiring to defraud the US government M Daughters of the American Revolution 1890 Founded F Daumier, Honore 1808 Born B 1879 Died D 1830 Began to contribute political cartoons to the anti-government weekly called Caricature O Dauprat, Louis-Francois 1781 French horn-player born inParis (d. 1868) B 1794 Won the first of four Premiers Prix in four years Z David -1013 Second king of Israel 1013-973 BC R David I 1124 King of Scotland 1124-53 R David II 1329 King of Scotland 1329-71 (David Bruce) R 1324 Born B 1357 Freed from jail, David spent the rest of his reign trying to pay off his ransom M 1346 Unsuccessfully attempted to invade England, failed and was taken prisoner W 1334 Exiled to France 1334-41 M David, Felicien (Cesar) 1810 French composer born in Cadenet (d.1876) B David, Ferdinand 1810 German violinist and composer born in Hamburg (d. 1873) B David, Gerard 1523 Died D David, Gyula 1913 Hungarian composer born in Budapest (d. 1977) B David, Jacques Louis 1748 Born B 1793 Painted his famous "The Assassination of Marat" A David, Jacques-Louis 1748 Born B 1825 Died D David, Johann Nepomuk 1895 Austrian composer, organist and teacher born in Eferding (d. 1977) B David, Pierre-Jean 1788 Born B 1856 Died D 1881 Won Prix de Rome Z David, Thomas Christian 1925 Austrian composer, conductor and teacher born in Wels B Davidoff, Karl 1838 Russian cellist and composer born in Goldingen (d. 1889) B Davidovich, Bella 1928 Russian-born American pianist born in Baku B Davidovsky, Mario 1934 Argentinian composer born in Medanos B Davie, Alan 1920 Born B Davie, Cedric Thorpe 1913 Scottish composer, organist and pianist born in London (d. 1983) B Davies, (Albert) Meredith 1922 English conductor and organist born in Birkenhead B Davies, (Sir) (Henry) Walford 1869 Welsh comoser and organist born in Oswestry (d. 1941) B 1919 Awarded Order of the British Empire Z 1937 Made a Knight commander of the Royal Victorian Order Z 1922 Knighted Z Davies, Arthur 1941 Welsh tenor born in Wrexham B 1976 Made Covent Garden debut M Davies, Arthur Bowen 1862 Born B 1928 Died D Davies, Ben lBenjaminr (Grey) 1858 Welsh tenor born in Pontardawe (d. 1943) B Davies, Dennis Russell 1944 American conductor born in Toledo, Ohio B Davies, Fanny 1861 English pianist born in Guernsey (d. 1934) B Davies, Hugh (Seymour) 1943 English composer born in Exmouth B Davies, Ryland 1943 Welsh tenor born in Ebbw Vale B Davies, Tudor 1892 Welsh tenor born in Cymmer (d. 1952) B Davis, (Sir) Colin (Rex) 1927 English conductor born in Weybridge B 1965 Awarded the Oredr of the British Empire Z 1980 Knighted Z Davis, Andrew (Frank) 1944 English conductor, organist and harpsichordist born in Ashbridge B Davis, Carl 1936 American composer and conductor B Davis, David 1862 Named by A. Lincoln to the US Supreme Court M 1815 Born B Davis, Jefferson 1808 Born B 1861 President of the US Confederacy during the US Civil War 1861-65 E 1853 Became US secretary of war (1853-57) M 1865 Imprisoned by Union soldiers for two years M 1847 Elected as Senator from Mississippi (1847-51) E Davis, John 1592 Discovered the Falkland Islands M 1605 Killed by pirates near Singapore D 1585 Made the first of three voyages in search of the Northern passage M Davis, John William 1873 Born B 1911 Elected as Congressman for West Virginia 1911-13 E 1918 Served as ambassador to England (1918-21) M 1913 US solicitor general 1913-18 M Davis, Miles (Dewey) 1926 American jazz trumpeter and flugel horn player born in Alton, Illinois (d. 1991) B Davis, Stuart 1894 Born B 1964 Died D Davison, James William 1813 English music critic born in London (d. 1885) B Davy, Gloria 1931 American soprano born in New York B Davy, John 1763 English composer and violinist born in Exeter (d. 1824) B Davy, Richard c.1467 English composer of motets (d. 1507) B Davy, Sir Humphry 1778 Born B 1807 Discovered sodium and pottasium S 1808 Isolated for the first time barium, boron, strontium, calcium and magnesium S 1810 Discovered and named chlorine S 1815 Invented a safety lamp for miners S Dawes Act 1887 US law passed to attempt to integrate Indians into American life T Dawes Plan 1924 Germany accepted the terms of this post-WW I reparations plan T 1929 Replaced by the Young Plan T Dawes, Charles Gates 1865 Born B 1925 Elected vice-president (1925-29) E 1925 Co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize Z Dawson, Anne 1952 English soprano born in Stoke-on -Trent B Dawson, Lynne 1953 English soprano born in York B Dawson, Peter 1882 Australian bass-baritone born in Adelaide (d. 1961) B 1904 Began a recording career in which he sold 13 million records M Day, Benjamin Henry 1833 Founded the first American penny newspaper, F Dayan, Moshe 1915 Born B 1981 Died D 1956 Served as the Israeli chief of staff in the Sanai Conflict W 1967 Served as Israeli minister of defence in the Six-day war W Daye, Stephen 1594 Born B 1668 Died D Dayes, Edward 1763 Born B 1804 Died D De Andrea, John 1941 Born B De Fabritiis, Oliviero (Carlo) 1902 Italian conductor and composer born in Rome (d. 1982) B De Gaetani, Jan(ice) 1933 American mezzo-soprano born in Ohio (d. 1989) B De Gasperi, Alcide 1881 Italian statesman - born B de Gaulle, Charles 1959 French general and first president (1959-69) of the fifth republic E 1940 Formed the Free French army in London F 1943 Became co-president of the French Committee of National Liberation in Algiers M 1945 Served briefly as president of the provisional French government (1945-46) E 1969 Forced to resign as president of France after his national referendum on political reform was defeated M de Kooning, Willem 1948 First one-man show M 1904 Netherlands born US artist B De Koven, Henry Louis Reginald 1859 American composer and conductor born in Connetocut (d. 1920) B 1920 Composed the opera Rip Van Winkle C De la Warr, Thomas West, baron 1577 Born B 1610 Became the first English governor of Virginia M De Leon, Daniel 1852 Born B 1995 Helped found the Industrial Workers of the World F de Loutherbourg, Philippe-Jacques 1740 Born B 1812 Died D De Luca, Giuseppe 1876 Italian baritone born in Rome (d. 1950) B De Lucia, Fernando 1860 Italian tenor born in Naples (d. 1925) B De Maria, Walter 1935 Born B De Mille, Cecil Blount 1913 produced the first US feature film, "The Squaw Man" O de Piles, Roger 1635 Born B 1709 Died D De Quincey, Thomas 1785 English writer famous for his essays B De Reszke, Edouard 1853 Polish bass born in Warsaw (d. 1925) B De Reszke, Jean lMieczyslaw, Janr 1850 Polish tenor born in Warsaw (d. 1925) B 1902 Retired to concentrate on teaching M De Reszke, Josephine 1855 Polish soprano born in Warsaw (d. 1891) B De Sabata, Victor lVittorior 1892 Italian conductor and composer born in Trieste (d. 1967) B De Saram, Rohan 1939 Sri Lankan cellist B De Smet, Pierre Jean 1801 French Jesuit missionary who served as mediator in disputes between settlers and Indians B De Soto, Hernando 1500 Spanish explorer who is believed to be first white man to cross the Mississippi River B De Valera, Eamon 1882 Born B 1917 Became president of Sinn Fein 1917-26 M De Vito, Gioconda 1907 English violinist of Italian birth B De Wet, Christiaan Rudolph 1902 Writes The Three Years' War about his service as general in South Africa's Boer War M De Wint, Peter 1784 Born B 1849 Died D de-Stalinization 1956 USSR political program instituted by N. Khrushchev M Dead Sea Scrolls 1947 Discovered M Deak, Francis 1848 After Hungarian Revolution, he become acknowledged leader of his country M Deakin, Alfred 1903 Elected as prime minister of Australia 1903-04 / 1905-08 / 1909-10 E Deakin, Arthur 1945 Headed the World Federation of Trade Unions M Dean, Stafford (Roderick) 1937 English bass born in Surrey B Dean, Winton (Basil) 1916 English music scholar and writer born in Birkenhead B Deane, Silas 1737 American Revolutionary politician and first US foreign diplomat B Dearborn, Henry 1751 American soldier and statesman B Dearnley, Christopher (Hugh) 1930 English organist born in Wolverhampton B Deas, (James) Stewart 1903 Scottish teacher, writer, conductor and organist born in Edinburgh (d. 1985) B Debussy, Achille-Claude 1826 French composer and critic born in St Germain-en-Laye (d. 1918) B 1884 Won the prix de Rome Z Debussy, Claude 1862 French composer of impressionistic works B Decatur, Stephen 1779 US naval officer B Decembrist Conspiracy 1825 First modern revolutionary uprising in Russian history W Decius 249 Ascends to position as Roman emperor R Decker, Franz-Paul 1922 German conductor born in Cologne B Decree of Canopus -238 Written M 1866 Discovered M Decsey, Ernst (Heinrich Franz) 1870 Austrian critic and author born in Hamburg (d. 1941) B Deere, John 1868 Founded Deere & Company F Deering lDeringr, Richard c.1580 English composer and organist born in Kent (d. 1630) B Defauw, Desire 1885 American violinist and conductor born in Ghent, Belgium B Defence of India Act 1915 British legislation passed to quell nationalist revolts in India T Defenestration of Prague 1618 Incident signalling the beginning of Bohemian revolt against Habsburg rule M Defoe, Daniel 1660 English author of, amongst others, Robinson Crusoe was born B Degas, (Hilaire Germain) Edgar 1834 Born B 1865 Painted his "The Chrysanthemums" A Degas, Edgar 1834 Born B 1917 Died D 1855 Entered Ecole des Beaux-Arts M Dekkers, Adrian 1938 Born B 1974 Died D Del Mar, Norman (Rene) 1919 English conductor, horn-player and author born in Hampstaed (d. 1994) B 1944 Founded the Chelsea Symphony Orchestra F Del Monaco, Mario 1915 Italian tenor born in Florence (d. 1982) B Del Tredici, David (Walter) 1937 American composer and pianist born in California B 1980 Won the Pulitzer Prize in Music Z Delacote, Jacques 1942 French conductor B Delacroix, Eugene 1798 Born B 1863 Died D 1832 Visited Morocco M Delannoy, Marcel Francois Georges 1898 French composer born in La Ferte Alain (d. 1962) B Delany, Martin Robinson 1812 Born B 1843 Founded the newspaper "Mystery" F Delaroche, Paul 1797 Born B 1856 Died D Delaunay, Robert 1885 Born B 1941 Died D Delaunay-Terk, Sonia 1885 Born B 1979 Died D Delaware 1787 Delaware, first state of the US is first to ratify the constitution F 1897 Adopted its constitution M Delaware Indians 1720 Conquered by the Iroquois W Delcasse, Theophile 1852 Born B 1898 Appointed French foreign minister 1898-1905 / 1914-15 M Delescluze, Louis-Charles 1809 Born B 1871 Became a leader of the Paris Commune M Delhi 1638 Became capital of the Mughal Empire M 1739 Sacked by the Persian Nadire Shah W 1803 Occupied by the British W 1911 Became capitol of India 1911-31 M Delhi Pact 1931 British Indian agreement signed T 1950 Agreement between India and Pakistan completed T Delhi Sultanate 1192 First Muslim empire in India founded F Delian League -478 League of Greek city-states constituted to oppose the threat of a Persian invasion F Delibes, (Clement Philibert) Leo 1836 French composer and organist born near Le Mans (d. 1891) B Delisle, Guillaume 1675 French cartographer B Delius, Fritz later Frederick (Theodor Albert) 1862 English composr born in Bradford (d. 1934) B 1922 Developed the first signs of progressive paralysis M Della Casa, Lisa 1919 Swiss soprano born in Burgdorf B 1953 Made the first commercial recording of Vier letzte Leider M Deller, Alfred (George) 1912 English countertenor born in Margate (d. 1979) B Dello Joio, Norman 1913 American composer, pianist and organist born in New York B Delogu, Gaetano 1934 Italian conductor born in Messina B Delorme, Philibert 1510 French Renaissance architect B Delphi Charioteer 1896 Greek bronze statue of a standing charioteer B Delsarte, Francois Alexandre Nicolas Cheri 1811 French tenor born in Solesmes B Delvaux, Paul 1897 Born B Delvincourt, Claude 1888 French composer born in Paris (d. 1954) B DeMain, John (Lee) 1944 America conductor born in Ohio B Demantius, Christoph 1567 German-Bohemian composer born in Reichenberg (d.1643) Demessieux, Jeanne Marie-Madeleine 1921 French organist and composer born in Montpellier (d. 1968) B 1962 Became the first woman invited to play in Westminster Abbey M Demetrius I -187 Born B -337 Born B -138 Became King of Macedon 294-288 BC M Demetrius II -145 Became King of Syria 145-39 & 129-25 BC R -139 Captured and held by the Pathians for 10 years M Democratic Centralists 1919 Endorsed by the 7th Soviet Congress M Democratic League 1941 Chinese political group founded F Democratic party 1792 Democratic Republican party (now the Democratic Party) formed F 1828 Adopted its present name M Demosthenes -326 Poisons himself after taking part in an unsuccessful rebellion D Dempsey, Gregory 1931 Australian tenor born in Melbourne B Demus, Jorg (Wolfgang) 1928 Austrian pianist born in St. Polten B Demuth, Charles 1883 Born B 1935 Died D Demuth, Norman 1898 English composer, conductor, author and teacher born in Croydon (d. 1968) B Dench, Chris 1953 English composer born in London B 1984 Awarded the Kranichsteiner Prize Z Deng Xiaoping 1902 Born B 1956 Became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 1956-67 M 1967 Purged during the Cultural Revolution M 1973 Was rehabilitated M Denhof Opera Company 1910 Short-lived oprera company formed by Denhof F Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 1918 Succeeds Russian General L.G. Kornilov as supreme commander to White Army M Denis, Maurice 1943 Died D 1870 French artist who led the Symbolist movement born B Denison, John (Law) 1911 English horn player born in Surrey B 1960 Awarded CBE Z Denisov, Edison 1929 Russian composer born in Tomsk B Denmark 1013 Conquest of England, by Sweyn, son of Harold Bluetooth W 1665 P. Griffenweld wrote the King's Law, justifying absolute monarchy T 1945 Social Democratic party becomes the leading political force M Denny, Robyn 1930 Born B Denon, Dominique-Vivant, Baron 1747 Born B 1825 Died D Dent, Edward (Joseph) 1876 English scholar, author and teacher born in Yorkshire (d. 1957) B 1919 Helped to found the British Music Society F Denzler, Robert 1892 Swiss conductor and composer born in Zurich (d. 1972) B Deogaon, Treaty of 1803 Indian-British treaty signed T Depretis, Agostino 1813 Born B 1862 Served as Minister of Public Works in Italy M 1876 Became premier of Italy 1876-1887 E der Kinderen, Antonius Johannes 1859 Born B 1925 Died D Derain, Andre 1880 Born B 1954 Died D Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th earl of 1799 Born B 1833 Abolished West Indian slavery as colonial secretary M Dermota, Anton 1910 Auatrian tenor born in Kropa (d.1989) B Dernesch, Helga 1939 Australian soprano and later mezzo-soprano born in Vienna B Derrida, Jacques 1967 M Deruet, Claude 1588 Born B 1660 Died D Desargues, Gerard 1593 French mathematician and a founder of modern geometry B Descartes, Rene 1596 French mathematician, scientist and father of modern philosophy was born B 1637 Published Discourse on Method A Desderi, Claudio 1943 Italian baritone and conductor born in Alessandria B Desiderio da Settignano 1428 Born B 1464 Died D Desiderius 774 Defeated at Pavia by Charlemagne W Desjardins, Martin 1637 Born B 1694 Died D Desmarets, Henry 1661 French composer born in Paris (d. 1741) B Desmond, Astra 1893 English mezzo-soprano born in Torquay (d. 1973) B Desmond, earls of 1329 Title of Irish nobility first given to Maurice Fitzgerald M Desormiere, Roger 1898 French conductor and composer born in Vichy (d. 1963) B Despiau, Charles 1874 Born B 1946 Died D Desportes, Alexandre-Francois 1661 Born B 1743 Died D Despres lDesprez, des Pres, and several other spellingsr, Josquin 1440 French-Flemish composer born in Picardy (d. 1521) B Dessalines, Jean Jacques 1758 Born B 1804 Became emperor of Haiti 1804-1806 R Dessau, Paul 1894 German composer and conductor born in Hamburg (d. 1979) Destinn, Emmy lKittl, Emar 1878 Czech soprano born in Prague (d. 1930) B Destouches, Andre-Cardinal 1672 French composer born in Paris (d.1749) B Detroit Symphony Orchestra 1914 Founded F Deulino, Truce of 1619 Treaty that brought about a 14 year truce during Russia's Time of Troubles T Deuteronomic Reform c.-621 Religious reform movement in the kingdom of Judah M Deutsch, Niklaus Manuel 1484 Born B 1530 Died D Deutsch, Otto Erich 1883 Austro-English music scholar born in Vienna (d. 1967) B Deverell, Walter Howell 1827 Born B 1854 Died D Devienne, Francois 1759 Dfrench woodwind player born in Joinville (d. 1803) B Devis, Arthur 1711 Born B 1787 Died D Devolution, War of 1667 Attempt (1667-68) by which French king Louis XIV tried to conquer the Netherlands W Dewar, Sir James 1899 Solidifies hydrogen S Dewey, George 1898 As American admiral, defeats Spanish squadron in Manila during the Spanish-American War W Dewey, Melvil 1851 Born B Dexter, John 1925 English stage director born in Derby (d. 1990) B Di Stefano, Giuseppe 1921 Italian tenor born near Catania B Diabelli, Antonio 1781 Austrian conductor and composer born in 1858 B Diaghilev, Serge lDyagilev, Sergeyr (Pavlovich) 1872 Russian impressario born in Novgorod (d. 1929) B Diaghilev, Sergei Pavlovich 1872 Born B 1929 Died D 1909 Founded the Ballet Russe F Diamand, Peter 1913 Dutch administrator born in Charlottenburg B Diamond, David (Leo) 1915 American composer born in Rochester B 1937 Won a Julliard Award Z 1939 Won Guggenheim Fellowship Z 1938 Won Guggenheim Fellowship Z Diane de Poitiers 1536 Becomes mistress of Henry II of France exerting a greater influence on the king than his own wife M Diaz de la Pena, Narcisse-Virgile 1807 Born B 1876 Died D 1837 Became member of the Barbazon group of landscape painters M Diaz, Justino 1940 Puerto Rican bass-baritone born in San Juan B Diaz, Porfirio 1830 Born B 1877 Became president of Mexico 1877-80 / 1884-1911 E Dibdin, Charles 1745 English composer, impresario and singer born in Southampton (d. 1814) B Dickens, Charles 1812 English novelist and one of the world's greatest writers was born B Dickie, Murray 1924 Scottish tenor and producer born near Glasgow B Dickinson, Edwin 1891 Born B 1978 Died D Dickinson, Emily 1830 One of the great American poets was born B Dickinson, Peter 1934 English composer and pianist born in Lytham St. Annes B Dickinson, Preston 1891 Born B 1930 Died D Diderot, Denis 1784 Died D 1713 Born B 1745 Became editor of the Encyclopedie 1745-72 M Dido and Aeneas c.1683 Opera by Purcell C Diebenkorn, Richard 1922 Born B 1993 Died D Diemen, Anton van 1636 Appointed Governor general of the Dutch East India company E Dien Bien Phu, Battle of 1954 Vietnamese victory over the French W Diepenbrock, Alphons 1862 Dutch composer born in Amsterdam (d. 1921) B Dieppe raid 1942 Experimental commando attack by the Allies during WWII where more than two-thirds of mostly Canadian troops were lost W Dieren, Bernard van 1887 Dutch composer born in Rotterdam (d. 1936) B Diesel, Rudolf Christian Karl 1892 Invents the internal-combustion engine S Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst 1712 Born B 1774 Died D Dietterlin, Wendel 1550 Born B 1599 Died D Dieupart, Charles c.1670 French violinist and composer (d.1740) B Digby, Sir Kenelm 1660 Appointed chancellor to Queen Henrietta Maria in France M Diggers 1649 Founded F Diller, Burgoyne 1906 Born B 1965 Died D Dillinger, John 1902 Born B Dillon, James 1950 Scottish composer born in Glasgow B Dimitrova, Ghena 1941 Bulgarian soprano born in Beglej B Dine, Jim 1935 Born B Ding Ling 1904 Born B 1957 Expelled from the Communist Party of China M Diniz 1279 Ascends the throne as King of Portugal R 1317 Founds the Portuguese navy F Diocletian 245 Born B 284 Roman emperor 284-305 R Dion of Syracuse -409 Born B Dionysius the Elder -430 Born B -405 Tyrant of Syracuse 405-367 BC M Dionysius the Younger -368 Born B -356 Expelled by Dion M Diori, Hamani 1960 Leads Niger to complete independence from France0 M Dippel, (Johann) Andreas 1866 German tenor and impresario born in Kassel (d. 1932) B Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice 1933 Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics with E. Schrodinger Z Directory 1795 Became French First Republic during the French Revolution 1795-1799 F Disarmament Conference 1932 Founded F Disney, Walt 1901 American movie producer and inventor of Mickey Mouse was born B Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st earl of Beaconsfield 1868 British author, statesman and prime minister (1868,1874-80) E Dissonanzen Quartett 1785 Mozart composed his String Quartet No. 19, which was given thi nickname C Distler, Hugo 1908 German composer and organist born in Nuremberg (d.1942) B District of Columbia 1800 Government of US moved from Philadelphia to Washington M Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von 1739 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d. 1799) B 1773 Ennobled M Divine, Father 1882 American black religious leader born George Baker B Dix, Dorothea Lynde 1802 American social reformer B Dix, Otto 1891 Born B 1969 Died D 1927 Appointed teacher at the Dresden Academy M Dixie 1859 Song composed for minstrel show by Daniel Decatur Emmett M Dixon, (Charles) Dean 1915 American conductor born in New York (d.1976) B Djibouti 1896 Became territory of the French Union 1896-1946 M 1958 Entered French community M Dmitry 1591 Murdered D Dobbs, Mattiwilda 1925 American coloratura soprano born in Atlanta B 1951 Won first prize in Geneva Festival Z Dobell, Sir William 1899 Born B 1970 Died D 1943 Won Archibald Prize for portaiture Z Dobrowen, Issay 1891 Russian-born conductor, pianist and composer born in Nizhny Novgorod (d. 1953) B Dobrowolski, Andrzej 1921 Polish composer and teacher born in Lwow B Dobson, Frank 1886 Born B 1963 Died D 1888 English sculptor B Dobson, William 1611 Born B 1946 Died D Doctors' Plot 1953 Russian Stalinist conspiracy whereby Stalin announced that 10 prominent Russian doctors were American agents who plotted to murder Communist leaders M Dodge, Charles 1942 American composer born in Iowa B 1980 Became professor at City University of New York M Dodgson, Stephen 1924 English composer born in London B Doenitz, Karl 1891 Born B 1946 Sentenced at the Nurnberg war trials M Doesburg, Theo van 1883 Born B 1931 Died D 1917 Founded the association of rtists called De Stijl F Dogen 1200 Japanese philosopher and teacher B Dohnanyi, Christoph von 1929 German conductor born in Berlin B Dohnanyi, Erno lErnst vonr 1877 Hungarian-born conductor, composer and pianist born in Bratislava (d. 1960) B Doktor, Paul (Karl) 1919 Austrian-born violist (d. 1989) B Dolci, Carlo 1616 Born B 1686 Died D Dole, Sanford Ballard 1900 Appointed governor of the US Territory of Hawaii E Dolet, Etienne 1509 Born B 1546 Executed for heresy after publishing a work allegedly denying the soul's immortality D Dollfuss, Engelbert 1934 Assassinated by Austrian Nazis attempting a takeover D Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von 1799 Born B Dolmetsch, Arnold 1858 Swiss musician and instrument-maker born in Le Mans (d. 1940) B Domaninska, Libuse lKlobaskova, Vycichlovar 1924 Czech. soprano born in Brno B Domenichino 1581 Born B 1641 Died D Domenico Veneziano 1461 Died D Domesday Book 1086 First major survey of England carried out for taxation purposes leads to the production of the Doomsday Book T Domgraf-Fassbander, Willi 1897 German baritone born in Aachen (d. 1978) B Domingo, Placido 1941 Spanish tenor and conductor born in Madrid B 1962 Became a member of the Israeli National Opera M Dominguez, Oralia 1928 Mexican mezzo-soprano born in S. Luis Potosi B Dominican Republic 1844 Dominican Republic established F Dominicans 1216 Important order of Catholic friars formed in France F Domitian 81 Ascends the throne as Roman emperor (81-96) R Domnich, Heinrich 1767 German virtuoso horn-player born in Wurzburg (d. 1844) B Don Cossacks 1835 Became a special military caste F Donatello 1466 Died D 1430 Visited Rome where impoacted by antique art M 1404 Assistant to Ghiberti until 1407 M 1386 Italian Renaissance sculptor born B Donath, Helen lErwin, Helenr 1940 American soprano born in Texas B Donatoni, Franco 1927 Italian composer born in Verona B Donch, Karl 1915 German bass-baritone born in Hagen B Dongen, Kees van 1877 Born B 1968 Died D Donington, Robert 1907 English author, composer,musicologist and authority on old instruments (d. 1990) B Doniphan, Alexander William 1808 Born B Donizetti, Gaetano 1797 Italian composer born in Bergamo (d. 1848) B 1837 Became professor at Naples Conservatory M Donkey's Tail 1912 Exhibition organized in Moscow by Larionov and Goncharova M Donne, John 1572 English metaphysical poet born B 1615 Ordained as an Angelican priest M Donnelly, Ignatius 1831 Born B Donner party 1846 Group of emigrants to California trapped all winter by snow M Donner, Georg Raphael 1693 Born B 1741 Died D Donohoe, Peter 1953 English pianist and conductor born in Manchester B Doolittle, Gen. James H. 1896 American aviator and war hero who led the first US bombing raid against Tokyo during WWII following Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor B Dorati, Antal 1906 Hungarian-born conductor born in Budapest (d. 1988) B 1938 Conducted the original Ballet Russe M Dore, Gustave 1832 Born B 1883 Died D Doret, Gustave 1866 Swiss composer and conductor born in Aigle (d. 1943) B Dorfmann, Ania 1899 Russian pianist born in Odessa (d. 1984) B Doria, Andrea 1468 Born B 1522 Fought for Frances I of France W Dornier, Claudius 1884 Born B Dorow, Dorothy 1930 English soprano born in London B Dorr, Thomas Wilson 1805 Born B Dorward, David (Campbell) 1933 Scottish composer born in Dundee B Dossi, Dosso 1490 Born B 1542 Died D Dost, Muhammad 1793 Born B Dostoyevsky, Feodor Mikhailovich 1821 Russian novelist and one of the world's greatest writers was born B 1849 Exiled to Siberia M Dou, Gerrit 1613 Born B 1675 Died D 1628 Became first pupil of Rembrandt O Doubleday, Abner 1819 Born B 1908 Invented baseball M Doughty, Thomas 1793 Born B 1856 Died D Douglas (Leigh Pemberton), Nigel 1929 English tenor born in Kent B Douglas, (Richard) Roy 1907 English composer, arranger and music editor born in Tunbridge Wells B Douglas, Barry 1960 British pianist born in Belfast B Douglas, Clifford Hugh 1879 Born B Douglas, Clive (Martin) 1903 Australiian conductor and composer born in Victoria (d. 1977) B Douglas, James 1932 Scottish composer, pianist and organist born in Dumbarton B Douglas, Stephen Arnold 1813 Born B 1843 Became Congressman of Illinois 1843-47 M 1847 Became senator 1847-61 M Douglas, William Orville 1939 US Supreme Court jsutice appointed by Roosevelt 1939-75 M 1898 Born B Douglas-Home, Sir Alexander Frederick 1903 Born B 1931 Entered Parliament as a Conservative M 1937 Became secretary to N. Chamberlain 1937-39 M Douglass, Frederick 1817 Born B 1938 Escaped slavery M 1882 Wrote the Life and Times of Frederick Douglass A Doumer, Paul 1857 President of the French Third Republic B Doumergue, Gaston 1863 Born B 1924 Became president of the Third French Republic 1924-31 M Dove, Arthur 1880 Born B 1946 Died D Dover, Treaty of 1670 Anglo-French secret treaty T Doves Press 1900 Private printing press founded at Hammersmith F Dow, Dorothy 1920 American soprano born in Houston B Dow, Herbert Henry 1866 American chemist who founded the Dow Chemical Corporation B Dowd, (Eric) Ronald 1914 Australian tenor born in Sydney (d. 1990) B Dowie, John Alexander 1847 Born B Dowland, John 1563 English composer, singer and lutenist born in London (d. 1626) B 1598 Became lutenist to King of Denmark M Downes, (Sir) Edward (Thomas) 1924 English conductor and horn-player B 1972 Became musical director and chief conductor , Australian Opera M Downes, Ralph (William) 1924 English conductor and horn-player born in Birmingham B Downman, John 1750 Born B 1824 Died D Doyle, Richard 1824 Born B 1883 Died D Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 1859 English author, inventor of the character Sherlock Holmes, was born B Dozsa Rebellion 1514 Hungarian peasant revolt Draft riots 1863 Mass rioting in New York City During American Civil War M Drago Doctrine 1907 International law proposal advanced by Luis Drago at the Hague Conference T Dragonetti, Domenico 1763 Italian virtuoso on double-bass (d. 1846) B Drake, Edwin Laurentine 1859 First oil-producing well in the US drilled by E.L. Drake O Drake, Sir Francis 1540 English navigator and adventurer was born B 1572 Undertook raiding missions against Spanish colonies in the Americas W 1588 Served as vice-admiral against the Spanish Armada M Drdla, Frantisek (Franz) 1869 Czech. violinist and composer born in Moravia (d. 1944) B Drebbel, Cornelis Jacobszoon 1620 Designed the first navigable submarine T Dred Scott Case 1857 US Supreme Court case involving a slave taken from a slave state to a free state M Dreier, Katherine S. 1877 Born B 1952 Died D Dresden, Battle of 1813 Battle of Napoleonic Wars W Dresden, Treaty of 1745 Treaty between Austria and Prussia, ending the Second Silesian War T Drew, Daniel 1797 Born B Drew, David 1930 English music critic and publisher born in London B Dreyfus Affair 1894 French national controversy over the army's refusal to recognise the false conviction of a Jewish captain M Drigo, Riccardo 1846 Italian composer and conductor born in Padua (d. 1930) Droeshout, Martin 1601 Born B Drottningholm. 1754 Swedish opera house first built on Lake Malaren F Drouais, Francois-Hubert 1727 Born B 1775 Died D Drouet, Louis Francois-Philippe 1792 French flautist born in Amsterdam (d. 1873) B Droysen, Johann Gustav 1808 German politician and historian who wrote a 14-volume political history of Prussia B Druckman, Jacob 1928 American composer born in Philadelphia B Drummond, (Sir) John (Richard Gray) 1934 English administrator and producer born in London B Drury Lane Theatre 1663 Opened the original building of this oldest English theater M Drury, Alfred 1856 Born B 1944 Died D Dryden, John 1631 Born B Drysdale, Sir Russell 1912 Born B 1981 Died D Du Bois, W(illiam) E(dward) B(urghardt) 1868 Born B 1909 Founder of the NAACP F Du Fay, Guillaume 1397 French composer born near Brussels (d. 1474) B 1434 Sang in the papal chapel M Du Guesclin, Bertrand 1320 Born B Du Maurier, Daphne 1907 English author born B Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 1739 Born B Du Pont, Eleuthere Irenee 1771 Born B Du Pont, Pierre Samuel 1739 Born B Du Pont, Samuel Francis 1803 Born B Du Pre, Jacqueline 1945 English cellist born in London (d. 1987) B 1961 Made debut recital at Wgmore Hall m Dual Monarchy 1867 Established by the Ausgleich F Duarte 1433 Ascends to the throne as Portuguese king (1433-38) R Dubcek, Alexander 1921 Born B 1967 Became first secretary of the Czechoslavakian Communist Party O Dubensky, Arkady 1890 Russian-born violinist and composer born in Vyatka (d. 1966) B Dubois, (Francois Clement) Theodore 1837 French composer, organist and teacher born in Rosnay (d. 1924) B Dubois, Ambroise 1542 Born B 1614 Died D Dubreuil, Toussaint 1561 Born B 1602 Died D Dubroeucq, Jacques 1500 Born B 1584 Died D Dubuffet, Jean 1901 Born B 1985 Died D Duca, Giacomo del 1520 Born B 1601 Died D Duccio di Buoninsegna 1278 Born B 1318 Died D Duchamp, Marcel 1968 Died D 1913 Invented the ready made with a bicycle wheelmounted on a kitchen stool A 1887 Born B Duchamp-Villon, Raymond 1876 Born B 1918 Died D Duchesne, Andre 1584 French historian noted for his compilations of sources of French and Norman histories B Duer, William 1747 Born B 1792 Imprisoned for debt M Dufay, Guillaume c.1400 Flemish composer who innovated four-part music and musical notation and made use of counter-point B Dufour, Guillaume Henri 1787 Swiss general serving in French army under Napolean B Dufresnoy, Charles-Alphonse 1611 Born B 1668 Died D Dufy, Raoul 1877 Born B 1953 Died D Dughet, Gaspard 1615 Born B 1675 Died D Dujardin, Karel 1622 Born B 1678 Died D Dukas, Paul 1897 Writes "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" A 1865 French composer born in Paris (d. 1935) B 1888 Won 2nd prize, Prix de Rome Z Dukelsky, Vladimir 1903 Russian-born composer born in Parfianovka (d.1969) B Dulles, John Foster 1888 US cold war secretary of state (1953-59) born B Dumas, Alexandre (1802-70) 1802 French novelist and dramatist born B 1824 Born B Dumouriez, Charles Francois 1739 Born B Dunant, Jean Henry 1864 Red Cross founded by Nobel Peace Prize winner J.H. Dunant F Dunayevsky, Isaak 1900 Russian composer born in Lokhvitsa (d. 1955) B Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st viscount 1649 Born B Dunes, Battle of the 1658 Spanish army defeated by the French, near Dunkirk W Dunhill, Thomas (Frederick) 1877 English composer and writer born in London (d. 1946) B 1899 Became assistant music master, Eton College B Duni, Egidio Romualdo 1708 Italian composer born in Matera (d. 1775) B Dunkirk 1940 Site of heroic evacuation of some 340,000 British and French troops trapped by advancing Germans early in WWII W Dunlap, William 1766 Born B 1839 Died D Dunois, Jean, comte de 1436 Helped to capture Paris as a general in the French army W Dunoyer de Segonzac, Andre 1884 Born B 1974 Died D Dunstable lDunstapler, John 1390 English composer born in London (D. 1453) B Duparc, (Marie Eugene) Henri (Fouquesm) 1848 French composer born in Paris (d. 1933) B Duphly, Jacques 1715 French composer and harpsichordist born in Rouen (d. 1789) B Dupleix, Joseph Francois, marquis 1697 Born B Dupont, Gabriel (Edouard Xavier) 1878 French composer born in Caen (d.1914) B Dupont, Gainsborough 1754 Born B 1797 Died D Duport, Jean Louis 1749 French cellist and composer born in Paris (d. 1819) B Duport, Jean Pierre 1741 French cellist born in Paris (d. 1818) B Dupplin Moor, Battle of 1332 Battle of the Scottish Civil War W Dupre, Desmond (John) 1945 English lutenist, guitarist and viol player born in London (d. 1974) B Dupre, Marcel 1886 French organist born in Rouen (d. 1971) B 1914 Won the Prix de Rome Z Duprez, Gilbert(mLouis) 1806 French tenor, composer and teacher born in Paris (d. 1896) B Dupuis, Thomas Sanders 1733 English organist and composer (d. 1796) B Duque Cornejo, Pedro 1678 Born B 1757 Died D Duquesnoy, Francois 1594 Born B 1643 Died D Durand Line 1893 Boundary line established to divide Afghanistan from British territories in India, later to become border between Afghanistan and Pakistan F Durand, Asher B. 1796 Born B 1886 Died D Durand-Ruel, Paul 1831 Born B 1922 Died D Durant, Will 1885 American philosopher and historian B Durant, William Crapo 1908 Founded General Motors F 1911 Founded the Chevrolet Motor Company F Durante, Francesco 1648 Italian composer and teacher born in Frattamaggiore (d. 1755) B Duranty, Edmond 1833 Born B 1880 Died D Durer, Albrecht 1471 Born B 1528 Died D Durey, Louis 1888 French composer born in Paris (d. 1979) B Durham, John George Lampton, 1st earl of 1792 Born B Durkheim, Emile 1893 Writes sociological work entitled "The Division of Labor in Society" M Durko, Zsolt 1934 Hungarian composer born in Szeged B Durr, Alfred 1918 German musicologist and writer born in Charlottenburg B Durrell, Lawrence George 1912 British novelist born B Durufle, Maurice 1902 French composer and organist born in Louviers (d. 1986) B Duryea, Charles Edgar 1892 Builds one of the first successful automobiles S Dusart, Cornelis 1660 Born B 1704 Died D Dusek (Hambacher), Josefa 1754 Bohemian soprano, composer and pianist born in Prague (d. 1824) B Dusek lDussekr, Jan Ladislav 1760 Bohemian pianist and composer born in Caslav (d. 1812) B Dushkin, Samuel 1891 American violinist of Polish birth born in Suwalki (d. 1976) B Dutch East India Company 1602 Dutch colonial trading company founded 1602-1798 F Dutch Wars 1652 First (1652-54) of three wars ending in Treaty of Westminster with England winning favorable terms from the United Provinces W 1664 War is renewed (1664-67) this time ending with Treaty of Breda where Dutch's gains largely outweigh those of English, but English gained colonies of New Netherland W 1672 Third War (1672-78) ending with Treaties of Nijmegen with terms generally favorable to France W Dutch West India Company 1621 Dutch colonial trading organization (1621-1791) F Dutilleux, Henri 1916 French composer born in Angers B Dutoit, Charles (Edouard) 1936 Swiss violist and conductor born in Lausanne B Dutra, Eurico Gaspar 1946 Becomes president of Brazil by which he restores constitutional democracy and improved relations with the US M Duval, Denise 1921 French soprano born in Paris B Duvalier, Francois 1907 Born B 1957 Elected president of Haiti M Duveen, Joseph 1869 Born B 1939 Died D Duvernoy, Frederic Nicolas 1765 French horn player and composer born in Montbeliard(d. 1838) B Duvet, Jean 1485 Born B 1561/70 Died D Dux, Claire 1885 Polish soprano born in Witkowicz (d. 1967) B Duyster, Willem Cornelisz 1599 Born B 1635 Died D Dvorak, Anton 1841 Czech composer born B Dvorak, Antonin (Leopold) 1841 Czech Composer born in Bohemia, the son of a village butcher (d. 1904) B 1870 Composed his first opera, Alfred C 1901 Became director of the Prague Conservatoire M 1891 Became honorary doctor of music, Cambride University M Dvorakova, Ludmila 1923 Czech soprano born in Kolin B Dvorsky, Peter 1951 Slovak tenor born in Partizanske B dyarchy 1919 Governmental system introduced in India by the British M Dyce, William 1806 Born B 1864 Died D Dyck, Sir Anthony van 1599 Born B 1641 Died D 1609 Began apprenticeship with Hendrick van Balen M 1618 Became master in the painter's guild M Dykes, John Bacchus 1823 English church composer born in Hull (d. 1876) B Dylan, Bob lZimmerman, Robert Allenr 1941 American singer and songwriter born in Duluth B Dyrrhachium, Battle of -48 Setback for Caesar in his campaign against Pompey W Dyson, (Sir) George 1883 English composer, teacher and organist born in Halifax (d. 1964) B Dzerzhinsky, Ivan 1909 Russian composer born in Tambov (d. 1978) B Eaglen, Jane 1901 Scottish soprano born in Paisley (d.1950) B Eakins, Thomas 1844 Born B 1916 Died D 1876 Began teaching at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts M Eames, Emma (Hayden) 1865 American soprano born in Shanghai (d.1952) B Earhart, Amelia 1932 Became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic O 1898 Born B 1937 Disappeared in an apparent crash somewhere over the Pacific D 1935 Became the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California O Earl, Ralph 1751 Born B 1801 Died D Earlom, Richard 1743 Born B 1822 Died D Easter Rebellion 1915 Revolt in Ireland against British rule W Eastern Solomons, Battle of 1942 Naval battle for Guadalcanal in which the Americans defeated the Japanese W Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock 1793 Born B 1865 Died D Eastman, George 1880 Developed a process for making photographic dry plates S 1888 Founded the Eastman Kodak company and produced the firts Kodak camera F 1854 American industrialist born in Waterville, New York (d. 1932) B 1884 Founded Eastman Dry Plate and Film Co. F Easton, Florence (Gertrude) 1882 English soprano born in Yorkshire (d. 1955) B Eastwood, Thomas (Hugh) 1922 English composer born in Hawley, Hamptonshire B Eaton, John Henry 1790 Born B 1818 Elected as US Senator from Tennessee (1818-29) E 1828 Eaton married his new wife, the recent widow of a local inn keeper M 1831 Eaton was forced to resign as US secretary of war because Washington society refused to accept his new wife M Eaton, Theophilus 1590 Born B 1639 Founded and became first governor of New Haven (1639-58) F 1656 Drafted a code of laws for New Haven T Eben, Petr 1929 Czech composer and pianist born in Zamberk, Czechoslavakia B Ebert, (Anton) Carl 1887 German-born oparatic producer and impressario born in Berlin (d. 1980) B Ebert, Friedrich 1871 Born B 1919 Became first president of the German Weimar Republic (1919-25) E 1920 Put down The infamous Kapp Putsch W 1919 Put down uprisings by the left-wing Spartacus party W Eckersberg, Christoffer Wilhelm 1783 Born B 1853 Died D Eckhardt-Gramatte, Sophie-Carmen (Sonia) 1899 Russian-born Canadian composer, violinist and pianist born in Moscow (d. 1974) B Eckhart, Meister 1260 Born B 1327 Accused of heresy by the Catholic church M 1329 His teachings were condemned by the pope M ecumenical movement 1910 The World Missionary Conference was established F 1921 The International missionary Council was founded F Eda-Pierre, Christiane 1932 French soprano born in Martinique B Eddy, Mary Baker 1821 Born B 1908 Founded "The Christian Science Monitor" F Edelfelt, Albert 1854 Born B 1905 Died D Edelinck, Gerard 1640 Born B 1707 Died D Edelmann, Otto (Karl) 1917 Austrian bass born in Brunn B Eden, Robert Anthony, 1897 Born B 1935 Served as foreign minister of Britain (1935-38) E 1955 Elected as prime minister of Britain (1955-57) E Eder, Helmut 1916 Austrian composer born in Linz B Edgar 959 King of the English (959-975) R Edict of Emancipation 1861 Edict issued in Russia freeing the serfs (approx. 1/3rd of the population) T Edict of Milan 313 Decree granting Christians religious freedom in the Roman Empire T Edinburgh Festival 1947 3-week annual international festival founded F Edison, Thomas Alva 1847 Famous American inventor and holder of 1,069 US patents was born B Edward I 1272 English king 1272-1307 R Edward II 1307 English king 1307-27 R Edward III 1327 English king 1327-77 R Edward IV 1461 English king (1461-70/1471-83) R Edward the Black Prince 1330 Born B 1363 Ruled aquitaine (1363-72) R Edward the Confessor 1042 English king 1042-66 R Edward V 1483 English king (1483) R Edward VI 1547 English king (1547-53) R Edward VII 1901 English king (1901-10) R Edward VIII 1936 Crowned king of England R 1936 Was forced to abdicate M Edwards, Edward 1738 Born B 1806 Died D Edwards, Jonathan 1703 Born B 1754 Wrote "Freedom of the Will" P Edwards, Ross 1943 Australian composer born in Sydney B Edwards, Sian 1959 English conductor born in Sussex, England B Eeckhout, Gerbrandt van den 1621 Born B 1974 Died D Egg, Augustus 1816 Born B 1863 Died D Egk, (Mayer) Werner 1901 German composer and conductor born in Bavaria (d. 1983) B 1941 Became head of the German Union of Composers M Egypt -3400 Hieroglyphic writing begins to be used in Egypt M 1361 The boy king Tutankhamen rules in Ancient Egypt R -332 Alexander The Great conquered Egypt W -30 Egypt fell under Roman rule W 969 Cairo founded by Fatimids F 1922 British unilaterally declare Egyptian independence M 1171 Saladin restores Egypt to the Abbasid caliphs M Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 1979 Treaty ending some thirty years of hostility between the two countries was signed T Eichmann, Adolf 1960 Senior German Nazi official tried and hanged in Israel M Eiffel Tower 1889 Paris landmark built for the Paris Exposition A Eight, The 1908 A group of American painters who exhibited together M Eighth Route Army 1937 Formed F Eimert, Herbert 1897 German composer and theorist born in Bad Kreuznach (d. 1972) B Einaudi, Luigi 1874 Born B 1943 Exiled from Italy (1943-45) M 1948 Was elected as first president of the Italian Republic E 1947 Became Italian minister of the budget E Einem, Gottfried von 1918 Austrian composer born in Berne B Einstein, Albert 1879 One of the most important scientists of all time born in Germany B 1913 Einstein developed his general theory of relativity S 1919 Part of the general theory of relativity is proved by observation S 1933 Is forced to flee Nazi Germany M Einstein, Alfred 1880 German scholar and writer born in Munich (d. 1952) B Einthoven, Willem 1860 Born B 1903 Developed the electro cardiogram S 1924 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Z Eisenhower, Dwight David 1953 34th US president (1953-61) and WW II general E 1890 Born B 1943 Became supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe M 1950 Became the first NATO commander (1950-52) M 1942 Became US and the Allied commander in North Africa (WW II) M Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich 1898 Born B Eisler, Hanns 1898 German composer born in Leipzig (d. 1962) B 1933 Exiled from Nazi Germany for his political beliefs M 1947 Exiled from USA for his political beliefs M Elder, Mark (Philip) 1947 English conductor and bassoonist born in Hexham, England B 1989 Awarded the C.B.E Z Elgar, (Sir) Edward (William) 1857 English composer and conductor born in Worcester (d. 1934) B 1893 Composed the first in a series of secular cantatas C 1904 Knighted after composing Land of Hope and Glory Z 1897 Composed an imperial march for Queen Victoria's Silver Jubilee, which she requested be included in the celebrations C 1933 Made Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order Z Elgar, Sir Edward William 1857 Born B Elgin, James Bruce, 8th earl of 1811 Born B 1842 Appointed governor of Jamaica (1842-46) M 1847 Appointed governor of Canada (1847-54) M Elias, Brian (David) 1948 English composer born in Bombay, India B Eliasson, Anders 1947 Swedish composer born in Borlange, Sweden B Eliasz., Nicolaes 1590/1 Born B 1654/6 Died D Elijah 875 Born B Eliot, Charles William 1834 Born B 1869 Became president of Harvard University (1869-1909) M Eliot, George 1819 Born B Eliot, Thomas Stearns 1888 Born B 1914 Moved to and settled in England M 1927 Became a British subject M Elizabeth (1709-62) 1741 Empress of Russia (1741-62) R Elizabeth I 1558 English queen (1558-1603), successor to Mary I R 1563 Promulgated the thirty-nine articles of the Anglican faith M 1587 Sanctioned the execution of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots M Elizabeth II 1952 British queen (1952-) R 1947 Married Philip Mountbatten M Elizalde, Federico 1907 Spanish composer, conductor and pianist born in Manila (d. 1979) B Elkins, Stephen Benton 1841 Born B 1891 Appointed as secretary of war under President B. Harrison (1891-93) M 1895 Elected senator from West Virginia (1895-1911) E Eller, Heino 1887 Estonian composer born in Tartu (d. 1970) Ellington, Duke 1899 American composer, pianist and jazz-band leader born in Washington (d. 1974) B 1927 First appeared at The Cotton Club M Ellis lElsasr, Mary 1900 American born English soprano B Ellis, David 1933 English composer and administrator born in Liverpool B Ellsworth, Lincoln 1880 Born B 1926 Accompanied Amundsen on the first flight across the North Polar Basin O 1935 Became the first person to fly across Antarctica O Ellsworth, Oliver 1745 Born B 1787 Co-authored the Conneticut Compromise M 1796 Appointed as third chief justice to the US Supreme Court (1796-1800) M Ellsworth, Warren 1950 American tenor born in Worcester (d. 1993) B Elman, Mischa 1950 American tenorborn in Talnoye, Russia (d. 1967) B Eloy, Jean-Claude 1938 French composer born in Mount Saint Aignan near Rouen B Elsheimer, Adam 1578 Born B 1610 Died D Elwes, Gervase (Cary) 1866 English tenor born in Northampton (d. 1921) B Elzevir, Louis 1540 Born B 1617 Died D 1583 Founded the family business of book publishers F Emancipation Proclamation 1863 Proclamation issued which freed slaves in the Confederacy T Embargo Act 1807 US legislation halted all exports from the US T Emboabas, War of the 1708 Civil war in eastern Brazil (1708-09) W Emerson, Ralph Waldo 1803 American poet, essayist and lecturer, a leading exponent of Transcendentalism B Emin Pasha, Mehmed 1840 German explorer B Emmanuel Philibert 1553 Duke of Savoy (1553-80) R Emmet, Robert 1778 Irish nationalist leader B Empedocles -490 Greek philosopher from Sicily B Endecott, John 1629 English colonist who founded the Massachusetts Bay Co. and its first governor (1629-30) F Enesco, Georges 1881 Rumanian violinist, teacher of Yehudi Menuhin B Enescu, George lEnesco, Georgesr Romanian composer, violinist and conductor born in B Engelbrechtsz., Cornelis 1468 Born B 1527 Died D Engels, Friedrich 1820 German socialist philosopher who helped Marx to found communism was born B English Bach Festival 1963 Annual series of concerts and operas founded B English Baroque Soloists 1978 Period ensemble founded B English Chamber Orchestra 1948 Orchestra founded to perform baroque music B English Civil Wars 1626 Charles I dissolved English parliament, precipitating the English Civil War W 1644 Parlaimentary New Model Army formed M 1649 King Charles beheaded, Commonwealth proclaimed in England T English Music Theatre 1946 Founded as the English Opera Group B 1976 Changed name to English Music Theatre M English National Opera 1968 Moved to the London Coliseum from Sadler's Wells B 1974 Assumed this name M Englund, (Sven) Einar 1916 Finnish composer, conductor, pianist and writer born in Gotland, Sweden B Ensor, James 1860 Born B 1949 Died D Entente Cordiale 1904 Britain and France agreed spheres of influence around the world to avoid confrontation T 1907 Russia joined the treaty, making it the Triple Alliance T Entremont, Philippe 1934 French pianist and conductor born in Rheims, France B Enver Pasha 1908 Turkish general and virtual ruler of Ottoman Empire during WW I W Eotvos, Peter 1944 Hungarian conductor and composer born in Szekelyudvarhely B Ephesus, Council of 432 A.D. Third ecumenical council called by Roman emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian T Epstein, Matthew 1832 Croation pianist and professor B Epstein, Sir Jacob 1959 Died D 1880 American-born sculptor B Eragny Press 1894 Private printing press established by Lucien Pissarro F Erasmus 1466 Dutch theologian and one of the great humanist thinkers was born B Erastus, Thomas 1524 Swiss physician B Erb, Donald James 1927 American composer born in Ohio B 1988 Became composer-in-residence, St Louis Symphony Orchestra M Erede, Alberto 1908 Italian conductor born in Genoa B Erfurt Parliament 1850 Meeting between Prussia and German states T Erhard, Ludwig 1963 German chancellor (1963-66) E Eric IX 1150 King of Sweden 1150-60 R Eric the Red 986 Norse explorer who founded the first colony in Greenland F Eric VII 1389 King of Norway (1389-1439), Sweden (1412-39), and Denmark (1412-39) R Eric XIV 1560 King of Sweden (1560-68) R Erickson, Robert 1917 American composer born in Michigan B Ericsson, John 1836 Swedish engineer who invented the screw propeller S Erkel, Ferenc 1893 Hungarian composer born in Gyula (d. 1893) B Ermler, Mark 1932 Russian conductor born in Leningrad B Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm 1814 Moravian violinist and composer born in Brno (d. 1865) B 1855 Settled in London M Ernst, Max 1976 Died D 1919 Became leader of Cologne Dada group M 1938 Broke with the Surrealist movement M 1891 German Dada artist born B Eros, Peter 1932 Hungarian conductor born in Budapest B Errard, Charles 1606 Born B 1689 Died D 1666 Became first director of the French Academy in Rome M Erskine, Thomas, 1st baron 1750 Scottish jurist B Esarhaddon -681 King of Assyria R Eschenbach lRingmannr, Christoph 1940 German pianist and conductor born in Breslau B 1965 Won first prize in Clara Haskil competition Z Escher, M. C. 1898 Born B 1972 Died D Escher, Rudolf George 1912 Dutch composer born in Amsterdam (d. 1980) B Escobar, Pedro de 1925 Colombian composer and diplomat born in Villapinzon, Colombia B 1966 Founded Colombia Philharmonic F Escorial 1584 Monestary founded by Juan Beautiste de Toledo F Espartero, Baldomero 1854 Spanish general and prime minister (1854-56) E Espert, Nuria 1935 Spanish stage director born in Barcelona B Espla (y Triay), Oscar 1886 Spanish composer born in Alicante (d. 1976) B Esposito, Michele 1855 Italian composer and pianist born in Castellammare, Naples (d. 1929) B Esquivel, Antonio Maria 1806 Born B 1857 Died D Essad Pasha 1914 Albanian dictator (1914-16) R Essex House Press 1898 Private printing-press F Essex, Robert Devereux, 2d earl of 1567 English courtier and favorite of Elizabeth I B Esswood, Paul (Lawrence Vincent) 1942 English countertenor born in West Bridgeford B Estes, Simon (Lamont) 1938 American bass baritone born in Iowa B Estonia 1918 Estonia became an independent republic F Estrada, Carlos 1909 Uruguayan composer and conductor born in Montevideo (d. 1970) B Et Exspecto Resurrectionem Mortuorum 1964 Orchesteral work composed by Messiaen in this year C Etchells, Frederick 1886 Born B 1973 Died D Ethical Culture movement 1876 A nonsectarian movement founded by Adler in New York F Ethiopia 1916 Ras-Tafari rules Ethiopia as regent R 1930 Haile Selassi crowned as Emperor of Ethiopia R Etler, Alvin 1913 American composer and oboist born in Battle Creek, Iowa (d. 1973) B Etty, William 1787 Born B 1849 Died D Euclid -300 Greek mathematician B Eudes 888 French king (888-98) R Eugene III 1143 Italian-born Pope 1145-53 R Eugene IV 1431 Italian-born Pope (1431-47) R Eugene of Savoy, Prince 1663 Great French-born general B Euler, Leonhard 1707 Swiss mathematician B Euric 466 King of the Visigoths (466-84) R Euripides -406 Great tragic poet of ancient Greece B European Economic Community 1957 Belgium, France,Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and West Germany establish the EEC F European Free Trade Association 1959 Trade group organized by nations outside the EEC F European Parliament 1958 Legislative arm of the European Community organized F Euston Road School 1937 Group of painters centered around the School of Drawing and Painting founded F Eutaw Springs, Battle of 1781 American Revolutionary War battle W Evans, (Sir) Geraint (Llewellyn) 1922 Welsh baritone born in Pontypridd (d. 1992) B 1959 Awarded the C.B.E Z 1971 Knighted Z Evans, Anne 1941 English soprano born in London B Evans, Edwin 1874 English critic born in London (d. 1945) B Evans, Nancy 1915 English mezzo-soprano B 1991 Awarded the O.B.E Z Evatt, Herbert Vere 1894 Australian statesman B Evenepoel, Henri 1872 Born B 1899 Died D Everding, August 1928 German stage director and administrator B Everdingen, Allart van 1621 Born B 1675 Died D Evergood, Philip 1901 Born B 1973 Died D Evesham, Battle of 1265 Decisive battle in the Barons' War W Evesham, Epiphanius 1570 Born B 1633 Died D Evstatieva, Stefka 1947 Bulgarian soprano born in Ruse B Ewell, Richard Stoddert 1817 Confederate general during American Civil War B Ewing, Maria (Louise) 1950 American mezzo-soprano born in Detroit B Expedition of the Thousand 1860 Gaibaldi conquered the Kingdom of Naples W Exter, Aleksandra 1882 Born B 1949 Died D Eybler, Joseph Leopold Edler von 1765 Austrian composer born in Schwechat (d. 1846) B Eyck, Charles Hubert 1897 Born B 1962 Died D Eyck, Jan van 1441 Died D 1422 Entered service of the Count of Holland M 1390 Flemish realist painter born B Eylau, Battle of 1807 Battle during the Napoleonic Wars W Fabian Society 1883 English Socialist society F Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus -315 Roman general and dictator (315 B.C.) R Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus -217 Roman general and dictator (217 B.C.) R Fabritius, Carel 1622 Born B 1654 Died D Faccio, Franco (Francesco Antonio) 1840 Italian conductor and composer born in Verona (d. 1891) B Fachiri (d'Aranyi), Adila 1886 Hungarian-born violinist (d. 1962) B Fagan, Gideon 1904 South African B Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel 1686 German physicist who invented the Farenheit temperature scale and the mercury thermometer was born B Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar 1854 French colonial governor of Senegal (1854-61, 1863-65) R Fair Deal 1949 President Truman's domestic program T Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 American labor law regulating wage and hours T Fairfax of Cameron, Thomas, 3d Baron 1612 English general during Civil Wars W Fairfax, Bryan (Lancelot Beresford) 1930 Australian conductor and violinist born in Sydney B Faisal 1964 Saudi Arabian king (1964-75) R Faisal I 1920 King of Syria (1920) and Iraq (1921-33) R Faisal II 1939 Last king of Iraq (1939-58) R Faithorne, William 1616 Born B 1691 Died D Falange 1933 Spanish political party under Franco F Falcone, Aniello 1607 Born B 1656 Died D Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 1716 Born B 1791 Died D 1782 Statue of Peter the Great unveiled in Leningrad A Falk, Robert 1888 Born B 1958 Died D Falkland Islands, Battle of 1914 Naval engagement between the British and Germans W Falkland, Lucius Cary, 2d viscount 1640 Member of the Short and Long Parliaments E Falkner, (Sir) (Donald) Keith 1900 English baritone and administrator born in Sawston (d. 1994) B Falla, Manuel de Falla y Matheu, Manuel Maria de 1876 Spanish composer and pianist born in Cadiz (d. 1946) B 1905 Won Madrid Academy of Fine Arts prize Z Fallen Timbers, Battle of 1912 US Senator convicted of receiving bribes (1912-21) E Fallieres, (Clement) Armand 1906 French president (1906-13) E Fallows, David (Nicholas) 1945 English musicologist born in Buxton B Falstaff 1893 Comic opera in 3 acts by Verdi produced in Milan M Fancelli, Domenico di Alessandro 1469 Born B 1519 Died D Fanfani, Amintore 1954 Italian prime minister (1954, 1958-9, 1960-63) E Fanshawe, David 1942 English composer born in Devon B Fantin-Latour, Henri 1836 Born B 1904 Died D Faraday, Michael 1791 British physicist and chemist born B Fargo, William George 1850 American pioneer in express delivery, a founder of the American Express Co.& Wells, Fargo & Co.(1852) F Farinelli lBroschi, Carlor 1705 Italian cstrato singer born in Andria (d. 1782) B Farington, Joseph 1747 Born B 1821 Died D Farkas, Ferenc 1905 Hungarian composer born in Nagykanizsa B Farley, Carole (Ann) 1946 American soprano born in Iowa B 1969 Stage debut Linz Landestheater O 1975 NY Met debut O Farnaby, Giles 1563 English composer of madrigals, music for virginals, canzonets, psalm-tunes et(d. 1640) B Farncombe, Charles (Frederick) 1919 English conductor B Farnese 1545 Italian family that ruled the duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1545-1731) R Farnese, Elizabeth 1714 Spanish queen, wife of Philip V R Farnon, Robert (Joseph) 1917 Canadian composer and conductor born in Toronto B Farouk I 1936 Egyptian Pharaoh c1350-1315 BC R Farrar, Ernest (Bristow) 1885 English composer and organist born in Lewisham (Killed at the Somme WW I, 1918) B Farrar, Geraldine 1882 American soprano born in Massachusetts (d. 1967) B 1901 Debuted in the Berlin Court Opera O 1906 Debuted at the NY Met O Farrell, Eileen 1920 American soprano born in Connecticut B Fasano, Renato 1902 Italian conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1979) B Fashoda Incident 1898 Diplomatic crisis between Britain and Sudan W Fassbaender, Brigitte 1939 German mezzo-soprano and producer born in Berlin B Fatimid 909 Muslim dynasty that ruled an empire in North Africa (909-1171) R Faulkner, William 1897 One of the great 20th century American writers born B Faure, Felix 1895 French president (1895-99) E Faure, Gabriel (Urbain) 1845 French composer and organist born in Pamiers (d. 1924) B 1877 Began work on his most famous piece, his Requiem C Faust 1859 Opera in 5 acts produced in Paris O Fautrier, Jean 1898 Born B 1964 Died D February Manifesto 1899 Russian proclamation declaring that the tsar had the right to overrule Finland's constitution T February Revolution 1848 Revolution in France that brought about the abdication of King Louis Philippe W Federal Art Project 1935 A project instituted by the US Government F Federalist party c1790 America's first political party F Fedor I 1584 Russian Tsar (1584-98) r Fedor II 1605 Russian Tsar (1605) r Fedor III 1676 Russian Tsar (1676-82) r Fedoseyev, Vladimir (Ivanovich) 1932 Russian conductor born in Leningrad B Feininger, Lyonel 1871 Born B 1956 Died D 1912 Became linked with the Section d'Or branch of Cubism M Felciano, Richard (James) 1930 American composer born in California B Feldman, Morton 1926 American composer born in New York (d. 1987) B Felibien des Avaux, Andre 1619 Born B 1695 Died D Fellini, Federico 1920 Innovative Italian film director born B Fellowes, E(dmund) >H(orace) 1870 English musicologist and editor born in London (d. 1951) B Felsenstein, Walter 1901 Austrian opera producer and actor born in Vienna (d. 1975) B Felton, Rebecca Latimer 1922 Became the first woman to serve in the US Senate (Oct.-Nov.) O Fenby, Eric (William) 1906 English organist, composer and teacher born in Scarborough B 1962 Awarded Order of the British Empire Z Fenian movement 1858 Irish nationalist movement M Fennell, Frederick 1914 American conductor born in Ohio B Feodotov, Pavel 1815 Born B 1852 Died D Ferber, Edna 1887 American novelist, short story writer and Pulitzer prize winner was born B Ferdinand (1861-1948) 1908 French president (1895-99) R Ferdinand (1865-1927) 1914 Rumanian king (1914-27) R Ferdinand I (1345-83) 1367 Portuguese king (1367-83) R Ferdinand I (1503-64) 1558 Holy Roman Emperor (1558-64) R Ferdinand I (1751-1825) 1816 King of the two Sicilies (1816-25) R Ferdinand I (d. 1065) 1035 Spanish king of Castile 1035-65 R Ferdinand II (1578-1637) 1619 Holy Roman Emperor (1619-37) R Ferdinand II (1810-59) 1830 King of the two Sicilies (1830-59) R Ferdinand II (1816-85) 1837 Titular king of Portugal (1837-53) R Ferdinand III (1199-1252) 1217 King of Castile 1217-52 R Ferdinand III (1608-57) 1637 Holy Roman Emperor (1637-57) R Ferdinand IV 1295 Spanish king of Castile 1295-1312 R Ferdinand V 1452 Spanish king R Ferdinand VI 1746 Spanish king R Ferdinand VII 1808 Spanish king R Ferguson, Howard 1908 Northern Irish composer, pianist and teacher born in Belfast B Fergusson, John Duncan 1874 Born B 1961 Died D Ferlinghetti, Lawrence 1919 American beat poet and publisher born B Fernandez, Alejo 1470 Born B 1543 Died D Fernandez, Gregorio 1576 Born B 1636 Died D Ferneyhough, Brian 1943 English composer born in Coventry B 1987 Became professor of music, University of California m Ferrabosco, Alfonso (composer) 1543 Italian composer born in Bologna (d. 1588) B Ferrabosco, Alfonso (violinist) 1575 Violinist born in Greenwich (d. 1628) B Ferrara-Florence, Council of 1438 Council convened to attempt to end the schism between the latin and Greek churches t Ferrari, Gaudenzio 1471/81 Born B 1546 Died D Ferrari, Luc 1929 French composer born in Paris B Ferraro, Geraldine 1984 Became the first woman selected as vice-presidential candidate for a major US party O Ferrier, Kathleen (Mary) 1912 English contralto born in Lancashire (d. 1953) B 1937 Won Rose Bowl, Carlisle singing competition Z Fesca, Friedrich (Ernst) 1789 German violinist and composer (d. 1826) B Festing, Michael (Christian) 1680 English violinist and composer born in London (d. 1752) B Feti, Domenico 1589 Born B 1623 Died D Fetis, Francois (Joseph) 1784 Belgian critic, historian, composer and organist (d. 1871) B Fetterman Massacre 1866 Massacre of 80 US soldiers during the Sioux Wars W Feuerbach, Anselm 1829 Born B 1880 Died D Fez 790 Muslim holy city founded in Morocco F Ffrangcon-Davies, David (Thomas) 1855 Welsh baritone born in Bethesda (d. 1918) B Fiala, George 1922 Russian-born Canadian composer (d. 1922) B Fiala, Joseph 1754 Czechoslovakian cmposer, oboist and cellist born in Donaueschingen (d. 1816) B Fianna Fail 1921 Irish political party F Fibich, Zdenek (Antonin Vaclav) 1850 Czech composer born in Vseboice (d. 1900) B Ficher, Jacobo 1896 Russian composer and violinist born in Odessa (d. 1978) B Fiedler, Arthur 1894 American conductor born in Massachusetts (d. 1979) B Field, Helen 1951 Welsh soprano born in North Wales B Field, John 1782 Irish pianist and composer born in Dublin (d. 1837) B Fielding, Anthony Vandyke Copley 1787 Born B 1855 Died D Fielding, Henry 1707 Great English writer whose works include Tom Jones was born B Fifteen Years' War 1591 Austria and the Ottoman Empire at war W Figari, Pedro 1861 Born B 1938 Died D Filarete 1400 Born B 1469 Died D 1461 Wrote Treatise of Architecture M Filla, Emil 1882 Born B 1953 Died D Fille mal gardee, La 1789 Two-act ballet produced in Bordeaux M Fillmore, Millard 1850 US President (1850-53) E Filonov, Pavel 1883 Born B 1941 Died D Finch, Alfred William 1854 Born B 1930 Died D Finck lvan de Vinckr, Herman 1872 English composer and conductor born in London (d.1939) B Fine, Irving 1914 American composer and critic born in Massachusetts (d. 1962) B Fine, Vivian 1913 American composer born in Chicago B Finger, Gottfried 1660 Moravian composer born in Olomouc B Finiguerra, Maso 1426 Born B 1464 Died D Finland 1812 Helsinki became capital of Finland in place of Turku M Finney, Ross Lee 1906 American composer and teacher born in Minnesota B Finnie, Linda 1952 Scottish mezzo-soprano B 1974 Won Ferrier Prize Z Finnila, Birgit 1931 Swedish contralto born in Falkenberg B Finnish War of Independence 1918 Civil war fought by anti-Communist Finns W Finnissy, Michael (Peter) 1946 English composer and pianist born in London B 1989 Took a teaching post at University of Sussex m Finzi, Gerald (Raphael) 1901 English composer born in London (d. 1946) B 1930 Taught composition at the Rpyal Academy of Music M Fioravanti, Valentino 1764 Italian composer born in Rome (d. 1837) B Firkusny, Rudolf 1912 American pianist born in Czechoslovakia (d. 1994) B Firsova, Elena 1950 Russian composer born in Leningrad B 1993 Became professor and composer-in-residence, Keele University m Fischer, Adam 1949 Hungarian conductor born in Budapest B Fischer, Edwin 1886 Swiss pianist and conductor born in Basle (d. 1960) B Fischer, Gyorgy 1935 Hungarian pianist and conductor born in Budapest B Fischer, Ivan 1951 Hungarian composer born in Budapest B 1976 Won Rupert Foundation competition in England Z Fischer, Johann (Christian) 1733 German oboist and composer born in Freiburg in Breisgau (d. 1800) B Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich 1925 German baritone and conductor born in Berlin B 1957 Joined the Vienna State Opera M Fiser, Lubos 1935 Czechoslovakian composer born in Prague B Fisher, Sylvia (Gwendoline Victoria) 1910 Australian soprano born in Melbourne B Fitelberg, Grzegorz 1879 Polish conductor, violinist and composer born in Latvia (d. 1953) B Fitzgerald, Ella 1918 American singer born in Virginia B Fitzgerald, F. Scott 1896 American novelist and short-story writer of the "jazz age" was born B Fitzwilliam Museum 1816 Museum and art gallery at the University of Cambridge F Five-Year Plan 1928 First of a series of economic programs designed by Stalin to increase productivity M Fjeldstad, Oivin 1903 Norwegian conductor, composer and violin teacher born in Christiana (d. 1983) B Flagello, Nicolas (Oreste) 1928 American composer and conductor born in New York B Flagstad, Kirsten (Malfrid) 1895 Norwegian soprano born in Hamar (d. 1962) B Flaherty, Robert Joseph 1884 American movie director, explorer and writer was born B Flanagan, William 1923 American composer and critic born in Detroit (d. 1969) B Flandrin, Hippolyte 1809 Born B 1864 Died D Flaubert, Gustave 1856 Flaubert, great realist French writer prosecuted over his novel Madame Bovary A Flavin, Dan 1933 Born B Flaxman, John 1755 Born B 1826 Died D 1787 Went to Rome to direct the Wedgewood Studio M Fledermaus, Die 1874 Operetta in 3 acts by J. Strauss II composed C Fleisher, Leon 1928 American pianist and conductor born in California B Fleming, Amaryllis 1920 English cellist born in London B 1952 Won Queen's prize Z Fleming, Sir Alexander 1881 Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner born B Flesch, Carl 1873 Hungarian violinist born in Moson (d. 1944) B Flicke, Gerlach 1558 Died D Fliegende Hollander, Der 1840 Opera in 3 acts by Wagner composed C Flinck, Govert 1615 Born B 1660 Died D Flint, Sir William Russell 1880 Born B 1969 Died D Flonzaley Quartet 1902 String quartet founded by patron E.J. de Coppet F Flor, Claus Peter 1953 German conductor born in Leipzig B Florence 1434 Medici family take control of Florence and retain it until 1737 M Florida 1845 Florida, the 27th US state granted statehood F Floros, Constantin 1930 German musicologist born in Greece B Flothuis, Marius (Hendrikus) 1914 Dutch composer, musicologist and composer born in Amsterdam B Flotner, Peter 1495 Born B 1546 Died D Flotow, Friedrich von 1812 German composer born in Teutendorf (d. 1883) B Floyd, Carlisle 1926 American composer born in Latta, S. Carolina B Focillon, Henri 1881 Born B 1943 Died D Fogg, (Charles William) Eric 1903 English composer born in London (d. 1939) B 1919 His Dance Fantasy won a Cobbett prize z Fokine, Mikhail (Mikhaylovich) lMichelr 1880 Russian dancer and choreographer born I St. Petersburg (d. 1942) B Foldes, Andor 1913 Hungarian-born American pianist and composer (d. 1992) B Folquet de Marseille 1155 French troubadour born in Marseilles d. 1231 B Fongaard, Bjorn 1919 Norwegian composer and guitarist born in Christiana (d. 1980) B Fontana, Lucio 1899 Born B 1968 Died D 1934 Joined the Abstract-Creation group in Paris M Fontana, Prospero 1512 Born B 1597 Died D Foote, Arthur (William) 1853 American composer and organist born in Massachusetts (d. 1937) B Foppa, Vincenzo 1427 Born B 1515 Died D Forain, Jean-Louis 1852 Born B 1968 Died D Forbes, Sebastian 1941 English composer and organist born in Amersham B Ford, Andrew 1957 English composer born in Liverpool B Ford, Bruce 1956 American tenor born in Texas B Ford, Gerald Rudolph, Jr. 1974 38th US president (1974-77) E Ford, Henry 1903 Ford Motor Co., and new means of mass production founded F Forment, Damian 1475 Born B 1540 Died D Forqueray, Antoine 1672 French player of viola da gamba and composer born in Paris (d. 1745) B Forrester, Maureen (Katherine Stewart) 1930 Canadian contralto born in Montreal B 1966 Became head of the vocal department, Philadelphia Music Academy m Forster, Edward Morgan 1879 English novelist, essayist and critic born B Forster, Josef (Bohuslav) 1859 Czech composer, organist and critic born in Detenice (d. 1951) B 1922 Became professor at the Prague Conservatory M Forsyth, Cecil 1870 English violinist , conductor, composer and musicologist born in Greenwich (d. 1941) B Forsyth, Malcolm (Denis) 1936 Canadian composer, trombonist, conductor and teacher born in South Africa B Fortner, Wolfgang 1907 German compoer, conductor and teacher born in Leipzig (d. 1987) B Fortuny y Carbo, Mariano 1838 Born B 1874 Died D Forza del Destino, La 1862 Four-act opera by Verdi first performed in St. Petersburg P Foss lFuchsr, Lukas 1922 German-born American composer, pianist and conductor born in Berlin B Foster, Lawrence 1941 American conductor born in California B Foster, Muriel 1877 English mezzo seprano born in Sunderland (d. 1937) B Foster, Myles Birket 1825 Born B 1899 Died D Foster, Stephen (Collins) 1826 American composer born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania (d. 1864) B Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon 1819 French physicist born B Foujita, Tsuguharu 1886 Born B 1968 Died D Foulds, John (Herbert) 1880 English composer and cellist born in Manchester (d. 1939) B 1906 Was English composer-delegate to the Essen Music Festival M 1937 Appointed director of music, All-India radio, Delhi m Fouquet, Jean 1420 Born B 1481 Died D Fournet, Jean 1913 French conductor B Fournier, Pierre 1906 French cellist born in Paris (d. 1986) B Fowler, Jennifer 1939 Australian composer born in Banbury B Fragonard, Jean-Honore 1732 Born B 1806 Died D 1752 Won Prix de Rome Z 1765 Became member of the Academy M Frampton, Sir George 1860 Born B 1928 Died D Francaix, Jean 1912 French composer and pianist born in Le Mans B France -58 Caesar conquered Gaul (France) W 1200 University of Paris, the first great western university F 1429 Joan of Ac lifted siege of Orleans W 1789 French revolution W 1589 House of Bourbon in power RF Francesco di Giorgio 1439 Born B 1501/2 Died D Franchetti, (Baron) Alberto 1860 Italian composer born in Turin (d. 1942) B 1926 Became director, Florence Conservatory M Francia 1450 Born B 1517 Died D Francis of Assisi, Saint 1224 First instance of "stigmata" recognised by the Catholic church O 1182 Italian monk, founder of the franciscan order and quickest beatification of any saint B Francis, Sam 1923 Born B Franciscans 1209 Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi F Franck, Cesar (Auguste-Jean-Guillaume-Hubert) 1822 Belgian-born French composer born in Liege (d. 1890) B 1872 Became Professor of organ, Paris Conservatoire M 1885 Awarded Chevalier du Legion d'Honneur Z Franck, Johann Wolfgang 1644 German composer born in Unterschwaingen B Franco, Francisco 1936 Spanish general became fascist dictator of Spain (1936-1975) M 1892 Born B Franco-Prussian War 1870 War between France and Prussia which had far reaching effects for the future of both France and a united Germany W Frankel, Benjamin 1906 English composer and conductor (d. 1973) B Frankenstein, Alfred (Victor) 1906 American critic of music and art born in Chicago (d. 1981) B Frankenthaler, Helen 1928 Born B Frankl, Peter 1935 Hungarian born pianist born in Budapest B Franklin, Benjamin 1706 American publisher, scientist, author, statesman and diplomat was born B Franklin, David 1908 English bass born in London B Franqueville, Pierre 1548 Born B 1615 Died D Frantz, Ferdinand 1906 German bass-baritone born in Cassel (d. 1892) B Frantz, Justus 1944 German pianist born in Hohensalza B Franz lKnauthr, Robert 1815 German composer born in Halle (d. 1892) B Freccia, Massimo 1906 Italian conductor and composer born in Florence B Frederick the Great (Friedrich II, King of Prussia) 1712 German sovereign, composer, flautist and patron of music (d. 1786) B Fredman, Myer 1932 English conductor born in Plymouth, England B Free French 1940 Military wing of the French Committee of National Defence F Freed, Isadore 1900 Russian born conductor and pianist born in Brest-Litovsk (d. 1960) B Freedman, Harry 1922 Polish born Canadian composer born in Lod B Freeman, David 1952 Australian director born in Sydney B Freemasons 1717 Grand lodge of Freemasons formed in England F Freminet, Martin 1567 Born B 1619 Died D Fremstad, Olive lRundquist, Oliviar 1871 Swedish soprano born in Stockholm (d. 1951) B French Academy 1835 Formally established by Cardinal Richelieu to regulate French language F French Equatorial Africa 1839 First French settlements in French Equatorial Africa M French Guiana 1604 First French settlements in Guiana M French Morocco 1956 French Morocco incorporated into the Kingdom of Morocco M French, Daniel Chester 1850 Born B 1931 Died D Freni lFregnir, Mirella 1935 Italian soprano born in Modena B Frescobaldi, Girolamo 1583 Italian composer and organist born in Ferrara (d. 1643) B 1628 Became organist at Florentine court M Fretwell, Elizabeth 1922 Australian soprano born in Melbourne B 1977 Awarded the O.B.E Z Freud, Lucian 1922 Born B 1951 Interior at Paddington won a prize at the Festival of Britain Z Freud, Sigmund 1856 Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis was born B Freund, Marya 1876 French (polish born) soprano and teacher (d. 1966) B Freundlich, Otto 1878 Born B 1943 Died D Frey, Paul 1942 Canadian tenor born in Heidelberg, Toronto B Frick, Gottlob 1906 German bass born in Olbronn B Frick, Henry Clay 1849 Born B 1919 Died D Fricker, Peter Racine 1920 English composer born in London (d. 1990) B 1965 Became chairman of music department, University of California M Fricsay, Ferenc 1914 Hungarian conductor born in Budapest (d. 1963) B Fried, Oskar 1871 German born conductor, horn player and composer born in Berlin (d. 1941) B Friedheim, Arthur 1859 German pianist, composer and teacher born in St. Petersburg (d.1932) B Friedlaender, Walter 1873 Born B 1966 Died D Friedlander, Max J. 1867 Born B 1958 Died D Friedman, Milton 1912 Laissez-faire American economist and prolific writer born B Friedrich, Caspar David 1774 Born B 1840 Died D Friedrich, Gotz 1930 German opera producer born in Naumberg B 1980 Became intendant, Deutscher Opera, Berlin M Friend, Lionel 1945 English conductor born in London B Friesz, Othon 1879 Born B 1949 Died D Friml, Rudolf 1879 Czechoslovakian composer born in Prague (d. 1972) B Frink, Dame Elisabeth 1930 Born B 1993 Died D Friskin, James 1886 Scottish pianist and composer born in Glasgow (d. 1967) B Frith, William Powell 1819 Born B 1909 Died D Fromentin, Eugene 1820 Born B 1876 Died D Frost, Robert Lee 1875 One of the best-known American poets born B Frost, Terry 1915 Born B Fry, Roger 1866 Born B 1934 Died D Fry, William (Henry) 1813 American composer, music critic and author born in Philadelphia (d.1864) B Fuchs, Carl 1865 German cellist born in Offenbach (d. 1951) B Fuchs, Johann (Nepomuk) 1832 Austrian conductor and composer born in Frauenthal (d. 1899) B Fuchs, Joseph 1900 American violinist born in New York B Fuchs, Klaus Emil 1911 German-born physicist and Soviet spy born B Fuchs, Marta 1898 German soprano born in Stuttgart B Fuchs, Robert 1847 Austrian composer and teacher born in Frauenthal, Vienna B Fugere, Lucien 1848 French baritone born in Paris B fugitive slave laws 1793 American slave laws made the return of runaway slaves mandatory T Fuhrich, Joseph 1800 Born B 1876 Died D Fujikawa, Mayumi 1946 Japanese violinist born in Asahigawa, Japan B Fuleihan, Anis 1900 Cyprian born American composer, conductor, pianist and teacher B Fuller Maitland, J(ohn) A(lexander) 1856 English critic born in London (d. 1936) B Fuller, Isaac 1606 Born B 1672 Died D Fuller, Melville Weston 1888 Became the 8th chief justice of the Supreme Court (1888-1910) E 1833 Born B Fur Elise 1810 Bagatelle in A minor by Beethoven C Furlanetto, Ferruccio 1949 Italian bass born in Sicily B Furrer, Beat 1954 Swiss composer born in Schaffhausen B 1985 Co-founded and directed the Klang-Forum ensemble M Furst, Janos 1935 Hungarian conductor B Furstner 1868 German firm of music publishers founded B Furtwangler, (Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin) Wilhelm 1886 German conductor and composer born in Berlin (d. 1954) B Fuseli, Henry 1741 Born B 1825 Died D Fussell, Charles (Clement) 1938 American composer and conductor born in Winston-Salem N. Carolina B Fussl, Karl Heinz 1924 Czechoslovakian born Austrian composer born in Jablonec (d.1992) B Fux, Johann Joseph 1660 Austrian composer, organist and theorist born near Granz (d. 1741) B 1715 Became Kapellmeister and imperial choirmaster in Vienna M Fyt, Jan 1611 Born B 1661 Died D Gabo, Naum 1890 Born B 1977 Died D Gabon 1839 French establish their first settlement F 1960 Established as an independent republic F 1990 Ruling PDG won slim majority in first multi-party elections M Gabriel, Paul Joseph Constantin 1828 Born B 1903 Died D Gabrieli, Andrea 1510 Italian organist born in Venice (d.1586) B Gabrilowitsch, Ossip (Salomonovich) 1878 Russian born pianist, composer and conductor born in St. Petersburg (d. 1936) B Gaddi, Taddeo 1300 Born B 1366 Died D Gade, Niels (Vilhelm) 1817 Danish composer, organist and violinist, born in Copenhagen. (d. 1890) B 1834 Joined royal orchestra as a violinst. M Gadsden Purchase 1853 Treaty between the US and Mexico for the purchase of a strip of territory in northern Mexico T Gadski, Johanna 1872 German soprano born in Anklam, Prussia (d. 1932) B Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich 1961 Russian astronautbecame the first man to travel in space S Gage, Irwin 1939 American pianist born in Cleveland, Ohio B Gage, Thomas 1763 Appointed commander of British forces in North America M Gagnebin, Henri 1886 Belgian born composer and organist born in Liege (d. 1977) B Gainsborough, Thomas 1727 Born B 1788 Died D 1768 Elected a foundation member of the Royal Academy M 1770 A Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor 1955 British statesman became Labour party leader (1955-63) M 1906 Born B Gal, Hans 1890 Austrian born composer born in Brunn am Gebirge, Vienna (d. 1987) B 1964 Awarded the O.B.E Z Galamian, Ivan (Alexander) 1903 American violinist and teacher born in Tabriz, Iran (d. 1981) B Galanterien (Ger.), galanteries 1520 Italian composer and lutenist (d. 1591) B Galbraith, John Kenneth 1908 Born B 1961 Served as adviser to President J. Kennedy, and US ambassador to India (1961-63) M Galen 130 Greek physician who wrote 500 treatises on medicine and philosophy 130-200 B Galicia 1360 Becomes part of Poland M Galilee 70 After destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, the Galilee became a stronghold of Judaism M Galileo 1564 Italian mathemetician, physicist and astronomer born SB Gall 1881 Ends his war with the whites W Gallas, Matthias, graf von 1634 Serves as Imperial general (1634-45) of the Holy Roman armies during the Thirty Years' War M Gallatin, Albert 1801 Appointed US secretary of the treasury (1801-14) M Gallegos, Romulo 1947 Elected president of Venezuela E Gallen-Kallela, Akseli 1865 Born B 1931 Died D Galli-Curci, Amelita 1882 Italian soprano born in Milan (d. 1963) B Gallipoli Campaign 1915 One of the most bloody battles in WW I, in which 55,000 allied troops were lost W Gallup, George Horace 1936 Using his survey of public opinion, he successfully predicted the reelection of President F. Roosevelt M Galsworthy, John 1867 English novelist and dramatist, author of "The Forsyte Saga" was born B Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch 1867 Served briefly (1867-68) as finance minister of the newly created dominion of Canada M Galton, Sir Francis 1822 English scientist (1822-1911) who argued that talent is an inherited characteristic B Galuppi, Baldassare 1706 Italian composer born on Island of Burano near Venice (d. 1785) B Galvani, Luigi 1737 Italian physiologist (1737-1790) B Galway, James 1939 Irish flautist born in Belfast B 1977 Awarded the O.B.E Z Gama, Vasco da 1497 Sailed with four ships after being chosen by King Manuel I to find a route to India M 1524 Sent to India as a viceroy M Gamba, Piero (Pierino) 1937 Italian conductor and pianist born in Rome B Gambetta, Leon 1838 French political leader (1838-82) who served briefly as premier (1881-82) B Gambia 1455 West African republic discovered by the Portuguese M 1843 Becomes a British crown colony M 1965 Gains independence M Gandamak, Treaty of 1879 Treaty concluding the Second Afghan War between the British and Amir Yakub of Afghanistan T Gandhi, Indira 1966 Indian prime minister (1966-77/80-84) daughter of J. Nehru E Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 1869 Indian political leader and national hero, a symbol of non-violent protest and India's independence movement was born B 1948 Gandhi assasinated by a Hindu fanatic D Gang of Four 1980 Four leaders of the Chinese cultural revolution put on trial M Gao Gang 1955 Purged from the Chinese Communist government and subsequently commits suicide D Gaodi -256 Chinese emperor, founder of the Han dynasty 256-195 BC B Garamond, Claude 1561 Died D Garcia Marquez, Gabriel 1928 Colombian novelist and short-story writer B Garcia, Manuel del Populo Vicente 1775 Spanish tenor, composer and singing teacher (d. 1832) B Garcia, Maria Felicita 1805 Spanish bass and singing teacher born in Zafra, Madrid (d. 1906) B Garden, Mary 1874 American Soprano, born in Aberdeen Scotland. (d. 1967) B Gardiner, (Henry) Balfour 1877 English composer born in London (d. 1950) B Gardiner, John Eliot 1943 English conductor, born in Dorset. B 1990 Awarded the C.B.E Z Gardner, John (Linton) 1943 English composer and pianist born in Manchester, England 1917 B 1976 Awarded the C.B.E Z Garfield, James Abram 1881 20th US president (1881) E Garibaldi, Giuseppe 1807 Italian soldier and hero of the unification of Italy born B Garigliano, Battles of 1503 15,000 men under Ferdinand V decisively defeated a French invasion force under Louis XII W 1943 Heavy fighting in WWII during the Allied drive on Rome W Garner, John Nance 1933 Became US vice president (1933-41) E 1868 Born B Garofalo 1481? Born B 1559 Died D Garrett, Lesley 1955 English soprano born in Doncaster, England B Garrison, William Lloyd 1805 American abolitionist (1805-79) B Garvey, Marcus Moziah 1887 Jamaican-born American black nationalist who championed a "Back to Africa" movement (1887-1940) B Gasparini, Francesco 1688 Italian composer born in Camaiore (d. 1727) B Gasparri, Pietro 1929 Played a major role in negotiating the Lateran Treaty T Gatling, Richard Jordan 1861 Invents the Gatling gun, a crank-operated forerunner of the machine gun S Gatti, Guido (Maggiorino) 1892 Italian critic and scholar born in Chieti (d. 1973) B Gatti-Casazza, Giulio 1868 Italian impresario born in Udine (d. 1940) B Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri 1891 Born B 1915 Died D Gaugamela, Battle of -331 Decisive Macedonian victory over the Persians during Alexander the Great's wars of conquest W Gauguin, Eugene Henri Paul 1848 Famous French post-impressionist painter born B Gauguin, Paul 1848 Born B 1903 Died D 1874 Met Pissaro M Gaul -58 Caesar conquers the rest of Gaul for Rome in the Gallic Wars 58-51 BC W Gauntlett, Henry John 1805 English organist and composer born in Salop, England (d. 1876) B Gauss, Karl Friedrich 1777 Regarded as one of the greatest of all mathematicians, born in Germany (1777-1855) B Gautier, Theophile 1835 A Gavarni 1804 Born B 1866 Died D Gavazzeni, Gianandrea 1909 Italian conductor, composer and critic born in Bergamo. B Gavrilov, Andrei 1955 Russian pianist born in Moscow B Gawriloff, Saschko 1929 German violinist born in Leipzig B Gay, John 1685 B Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis 1778 French chemist and physicist known for important contributions to the study of gases (1778-1850) B Gayer lAshkenasir, Catherine 1937 American Soprano born in Los Angeles B Gazzelloni, Severino 1919 Italian flautist born in Roccasecca (d. 1992) B Geary, John White 1867 Served as governor of Pennsylvania (1867-73) M Gedda lUstinovr, Nicolai 1925 Swedish tenor of Russian descent born in Stockholm B Geertgen tot Sint Jans 1460 Born B 1490 Died D Gefors, Hans 1952 Swedish composer born in Stockholm B Geiger, Johannes Wilhelm 1928 Invents what is now known as the Geiger counter, a device for measuring radiation S Geiringer, Karl (Johannes) 1899 American musicologist born in Vienna (d. 1989) B Gelasius I 496 Pope (496-496) R Gelasius II 1118 Italian-born Pope 1118-19 R Gelder, Aert de 1914 Born B Geliot, Michael 1933 English opera and theatre producer born in London B Gellhorn, Peter 1912 German born conductor, pianist and composer born in Breslau B Geminiani, Francesco 1687 Italian violinist and composer born in Lucca (d. 1762) B Gempei War 1180 Japanese civil war 1180-85 leading to downfall of the Taira clan as military allies of the retired Emperor W Generali lMercandettir, Pietro 1773 Italian composer born in Masserano (d.1832) B Generalic, Ivan 1914 Born B Genet, Edmond Charles Edouard 1763 French diplomat (1763-1834) B Genet, Jean 1910 French dramatist - a leading proponent of the Theater of the Absurd (1910-86) B Geneva Protocol 1924 League of Nations agreement T Genghis Khan 1167 Mongol conqueror, creator of a vast Asian empire was born B Gentele, Goran Swedish impresario and opera director born in Stoc B Gentile c.1429 Born B 1507 Died D Gentile da Fabriano 1370 Born B 1427 Died D Gentileschi, Orazio 1563 Born B 1639 Died D Gentlemen's Agreement 1907 Agreement between US and Japan restricting the number of Japanese imigrants to the US T Gentz, Friedrich von 1764 Prussian political theorist in the Austrian service (1764-1832) B Genzmer, Harald 1909 German composer born in Bremen B Geoffrey of Monmouth 1135 Wrote Historia Regum Britanniae c.1135 A George I (1660-1727) 1714 Ascends to throne as elector of Hanover and king of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27) R George I (1845-1913) 1863 Ascends to throne as Greek king (1863-1913), elected sucessor to Otto I R George II (1683-1760) 1727 Succeeds his father, George I, to throne as elector of Hanover and king of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60) R George II (1890-1947) 1922 Succeeds his father, Constantine I to become Greek king (1922-23, 1935-47) R George III 1760 King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) R George IV 1820 King of England and Ireland (1820-30) R George of Podebrad 1458 Ascends to throne as Bohemian king (1458-71) R George V (1819-78) 1851 Succeeds his father to become German king, the last king of Hanover (1851-66) R George V (1865-1936) 1910 King of Great Britain (1910-36) R George VI 1936 King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1936-52) R George, Henry 1871 Developed idea that government should abolish all taxes except that on land itself M Georgia 337 Region was converted to Christianity M 654 Muslims gained control of the region W 1801 Russian annexation of Georgian lands (1801-64) W 1922 Established as a republic within the USSR F Georgia (state) 1788 Constitution ratified by Georgia, one of the original 13 states F Gerard, Francois 1462 Born B 1473 Died D Gerber, Rene 1908 Swiss composer born in Travers B Gerhard, Roberto 1896 English composer and pianist born in Valls, Tarragona. (d. 1970) B 1967 Awarded the C.B.E Z Gerhardsen, Einar Henry 1945 First post-liberation Norwegian prime minister, a post he held twice more (1945-51, 1955-63, 1963-65) E Gerhardt, Elena 1883 German born mezzo soprano born in Leipzig (d. 1961) B Gericault, Jean Louis Andre Theodore 1819 A Gericault, Theodore 1791 Born B 1824 Died D Gericke, Wilhelm 1845 Austrian conductor and composer (d. 1925) B German Confederation 1815 A loose confederation (1815-66) of 35 independent German kingdoms and 4 free cities formed largely for mutual defense F German East Africa 1885 Declared a protectorate M German, (Sir) Edward 1862 English composer born in Whitchurch. (d.1936) B Germanicus Caesar 16 As commander of Roman armies on the Rhine, defeats Arminius and his German tribes W Germantown, Battle of 1777 Battle during the American Revolution, which helped convince the French to send aid to the Americans W Germany 1815 German confederation: German states reduced to 40, under Austrian rule M 1848 Frankfurt National Assembly convened sought to form national German government F 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally, Germany divided by Allies, Nuremburg trials held to judge leading Nazis for war crimes WFM 1939 Germany invaded Poland, WW II began W 1933 Enabling Act passed, allowing Hitler to effectively by-pass the Reichstag and rule by decree M 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany M 1871 Germany united under Otto von Bismark F 1919 Treaty of Versailes signed, Weimar Republic established TF 1914 Germany declared war on Serbia, invades France, WW I W Gerome, Jean-Leon 1824 Born B 1904 Died D Gerry, Elbridge 1813 Serves as US vice-president (1813-14) E Gershwin, George 1898 One of the great American composers of the 20th cent. (1898-1937) was born B Gershwin, George lGershwin, Jacobr 1898 American composer and pianist born in Brooklyn. (d. 1937) B Gerstl, Richard 1883 Born B 1908 Died D Gertler, Andre 1907 Hungarian violinist born in Budapest B Gertler, Mark 1891 Born B 1939 Committed suicide D Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Wien 1813 Society of Friends of Music, Vienna F Gessendorf, Mechthild 1937 German soprano born in Munich B Gessner, Salomon 1730 Born B 1788 Died D Gestalt 1912 School of psychology - began with experimental work of M. Wertheimer M Gestapo 1933 Formed with the power to arrest enemies of Third Reich without judicial review F Gestel, Leo 1881 Born B 1941 Died D Gesualdo, Don Carlo 1560 Italian composer and lutenist (d. 1613) B Geszty lWitkowskyr, Sylvia 1934 Hungarian soprano born in Budapest B Getty, J. Paul 1892 Born B 1976 Died D 1954 J. Paul Getty Museum founded F Gettysburg, Battle of 1863 Union victory in American Civil War, considered the turning point of the war. W Ghana 1482 Portuguese establish first European settlement at Elmina F Ghazarian, Sona 1945 Lebanese soprano born in Beirut B Ghedini, Giorgio (Federico) 1892 Italian composer born in Cuneo (d.1965) B Gheeraerts, Marcus the Younger 1562 Born B 1636 Died D Ghent, Treaty of 1814 Treaty ending war between Great Britain and US T Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 1952 Rumanian Prime minister 1952-55 E Gheyn, Jacob de II 1565 Born B 1629 Died D Ghiaurov, Nicolai 1929 Bulgarian bass born in Velingrad B Ghiberti, Lorenzo 1378 Born B 1455 Died D Ghirlandaio, Domenico 1449 Born B 1494 Died D Giacometti, Alberto 1901 Born B 1966 Died D Giacomini, Giuseppe 1940 Italian tenor born in Vegiano, Padua B Giambologna 1529 Born B 1608 Died D Giannini, Vittorio 1903 American composer (d. 1966) B Giardini, Felice de 1716 Italian violinist and composer born in Turin (d. 1796) B Gibbings, Robert 1889 Born B 1958 Died D Gibbons, Grinling 1648 Born B 1721 Died D Gibbons, Orlando 1583 English composer, organist and virginalist born in Oxford (d. 1625) B Gibbs, (Cecil) Armstrong 1889 English comoposer born in Great Baddow (d. 1960) B Gibson, (Sir) Alexander (Drummond) 1926- Scottish conductor born in Motherwell B Gibson, John 1790 Born B 1866 Died D Gielen, Michael (Andreas) 1927- Austrian composer, conductor and pianist born in Dresden B Giersing, Harald 1881 Born B 1927 Died D Gifford, Helen (Margaret) 1935- Australian composer born in Melbourne B Gigault, Nicolas c1627 h organist and composer born in Paris (d. 1707) B Gigli, Beniamino 1890 Italian tenor born in Recanati (d. 1957) B Gigout, Eugene 1844 French organist, composer and teacher born in Nancy (d. 1925) B Gilbert and George 1943 Gilbert Proesch born B 1942 George Passmore born B 1968 Began working and living together F Gilbert, (Sir) W(illiam) S(chwenck) 1836 English poet and playwright born in London (d. 1911) B Gilbert, Anthony 1934 English composer, born in London. B Gilbert, Henry F(ranklin Belknap) 1868 American composer born in Sommerville, Mass (d. 1928) B Gilbert, Kenneth 1931- Canadian harpsichordist and organist born in Montreal B Gilbert, Sir Alfred 1854 Born B 1934 Died D Gill, Eric 1882 Born B 1940 Died D Gillis, Don 1912 American composer born in Camaron,Missouri (d. 1978) B Gillot, Claude 1673 Born B 1722 Died D Gillray, James 1757 Born B 1815 Died D Gilman, Harold 1876 Born B 1919 Died D Gilpin, Sawrey 1733 Born B 1807 Died D Gilson, Paul 1865 Belgian composer and critic born in Brussels (d. 1942) B Gimson, Ernest 1864 Born B 1919 Died D Ginastera, Alberto 1916 Argentinian composer, born in Buenos Aires. (d. 1983) B Ginner, Charles 1878 Born at Cannes B 1952 Died D Giolitti, Giovanni 1892 Five times Premier of Italy between 1892-1921 E Giordani lGiordanor, Tommaso c1733 Italian composer and conductor born in Naples (d. 1801) B Giordano, Luca 1634 Born B 1705 Died D Giorgione 1476/8 Born B 1510 Died D Giotto di Bondone 1267 Born B 1337 Died D Giovanni c.1430 Born B c.1501 Painted excellent portrait,'Doge Leonardo Loredan'. A Giovanni di Paolo 1420 Born B 1482 Died D Gipps, Ruth 1921- English composer, conductor, oboist and pianist born in Bexhill-on-Sea B Girardon, Francois 1628 Born B 1715 Died D Girodet de Roucy, Anne-Louis 1767 Born B 1824 Died D 1789 Won Prix de Rome Z Girtin, Thomas 1775 Born B 1802 Died D Giscard d'Estaing, Valery 1974 French President 1974-1981 E Giulini, Carlo Maria 1914- Italian conductor born in Barletta B Giulio Romano 1499 Born B 1546 Died D 1520 Became main artistic director for Raphael M 1515 Worked on Raphael's Stanza dell' Incendio A Giusti, Giovanni 1485 Born B 1549 Died D Glackens, William James 1870 Born B 1938 Died D Gladstone, William Ewart 1868 British prime minister 1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94 E Glanville-Hicks, Peggy 1912 Australian-born, American citizen, composer, born in Melbourne. (d. 1990) B Glaser, Werner Wolf 1910 Swedish compooser, conductor and pianist of German descent born in Cologne B Glass, Philip 1937 American composer, born in Baltimore. B Glazunov, Alexander (Konstantinovich) 1865 Russian composer, born in St Petersburg. (d. 1936) B Gleizes, Albert 1881 Born B 1953 Died D Glennie, Evelyn 1965- Scottish percussionist born in Aberdeen B Gleyre, Charles 1808 Born B 1874 Died D Gliere lGlierr, Reinhold (Moritsovich) 1875 Russian composer and conductor born in Kiev (d. 1956) B Glinka, Mikhail (Ivanovich) 1804 Russian composer, regarded as founder of national school and the first Russian composer to be accepted outside Russia. Born in Smolensk. (d.1857) B Globokar, Vinko 1934 French-born Yugoslav trombonist and composer. Born in Anderny, France. B Glock, (Sir) William (Frederick) 1908 English critic, administrator and pianist born in London B Glossop, Peter 1928- English baritone born in Sheffield B Glover, Jane 1949 English conductor and musicologist born in Yorkshire B Gluck, Alma lFiersohn, Rebar 1884 American soprano of Rumanian birth born in Bucharest (d. 1938) B Gluck, Christoph Willibald von 1714 German composer born in Erasbach, Germany. (d. 1787) B Go-Daigo 1318 Japanese Emperor 1318-19 R 1319 Exiled M Gobbi, Tito 1913 Italian baritone and opera producer born near Venice (d. 1984) B God Save The Queen (King) 1745 The tune of the British National Anthem. C Godefroid, (Dieudonne Joseph Guillaume) Felix 1818 Belgian harpist and composer born in Namur (d. 1897) B Godfrey, (Sir) Daniel 1868 English conductor born in London (d. 1939) B 1922 Knighted Z Godowsky, Leopold 1870 Polish born pianist and composer born near Vilna (d. 1938) B Godoy, Manuel de 1792 Spanish prime minister 1792-97, 1801-08. E Godunov, Boris 1598 Russian tsar 1598-1605 R Godwin, Edward William 1833 Born B 1886 Died D Goehr, (Peter) Alexander 1932 English composer born in Germany, Berlin. B Goes, Hugo van der 1482 Died D Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 1749 Born B 1832 Died D 1772 First publication "Von deutscher Baukunst" M Goetz, Hermann 1840 German composer born in Koenigsburg (d. 1876) B Goeyvaerts, Karel (August) 1923- Belgian composer and musicologist born in Antwerp B Gogh, Vincent van 1853 Born B 1890 Died D 1869 Went to work in the branch at The Hague M 1886 Moved to Paris M 1888 Settled in Arles M Gohler, Georg 1874 German conductor and composer born in Zwickau (d. 1954) B Goldberg, Reiner 1939- German tenor born in Crostau B Goldberg, Szymon 1909 Polish born violinist and conductor born in Wloclawek (d. 1993) B Golden Cockerel Press 1920 A private printing-press founded at Waltham St Lawrence,Berkshire by Harold Taylor F Goldie, Charles Frederick 1870 New Zealand painter, trained in Paris B 1947 Died D Goldmark, Karoly 1830 Hungarian composer and violinist born in Keszthely (d. 1915) B Goldsborough, Arnold (Wainwright) 1892 English keyboard player, conductor and teacher born in Gomersal (d. 1964) B Goldschmidt, Berthold 1903 German-born British citizen, conductor and composer. Born in Hamburg. B Goldschmidt, Otto 1829 German born pianist, conductor and composer born in Hamburg (d. 1907 B Golschmann, Vladimir 1893 French born conductor of Russian parentage born in Paris (d. 1972) B Goltz, Christel 1912- German soprano born in Dortmund B Goltzius, Hendrick 1558 Born B 1617 Died D 1583 Founded academy with Cornelis van Haarlem and Karel van Mander M Gombrich, Sir Ernst 1909 Born B 1950 Published The Story of Art M Gomes, Antonio Carlos 1836 Brazilian composer born in Campinas (d. 1896) B Gomez Castro, Laureano Eleuterio 1950 Columbian President 1950-51 E Gomez, Jill 1942- West Indian born soprano born in New Amsterdam, British Guiana B Gomez, Juan Vicente 1908 Venezuelan dictator 1908-35 E Goncharova, Natalia 1881 Born B 1962 Died D 1919 Settled in Paris M Goncourt, Edmond de 1822 Born B 1896 Died D Gonzalez, Julio 1876 Born B 1942 Died D Goodall, (Sir) Reginald 1901 English conductor born in Lincoln (d. 1990) B Goode, Richard (Stephen) 1943- American pianist born in New York B Goodman, Benny lBenjaminr (David) 1909 American clarinettist and jazz musician. Born in Chicago. (d. 1986) B 1921 Professional debut at Central Park Theatre, Chicago. O Goodman, Roy 1951- English conductor and violinist born in Guildford B Goodwin, Ron (ald) (Alfred) 1925- English composer and conductor born in Plymouth B Goossens, (Sir) (Aynsley) Eugene 1893 English conductor, violinist and composer born in London (d. 1962) B 1955 Knighted Z Goossens, Leon 1897 English oboist born in Liverpool (d. 1988) B 1950 Awarded the C.B.E Z Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich 1985 General secretary of communist party, USSR, 1985-91 E 1988 President of USSR E Gordian I 158 Roman Emperor for three weeks R Gordian II 192 Roman Emperor R Gordian III 238 Roman Emperor 238-44 R Gore, Spencer 1878 Born B 1914 Died D Gorecki, Henryk (Mikolaj) 1933 Polish composer born in Czernica, Rybnik. B Gorky, Arshile 1904 Born B 1948 Committed suicide D 1925 Settled in New York M Gorr, Rita lGeirnaert, Margueriter 1936- Belgian mezzo-seprano born in Zelzaete B Gossaert, Jan 1478 Born B 1532 Died D Gossec, Francois (Joseph) 1734 Belgian composer born in Vergnies (d. 1829) B Gossett, Philip 1941- American musicologist born in New York B Gottlieb, Adolph 1903 Born B 1974 Died D 1935 Was one of the founding members of the Expressionist Group The Ten M Gottschalk, Louis Moreau 1829 American pianist, conductor and composer born in New Orleans (d. 1869) B Goujon, Jean 1510 Born B 1568 Died D 1544 Moved to Paris M Gould, Morton 1913 American composer, conductor and pianist born in New York. B Gounod, Charles (Francois) 1818 French composer, conductor and organist. Born in Paris. (d. 1893 B Gow, Nathaniel 1863 Scottish composer, trumpeter and violinist born in Inver (d. 1831) B Gower, George 1596 Died D Gowing, Sir Lawrence 1918 Born B 1991 Died D 1976 Began producing large pictures in which he traced theoutline of his own naked body stretched on the canvas A Goya, Francisco de 1746 Born B 1828 Died D 1775 Began making cartoons for the royal tapestry factory M 1795 Became director of painting at the Academy of San Fernando M Goyen, Jan van 1596 Born B 1656 Died D Gozzoli, Benozzo 1421 Born B 1497 Died D Graf, Hans 1949- Auatrian conductor born in Linz B Graf, Herbert 1903 Opera producer and impresario born in Vienna (d. 1973) B Graf, Urs 1485 Born B 1813 Died D Graff, Anton 1736 Born B 1813 Died D Graffman, Gary 1928- American pianist born in New York B Graham, Colin 1931 English stage director, designer, and opera producer. Born in Hove. B Graham, Martha 1894 American dancer, choreographer, teacher and ballet company director born in Allegheny (d. 1991) B Grainger, Percy (Aldridge) 1882 Australian-born, American citizen, composer and pianist born in Victoria. (d.1961) B Gramm (Grambasch), Donald 1927 American bass-baritone born in Milwaukee (d. 1983) B Granacci, Francesco 1469 Born B 1543 Died D Granados (y Campina), Enrique 1867 Spanish composer and pianist born at sea (d. 1916) B Grandeville 1803 Born B 1847 Died D Granet, Francois-Marius 1775 Born B 1849 Died D 1830 Was made Keeper of Pictures at Versailles M Grange, Philip 1956 English composer born in London. B Grant, Duncan 1885 Born B 1978 Died D 1912 Contributed to the second Post-Impressionist Exhibition M Grant, Sir Francis 1803 Born B 1878 Died D Grant, Ulysses S. 1869 18th President of the US 1869-77 E Grappelli, Stephane 1908- French jazz violinist born in Paris B Grasser, Erasmus C.1450 Born B 1518 Died D Graubart, Michael 1930- Austrian born composer, conductor, teacher and flautist born in Vienna B Graun, Karl (Heinrich) 1704 German tenor and composer born in Saxony (d. 1759) B Gravelot, Hubert-Francois 1699 Born B 1773 Died D Gray, Alan 1855 English organist and composer born in Cambridge (d.1935) B Gray, Cecil 1895 Scottish composer and critic born in Edinburgh (d. 1951) B Gray, Linda Esther 1948- Scottish soprano born in Greenock B Grechaninov, Alexander (Tikhonovich) 1864 Russian born composer born in Moscow (d. 1956) B Greco, El 1541 Born B 1614 Died D 1570 Moved to Rome M Green, Anthony 1939 Born B Green, Valentine 1739 Born B 1813 Died D Greenaway, Kate 1846 Born B 1901 Died D Greenbaum, Hyam 1901 English conductor and violinist born in Brighton (d. 1942) B Greenberg, Silvia 1955- Israeli soprano of Rumanian birth born in Bucharest B Greene, Balcomb 1904 Born B 1990 Died D Greene, Harry Plunket 1865 Irish bass baritone born in County Wicklow (d. 1936) B Greene, Maurice 1696 English composer and organist born in Lonon (d. 1755) B Greenfield, Edward (Harry) 1928- English music critic and broadcaster born in Westcliffe-on -Sea B Greenhill, John c.1644 Born B c.1676 Died D Greenhouse, Bernard 1916- American cellist and teacher born in Newark, New Jersey B Greenough, Horatio 1805 Born B 1852 Died D Greenwood, Andrew 1954- English conductor born in Todmorden B Greer, David (Clive) 1937- English teacher born in London B Greevy lTattanr, Bernadette 1940- Irish mezzo-soprano born in Dublin B Gregor, Bohumil 1926- Czech.conductor born in Prague B Gregor, Joseph 1888 Austrian writer and librettist born in Czernowitz (d.1961) B Gregory I, Saint 590 Pope 590-604 R Gregory IX 1227 Pope 1227-41 R Gregory VII, Saint 1073 Pope 1073-85 R Gregory XI 1370 Pope 1370-78 R Gregory XII 1406 Pope 1406-15 R Gregory XIII 1572 Pope 1572-85 R Gregory XVI 1831 Pope 1831 -46 R Gregson, Edward 1945 English composer and conductor, born in Sunderland. B Greindl, Josef 1912 German bass born in Munich (d.1983) B Gretry, Andre Ernest Modeste 1741 Belgem composer, later becoming French. (d.1813) B Greuze, Jean-Baptiste 1725 Born B 1805 Died D Grey, Charles, 2d earl 1830 British Prime minister 1830-34 E Grey, Lady Jane 1553 English Queen for nine days R Grieg, Edvard (Hagerup) 1843 Norwegian composer, conductor and pianist born in Bergen. (d. 1907) B 1894 Received Hon. D. Mus Cambridge Z Griffenfeld, Peder Schumacher, count 1673 Chancellor of Denmark 1673-76 E Griffes, Charles (Tomlinson) 1884 American composer born in New York. (d. 1920) B Griffith, Arthur 1922 President of Irish Republic E Griffiths, Paul 1947- English music critic born in Bridgend B Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco 1606 Born B 1680 Died D Grimm, Samuel Hieronymus 1733 Born B 1794 Died D Grimshaw, Atkinson 1836 Born B 1893 Died D Gris, Juan 1887 Born B 1927 Died D 1906 Settled in Paris M Grisi, Giulia 1811 Italian soprano born in Milan (d.1869) B Grobe, Donald 1929 American tenor born Ottowa, Illinois (d.1986) B Grofe, Ferde lGrofe, Ferdinand Rudolf vonr 1892 American composer, conductor and arranger born in New York (d.1972) B Gropius, Walter 1883 Born B 1969 Died D 1918 Founded the Bauhaus M 1937 Offered Chair of Architecture at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard M Gropper, William 1897 Born B 1977 Died D Gros, Antoine-Jean 1771 Born B 1835 Died D Grosz, George 1893 Born B 1959 Died D 1938 Became an American citizen M Group of Seven 1920 Formed F Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel (GRAV) 1960 Formed F 1968 Disbanded M Grove, (Sir) George 1820 English writer on music and teacher. Born in Clapham. (d. 1900) B 1883 Knighted Z Groves, (Sir) Charles (Barnard) 1915 English conducter born in London (d. 1992) B 1958 Awarded OBE Z 1973 Knighted Z 1968 Awarded CBE Z Gruber, Franz Xaver 1787 Austrian conmposer born in Unterweisberg (d. 1863) B Gruber, H(einz) K(arl) 1943 Austrian composer, double-bass player and baritone. Born in Vienna. B Gruberova, Edita 1946 Slovak soprano born in Bratislava B Gruenberg, Erich 1924 Austian-born violinist and conductor born in Vienna B 1994 Awarded OBE Z Gruenberg, Louis 1884 Russian-born American composer and pianist born in Brest (d. 1964) B Grummer, Elisabeth 1911 German soprano born in Alsace Lorraine (d. 1986) B Grunebaum, Hermann 1937 German baritone born in Trier B Gruner, Ludwig 1801 Born B 1882 Died D Grunewald, Mathis 1470/80 Born B 1528 Died D 1527 Fled to Halle M Guadagni, Gaetano c.1725 Italian castrato contralto born in Lodi (d.1792) B Guadalcanal, Battle of 1942 1st major Allied counter- offensiveagainst the Japanese during WW2 W Guadalupe Victoria 1824 First president of Mexico 1824-29 E Guangxu 1875 Emperor of China 1875- 1908 R Guardi, Francesco 1712 Born B 1793 Died D Guarnieri, (Mozart) Camargo 1907 Brazilian composer and conductor born in Sao Paulo (d.1993) B Gubaidulina, Sofia 1931 Russian composer born in Chistopol, Tatar. B Gueden, Hilde 1917 Austria soprano born in Vienna (d.1988) B Guedron lGuesdronr, Pierre 1570 French singer and composer born in Normandy (d.1619) B Guercino, Il 1591 Born B 1666 Died D Guerin, Pierre-Narcisse 1774 Born B 1833 Died D 1797 Won Prix de Rome Z 1822 Became director of the French Academy in Rome M Guest, George (Hywel) 1924 Welsh organist and conductor born in Bangor B Guglielmi, Petro Alessandro 1728 Italian composer born in Massa (d.1804) B Guglielmo della Porta 1577 Died D Gui, Vittorio 1885 Italian conductor and composer born in Rome (d.1975) B Guidarini, Marco 1960 Italian conductor born in Genoa B Guildhall School of Music and Drama 1880 Musical Academy established F Guillaumin, Armand 1841 Born B 1927 Died D 1891 Won a lottery M Guilmant, Felix Alexandre 1837 French organist and composer born in Bologne (d.1911) B Guimard, Hector 1867 Born B 1942 Died D Guiraud, Ernest 1837 French composer and teacher born in New Orleans (d.1892) B Gully, John 1819 Born B 1888 Died D Gundry, Inglis 1905 English composer, teacher and barrister born in Wimbledon B Gunther 413 Burgundian King 413-437 R Gunther, Ignaz 1725 Born B 1775 Died D Guridi, Jesus 1886 Spanish composer and organist born in Vitoria, Spain (d. 1961) B Gurlitt, Manfred 1890 German composer and conductor born in Berlin (d. 1973) B Gurney, Ivor 1890 English composer,organist and poet born in Gloucester (d.1937) B Gustafson, Nancy 1956 American soprano born in Evanston, Ill B Gustavus I 1523 Swedish King 1523-60 R Gustavus II 1611 Swedish King 1611-32 R Gustavus III 1771 Swedish King 1771-92 R Gustavus IV 1792 Swedish King 1792-1809 R Gustavus V 1907 Swedish King 1907-50 R Gustavus VI 1950 Swedish King 1950-73 R Guston, Philip 1913 Born B 1980 Died D 1935 Worked for the Federal Art Project in America until 1942 M Gutai Group 1954 Founded F 1972 Disbanded M Gutfreund, Otto 1889 Born B 1927 Committed suicide D Gutheil-Schoder, Marie 1874 German soprano born in Weimar (d.1935) B Guthrie, (Sir) Tyrone 1900 English producer born in Turnbridge Wells (d. 1971) B Gutman, Natalia 1942 Russian cellist born in Moscow B Guttuso, Renato 1912 Born B 1987 Died D Guy, Barry 1947 English composer and double-bass player born in London B Guys, Constantin 1805 Born B 1892 Died D Guzman Blanco, Antonio 1870 Venezualan president 1870-88 E Gwathmey, Robert 1903 Born B 1988 Died D Gyrowetz, Adalbert 1763 Bohemian composer born in Budejovice (d. 1850) B Haacke, Hans 1936 Born B Haakon I 935 Norwegian King c935-961 R Haakon IV 1217 Norwegian King 1217-63 R Haakon VII 1905 Norwegian King 1905-57 R Haas, Joseph 1879 German composer born in Maihingen. (d. 1960) B Haas, Karl (Wilhelm Jacob) 1900 German-born composer and musicologist. Born in Karlsruhe. (d. 1970) B Haas, Pavel 1899 Czech. composer born in Brno (d.1944) B Haas, Robert (Maria) 1886 German-Czech. conductor and musicologist. Born in Prague. (d. 1960) B Haba, Alois 1893 Czech. composer born in Vizvice. (d.1973) B Haba, Karel 1898 Czech composer and violinist Born in Prague. (d. 1972) B Habeneck, Francois (Antoine) 1781 French conductor, composer and violinist. Born in Mezieres. (d. 1849) B Hackaert, Jan 1628 Born B 1699 Died D Hacker, Alan (Ray) 1938 English clarinettist and conductor born in Dorking, a founder member of Pierrot Players and Matrix. B 1988 Received OBE. Z Hackert, Jakob Philipp 1737 Born B 1807 Died D Hadley, Jerry 1952 American tenor born in Peoria. B Hadley, Patrick (Arthur Sheldon) 1899 English composer, born in Cambridge. (d. 1973) B Hadow, (Sir) W(illiam) H(enry) (Sir Henry) 1859 English educator, writer and composer. Born in Ebrington. (d. 1937) B Hadrian 1171 Roman emperor E Hadrian's Wall 139 Defensive wall of stone built by the Romans in Britain M Haebler, Ingrid 1926 Austrian pianist born in Vienna. B Haefliger, Ernst 1919 Swiss tenor born in Davos. B Haenchen, Hartmut 1943 German conductor born in Dresden. B Haendel, Ida 1923 Polish-born British Violinist born in Chelm, Poland. B Hagegard, Hakan 1945 Swedish baritone born in Karlstad. B Hageman, Richard 1882 Dutch-born American composer, pianist and conductor. Born in Leewarden, Holland. (d. 1966) B Hager, Leopold 1935 Austrian conductor and organist. Born in Salzburg. B Hagley, Alison 1961 English saprano born in London. B Hague Conferences 1899 Peace conference called by Russia at the Hague T Hahn, Reynaldo 1874 French composer and conductor born in Caracas. (d. 1947) B Hail to the Chief c.1812 March played at formal American events to announce arrival of the President. Composed by James Sanderson, an Englishman. C Haile Selassie 1930 Emperor of Eithiopia 1930-74 R Hainisch, Michael Arthur Josef Jakob 1920 First President of Federal Republic of Austria E Haitink, Bernard 1929 Dutch conductor born in Amsterdam. B Hajdu, Andre 1932 Hungerian-born Israeli composer and musicologist. Born in Budapest. B Hale, Robert 1943 American bass-Baritone, born in Texes. B Halek, Vaclav 1937 Czech. composerborn in Prague. B Halevy lLevir, Jacques (Francois Fromental Elie) 1799 French composer born in Paris. (d. 1862) B Haley, Alex 1992 Black American author of Roots D Halffter lEscricher, Ernesto 1904 Spanish composer and conductor born in Madrid. (d. 1989) B Halffter lEscricher, Rodolfo 1900 Spanish-born composer born in Madrid. (d. 1987) B 1940 Founded Mexican contempory ballet company. F Halffter, Cristobal 1930 Spanish composer and conductor born in Madrid. B Halidon Hill, Battle of 1333 English victory over Scottish forces W Halir, Karl lKarelr 1859 Bohemian violinist born in Hohenelbe. (d. 1909) B Hall, (Sir) Peter (Reginald Frederick) 1819 English theatrical producer who was managing director of The Royal Shakespeare Company 1960-8. Born in Bury-St.Edmunds. B 1983 Produced Wagner's 'Ring' at Bayreuth. M 1963 Awarded CBE Z Hall, Ernest 1890 English orchestral Trumpeter born in Liverpool. (d. 1984) B Hall, Marie (Paulina) 1884 English violinist born in Newcastle. (d. 1956) B Hall, Peter Adolf 1739 Born B 1793 Died D Hall, Richard 1903 English composer,teacher and poet born in York (d.1982) B Halle (Sir) Charles lHalle, Karlr 1819 German-born pianist and conductor,who was a child piano prodgy.Born in Hagen (d. 1895). B 1847 Instituted first Paris series of chamber concerts. P Halle Orchestra 1858 Manchesters principal symphony orchestra. Founded by Charles Halle. B Hallen, Anders (Johan Andreas) 1846 Swedish composer, conductor and critiBorn in Gothenburg. B Halm, Hans 1898 German musicologist born in Munich. (d. 1965) B Hals, Frans 1582/1583 Born B 1666 Died D 1591 Moved to Haarlem M 1865 Lord Hertford purchased The Laughing Cavalier for 51,000 francs M Halsey, Louis (Arthur Owen) 1922 English composer born in London. B Halsey, Simon 1958 English conductor bornin Kingeton-upon-Thames. B Halsey, William Frederick 1959 American admiral in WWII D Hambourg, Mark 1879 Russian-born pianist, British citizen. (d. 1960) B Hambraeus, Bengt 1928 Swedish composer and organist. Born in Stockholm. B Hamburger, Paul 1920 Austrian-born pianist and critic born in Vienna. B Hamel, Theophile 1817 Born B 1870 Died D Hamerik lHammerichr, Asger 1843 Danish composer and pianist born in Copenhagen. (d. 1923) B Hamerik lHammerichr, Ebbe 1898 Danish composer and conducter born in Copenhagen. (d. 1951) B Hamilton, Alexander 1804 A leading Federalist, first US Secretary of the Treasury D Hamilton, Gavin 1723 Born B 1798 Died D 1766 Settled permanently in Rome M Hamilton, Iain (Ellis) 1922 Scottish composer and pianist born in Glassgow. B 1951 Won Koussevitzky award. Z Hamilton, Richard 1922 Born B Hammarskjold, Dag 1961 Swedish statesman and UN secretary general (1953-61) D Hammershoi, Vilhelm 1864 Born B 1916 Died D Hammerstein, Oscar (I) 1846 German-American impresario and businessman wno build the Manhattan Opera House,NY.Born in Stettin (d.1919) B Hammerstein, Oscar (II) 1895 American lidrettist and producer, born in New York. (d. 1960) B Hammond, (Dame) Joan (Hood) 1912 Australian soprano of New Zealand birth who received an OBE,CBE, and DBE.Born in Christchurch. B 1928 Debut as singer,Giovanna in 'Rigoletto', Sydney. P Hammond-Stroud, Derek 1926 English baritone born in London. B Hammurabi -1792 Babylonian King c1792-50 BC R Hampe, Michael (Hermann) 1935 German director born in Heidelberg. B Hampel, Anton Joseph 1710 Bohemian-born horn-player born in Dresden. (d. 1771) B Hampson, Thomas 1955 American baritone born in Elkhart. B Hampton, Wade 1876 Confederate general, governor and senator E Han dynasty -202 Chinese dynasty following Qin dynasty (202 B.C.-220 A.D.) R Hancock, John 1775 American Revolutionary War patriot, president of the Continental Congress (1775-80) E Handel Opera 1955 Society founded by Charles Farncombe to revive interest in Handels operas. B Handel, George Frederick 1685 German-born English composer B Handel, George Frideric lHandel, Georg Friedrichr 1685 German-born composer and organist (English citizen 1726),a master of Italian style opera.Born in Halle (d. 1759) B 1705 Wrote first opera,'Almira'. C 1717 Composed the famous 'Water Music' suite. C 1727 Wrote 4 anthems ,including 'Zadock the Priest' for coronation of George II. C Handford, Maurice 1929 English conductor and horn-player, born in Salisbury. (d. 1986) B Handl, Jacob 1550 Slovenian composer born in Ribnica. (d. 1951) Handley, Vernon (George) 1930 English composer born in Enfield. B Handy, W(illiam) C(hristopher) 1873 American composer born in Alabama, known as, ' farther of the blues'. (d. 1958) B Hanff, Johann Nikolaus 1665 German composer and organist, born in Wechmar. (d. 1711) B Hann, Georg 1897 Austrian bass-baritone born in Vienna. (d. 1950) B Hanna, Marcus Alonzo 1904 American businessman and politician D Hanneman, Adriaen 1601 Born B 1671 Died D Hannibal -247 Carthaginian general during Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) B Hannikainen, Tauno 1896 Finnish conductor and cellist, born in Jyvaskyla. (d. 1968). B Hansel und Gretel 1893 Opera by Humperdinck. C Hansen, Hans Christian Svane 1955 Danish prime minister 1955-60 E Hanslick, Eduard 1825 Austrian critic and writer of Czech.descent born in Prague (d.1904). B Hanson, Duane 1925 Born B Hanson, Howard (Harold) 1896 American composer and educator of Swedish descent born in Wahoo,Nebraska (d.1981) B 1921 First American to win Prix de Rome. Z 1924 Became director of Eastman School of Music holding post for 40years. M Hanson, John 1721 American Revolutionary War patriot and political leader B Hansson, Per Albin 1955 Swedish Prime minister 1955-60 E happening 1959 Term coined by Allan Kaprow M Happy Birthday to You 1893 First published. Song composed by Mildred Hill of Louisville Kentucky M Hara, Kei 1918 Japanese Prime minister 1918-21 E Hard Edge painting 1958 Term coined M Hardelot, Guy d' lMrs. W.I. Rhodes, 1858 French composer born in Boulogne. (d. 1936) B Hardenberger, Hakan 1961 Swedish trumpeter born in Malmo. B Harding, Warren Gamaliel 1921 29th US President 1921-23 E 1923 Died on tour of the West after reports of scandals D Hardy, Thomas 1840 English novelist and poet B Hare, David 1917 Born B Harewood, George (Henry Hubert Lascelles), 7th Earl of 1923 English opera administrator, dwriter and editor. B Hark, the Herald Angels Sing 1743 Hymn origanaly written by Charles Wesley. C Harmehab c.-1350 Egyptian Pharaoh c1350-1315 BC R Harnett, William Michael 1848 Born B 1892 Died D Harnoncourt, Nikolaus 1929 Austrian conductor, cellist and musicologist, born in Berlin. B Harold Bluetooth c985 Danish King D Harold Harefoot 1037 English King 1037-40 R Harold I c 860 Norwegian King c860-c933 R Harold II 1047 Last Saxon King of England R Harold III c1046 Norwegian King c 1047-66 R Harper, Edward (James) 1941 English composer, pianist and conductor born in Taunton. B Harper, Heather (Mary) 1930 Irish soprano born in Belfast. B Harpers Ferry Raid 1859 Raid by abolitionists on federal arsenal, Virginia W Harpignies, Henri 1819 Born B 1916 Died D Harrell, Lynn 1944 American cellist born in New York B Harrhy, Eiddwen (Mair) 1949 Welsh soprano born in Trowbridge. B Harries, Kathryn 1951 English soprano born in Hampton Court. B Harriman, William Averell 1955 Governor of New York (1955-58) E Harrington, Michael 1928 Writer and prominent socialist in US B Harris Treaty 1858 Treaty between US and Japan T Harris, (Sir) Augustus 1852 English impresario born in Paris. (d. 1896) B Harris, (Sir) William (Henry) 1883 English organist and composer born in London. (d. 1973) B Harris, Lawren Stewart 1885 Born B 1970 Died D 1911 Became known for painting landscapes A Harris, Renatus 1652 English organ-builder born in France. (d. 1724) B Harris, Roy (Ellsworth) 1898 American composer who's 1st Symphony earned him the reputation as America's leading symphonist.Born in Lincoln County,Nebraska (d.1979). B Harrison, Beatrice 1892 English cellist born in India. (d. 1965) B Harrison, Benjamin 1889 23rd US President 1889-93 E Harrison, Jonty 1952 English composer born in Scunthorpe. B Harrison, Julius (Allan Greenway) 1885 English composer, conductor and writer. Born in Stourport. (d. 1963) B Harrison, Lou 1917 American composer and teacher born in Portland,Oregon. B Harrison, Sidney 1903 English pianist, tercher and writer born in London. (d. 1986) B Harrison, William Henry 1841 9th US President Mar.4th-April 4th, 1841 E Harsanyi, Tibor 1898 French composer of Hungearian descent. (d. 1954) B Harsha 606 Indian ruler 606-47 R Hart, Fritz 1874 English composer and conductor born in London. (d. 1949) B Hartford Convention 1814 Meeting of New England Federalist party members during 1812 War T Hartig, Heinz Friedrich 1907 German composer born in Kassel. (d. 1969) B Hartley, Marsden 1877 Born B 1943 Died D 1912 Sent to Europe by Steiglitz M Hartmann, Johan Peter Emilius 1805 Danish composer and organist, born in Copenhagen. (d. 1900) B Hartmann, Karl Amadeus 1905 German composer born in Munich. (d. 1963) B Hartmann, Rudolf 1900 German opera producer and impresario. Born in Ingolstadt. (d. 1988) B Hartung, Hans 1904 Born B 1922 Began painting abstracts A 1931 First exhibition in Dresden A Harty, (Sir) (Herbert) Hamilton 1879 Irish composer, conductor, organist and pianist who won much attention as a composer and brilliant performing accompanist. Born in County Down (d.1941). B 1925 Knighted. Z Harun al-Rashid 786 5th Abbasid caliph 786-809 R Harvey, Jonathan (Dean) 1939 English composer and teacher, a cellist in National Youth Orchestra. Born in Sutton Coldfield. B Harvey, Trevor (Barry) 1911 English conductor, critic and broadcaster born in Freshwater. (d. 1989) B Hasan 661 Islamic ruler, the 5th caliph and grandson of Muhammad R Hassam, Childe 1859 Born B 1935 Died D Hassan II 1961 Moroccan King 1961- R Hasse, Johann (Adolph) 1699 German composer born in Bergedorf. (d. 1783) B Hastings, Battle of 1066 William Duke of Normandy defeated and killed Harold II King of England, marked start of Norman influence in England W Hastings, Warren 1774 British governor general of India (1774-84) R Haubenstock-Ramati, Roman 1919 Austrian composer Born in Krakow. (d. 1994) B Hauer, Josef Matthias 1883 Austrian composer Born in Wiener Neustadt. (d. 1959) B Hawkins, Sir John 1562 English seaman and admiral, the first to engage in the slave trade F Hawthorne, Nathaniel 1804 American novelist and short-story writer B Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903 Treaty between US and Panama establishing US-controlled Panama Canal zone T Hay-Herran Treaty 1903 Treaty negotiated between US and Columbia T Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 Treaty between US and Great Britain giving US control of future Panama Canal T Haydn, Franz Joseph 1732 Austrian composer born (1732-1809) B 1761 Engaged as vice-Kapellmeister at Eisenstadt,Hungary,where he remained for 30 years. M 1797 Composed his 'Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser',which was adopted as Austria's national anthem. C Haydon, Benjamin Robert 1786 Born B 1846 Committed suicide D Hayes, Rutherford Birchard 1877 19th US president E Hayez, Francesco 1791 Born B 1882 Died D Haym, Nicola (Francesco) 1678 Italin cellist, composer and librettist, born in Rome. (d. 1729) B Hayman, Francis 1707/8 Born B 1776 Died D 1768 Became foundation member of the Royal Academy M Haymarket Square riot 1886 American labor riot in Chicago W Hayter, S. W 1901 Born B 1988 Died D 1927 Founded etching studio F Hayter, Sir George 1792 Born B 1871 Died D 1841 Made principal painter in ordinary to the queen M Hazael -840 King of Damascus R Hazlitt, William 1778 Born B 1830 Died D Healey, Derek 1936 English composer born in Wargrave. B Heaphy, Charles 1820 Born B 1881 Died D Hearne, Thomas 1744 Born B 1817 Died D Hearst, William Randolph 1863 American newspaper publisher B Heartfield, John 1891 Born B 1968 Died D 1938 Moved to London M Heath, Dave 1956 English composer and flautist born in Manchester. B 1990 Won Wavendon All-music Composer of the Year Award. Z Heath, Edward Richard George 1970 British prime minister 1970-74 E Hebert, Jacques Rene 1792 French journalist and revolutionary involved in storming of Tuileries Palace W Heckel, Erich 1883 Born B 1970 Died D Heda, Willem Claesz 1593/4 Born B 1680/2 Died D Heem, Jan Davidsz. de 1606 Born B 1683/4 Died D 1636 Moved to Antwerp M Heemskerck, Maerten van 1498 Born B 1574 Died D Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1770 German idealist philosopher B Heian period 794 Period of Japanese history, rise of new Buddhist sects M Heifetz, Jascha 1899 Russian-born, American violinist. Public debut in Vilna at age five. Born in Vilna. (d. 1987) B Heine, Heinrich 1797 German lyric poet B Heinkel, Ernst Heinrich 1939 Built first turbojet aircraft S Held, Al 1928 Born B 1960 Abandoned expressive abstractionism M Helgoland Bight, Battle of 1914 British naval victory over Germany W Heliogabalus 218 Roman emperor 218-222 AD E Helst, Bartholomeus van der 1613 Born B 1670 Died D 1636 Settled in Amsterdam M Hemessen, Jan Sanders van 1500 Born B 1566 Died D Hemingway, Ernest 1898 American novelist and short-story writer who wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea B 1954 Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature Z Henderson, Arthur 1934 British statesman awarded Nobel Peace Prize Z Hendricks, Barbara 1948 American opera singer. Born in Stephens. B Hendriks, Wybrand 1744 Born B 1831 Died D Henri, Robert 1865 Born B 1929 Died D Henrietta Maria 1609 French wife of Charles I B Henry I (1008-1060) 1031 Capetian King of France 1031- 60 R Henry I (1068-1135) 1100 King of England 1100-35 R Henry I (876-936) 919 German King 919-936 R Henry II (1133-89) 1154 King of England 1154-89 R Henry II (1333-79) 1369 King of Castille & Leon 1369-79 R Henry II (1519-59) 1547 King of France 1547-59 R Henry II (973-1024) 1014 Holy Roman Emperor 1014-24, German King 1002-24 R Henry III (1017-56) 1039 German king 1039-56, Holy Roman Emperor 1046-56 R Henry III (1551-89) 1574 French King 1547-89 R Henry IV (1050-1106) 1056 Holy Roman Emperor 1056-1106 R Henry IV (1367-1413) 1399 King of England 1399-1413 R Henry IV (1553-1610) 1589 First Bourbon King of France 1589-1610 R Henry of Flanders 1205 Emperor of Constantinople 1205-16 R Henry the Navigator 1394 Portuguese prince who sponsored early voyages of discovery on west coast of Africa B Henry V (1081-1125) 1106 Holy Roman Emperor 1106-25 R Henry V (1387-1422) 1413 King of England 1413-22 R Henry VI 1422 King of England 1422-61, 1470-71 R 1460 Imprisoned after defeat in War of the Roses by Richard, Duke of York W Henry VII 1485 King of England 1485-1509 R Henry VIII 1509 King of England 1509-47 R 1533 Henry's secret marriage to Ann Boleyn M 1534 Henry's excommunication and passage of Act of Supremacy creating Church of England T Henry, Joseph 1829 Built first electric motor S Henry, Patrick 1776 American Revolutionary War patriot and governor of Virginia (1776-79, 1784-86) E Henschel, (Sir) George lIsidor Georgr 1850 English baritone, pianist, conductor and composer. (d. 1934) B Henze, Hans Werner 1926 German composer and conductor born in Gutersloh,Westphalia. B Hepburn Act 1906 US law regulating railroad rates T Hepworth, Dame Barbara 1903 Born B 1975 Died D 1933 Joined Abstraction-Creation M Heraclius I 610 Byzantine Emperor 610-41 R Herincx, Raimund lRaymondr 1927 English bass-baritone born in London. B Hering, Loy 1485 Born B 1554 Died D Herkomer, Sir Hubert von 1849 Born B 1914 Died D 1857 Moved to England M Hermitage 1764 Largest public museum and art gallery in Russia F Herndon, William Henry 1818 American lawyer and Lincoln's law partner B Herod the Great -37 King of Judea 37-4 BC R Heron, Patrick 1920 Born B Herrera, Francisco the Elder 1590 Born B 1656 Died D Herring, John Frederick sen 1795 Born B 1866 Died D Herrmann, Bernard 1911 American composer and conductor who wrote 49 film scores.Born in New York (d.1975). B c.1931 Founder-conductor of New Chamber Orchestra. F Hertz, Alfred 1872 German-born American conductor, born in Frankfurt. (d. 1942) B Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf 1885 German physicist who discovered radio waves S Hertzog, James Barry Munnik 1924 South African premier 1924-39 E Herz, Joachim 1924 German producer born in Dresden. B Herzl, Theodor 1860 Founder of modern Zionism born B Heuss, Theodor 1949 First president of German Federal Republic 1949-59 E Heyden, Jan van der 1637 Born B 1712 Died D Heyrovsky, Jaroslav 1959 Czech. chemist who won Nobel Prize for Chemistry Z Heysen, Sir Hans 1877 Born B 1968 Died D Hezekiah -720 King of Judah 720?- 692? BC R Hickox, Richard (Sidney) 1948 English conductor born in Stokenchurch. B Hicks, Edward 1780 Born B 1849 Died D Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel 1810 Mexican priest and national hero who led army in rebellion against Spanish rule W Hiero I -466 Greek tyrant of Syracuse R Hiero II -270 Greek tyrant of Syracuse (270-215 B.C.) Highmore, Joseph 1692 Born B 1780 Died D Hildebrand, Adolf von 1847 Born B 1921 Died D Hildegard of Bingen 1098 German abbess, mystic and writer. Born in Bemersheim. (d. 1179) B Hill, Ambrose Powell 1838 American railroad builder Hill, Carl Fredrik 1849 Born B 1911 Died D 1876 Struck by mental illness M Hiller, Lejaren 1924 American composer born in New York. (d.1994) B Hilliard, Nicholas 1547 Born B 1619 Died D 1570 Appointed Court Miniaturist and Goldsmith by Elizabeth I M 1600 Wrote The Art of Limning M Hillier, Tristram 1905 Born B 1983 Died D Hilton, Roger 1911 Born B 1975 Died D Hiltunen, Eila 1922 Born B 1944 First exhibited O Himera, Battle of -480 Between Carthage and Syracuse in Sicily W Himmler, Heinrich 1945 German National Socialist leader who headed the SS and Gestapo D Hincks, Sir Francis 1851 Canadian premier 1851-54 E Hindemith, Paul 1895 German-born American composer,conductor,violinist and teacher who's attitude was that audiences should participate as well as listen.Born in Hanau (d.1963). B 1927 Became teacher of composition at Berlin Hochschule fur musik. M c.1933 Began work on opera 'Mathis der Maler' which became an immediate success. C Hindenburg 1937 German dirigible that crashed in New Jersey M Hindenburg, Paul von 1925 German field marshal and president of the Weimar Republic (1925-34) E Hines lHeinzr, Jerome (Albert Link) 1921 American bass and composer born in Los Angeles. B Hirohito 1926 Emperor of Japan 1926-89 R Hirschvogel, Augustin 1503 Born B 1553 Died D Histoire du Soldat, L' 1918 Work by Stravinsky. C Hitchens, Ivon 1893 Born B 1979 Died D Hitler, Adolf 1889 Born in Austria B 1933 Named as Chancellor of Germany 1933-45 E 1939 Invaded Poland provoking outbreak of WW2 W Hjorth, Bror 1894 Born B 1968 Died D Ho Chi Minh 1946 President of Vietnam 1946-54 E 1954 President of North Vietnam 1954-69 E Hoare, William 1707 Born B 1792 Died D Hobbema, Meindert 1638 Born B 1709 Died D Hockney, David 1937 English painter and stage designer born in Bradford. B Hoddinott, Alun 1929 Welsh composer who won Arnold Bax Medal in 1957.Born in Bargoed. B 1983 Received CBE. Z Hodges, William 1744 Born B 1797 Died D Hodgkin, Sir Howard 1932 Born B 1985 Won Turner Prize Z Hodgkins, Frances 1869 Born B 1947 Died D Hodler, Ferdinand 1853 Born B 1918 Died D 1933 Condemned as a degenerate and removed from teaching post M Hofer, Carl 1878 Born B 1955 Died D 1913 Settled in Berlin M Hofmann, Hans 1880 Born B 1966 Died D 1915 Founded his own art school in Munich M Hofmann, Josef lKazimierz, Jozefr 1876 Polish-born American pianist and composer, making debut at age six. Born in Podgorze. (d. 1957) B Hofmannsthal, Hugo von 1874 Austrian author, poet and playwrite born in Vienna. (d. 1929) B Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis 1863 Born B 1930 Died D Hogarth, William 1697 Born B 1764 Died D 1753 Published The Analysis of Beauty M Holanda, Francisco de 1517 Born B 1584 Died D Holbein, Hans 1497/8 Born B 1543 Died D 1546 Painted portraits of Burgomaster Meyer and his wife A Holbrooke, Joseph lJosefr (Charles) 1878 English composer and pianist born in Croyden.He was a music-hall pianist at age 12 (d.1958) B Holguin, Melchor Perez C.1660 Born B 1725 Died D Hollar, Wenceslaus 1607 Born B 1677 Died D Holler, York (Georg) 1944 German composer who became Professor of analysis and music theory,Cologne. M Holliger, Heinz 1939 Swiss oboist and composer born in Langenthal. B Holloway, Robin (Greville) 1943 English composer,one of most gifted and interesting of post-60's composers,born in Leamington Spa. B Holocaust 1933 Nazi's systematic extermination of jews & other minority groups 1933-45 M 1942 Wansee Conference decided on the "Final Solution" to the 'Jewish Problem', i.e. genocide m Holst, Gustav (Theodore) 1874 English composer of Swedish descent born in Cheltenham,best known for his composition, 'The Planets' (d.1934) B c.1913 Began work on 'The Planets' C 1917 Began choral work 'The Hymn of Jesus' C 1924 Composed his Choral Symphony on poems by Keats. C 1919 The Planets' first performed and was holst's first success. P Holt, Simon 1958 English composer featured at the Bath Festival 1985.Born in Bolton. B Holy Roman Empire 962 Political entity in central Europe which gave rise to the modern states of Germany & Austria. F 962 Otto I first emperor of Empire 962 -973 R 1806 Empire formally dissolved M Home, Henry, Lord Kames 1696 Born B 1782 Died D Homer (Beatty), Louise Dilworth 1871 American contralto born in Pittsburgh. (d. 1947) B Homer, Winslow 1836 Born B 1910 Died D Hondecoeter, Melchior d' 1636 Born B 1695 Died D Hondius, Abraham c.1625/30 Born B c.1691/5 Died D Hone, Nathaniel 1718 Born B 1784 Died D Honegger, Arthur 1892 Swiss composer who's 'Le Roi' brought him fame in 1921.Born in Le Havre (d.1955). B 1924 Wider fame for his representation of a locomotive in 'Pacific 231'. P Honorius I 625 Pope 625-638 R Honorius II 1124 Pope 1124-30 R Honorius III 1216 Pope 1216-27 R Honthorst, Gerrit van 1590 Born B 1656 Died D Hooch, Pieter de 1629 Born B 1684 Died D Hoogstraten, Samuel van 1627 Born B 1678 Died D Hooke, Robert 1678 Developed Law of Elasticity S Hoover, Herbert Clark 1929 34th US President 1929-33 E Hope, Thomas 1769 Born B 1831 Died D Hopper, Edward 1882 Born B 1967 Died D 1913 Exhibited in the Armory Show A Hoppner, John 1758 Born B 1810 Died D 1789 Appointed portrait painter to the Prince of Wales M Horne, David 1970 Scottish pianist and composer born in Stirling. B Horne, Marilyn (Bernice) 1934 American mezzo-soprano born in Bradford,Pennsylvania. B 1954 Opera debut in 'The Battered Bride', Los Angeles. P Horowitz, Vladimir 1903 Russian-born American pianist born in Kiev. (d. 1989) B Horta, Victor 1861 Born B 1947 Died D Hoskins, John 1595 Born B 1665 Died D Hosokawa, Toshio 1955 Japanese composer and pianist who won several prizes in Rome B Hotter, Hans 1909 Austrian bass-baritone born in Offenbach-am-Main. B Hotteterre, Jacques(-Martin) (`le Romain') 1674 French flautist, bassoonist and instrument maker, born in Paris. B Houbraken, Arnold 1660 Born B 1719 Died D Houckgeest, Gerrit 1600 Born B 1661 Died D Houdon, Jean-Antoine 1741 Born B 1828 Died D 1785 Commissioned by the State of Virginia to construct a statue of George Washington M 1761 Won Prix de Rome Z Hovhaness, Alan 1911 American composer, conductor and organist, born in Somerville B Howard, Ann 1936 English mezzo-soprano born in Norwood. B Howard, Brian 1951 Austrialian composer and conductor born in Sydney. B Howarth, Elgar 1935 English composer, conductor and trumpeter, born in Cannock. B Howells, Anne (Elizabeth) 1941 English mezzo-soprano born in Southport. B Howells, Herbert (Norman) 1892 English composer, organist and teacher, born in Lydney. (d. 1983) B Hoyland, Vic(tor) 1945 English composer born in Wombwell. B Huber, Klaus 1924 Swiss composer and violinist. Born in Berne B Huber, Wolfgang 1490 Born B 1553 Died D Hudson, Thomas 1701 Born B 1779 Died D Huet, Christophe 1759 Died D Huffstodt, Karen 1954 American soprano born in Illinois. B Hughes, Arthur 1832 Born B 1915 Died D Hughes, Spike (Patrick Cairns) 1908 English writer, composer amd broadcaster, born in London. B Humbert I 1878 Italian King 1878-1900 R Humbert II 1946 Last King of Italy R Humble, (Leslie) Keith 1927 Australian composer and pianist born in Geelong. B Hummel, Johann Nepomuk 1778 Austrian pianist and composer born in Pozsony. (d. 1837) B Humperdinck, Engelbert 1854 German composer born in Siegburg. (d. 1921) B Humphry, Ozias 1742 Born B 1810 Died D Hundertwasser, Fritz 1928 Born B Hundred Years' War 1337 Series of related wars between England & France led to the end of English presence on the Continent W Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1956 Brief rebellion against Russian domination in Hungary Oct. 23-Nov. 14, 1956 W Hunt, William Holman 1827 Born B 1910 Died D Husa, Karel 1921 American composer and conductor born in Prague Husein ibn-Ali 1917 Arabian King 1917-24 R Hussein ibn Talal 1953 Jordanian King 1953 R Hussein, Saddam 1979 Iraqi President 1979- E Hutcheson, Francis 1694 Born B 1746 Died D Huysum, Jan van 1682 Born B 1749 Died D Hynninen, Jorma 1941 Finnish baritone born in Leppavirta. B Hytner, Nicholas 1956 English theatre and opera director born in Manchester. B Ibanez (del Campo), Carlo 1927 President of Chile 1927-31 E 1877 Born B Ibert, Jacques (Francois Antoine) 1890 French composer born in Paris (d.1962) B Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, sieur d' 1661 Born B 1699 Founded the first permanent settlement in Louisiana F Ibn Saud 1932 King and founder of Saudi Arabia 1932-53 R Ickes, Harold Le Claire 1874 Born B 1933 Minister of the Interior of the US 1933-46 M Iconoclastic Controversy 726 Byzantine emperor Leo III denounced the use of icons M Idaho 1890 Became the 43rd state of the US F 1889 Current constitution adopted M 1860 The descovery of gold caused the first major wave of settlement M Ides of March -44 Julius Caesar was assassinated D Idomeneo, Re di Creta, ossia Ilia ed Idamante 1786 Opera seria in three acts by Mozart. P Idris I 1951 King of Libya from independance. 1951-1969 R Ikeda, Hayato 1960 Japanese prime minister 1960-64 E Il-Khan 1258 Mogol dynasty that ruled Persia 1258-1353 F Ili crisis 1871 Russia invaded Ili, China to control the advance of a local ruler W Illinois 1818 Became the 21st state of the US F 1970 The current constitution was adopted T Illuminati 1776 Founded F 1785 Banned in Bavaria M Immigration Restriction Act 1901 Australian legislation restricting immigration of non-Europeans T Impressionism 1860 Movement in painting originating in France F 1874 Impressionists hold first group show M Incoronazione di Poppea, L' 1643 Opera in prologue and three acts by Monteverdi. First opera on an historical, other than biblical or mythical, subject. P Independence, Declaration of 1776 Proclamation of American independence adopted by congress July 4th,1776 T India, Sigismondo d' P India-Pakistani Wars 1947 Series of conflicts between India & Pakistan following British division of the sub-continent 1947-72 W Indian Councils Act 1909 British act passed to reform rule in India T Indian Mutiny 1857 Revolt by Indian troops serving in the British Army W Indian National Congress 1885 Founded F Indian Removal Act 1830 US law implemented T Indian Reorganization Act 1934 US law implemented T Indiana 1816 Became the 19th state of the US F 1851 Adopted its current constitution T Indiana, Robert 1928 American painter, sculptor, and graphic artist B Indochina War 1945 War between Vietnamese communists & nationalists against French and other occupying armies 1945-54. W Industrial Revolution c1750 Development of industry as driving force behind European economic & social life, beginning in Britain & spreading through Europe & the world. M Industrial Workers of the World 1905 Founded F Inghelbrecht, Desire (Emile) 1880 French conductor and composer born in Paris. (d. 1965) B Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique 1780 Born B 1867 Died D Inkerman, Battle of 1854 Battle of the Crimean War W Innes, James Dickson 1887 Welsh painter (d. 1914) B Inness, George 1825 Born B 1894 Died D Innocent I, Saint 401 Pope 410-417 R Innocent II 1130 Pope 1130-43 R Innocent III 1198 Pope 1198-1216 R Innocent IV 1243 Pope 1243-54 R Innocent VIII 1484 Pope 1484-92 R Innocent XI 1676 Pope 1676-89 R Inquisition 1233 Historical Roman Catholic tribunal established to purge heretical thought from the church with wide use of torture and burning at the stake. M 1478 Spanish inquisition established to check sincerity of Jewish & Muslim converts death penalties commonly used. 1478-1834 M Institute of Contemporary Arts 1947 Cultural center founded by Roland Penrose and Herbert Read. F International Court of Justice 1945 World court based at The Hague established under auspices of the United Nations , F International Gothic 1375 Style in painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts (thru c.1425) F International Monetary Fund 1944 Organisation, based in Washington DC, created to stabilize international exchange rates and aid memner nations F Intolerable Acts 1774 Acts passed by the British parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party T Inukai, Ki Tsuyoshi 1932 Japanese Prime minister Jan.-May, 1932 E Investiture Controversy 1122 The issue was settled by the Concordat of Worms M 1075 The conflict was begun when Pope Gregory abolished lay investiture M Ionesco, Eugene 1912 Born B 1950 Wrote "The Bald Prima Donna" A Iowa 1846 Became the 29th state of the US F 1851 Adopted its present constitution T Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail (Mikhaylovich) 1859 Russian composer and conductor born in Gatchina. (d. 1935) B Irala, Domingo Martinez de 1556 Born B 1537 Became the first governor of Paraguay 1537-42 / 1544-56 M Iran-Contra scandal 1985 President Regan authorised the illegal sale of arms to Iran M 1986 The illegal acts of the government were revaeled for the first time M 1987 US Congress began televised inquiry into the affair M 1988 North and Poindexter, implicated in the affair, were indicted M 1984 Act of Congress was passed making it illegal for the government to give aid to the Contras in Nicaragua. This act was broken by the Regan adminisration in 1985 M 1992 All investigation of the affair was officially ended M Iran-Iraq War 1980 War between Iran & Iraq 1980-90 W Ireland, John (Nicholson) 1879 English composer and pianist born in Cheshire, England (d.1962) B Irene 780 Byzantine empress780-90 R Irigoyen, Hipolito 1916 Argentine president 1916-22, 1928-30 E Irish Free State 1922 This name was adopted by the Republic of Ireland M Irish Republican Army 1916 Irish nationalist organization dedicated to the creation of a single unified Irish state was formed F 1922 Opposed dominion status after the creation of the Irish Free State M Isaac I 1057 Byzantine emperor 1057-59 R Isaac II 1185 Byzantine emperor 1185-95 R Isabeau of Bavaria 1389 French Queen 1389-1422 ? R Isabel 1846 Princess and regent of Brazil born B 1888 Abolished slavery in Brazil M Isabella 1327 Ousted her husband to become queen of England R Isabella I 1451 Queen of Spain 1451-1504 R Isabella II 1833 Queen of Spain 1833-68 R Isakson, Karl 1878 Swedish painter, mainly active in Denmark (d. 1922) B Isaurian 717 Dynasty of Byzantine emperors 717-802 F Islam 7th cent. Religion founded by the prophet Mohammed in 7th century. F Ismail I 1501 Shah of persia 1501 24. R Ismail Pasha 1863 Egyptian ruler 1863-79 R Isorhythm 1904 Term coined by F. Ludwig to describe the principle found in medieval music. M Israels, Jozef 1824 Dutch painter (d.1911) B Italian Wars 1494 A series of destructive wars broke out for control of Italy and lasted 65 years W Italo-Ethiopian War 1935 War in which Italy invaded Ethiopia W Italo-Turkish War 1911 War in which Italy established a libyan colony on the North African coast W Italo-Yugoslav Treaty 1924 Treaty concluded between Italy and Yugoslavia over the future of the city of Fiume T Ito, Hirobumi, Prince 1886 Japanese premier 1886-88, 1892,1898,1900-01 E Itten, Johannes 1888 Born B 1967 Died D Ituzaingo, Battle of 1827 Brazilian-Argentine battle that led to formation of Uraguay as an independent state. W Ivan IV 1547 First Tsar of Russia 1547-84. R Ivan V 1682 Tsar of Russia 1682-96 R Ivan VI 1740 Tsar of Russia 1740 41 R Ivanov, Alexander 1806 Born B 1858 Died D Ives, Charles (Edward) 1874 American composer born in Danbury, Connecticut (d.1954) B Iwo Jima, Battle of 1945 US victory over Japanese forces in the Pacific, Feb- Mar 1945 W Jack the Ripper 1888 Notorious London killer, identification still unknown M Jackson, Alexander Young 1882 Canadian landscape painter B 1974 Died D Jackson, Andrew 1829 7th US president 1829-37 E Jacob, Gordon 1895 English composer, conductor and teacher born in London (d.1984) B Jacobs, Arthur 1922 English music critic, editor and translator born in Manchester, England B Jacopo c.1400 Born B Jadwiga 1384 Queen of Poland (1384-99), cannonised Catholic saint R Jahn, Otto 1813 Geramn archaeologist, philogist and writer on music. Bjorn in Kiel. (d. 1869) B James I (1208-76) 1213 King of Aragon 1213-35 R James I (1394-1437) 1406 King of Scotland (1406-37) R James I (1566-1625) 1603 Scottish king of England (1603-25) R James II (1430-60) 1437 King of Scotland (1437-60) R James II (1633-1702) 1685 English king (1685-88) R James III 1460 King of Scotland (1460-88) R James IV 1488 King of Scotland (1488-1513) R James V 1513 King of Scotland (1513-42) R James, Henry 1843 American author born B James, Jesse Woodson 1882 Notorious outlaw killed by a fellow gang member for the reward D Jamesone, George 1589/90 Scottish portaitist B 1644 Died D Janacek, Leos 1854 Czech composer, conductor, organinist (d.Moravska, Ostrava) B Janowitz, Gundula 1937 German soprano B Janssens, Abraham C.1575 Flemish figure and portrait painter, active mainly in Antwerp B 1632 Died D January Insurrection 1863 Second Polish revolution against Russian domination W Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile 1865 Swiss composer and teacher (d.1950) B Jarred, Mary 1899 English contralto born in Brotton, Yorkshire (d.1993) B Jarrett, Keith 1945 American jazz pianist and composer born in Allentown. B Java Sea, Battle of the 1942 Japanese naval victory during WW II W Jawlensky, Alexei von 1864 Russian painter B 1941 Died D Jay, John 1745 American founding father, president of the continental congress was born B Jazz 1913-15 Type of music developed in the southern states of the U.S.A F Jefferson, Thomas 1801 3rd US president (1801-09) E Jeffreys, George 1610 English composer born in, England (d.1685) B Jehoahaz -804 King of Israel died R Jehoash -837 King of Judah was born R -800 King of Israel BR Jehoiachin -598 King of Judah R Jehoiakim -609 King of Judah (609-598BC) R Jehoram -843 King of Judah and son of Ahab R Jehoshaphat -900 King of Judah R Jehovah's Witnesses 1852 Charles Taze Russell, founder of Jehovah's Witneses was born B Jehu -842 King of Israel (842-815BC) and legendary chariot driver R Jerger, Alfred 1889 Austrian bass-baritone bornin Vienna. (d. 1976) B Jeritza, Maria lJedlitzka, Mizzir 1887 Moravian born American soprano (d.1982) B Jeroboam I -1000 1st king of divided northern Kingdom of Israel R Jeroboam II -800 Last great king of an independent Israel R Jerusalem, Siegfried 1940 German tenor born in Oberhausen, Germany B Jervas, Charles 1675 Irish painter, active mainly in London B 1739 Died D Jesus -8 Founder of Christianity, recognised by Christians as the Son of God and the Messiah was born in Bethlehem B Jeune Peinture Belge 1945 Avant-garde artists' association founded in Brussels B 1948 Disolved M Jiajing 1522 Chinese emperor (1522-67) R Jiaquing 1796 Chinese emperor (1796-1820) R Jimmu Tenno -660 Legendary first emperor of Japan R Joachim, Joseph 1831 Hungarian violinist and composer (d.1907) B Joan of Arc c1412 French saint and heroine during the Hundred Year's War was born B Joanna II 1414 Last Angevin queen of Naples (1414-35) R Jochum, Eugen 1902 German conductor born in Babenhausen. (d. 1987) B Joest van Calcar, Jan C.1450 Netherlandish painter B 1519 Died D John 1347 Byzantine emperor 1347-54 R 1341 Byzantine emperor 1341-47/1355-76/1379-91 R 1425 Byzantine emperor (1425-48) R 1199 King of England 1199-1216 R 1222 Byzantine emperor of Nicaea 1222-54 R 1118 Byzantine emperor 1118-43 R John Birch Society 1958 US society to abolish liberal legislation and expose communist subversion F John I (1350-95) 1387 King of Aragon (1387-95) R John I (1357-1433) 1385 Portugese king (1385-1433) R John I (1358-90) 1379 Spanish king of Castile and Leon (1379-90) R John I (1487-1540) 1526 King of Hungary (1526-40) R John I (c. 925-76) 969 Byzantine emperor (969-976) R John II (1319-64) 1350 King of France (1350-64) R 1316 King of France lived for only five days R John II (1397-1479) 1458 King of Aragon (1458-79) and Navarre (1425-79) R John II (1405-54) 1406 Spanish king of Castile (1406-54) R John II (1455-95) 1481 King of Portugal (1481-95) R John II (1609-72) 1648 King of Poland (1648-68) R John III (1502-57) 1521 King of Portugal (1521-57) R John III (1624-96) 1674 King of Poland (1674-96) R John IV 1640 King of Portugal (1640-56) R John Paul II 1978 Italian Pope (1978- ) R John V (1689-1750) 1706 King of Portugal (1706-50) R John VI (1769-1826) 1816 King of Portugal (1816-26), forced to rule from Brazil R John VIII (d. 882) 872 Pope (872-882) R John XII 955 Pope (955-964) deposed in 964 R John XXI 1276 Pope 1276-77, the only Portuguese pope R John XXII 1316 Pope 1316-34, ruled from Avignon R John XXIII 1958 Italian Pope (1958-63) R John, Augustus 1878 British painter and graphic artist B 1961 Died D John, Gwen 1876 British painter B 1939 Died D Johns, Jasper 1930 American painter, sculptor, and printmaker B Johnson, Andrew 1865 17th US president (1865-69), successor to Lincoln upon assasination E Johnson, Cornelius 1593 Anglo-Dutch portrait painter born in London B 1661 Died D Johnson, Edward (Canadian tenor) 1878 Canadian tenor born in Guelph, Ontario (d.1959) B Johnson, Gerard the Elder 1611 Dutch-born sculptor and mason (date of birth unknown) D Johnson, James Weldon 1897 American poet and first black to be admited to the US bar O Johnson, Lyndon Baines 1963 36th US president, successor on Kennedy's assassination E Johnson, Robert Sherlaw 1932 English composer and pianist born in Sunderland, England B Johnson, Samuel 1709 English literary figure born B Jolas, Betsy lIllous, Elizabethr 1926 Paris born American composer B Jolivet, Andre 1905 French composer born in Paris (d.1972) B Jommelli, Niccolo 1714 Italian composer born in Aversa, Naples (d.1774) B Jones, (Dame) Gwyneth 1936 Welsh soprano born in Pontnewyndd, Wales. B Jones, Allen 1937 British painter and sculptor B Jones, David 1895 British painter, engraver, and writer B 1974 Died D Jones, Della 1946 Welsh mezzo-soprano born in Neath. B Jones, Inigo 1573 English architect, stage designer, draughtsman, and painter B 1652 Died D Jones, Thomas 1742 Welsh landscape painter B 1803 Died D Jongkind, Johan Barthold 1819 Dutch landscape painter and etcher B 1891 Died D Jonson, Ben 1572 English Elizabethan playwrite, poet and friend of Shakespear was born B Joos van Cleve C.1490 Netherlandish painter active mainly in Antwerp B 1540 Died D Joplin, Scott 1868 American composer and ragtime pianist (d.1917) B Jordaens, Jacob 1593 Flemish painter, active in his native Antwerp B 1678 Died D Jorn, Asger 1914 Danish painter and graphic artist, active in Paris B 1973 Died D Joseph (1715-77) 1750 King of Portugal (1750-77) R Joseph (c. 1840-1904) 1840 American Indian chief of Nez Perce Indians was born R Joseph I 1705 Holy Roman emperor (1705-11) R Joseph II 1765 Holy Roman emperor (1765-90) R Josephine 1796 Empress of France and wife of Napoleon (1796-1809) R Josephs, Wilfred 1927 English composer born in Newcastle, England B Josephson, Ernst 1851 Swedish painter and draughtsman B 1906 Died D Josiah -609 King of Judah R Joubert, John 1927 S.African composer born in Cape Town, S.Africa B Joule, James Prescott 1818 British physicist, [after whom the electrical unit of work (the joule) is named] was born B Journet, Marcel 1867 French bass born in Grasse. B Jouvenet, Jean 1644 French painter B 1717 Died D Jovian 363 Roman emperor (363-364) R Joyce, James 1882 Irish author, considered a 20th century master, was born B Juan Carlos I 1975 Spanish king, successor to Gen. F. Franco R Juan de Flandes 1519 Flemish painter active in Castile from 1496 (date of birth unknown) D Juan de Juni 1507 Sculptor, active in Spain B 1577 Died D Juarez, Jose 1615 Mexican painter B 1665 Died D Judd, Donald 1928 American sculptor B 1994 Died D Juel, Jens 1745 Danish painter B 1802 Died D Juliana 1948 Queen of the Netherlands (1948-80) R Julius I, Saint 337 Pope (337-352) R Julius II 1503 Pope (1503-13) R Jullien lJulienr, Louis 1812 French conductor, composer and impresario born in Sisterton, France (d.1860) B July Revolution 1830 Revolt in France forcing the abdication of Charles X W Jung, Carl Gustav 1875 Swiss psychiatrist and one-time collaborator with Freud was born B Jungwirth, Manfred 1919 Austrian bass born in St. Polten, Austria B Jurinac, Sena lSrebrenkar 1921 Austrian soprano born in Yugoslavia B Justin I 518 Byzantine emperor (518-527) R Justinian I 527 Byzantine emperor (527-565) R Justinian II 685 Byzantine emperor (685-795/705-711) R Jutland, Battle of 1916 The only major sea battle bewteen Britain and Germany in WW I W Kabalevsky, Dmitry (Borisovich) 1904 Russian composer and pianist born in St. Petersburg (d.1987) B Kafka, Franz 1883 Czech-born Austrian author, one of the great writers of modern literature, was born B Kagel, Mauricio 1931 Argentinian composer, conductor and teacher born in Buenos Aires B Kalbeck, Max 1850 German author, critic and librettist born in Breslau (d.1921) B Kalf, Willem 1619 Dutch painter B 1693 Died D Kamehameha I 1810 Hawaiian king (1810-19), united all the hawaiian islands R Kammu 737 Emperor of Japan and founder of Kyoto, former capital R Kamu, Okko (Tapani) 1946 Finnish composer, conductor and violinist born in Helsinki B Kandinsky, Wassily 1944 Died D 1866 Russian painter and theorist, founder of abstract art born B Kandler, Johann Joachim 1706 German sculptor and porcelain modeller B 1775 Died D Kane, John 1860 American painter born in Scotland B 1934 Died D Kane, Paul 1810 Irish-Born Canadian painter of landscape and Indian subjects B 1871 Died D Kangxi, Emperor 1661 Expansionist Chinese emperor (1661-1722) R Kaniska 78 Chinese ruler of India R Kansas 1861 Kansas becomes the 34th US stae F Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 US bill enacted to establish Kansas and Nebraska as separate territories F Kant, Immanuel 1804 Died D 1724 German philosopher and metaphysical author born B Kapp Putsch 1920 Unsuccessful reactionary uprising in Berlin M Kaprow, Allen 1927 American artist B Karajan, Herbert von 1908 Austrian conductor born in Salzburg (d.1989) B Karg-Elert lKargr, Sigfrid 1877 German composer, pianist and organist bornin Oberndorf. (d. 1933) B Karlowicz, Mieczyslaw 1876 Polish composer born in Wiszniewe. (d. 1909) B Karpeles, Maud 1885 English folk song collector, editor and scholar (d.1976) B Kaslik, Vaclav 1917 Czech composer, producer and conductor (d.1989) B Katyn 1940 Site of a famous massacre of some 15,000 Polish soldiers by the Soviets W Kauffer, E. McKnight 1890 American-born painter and illustrator settled in England B 1954 Died D Kauffmann, Angelica 1741 Swiss painter B 1807 Died D Kaufman, George S. 1889 American playwrite born B Kaulbach, Wilhelm von 1805 German painter B 1874 Died D Kaunda, Kenneth 1964 Zambian political leader and first president (1964- ) OE Keats, John 1795 One of England's greatest Romantic poets born B Keene, Charles Samuel 1823 English caricaturist B 1891 Died D Keene, Christopher 1946 American conductor born in Berkeley. B Keiser, Reinhard 1674 German composer born in Teuchern, Germany (d.1739) B Kelley, Edgar (Stillman) 1857 American composer, organist and author born in Wisconsin (d.1944) B Kellogg, Frank Billings 1856 American statesman and recipient of the 1929 Nobel peace prize was born B Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 International pact declaring an end to war as an instrument of diplomacy T Kelly, Bryan 1934 English composer, pianist and conductor born in Oxford B Kelly, Ellsworth 1923 American painter and sculptor B Kelmscott Press 1890 A private printing-press founded by William Morris at Hammersmith F Kelterborn, Rudolf 1931 Swiss composer and conductor born in Basle. B Kelvin, Lord 1824 Scittish mathematician and pysicist, inventor of the Kelvin scale was born B Kemeny, Zoltan 1907 Hungarian-born sculptor and designer who became a Swiss citizen B 1965 Died D Kempe, Rudolf 1910 German conductor born in Dresden (d.1976) B Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 1961 35th US president (1961-63), youngest president, first Catholic president of the US, founder of the peace corps, supporter of civil rights. Assassinated Nov. 20 1963. E Kennedy, Robert F. 1968 Brother of president J.F. Kennedy, ran for Democratic party nomination, assassinated D Kennington, Eric 1888 British painter, sculptor, and graphic artist B 1960 Died D Kent Opera 1969 Founded, English opera company, by Norman Platt and Roger Norrington. F Kent State Massacre 1970 Incident at Kent State University when National Guardsmen fired on an anti-Vietnam demonstration killing four students M Kent, William 1685 English architect, designer, landscape gardener, and painter B 1616 Died D Kentucky 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state of the US F Kepler, Johannes 1571 German astronomer, best known for his laws of planetary motion B Kerensky, Aleksandr Feodorovich 1917 Russian revolutionary, leader of provisional govt. (July-Oct) E Kern, Jerome 1885 American composer of musical scores for many well known shows B Kern, Jerome (David) 1885 American composer born in New York (d.1945) B Kerouac, Jack 1922 American novelist, leader of the beat generation B Kersting, Georg Friedrich 1785 German painter B 1847 Died D Kessel, Jan van 1626 Flemish still-life and flower painter active in Antwerp B 1679 Died D Ketel, Cornelis 1548 Dutch portrait and history painter B 1616 Died D Kettle, Tilly 1735 English portrait painter B 1786 Died D Keuris, Tristan 1946 Dutch composer born in Amersfoort, Holland B Key, Francis Scott 1931 Key's poem "The Star Spangled Banner", put to music, became the US national anthem F Keynes, John Maynard, 1st baron of Tilton 1883 British economist, advocate of government intervention was born B Keyser, Hendrick de 1565 Outstanding Dutch sculptor and one of the leading Dutch architects of his period B 1621 Died D Keyser, Nicaise de 1813 Belgian painter of portraits and historical scenes B 1887 Died D KGB 1954 Soviet political security police force formed F Khachaturian, Aram (Ilyich) 1903 Armenian composer born in Tbilisi (d.1978) B Khartoum, Battle of 1885 Battle between British and the Mahdi's forces. Gen C. Gordon and all of his garrison were killed W Khomeini, Ruhollah, Ayatollah 1979 Khomeini deposed the Shah of Iran and became virtual dictator of the country until his death in 1989 W Khosru I 531 Persian king (531-579) R Khosru II 590 Persian king (590-628) R Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich 1958 Premier of the Soviet Union (1958-1964) E Kidd, William 1645 "Captain Kidd", British privateer and pirate born B Kienholz, Edward 1927 American sculptor B Killmayer, Wilhelm 1927 German composer born in Munich B King Philip's War 1675 War between New England colonists and Indian tribes W King William's War 1689 American colonial war between France and England in Northern America W King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1929 American civil rights leader, renowned for his use of non-violence was born B 1968 King assassinated in Memphis Tennessee D Kip, Johannes 1653 Dutch topographical engraver B 1722 Died D Kipling, Rudyard 1907 Kipling became the first English writer to receive the Nobel prize for literature A Kipnis, Alexander 1891 Russian-born, a American bass born in the Ukraine. (d. 1978) B Kiprensky, Orest 1783 Russian painter, active in Italy B 1836 Died D Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig 1880 German Expressionist painter, sculptor, and graphic artist B 1938 Committed suicide D Kirchner, Volker David 1942 German composer and violinist born in Mainz B Kirkby, (Carolyn) Emma 1949 English soprano born in Camberley. B Kirsten, Dorothy 1910 American soprano born in Montclair. (d. 1992) B Kisling, Moise 1891 Polish-born French painter B 1953 Died D Kissinger, Henry Alfred 1973 US secretary of state (1973-77) M 1923 Born B 1973 Won the Nobel Peace Prize Z Kitaj, Ron B. 1932 American painter and graphic artist, active mainly in England B Kitchen Sink School C.1950 Group of British Social Realist painters F Klebe, Giselher (Wolfgang) 1925 German composer born in Mannheim B Klee, Bernhard 1936 German conducter and pianist. Born in Schleiz. B Klee, Paul 1879 Swiss painter and graphic artist B 1940 Died D Kleiber, Carlos 1930 German-born, Austrian conductor. B Kleiber, Erich 1890 Austrian conductor born in Vienna (d.1956) B Klein, Yves 1928 French painter and experimental artist B 1962 Died D Klemperer, Otto 1885 German conductor and composer born in Breslau (d.1973) B Klimt, Gustav 1918 Died D 1862 Austrian painter, founder of Vienna Seccession school, was born B Kline, Franz 1910 American painter B 1962 Died D Klinger, Max 1857 German painter, sculptor, and graphic artist, born at Leipzig B 1920 Died D Klondike 1897 Discovery of gold in Klondike led to the gold rush O Knappertsbusch, Hans 1888 German conductor born in Elberfeld. (d. 1965) B Knapton, George 1698 English portrait painter B 1778 Died D Kneller, Sir Godfrey 1646 German-born painter who settled in England B 1723 Died D 1711 Made Governor of the first art Academy in England. O Knight, Dame Laura 1877 English painter B 1970 Died D Knight, Richard Payne 1877 Born B 1970 Died D Knights Hospitalers 1099 Military order formed in Jerusalem to protect and heal pilgrims F Knights of Calatrava 1158 Oldest Spanish military order formed F Knights of Labor 1869 US labour organisation formed F Knights of Saint Crispin 1867 Early US shoemakers trade union F Knights of the Golden Circle 1854 Secret society of supporters of the South durimg US Civil War F Knights Templars 1119 Military religious order established in Jerusalem to protect christian pilgrims F Knights' War 1522 Unsuccesful rebellion of German knights during the Reformation W Knox, Philander Chase 1909 US secretary of state (1909-13), introduced "dollar diplomacy" E Knussen, (Stuart) Oliver 1952 English composer and conductor born in Glasgow B 1994 Awarded C.B.E Z Kobke, Christen 1810 Danish painter B 1848 Died D Koch, Joseph Anton 1768 Austrian painter active mainly in Rome B 1839 Died D Kodaly, Zoltan 1882 Hungarian composer and teacher born in Kecskemet (d.1967) B Koechlin, Charles 1867 French composer born in Paris (d.1950) B Koekkoek, Barend Cornelis 1803 Born B 1862 Died D Koellreutter, Hans-Joachim 1915 German composer and Flautist born in Freiburg. B Koffka, Kurt 1886 German psychologist, co-founder of Gestalt therapy born B Kohl, Helmut 1982 Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and first chancellor of united germany (1990- ) E Kokoschka, Oskar 1886 Austrian-born painter, graphic artist, and writer B 1980 Died D Kolb, Barbara 1939 American composer born in Hartford, Connecticut. B Kolisch, Rudolf 1896 American violinist of Austrian birth, born in Klamm am Semmering. (d. 1978) B Kollwitz, Kathe 1867 German graphic artist and sculptor B 1945 Died D Konijnenburg, Willem Adriaan van 1868 Dutch painter of murals and portraits and designer of stained-glass windows B 1943 Died D Koninck, Philips 1619 Dutch painter B 1688 Died D Koran 650 Authorised text of the Koran first written F Korean War 1950 President Truman ordered US military to aid South Korea W 1953 Armistice signed (July 27) W Korngold, Erich (Wolfgang) 1897 Austrian composer and conductor born in Brunn, Austria (d.1957) B Kosuth, Joseph 1945 American experimental artist B Kosygin, Aleksey Nikolayevich 1964 Soviet premier (1964-80), overshadowed by Brezhnev E Koussevitzky lKussevitzskyr, Serge lSergeyr (Alexandrovich) 1874 Russian conductor and double bass player born in Vishny Volochek (d.1951) B Kraft, Adam C.1460 German sculptor, active in Nuremburg B C.1508 Died D Kraft, William 1923 American composer and timpanist born in Chicago. B Krauss, Clemens 1893 Austrian conductor born Vienna (d.1954) B Kreisler, Fritz (Friedrich) 1875 Austrian violinist and composer born in Vienna (d.1962) B Kreizberg, Yakov 1959 Russian-born American conductor, born in Leningrad. B Kremlin 1156 Kremlin, Moscow built, remained centre of Tzarist government until 1712, and the again under Soviet rule F Krenek lKrenekr, Ernst 1900 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d.1991) B Kress, Samuel H. 1863 Born B 1955 Died D Kreutzer, Conradin 1780 German composer and conductor born in Baden. (d. 1849) B Kreutzer, Rodolphe 1766 French violinist and composer born in Versailles. (d. 1831) B Krieghoff, Cornelius 1815 Dutch-born Canadian painter B 1872 Died D Krips, Josef 1902 Austrian conductor born in Vienna. (d.1974) B Krohg, Christian 1852 Norwegian painter B 1925 Died D Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 Russian revolt against Bolshevik rule, led to the New Economic Policy W Kropotkin, Peter Alekseyevich, Prince 1842 Russian author, a leading figure in the development of anarchism, was born B Kroyer, Peder Severin 1851 Danish painter B 1909 Died D Kruseman, Cornelis 1797 Dutch painter, active in Italy B 1857 Died D Ku Klux Klan 1867 Secret terrorist organisation formed in the US south F Kubelik, (Jeronym) Rafael 1914 Czech conductor and composer born in Bychory B Kubin, Alfred 1877 Austrian graphic artist B 1857 Died D Kubitschek, Juscelino 1956 Brazilian president (1956-61), founder of Social Democrats E Kublai Khan 1260 Mongol emperor 1260-90, completed the conquest of China R Kuhn, Walt 1877 American painter, illustrator, and designer B 1949 Died D Kullman, Charles 1903 American tenor born in New Haven. (d. 1983) B Kulmbach, Hans Suess von 1480 Born B 1522 Died D Kulturkampf 1871 German chancellor Bismark's struggle against the Catholic church W Kupfer, Harry 1935 German producer born in Berlin. B Kupka, Frantisek 1871 Czech painter and graphic artist, active mainly in France B 1957 Died D Kurtag, Gyorgy 1926 Romanian composer born in Lugoj, Romania B Kurtz, Efrem 1900 Russian-born, American conductor. Born in St Petersburg. B La Bruyere, Jean de 1645 French author of Les Characteres ou les moeurs de ce siecle was born B La Fosse, Charles de 1636 French painter B 1716 Died D La Fresnaye, Roger de 1885 French painter B 1925 Died D La Hyre, Laurent de 1606 French painter active in Paris B 1656 Died D La Rue, Pierre de 1460 Flemish composer born in Tournai (d. 1518) B La Scala, Milan 1778 Italian opera house F La Tour, Georges de 1593 French painter B 1652 Died D La Tour, Maurice-Quentin de 1704 French pastel portraitist active in Paris B 1788 Died D Labbette, Dora 1898 English soprano born in Purley (d. 1984) B Labeque, Katia and Marielle 1950 French pianist born in Hendaye B 1952 French pianist born in Hendaye B Lablache, Luigi 1794 Italian bass born in Naples (d. 1858) B 1858 Died in Naples D Labour party 1900 British political party founded by a coalition of trade unions F Labroca, Mario 1896 Italian composer, critic, and impresario B 1973 Died in Rome D Labunski, Feliks (Roderick) 1892 American composer, critic and teacher born in Poland (d. 1979) B 1979 Died in Cincinnati D Laburda, Jiri 1931 Czechoslavakian composer born in Sobeslav B Lacan, Jacques 1964 Founded the Freudian School of Paris F Lachaise, Gaston 1882 French-American sculptor B 1935 Died D Lachner, Franz 1803 German conductor and composer born in Rain am Lech (d. 1890) B Ladislaus 1386 King of Naples (1386-1414) R Ladislaus I (1040-95) 1077 King of Hungary 1077-95 R Ladislaus I (1260-1333) 1320 King of Poland 1320-33 R Ladislaus II (1350-1434) 1386 King of Poland (1386-1434) R Ladislaus II (c. 1456-1516) 1471 King of Bohemia (1471-1516) and Hungary (1490-1516) R Ladislaus III 1434 King of Poland (1434-44) R Ladislaus V 1444 King of Hungary (1444-57) and Bohemia (1453-57) R Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, The 1930 Opera in 4 acts by Shostakovich C Lady of Shalott, The 1956 Cantata by Phyllis Tate Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe 1781 French physician, inventor of the stethoscope born B Laer, Pieter van C.1592 Dutch painter, active in Rome B 1642 Died D Laguerre, Louis 1663 French decorative painter, active in England B 1721 Died D Lairesse, Gerard de 1641 Dutch painter, etcher, and writer on art. B 1711 Died D Lajtha, Laszlo 1892 Hungarian composer, writer and folk music expert born in Budapest (d. 1963) B Lakes, Gary 1950 American tenor born in Dallas B Lalande, Michel-Richard de 1657 French composer and organist born in Paris (d.1726) B Lalandi, Lina (Madeleine) 1920 British harpsichordist and clavichordist born in Germany B Lalo, Edouard-Victor-Antoine 1823 French composer born in Lille (d. 1892) B Lam, Wifredo 1902 Cuban painter B 1982 Died D Lamb, Henry 1883 British painter B 1960 Died D Lambert, (Leonard) Constant 1905 English composer, conductor and critic born in London (d. 1951) B Lambert, George 1700 Leading English landscape painter B 1765 Died D Lambert, Michel 1610 French lutenist born in Champigny-sur-Veude (d.1696) B Lambton Worm, The 1976 Opera in two acts by R. Sherlaw Johnson C Lamentation Symphony 1770 Nickname for Haydn's Symphony No.26 in D minor M Lami, Eugene-Louis 1800 French painter and lithographer B 1890 Died D Lamond, Frederic(k) (Archibald) 1868 Scottish pianist and composer born in Glasgow (d. 1948) B Lamotte lLamotar, Franz 1751 Dutch violinst and composer born Vienna (or Holland) (d.1781) B Lamoureux, Charles 1834 French conductor and violinist born in Bordeaux (d. 1899) B 1881 Founded 'Nouveaux Concerts' F Lamperti, Francesco 1813 Italian teacher of singing born in Savona (d. 1892) B Lampugnani, Giovanni (Battista) 1706 Italian composer born in Milan (d. after 1786) B Lanchbery, John 1923 English conductor and composer B Lancie, John (Sherwood) de 1921 American oboist and teacher born in California B Lancret, Nicolas 1690 French painter B 1743 Died D Land of my Fathers 1856 National anthem of Wales C Landi, Stefano 1586 Italian composer and teacher born in Rome (d. 1639) B Landini lLandinor, Francesco 1325 Italian composer born in Florence B Landon, Christa 1921 German musicologist born in Berlin (d. 1977) B Landon, H(oward) C(handler) Robbins 1926 American musicologist born in Boston B Landowska, Wanda (Alexandra) 1877 Polish-born harpsichordist and pianist born in Warsaw (d. 1959) B Landre, Guillaume Louis Frederic 1905 Dutch composer and critic born in The Hague (d. 1968) B Landseer, Sir Edwin 1802 English painter, sculptor, and engraver B 1873 Died D Lanfranc 1070 Italian priest became archbishop of Canterbury 1070-89 M Lanfranco, Giovanni 1582 Italian painter born in Parma B 1647 Died D Lang, Paul Henry 1901 Hungarian-born musicologist and critic (d. 1991) B 1928 Went to USA M Langdon, Michael lBirtles, Frankr 1920 English bass-baritone born in Wolverhampton (d. 1991) B Lange (nee Weber), Aloysia 1761 German soprano born in Mannheim (d. 1839) B Langford, Samuel 1863 English music critic born in Manchester (d. 1927) B Langgaard, Rued (Immanuel) 1893 Danish composer and organist born in Copenhagen (d. 1952) B 1904 Debuted as organist O Langlais, Jean 1907 French organist and composer born in La Fontenelle (d. 1991) B Langridge, Philip (Gordon) 1939 English tenor born in Kent B Lanier lLanierer, Nicholas 1588 English composer born in London (d. 1666) B Lankester, Michael 1944 English conductor and composer born in London B Lanner, Joseph (Franz Karl) 1801 Austrian conductor and composer born in Vienna (d. 1843) B Lanza, Mario lCoccozza, Alfred Arnoldr 1921 American tenor and actor born in Philadelphia (d. 1959) B Lanzi, Luigi 1732 Italian art historian, archaeologist, and philologist B 1810 Died D Laozi -604 Birth of the Chinese classical philosopher worshipped as a divinity B Laparra, Raoul 1876 French composer born in Bordeaux (d. 1943) B Lara, Isidore de (Cohen) 1858 English composer and pianist born in London (d. 1935) B Lardner, Ringgold Wilmer 1885 American author of humorous short stories born B Laredo (y Unzueta), Jaime (Eduardo) 1941 American violinist born in Cochabamba, Bolivia B Large, Brian 1937 English musicologist, pianist, writer, and TV producer born in London B Largilliere, Nicolas de 1656 French painter, mainly of portraits B 1746 Died D Larionov, Mikhail 1881 Russian painter and designer B 1964 Died D Larkin, William 1619 Died D Larner, Gerald 1936 English music critic born in Leeds B Laroon, Marcellus 1679 English painter B 1772 Died D Larousse, Pierre Athanase 1817 French grammarian, lexicographer and encyclopedist born B Larrocha, Alicia de 1923 Spanish pianist born in barcelona B LarsenmTodsen, Nanny 1884 Swedish soprano born in Hagby (d. 1982) B Larsson, Carl 1853 Swedish painter and graphic artist B 1919 Died D Larsson, Lars-Erik 1908 Swedish composer, conductor and critic born in Akarp (d. 1987) B LaSalle Quartet 1949 American string quartet formed by students from the Julliard School F Lascaux 1940 Site of a cave in France containing prehistoric paintings discovered in 1940 M Lassalle, Jean-Louis 1847 French baritone born in Lyons (d. 1909) B Lassen, Eduard 1830 Danish conductor, composer and opera director born in Copenhagen (d.1904) B Lasso, Orlando di 1530 Belgian Renaissance composer and chorister born B Lassus, Orlande (Roland) de lIt. Orlando di Lassor 1532 Flemish composer born in Mons (d. 1594) B 1556 Published first volume of mdrigals, motets and chansons O Lastman, Pieter 1583 Dutch painter B 1633 Died D Laszlo, Magda 1919 Hungarian soprano born in Marosvasarhely B Lateran Synod 1059 Synod which established the procedure by which the pope was to be elected F Latham, Peter (Morton Sturges) 1894 English teacher and writer born in London ( d.1970) B Latham-Koenig, Jan 1953 English conductor and pianist born in London B 1976 Founded Koenig Ensemble F Latin Wars -340 Wars in which a number of Italian cities sought equality with Rome W Laurana, Francesco 1430 Italian sculptor B 1502 Died D Laurens, Henri 1885 French sculptor B 1954 Died D Laurens, Henry 1777 American statesman, president of the Continental Congress (1777-78) E Laurenti, Bartolomeo Girolamo 1644 Italian violinist and composer born in Bologna (d. 1726) B Lauri-Volpi, Giacomo 1892 Italian tenor born in Rome (d. 1979) B 1919 Opera debut under the name of Giacomo Rubini at Viterbo O Laval, Pierre 1942 French premiere of the Vichy govt. of occupied France executed after the war M Lavallee, Calixa 1842 French-Canadian composer and pianist (d. 1891) B Lavery, Sir John 1856 British painter B 1941 Died D Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 1743 French physicist and chemist, founder of modern chemistry born B Law, Andrew Bonar 1911 Conservative leader in British Parliament (1911-15) E Lawes, Henry 1596 English composer and singer born in Dinton (d. 1662) B Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert) 1885 Major British author born B Lawrence, Ernest Orlando 1901 American physicist and Nobel prize winner is born B Lawrence, Marjorie (Florence) 1909 Australian soprano born in Dean's Marsh (d. 1979) B Lawrence, Sir Thomas 1769 English portrait painter B 1830 Died D Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward) 1888 "Lawrence Of Arabia", British soldier and author born B Lawson, Ernest 1873 American painter B 1939 Died D Lawton, Jeffrey 1939 English tenor born in Oldham B 1974 Debuted as Don Alvaro in La Forza del destino P Layolle, Francesco de 1492 Italian composer and organist born in Florence (d. 1540) B Layton, Robert 1930 English critic and administrator born in London B Lazarev, Alexander 1945 Russian conductor born in Russia B 1978 Founded Bolshoy Ensemle of Soloists F Lazarof, Henri 1932 Bulgarian-born composer and teacher B Lazzari, Sylvio 1857 French composer born in Austria (d. 1944) B Le Corbusier 1887 Swiss-born architect, painter, designer, and writer who became a French citizen. B 1965 Died D Le Fauconnier, Henri 1881 French painter B 1946 Died D Le Fleming, Christopher (Kaye) 1908 English composer and teacher born in Wimborne B Le Nain, Antoine 1588 French painter B 1648 Died D Le Notre, Andre 1613 Born B 1700 Died D Le Parc, Julio 1928 Argentinian experimental artist B Le Roux, Francois 1955 French baritone born in Renne B Le Sueur, Eustache 1616 French painter active in Paris D 1655 Died D Le Sueur, Jean Francois 1760 French composer born near Abbeville (d. 1837) B Leaning Tower of Pisa 1174 Tower constructed in Pisa, Italy. Begins to lean due to subsidance F Lear (nee Shulman), Evelyn 1926 American soprano born in Brooklyn B 1958 Opera debut in Berlin A Lear, Edward 1812 English artist, author, and traveller B 1888 Died D Lebanese Crisis 1958 US miltary intervention in a Lebanese civil war W Lebegue, Nicolas-Antoine 1631 French organist and composer born in Laon (d. 1702) B Lebrun, Albert 1931 Last president of the French Third Republic (1931-40) E Lebrun, Charles 1619 French painter and art theorist B 1690 Died D Lebrun, Ludwig August 1752 German oboist and composer born in Mannheim (d. 1790) B Lechner, Leonhard 1553 Austrian composer born in S. Tyrol (d. 1606) B Leck, Barth Anthony van der 1876 Dutch painter and designer B 1958 Died D Leclair, Jean-Marie 1697 French composer and violinist born in Lyons (d. 1764) B Lecocq, (Alexandre) Charles 1832 French composer born in Paris B Lecuona, Ernesto 1896 Cuban composer and pianist born in Guanabacoa (d. 1963) B Ledger, Philip (Stevens) 1937 English organist, conductor, pianist and harpsichordist born in Bexhill-on-Sea B Leduc, Ozias 1864 Born B 1955 Died D Lee Kuan Yew 1965 First prime minister of the republic of Singapore (1965-90) E Lee, Ann 1774 Shaker sect of Quakers introduced to US by A. Lee F Lee, Richard Henry 1732 American statesman and signer of the declaration of independence born B Lee, Robert E(dward) 1807 Confederate commander during the American Civil War born B Leech, John 1817 English caricaturist and illustrator B 1864 Died D Leech, Richard 1956 American Tenor born in Binghamton, California B Leeds Piano Competition 1963 International competition for pianists F Lees lLysnianskyr, Benjamin 1924 American composer born in Manchuria B 1958 Awarded Arnold Bax Medal Z Leeuw, Ton de 1926 Dutch composer born in Rotterdam B LeFanu, Nicola (Frances) 1947 English composer and teacher born in Wickham Bishops, Essex B Lefebure, Yvonne 1898 French pianist born in Seine-et-Oise B Legal Tender Act 1862 US Congressional act authorising issue of money without gold backing T Leger, Fernand 1881 French painter B 1955 Died D Legge, Walter 1906 English impresario, critic and author (d. 1979) B 1945 Founded Philharmonia Orchestra F Legislative Assembly 1791 National representative body of revolutionary France (1791-92) F Legrand, Michel 1932 French composer and conductor born in Paris B Legrenzi, Giovanni 1626 Italian composer and Choirmaster born in Clusone (d. 1690) B Legros, Alphonse 1837 French-born painter and engraver who settled in England B 1911 Died D Legros, Pierre, I 1629 Born B 1690 Died D Lehar, Ferencz lFranzr 1870 Austro-Hungarian composer (d. 1948) B Lehel, Gyorgy 1926 Hungarian conductor born in Budapest (d. 1989) B Lehmann, Lilli 1848 German soprano born in Wurzburg (d. 1929) B Lehmann, Liza lElizabethr (Nina Mary Frederika) 1862 English composer and soprano born in London (d. 1918) B Lehmann, Lotte 1888 American soprano born in Germany (d. 1976) B Lehmbruck, Wilhelm 1881 Born B 1991 Died D Lehnhoff, Nikolaus 1939 German director born in Hanover B Leibl, Wilhelm 1844 German painter B 1900 Died D Leibowitz, Rene 1913 Polish-born French composer, conductor and musicologist (d. 1972) B Leichtentritt, Hugo 1874 German composer, teacher and scholar born in Pleschen (d. 1951) B Leider, Frida 1888 German soprano born in Berlin (d. 1975) B Leiferkus, Sergei (Petrovich) 1946 Russian baritone born in Leningrad B Leigh, Adele 1924 English soprano born in London B Leigh, Walter 1905 English composer born in London (d. 1942) B Leighton, Frederic 1830 English painter and sculptor B 1896 Died D Leighton, Kenneth 1929 English composer and pianist born in Wakefield (d. 1988) B Leinberger, Hans 1480 Born B 1531 Died D Leinsdorf lLandauerr, Erich 1912 Austrian-born conductor (d. 1993) B Leipzig Debate 1519 Famous debate in which M. Luther defended protestantism M Leipzig, Battle of 1813 Major defeat for Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars W Leitner, Ferdinand 1912 German conductor born in Berlin B Lekeu, Guillaume 1870 Belgian composer born in Heusy B Lely, Sir Peter 1618 Dutch-born painter settled in England B 1680 Died D Lemaitre, Georges 1894 Belgian astro-physicist who postulated the "Big Bang" theory was born B Lemare, Edwin (Henry) 1865 English organist and composer born in Ventnor (d. 1934) B Lemmens-Sherrington, Hellen 1834 English soprano born in Preston (d. 1906) B Lemnitz, Tiana (Luise) 1897 German soprano born in Metz (d. 1994) B Lemoyne, Francois 1688 French painter B 1737 Died D Lenbach, Franz von 1836 German painter B 1904 Died D Lener Quartet 1918 Hungarian string quartet F Lener, Jeno 1894 Hungarian violinist born in Szabadka (d. 1948) B Lengnick & Co 1892 English music publishing firm F Lenin, Nikolai 1870 Born B 1917 Lenin returns to Russia in the famous sealed train M 1921 Lenin brings in the New Economic Policy M Lenoir, Marie-Alexandre 1762 French painter B 1839 Died D Lentulov, Aristarkh 1882 Russian painter and designer B 1943 Died D Lenya, Lotte lBlamauer, Karoliner 1898 Austrian-born singer of mezzo-soprano quality (d. 1981) B Leo I, Saint 440 Italian-born pope (440-461) R Leo III 717 Byzantine emperor (717-41) R Leo III, Saint 795 Italian-born pope (795-816) R Leo IX, Saint 1049 German-born pope 1049-54 R Leo V 813 Byzantine emperor (813-20) R Leo VI 886 Byzantine emperor (886-912), introduced the Basilica R Leo X 1513 Italian-born pope (1513-21) R Leo XIII 1878 Italian-born pope (1878-1903) R Leo, Leonardo 1694 Italian composer born in San Vito degli Schiavi (d. 1744) B Leonard, Lawrence 1925 English conducter born in London B Leonardo da Vinci 1452 Florentine artist, scientist, and thinker born B 1519 Died in France D Leoncavallo, Ruggiero 1857 Italian composer born in Naples (d. 1919) B Leonhardt, Gustav 1928 Dutch harpsichordist, organist, and conductor B Leoni, Franco 1864 Italian composer born in Milan (d. 1949) B Leoni, Leone 1509 Italian Mannerist sculptor B 1590 Died D 1560 Italian composer born in Verona (d. 1627) B Leonin lLeoninusr 1135 French composer born in Paris d.1201 B Leopold I (1640-1705) 1658 Holy Roman Emperor (1658-1705) R Leopold I (1790-1865) 1831 First king of independent Belgium (1831-65) R Leopold II (1747-92) 1790 Holy Roman Emperor (1790-92), enlightened despot R Leopold II (1835-1909) 1865 King of the Belgians (1865-1909) R Leopold III 1934 King of the Belgians (1934-51) R Leovigild 568 Visigothic king of Spain (685-86) R Lepicie, Nicolas-Bernard 1735 Born B 1784 Died D Leppard, Raymond (John) 1927 American conductor, composer, harpsichordist, and musicologist born in London B Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastian 1872 President of Mexico (1872-76) E Leroux, Xavier (Henry Napoleon) 1863 French composer B Leschetizky, Theodor lLeszetycki, Teodorr 1830 Polish pianist, teacher and composer born in Lancut (d. 1915) B Leslie, Charles Robert 1794 Born B 1859 Died D Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, vicomte de 1805 Engineer & director of construction of the Suez Canal (1859) born B Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 1729 German writer B 1781 Died D Lessing, Karl Friedrich 1808 German painter B 1880 Died D Lethaby, William Richard 1857 English architect, teacher, and writer on art B 1931 Died D Leu, Hans the Younger 1490 Born B 1531 Died D Leutgeb, Ignaz (Joseph) 1745 Austrian hornplayer born in Salzburg B Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb 1816 German-born painter who lived in America B 1868 Died D Levant, Oscar 1906 American composer and pianist born in Pittsburgh (d. 1972) B Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph 1846 Discovered planet Neptune in 1846, together with J.C.Adams S Levi, Hermann 1839 German conductor born in Giessen (d. 1900) B Levine, James 1943 American conductor and pianist born in Cincinatti B Levy, Marvin 1932 American composer and critic born in Newark, New Jersey B Lewenthal, Raymond 1926 American writer, pianist, musicologist, and editor born in San Antonio, Texas B Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair 1930 Became the first American winner of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930, (1885-1951) A 1885 Born B Lewis, (Percy) Wyndham 1882 English painter, novelist, and critic B 1957 Died D Lewis, (Sir) Anthony (Carey) 1915 English conductor, composer, editor, and teacher born in Bermuda B Lewis, Henry 1932 American conductor, clarinettist and double-bass player born in Los Angeles B Lewis, Jeffrey 1942 Welsh composer, organist, pianist and teacher born in Neath B Lewis, Keith 1950 New Zealand tenor born in Methven B 1976 Won Ferrier memorial scholarship Z Lewis, Mary 1900 American soprano born in Hot Springs, Arkansas B Lewis, Richard lThomas, Thomasr 1914 English tenor and conductor born in Manchester (d. 1990) B Lewitt, Sol 1928 American sculptor B Lexington and Concord, Battle of 1775 Opening hostilities of the American revolution (Apr. 19, 1775) W Ley, Henry (George) 1887 English organist, composer, and teacher born in Chagford, Devon (d. 1962 B Leygraf, Hans 1920 Swedish pianist, composer, and conductor born in Stockholm B Leyster, Judith 1609 Dutch painter B 1660 Died D Leyte Gulf, Battle of 1944 Major US naval victory against the Japanese in WW2, (Oct. 23-25, 1944) W Lezginka 1874 Russian pianist and teacher born in Orel (d. 1944) B Lhevinne (nee Bessie), Rosina 1880 Russian pianist and teacher born in Kiev (d. 1976) B Lhevinne, Josef 1874 Russian pianist and teacher born in Orel (d. 1944) B Lhote, Andre 1885 French painter, sculptor, and writer on art B 1962 Died D Liaquat Ali Khan 1947 First Prime minister of newly independent Pakistan (1947-51) E Libby, Willard Frank 1908 American who developed radioactive carbon-14 dating tool, recieved Nobel prize in chemistry, 1960 S Liberius 352 Italian-born Pope (352-366) R Licette, Miriam 1892 English soprano born in Chester (d. 1969) B Licht: Die sieben Tage der Woche 1991 Cycle of seven operas by Stockhausen C Lichtenstein, Roy 1923- American painter, sculptor, and graphic artist B Licinius 308 Roman emperor (308 -24) R Lidholm, Ingvar 1921 Swedish composer and conductor born in Jonkoping B Lie, Sigurd 1871 Norwegian violinist, composer, and conductor born in Drammen B Liebermann, Lowell 1961 American composer, conductor and pianist born in New York B Liebermann, Max 1847 German painter and graphic artist B 1935 Died D Liebermann, Rolf 1910 Swiss composer born in Zurich B Liechtenstein 1719 European principality created in 1719 & gaining independence in 1866 F Lievens, Jan 1607 Dutch painter and graphic artist B 1674 Died D Life for the Tsar, A 1836 Opera in 4 acts by Baron Yegor Rosen P Ligendza, Caterina lBeyron, Kattarinar 1937 Swedish soprano born in Stockholm B Ligeti, Gyorgy (Sandor) 1923 Hungarian -born composer B Ligorio, Pirro 1513/14 Italian architect, painter, and antiquarian born at Naples B 1583 Died D Lilburn, Douglas (Gordon) 1915 New Zealand composer born in Wanganui B Lill, John (Richard) 1944 English pianist born in London B Lima, Luis 1948 Argentinian tenor born in Cordoba B Limburg Brothers 1416 Netherlandish manuscript illuminators, brothers who all died in the same year D Lin, Cho-Liang 1960 American violinst born in Taiwan B Lincoln, Abraham 1861 16th US president, assassinated by J. Booth (Apr. 15th, 1865) E Lind, Jenny (Johanna) 1820 Swedish soprano born in Stockholm (d. 1887) B 1838 Debut in Stockholm opera O Lindberg, Magnus 1958 Finnish composer and pianist born in Helsinki B Lindbergh, Charles Augustus 1927 Became the first man to fly solo across the atlantic Ocean (May. 20-21, 1927) S Linde, Hans-Martin 1930 Swiss recorder-player, flautist and composer born in Germany B Lindholm lJonssonr, Berit (Maria) 1934 Swedish soprano born in Stockholm B Lindley, Robert 1776 English cellist born in Rotherham Lindner, Richard 1901 German-born painter, became an American citizen in 1948 B 1978 Died D Linley, Thomas (Junior) 1756 English composer and violinist born in Bath B Linley, Thomas (Senior) 1733 English composer born in Badminton B Linnell, John 1792 English painter B 1882 Died D Liotard, Jean-Etienne 1702 Swiss pastel painter and engraver B 1789 Died D Lipatti, Dinu (Constantin) 1917 Romanian pianist and composer born in Bucharest (d. 1950) B Lipchitz, Jacques 1891 Lithuanian-born sculptor, worked mostly in France and the USA B 1973 Died D Lipkin, Malcolm (Leyland) 1932 English pianist and composer born in Liverpool B Lipovsek, Marjana 1946 Slovene mezzo-soprano born in Ljubljana B Lipp, Wilma 1925 Austrian soprano born in Vienna B Lippi, Filippino 1457 Florentine painter B 1504 Died D Lippi, Fra Filippo 1406 Florentine painter B 1469 Died D Lipton, Martha 1916 American mezzo-soprano born in New York B Lisboa, Antonio Francisco 1738 Born B 1814 Died D Lissitzky, El 1890 Russian painter, designer, and graphic artist B 1941 Died D List, Eugene 1918 American pianist born in Philadeliphia B Lister, Joseph 1st baron 1865 English surgeon founded Antiseptic Surgery (1865) S 1827 Born B Liszt, Ferencz lFranzr (baptized as Franciscus) 1811 Hungarian composer and pianist born in Raiding (d. 1886) B Liszt, Franz 1811 Hungarian composer born B 1886 Died D Litaize, Gaston (Gilbert) 1909 French organist and composer born in Menil-sur-Belvitte (d. 1991) B Literes Carrion, Antonio 1673 Spanish composer and organist born in Arta, Majorca (d. 1747) B Litolff, Henry Charles 1818 French composer and pianist born in London (d. 1891) B Little Bighorn, Battle of 1876 Gen. G. Custer & his cavalry unit of 250 men, massacred by Sioux Indians (June 25, 1876) W Litton, Andrew 1959 American conductor born in New York B Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d earl of 1812 British prime minister (1812-27) E Llobet, Miguel 1878 Spanish guitarist and composer born in Barcelona (d. 1938) B Lloyd George, David, 1st earl of Dwyfor 1916 British prime minister (1916-22) E Lloyd Webber, (Sir) Andrew 1948 English conductor born in London B Lloyd Webber, Julian 1951 English cellist B Lloyd, Charles (Harford) 1849 English organist and composer born in Thornbury (d. 1919) B Lloyd, Edward 1845 English tenor born in London (d. 1927) B Lloyd, George 1913 English composer born in St Ives, Cornwall B Lloyd, Jonathan 1948 English composer born in London B Lloyd, Richard 1933 English organist and composer born in Stockport B Lloyd, Robert (Andrew) 1940 English bass-baritone born in Southend-on-Sea B Lloyd-Jones, David (Mathias) 1934 English conductor born in London B Lobe, Johann (Christian) 1797 German composer, theorist, and flautist born in Weimar (d. 1881) B Locatelli, Pietro (Antonio) 1695 Italian violinist and composer born in Bergamo (d. 1764) B Locke lLockr, Matthew 1622 English composer born in Exeter (d. 1677) B Lockhart, James (Lawrence) 1930 Scottish conductor, organist, and pianist born in Edinburgh B Lockspeiser, Edward 1905 English critic and musicologist born in London (d. 1973) B Lockwood, Normand 1906 American composer born in New York B Loder, Edward (James) 1813 English composer and conductor born in Bath (d. 1865) B Loeffler, Charles (Martin Tornow) 1861 Alsatian-American composer and violinist born in Mulhouse, Alsace (d. 1935) B Loeillet, Jacques 1685 Belgian composer born in Ghent (d. 1748) B Loeillet, Jean Baptiste 1680 Belgian composer born in Ghent (d. 1730) B Loesser, Frank 1910 American composer born in New York B Loewe, (Johann) Karl (Gottfried) 1796 German composer, organist, conductor, and singer born in Lobejun (d. 1869) B Loewe, Frederick 1901 American composer born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1988) B Loewe, Johann (Jakob) 1628 German composer born in Vienna (d. 1703) B Loewenberg, Alfred 1902 English musicologist born in Berlin (d. 1949) B Loewenguth Quartet 1929 French string quartet formed in Paris F Loggan, David 1633 Born B 1692 Died D Logier, Johann Bernhard 1777 English Flautist, bandmaster, organist, and piano-teacher born in Kassel, Germany (d. 1846) B Logothetis, Anestis 1921 Bulgarian born German composer B Logroscino, Nicola 1698 Italian composer born in Bitonto (d. 1765) B Lohr, Hermann (Frederic) 1872 English composer born in Plymouth (d. 1943) B Lohse, Otto 1858 German conductor and composer born in Dresden (d. 1925) B Lohse, Richard 1902 Born B Lokshin, Alexander 1920 Russian composer born in Busk B Lolli, Antonio 1725 Italian violinist and composer born in Bergamo (d. 1802) B Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo 1538 Milanese painter and writer B 1600 Died D Lombard, Alain 1940 French conductor born in Paris B Lombard, Lambert 1505 Netherlandish painter, draughtsman, engraver, architect, and antiquarian B 1566 Died D Lon Nol 1913 Cambodian military leader, Premier (1966-67) & head of government (1970), E 1985 Died D London Group 1913 An exhibiting society of English artists F London lBurnsteinr, George 1919 American baritone born in Montreal (d.1985) B London Philharmonic Orchestra 1932 Founded by Sir Thomas Beecham F London String Quartet 1908 Fonded by W. Evans, A. Sammons, T. Petre and H. Waldo Warner F Long March 1934 March by Chinese Communist army during Chinese civil war (1934-35) M Long, Kathleen 1896 English Pianist born in Brentwood B Long, Marguerite (Marie Charlotte) 1874 French pianist and teacher born in Nimes B Longhi, Pietro 1702 Venetian painter B 1785 Died D Longhi, Roberto 1890 Italian art historian B 1970 Died D Longo, Alessandro 1864 Italian pianist and composer born in Amantea (d. 1945) B Lonnrot, Elias 1862 Dictator of Paraguay (1862-70) E Lopatnikoff, Nikolai 1903 American composer born in Reval, Russia (d. 1976) B Lopes, Gregorio 1490 Born B 1550 Died D Lopes-Graca, Fernando 1906 Portuguese composer and pianist born in Tomar B Lopez y Portana, Vicente 1772 Born B 1850 Died D Lopez-Cobos, Jesus 1940 Spanish conductor born Toto B Loppert, Max (Jeremy) 1946 South African music critic born in Johannesburg B Lord, David (Malcolm) 1944 English composer, conductor, and lecturer born in Oxford B Lorengar, Pilar 1928 Spanish soprano born in Zaragoza B Lorentzen, Bent 1935 Danish composer born in Stenvad B Lorenz, Max 1901 German tenor born in Dusseldorf B Lorenzetti, Pietro 1320 Sienese painter B 1348 Died D Lorenzo Monaco 1370 Born B 1425 Died D Loriod, Yvonne 1924 French pianist born in Houilles, Seine-et-Oise B Lortzing, (Gustav) Albert 1801 German composer, actor, tenor and librettist born in Berlin (d.1851) B Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra 1919 Founded with W.H. Rothwell as conductor F Los Angeles, Victoria de lGarcia, Victoria Lopezr 1923 Spanish soprano born in Barcelona B Lothair II (1075-1137) 1133 Holy Roman Emperor 1133-37 R Lothar, Mark 1902 German composer born in Berlin (d. 1985) B Lott, Felicity (Ann) 1947 English soprano born in Cheltenham B Lotti, Antonio 1667 Italian composer and organist born in Venice (d. 1740) B Lotto, Lorenzo 1480 Venetian painter B 1556 Died D Loughran, James 1931 Scottish conductor born in Glasgow B 1961 Won first prize Philharmonia Orchestra conductors competition Z Louis Ferdinand, Prince 1772 German composer and pianist born in Friedrichsfelde B Louis I (1326-82) 1342 King of Hungary 1342-82 & Poland 1370-82 R Louis I (1786-1868) 1825 King of Bavaria (1825-48) R Louis I (1838-89) 1861 Portugese King (1861-89) R Louis II (1506-26) 1516 King of Hungary & Bohemia (1516-26) R Louis II (1845-86) 1864 King of Bavaria (1864-86) R Louis IV (1287-1347) 1328 Holy Roman emperor 1328-47 R Louis IV (921-954) 936 Louis IV King of France (936-954) R Louis IX 1226 King of France 1226-70 R Louis Philippe 1830 Citizen King of France, abdicated at start of French Revolution (1830-1848) R Louis V 986 King of France (986-987) R Louis VI 1108 King of France 1108-37 R Louis VII 1137 King of France 1137-80 R Louis VIII 1123 King of France 1123-26 R Louis X 1314 King of France 1314-16 R Louis XI 1461 King of France (1461-83) R Louis XII 1498 King of France (1498-1515) R Louis XIII 1610 King of France (1610-43) R Louis XIV 1643 King of France (1643-1715) R Louis XV 1715 King of France (1715-74) R Louis XVI 1774 King of France (1774-93) R Louis XVIII 1814 King of France (1814-24) R Louis, Morris 1912 American painter B 1962 Died D Lourie, Arthur (Vincent) 1892 American composer born in St. Petersburg, Russia (d. 1966) B Louvier, Alain 1945 French composer and teacher born in Paris B Louvre 1190 Founded first building F Loveday, Alan (Raymond) 1928 New Zealand violinist born in Palmerston North B Loveland, Kenneth 1915 English music critic born in Sheerness B Lowe, Ferdinand 1865 Austrian conductor born in Vienna (d. 1925) B Lowry, L. S 1887 British painter B 1976 Died D Lu Xun 1881 Chinese author born B 1936 Died D Lualdi, Adriano 1885 Italian composer born in Larino (d. 1971) B Lubbock, John 1945 English conductor and chorusmaster born in Much Hadham B Lubeck, Vincent 1654 German organist and composer born in Hanover (d.1740) B Lubin, Germaine (Leontine Angelique) 1890 French soprano born in Paris (d.1979) B Lubotsky, Mark 1931 Russian violinist born in Leningrad B Lucas van Leyden 1494 Netherlandish engraver and painter B 1533 Died D Lucas, Leighton 1903 English conductor and composer born in London B Lucca, Pauline 1841 Austrian soprano born in Vienna B Luchetti, Veriano 1939 Italian tenor born in Viterbo B Lucier, Alvin 1931 American composer born in Nashua, New Hampshire B Ludwig, Christa 1924 German soprano and mezza-soprano born in Berlin B Ludwig, Leopold 1908 Austrian conductor born in Witkowitz (d. 1979) B Luening, Otto 1900 American composer, conductor, teacher and flautist born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin B Luigini, Alexandre (mClementmLeonmJoseph) 1850 French conductor, violinist, and composer born in Lyons B Luini, Bernardino C.1485 Milanese painter B 1532 Died D Lukas, Zdenek 1928 Czechoslavakian composer born in Prague B Lukomska, Halina 1929 Polish soprano born in Suchedniow B Luks, George 1867 American painter and graphic artist B 1933 Died D Lully, Jean-Baptiste lLulli, Giovanni Battistar 1632 Italian born composer (d.1687) B Lumbye, Hans Christian 1810 Danish composer and conductor born in Copenhagen (d. 1874) B Lumiere, Louis Jean and Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas 1895 French brothers who invented the cinematograph in 1895 A Lumsdaine, David 1931 Australian composer born in Sydney B Lumsden, (Sir) David (James) 1928 English organist, harpsichordist, chorusmaster, and administrator B Lumumba, Patrice Hemery 1960 First Prime minister of Zaire (1960) E Lundquist, Torbjorn (Iwan) 1920 Swedish composer born in Stockholm B Lupu, Radu 1945 Romanian pianist born in Galati B Lurcat, Jean 1892 French painter and designer B 1966 Died D Lusitania (British Ship) 1915 British ship torpedoed by Germans that led to US entry into WW1 (May 7th, 1915) M Luther, Martin 1483 Father of the Protestant reformation & founder of Lutheranism born B 1546 Died D Lutoslawski, Witold 1913 Polish composer, pianist and conductor born in Warsaw (d.1994) B Lutyens, (Agnes) Elisabeth 1906 English composer born in London (d. 1906) B 1969 Awarded the C.B.E Z Luxon, Benjamin (Matthew) 1937 English baritone born in Redruth B Lvov, Alexey (Fyodorovich) 1798 Russian composer, conductor, and violinist born in Reval (d. 1870) B Lyadov, Anatoly (Konstantinovich) 1855 Russian composer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1914) B Lympany, (Dame) Moura lJohnstone, Maryr English pianist born in Saltash B Lynn, (Dame) Vera lLewis (nee Welch), Vera Margaretr 1917 English singer born in London B Lyons, Joseph Aloysius 1931 Australian prime minister (1931-39) E Lysenko, Mykola 1842 Ukrainian composer born in Hrynky (d. 1912) B Lysy, Alberto (Ivan) 1935 Ukranian-Argentine violinist and conductor B Lysy, Antonio 1963 Argentinian cellist born in Rome B Lyttelton, Humphrey (Richard Adeane) 1921 English jazz trumpeter born in Eton B Ma mere l'Oye 1908 Suite in 5 movements by Ravel C Ma, Yo-Yo 1955 French cellist born in Paris B 1978 Debuted at Salzburg Fest O Maag, Peter 1919 Swiss conductor and pianist born in St. Gaul B Maayani, Ami (Hay) 1936 Israeli composer and conductor born in Ramat Gan B Maazel, Lorin (Varencove) 1930 American conductor and violinist born in Neuilly B Macal, Zdenek 1936 American conductor born in Brno, Czechoslavakia B 1965 Won Besancon international conductors competition Z MacArthur, Douglas 1880 American general. (d. 1964) B 1964 Died D Macbeth 1040 Scottish King 1040-57 R 1846 Opera in 4 acts by Verdi C Macchiaioli 1855-65 Italian painters active mainly in Milan M MacColl, Dugald Sutherland 1859 Born B 1948 Died D MacCunn, Hamish 1868 Scottish composer and conductor born in Greenock (d. 1916) B MacDonald, (James) Ramsey 1924 Became the first British Labour party prime minister (1924, 1929-31, 1931-35) E Macdonald, James Edward Hervey 1873 Born B 1932 Died D Macdonald, Jock 1897 Canadian painter, born in Scotland B 1960 Died D Macdonald, Sir John Alexander 1867 Became the first prime minister of Dominion of Canada (1867-73, 1878-91) E Macdonald-Wright, Stanton 1890 American painter B 1973 Died D MacDowell, Edward (Alexander) 1860 American composer and pianist born in New York (d. 1908) B Macedonian Wars -211 Four wars between Kingdom of Macedonia & Rome that led to complete Roman domination of Greece (211 BC- 148 BC) W Macero, Teo 1925 American composer, arranger, conductor, and saxaphonist born in Glen Falls, New York B Macfarren, (Sir) George (Alexander) 1813 English composer and teacher born in London (d. 1887) B MacGregor, Joanna 1959 English pianist and composer born in London B Macha, Otmar 1922 Czechoslavakian composer born in Ostrava B Machado de Assis, Joaquim Marie 1839 Brazilian author, considered Brazil's greatest writer B 1908 Died D Machado, Gerardo 1925 Cuban president (1925-33) E Machaut lMachaultr, Guillaume de 1300 French composer, cleric, poet and diplomat born in Reims d. 1377 B Machiavelli, Niccolo 1496 Italian statesman, author & philosopher, author of "The Prince" born B 1527 Died D Machover, Tod 1953 American composer and cellist born in New York B Machu Picchu 1911 Ancient Indian city, located in the Andes mountains of Peru discovered by Hiram Bingham F Machuca, Pedro 1550 Died D Macke, August 1887 German Expressionist painter B 1914 Killed in action D Mackenzie, (Sir) Alexander (Campbell) 1847 Scottish composer, violinist, conductor, and teacher born in Edinburgh B Mackerras, (Sir) (Alan) Charles (MacLaurin) 1925 Australian conductor and oboist born in Schenectady, NY B Mackey, Steven 1956 American composer and guitarist born Frankfurt, Germany B Mackintosh, Charles Rennie 1868 Scottish architect and designer B 1928 Died D Mackmurdo, Arthur H. 1851 Scottish architect and designer B 1942 Died D Maclise, Daniel 1806 Irish painter and caricaturist active in London B 1840 Died D MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de 1873 President of the 3rd Republic of France (1873-79) E Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold 1957 British prime minister (1957-63) E MacMillan, (Sir) Ernest (Campbell) 1893 Canadian conductor, organist, composer born in Ontario (d. 1973) B MacMillan, (Sir) Kenneth 1929 Scottish dancer, choreographer and director born in Dunfermline (d. 1992) B Macmillan, Daniel and Macmillan, Alexander 1844 Scottish booksellers and publishers who founded the publishing firm of Macmillan and Company F MacMillan, James 1959 Scottish composer born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire B MacMonnies, Frederick 1863 American sculptor B 1937 Died D Macnaghten, Anne (Catherine) 1908 English violinist born in Whitwick B Macon, Nathaniel 1758 American politician, US congressman and senator from North Carolina B 1837 Died D Maconchy, (Dame) Elizabeth 1907 English composer of Irish parentage born in Broxbourne B 1960 Cobbett Medal for chamber music Z Madagascar 1500 Discovered by the Portugese F 1882 French declared a protectorate over Madagascar M 1975 Country's name was changed to its current form M 1958 Became the Malagasy Republic M Madama Butterfly 1901 Opera by Puccini C Maddalena 1911 Opera in 1 act by Prokofiev C Maddalena, James 1954 American baritone born in Lynn, Massachussetts B Madeira lBrowningr, Jean 1918 American mezzo-soprano born in Illinois (d. 1972) B Maderna, Bruno 1920 Italian composer and conductor born in Venice (d. 1973) B 1948 NY Met debut O Maderno, Stefano 1576 Italian sculptor B 1636 Died D Madero, Francisco Indalecio 1911 Mexican president (1911-13) E Madetoja, Leevi 1887 Finnish composer and conductor born in Uleaborg (d. 19470 B Madison, Dolley 1768 Wife of President J. Madison and famous Washington D. C. hostess B 1849 Died D Madison, James 1809 4th US president (1809-17) E Madrazo, Jose 1781 Born B 1859 Died D Madrid, Treaty of 1526 Between Habsburg emperor Charles V and his prisoner, French king Francis I, temporarily ending the Italian Wars between France and Spain T Maelzel lMalzelr, Johann Nepomuk 1772 German inventor of mechanical musical devices born in Regensburg (d. 1838) B Maes, Nicolaes 1643 Dutch painter B 1693 Died D Maffei, Francesco 1600 Born B c.1660 Died D Magaloff, Nikita 1912 Russian pianist and composer born in Regensburg (d. 1838) B Magdeburg, sack of 1631 Destruction of the city of Magdeburg, Germany during the Thirty Years War W Magellan, Ferdinand 1521 Portugese navigator who led the first voyage cicumnavigating the world (1519) D Magenta, Battle of 1859 French-Piedmontese victory over Austria near Milan, Italy W Magna Carta 1215 English charter that marked first stages of development of English constitution. June 19th, 1215 T Magnard, Alberic 1865 French composer born in Paris (d. 1914) B Magnasco, Alessandro 1667 Italian painter B 1749 Died D Magne, Michel 1930 French composer born in Lisieux (d. 1984) B Magnelli, Alberto 1888 Italian painter B 1971 Died D Magnus I 1024 King of Norway & Denmark 1024-47 R Magnus VI 1238 King of Norway 1238-80 R Magnus VII 1316 King of Sweden & Norway 1316-73 R Magritte, Rene 1898 Belgian painter B 1967 Died D Magruder, John Bankhead 1810 Confederate general in the American Civil War B 1871 Died D Mahan, Alfred Thayer 1840 Historian and naval strategist B 1914 Died D Mahler, Fritz 1901 American conductor and composer born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1973) B Mahler, Gustav 1911 Died D 1860 Austrian composer, conductor and pianist born in Bohemia (d. 1911) B 1870 First public recital O 1891 Became chief conductor of Hamburg Opera M Mahon, Sir Denis 1910 Born B Maid of Orleans, The 1878 Opera in 4 acts by Tchaikovsky C Maid of Pskov, The 1868 Opera by Rimsky-Korsakov C Maida, Battle of 1806 Battle at Maida, southern Italy, during Napoleonic Wars W Mailer, Norman 1923 American writer noted for his incorporation of factual material within a fictional framework B Maillart, Aime (Louis) 1817 French composer born in Montpellier (d. 1871) B Maillol, Aristide 1861 French sculptor, painter, graphic artist and tapestry designer B 1944 Died D Maimonides 1135 Spanish-born Jewish philosopher B 1204 Died D Mainardi, Enrico 1897 Italian cellist and composer born in Milan B Mainardi, Sebastiano c.1460 Born B 1513? Died D Maine (state) 1606 Northeastern US state, the 23rd state, granted to the Plymouth Company F Maine, Basil (Stephen) 1894 English author, critic, organist, and composer born in Norwich (d. 1972) B 1898 Knighted and subsequently granted the title of baronet M Mainzer, Joseph 1801 German singing teacher, composer and critic born in Trier (d. 1851) B Maio, Gian (Francesco) de 1732 Italian composer born in Naples (d. 1770) B Maisky, Mischa 1948 Israeli cellist born in Riga, Russia B Maitani, Lorenzo c.1270 Born B 1330 Died D Majapahit Empire 1292 Hindu kingdom founded by King Vijaya F Major, John 1990 British prime minister 1990- , (1943- ) E Makarios III 1913 Archbishop of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus B 1977 Died D Makart, Hans 1840 Austrian painter B 1884 Died D Maksymiuk, Jerzy 1936 Polish conductor, composer, and pianist born in Grodno B Malacca 1963 Became a state in Malaysia M Malan, Daniel Francois 1948 South African prime minister (1948-54) E Malatesta, Sigismondo 1417 Born B 1468 Died D Malawi 1859 Republic in southeast Africa, First explored by D. Livingstone M 1891 Annexed by Britain as the British Central African Protectorate M Malaysia 1400 Constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia F 1957 Malaya gained independence, joined the British Commonwealth and was admitted to the UN M Malcolm III 1057 Scottish King 1057-93 R Malcolm X 1925 American black leader, militant Muslim B 1965 Assassinated D Malcolm, George (John) 1917 English harpsichordist, pianist, conductor, and composer born in London B MalcuzyLski, Witold 1914 Polish pianist born in Koziczyn (d. 1977) B Male, Emile 1862 Born B 1954 Died D Malenkov, Georgi Maksimilianovich 1902 Soviet statesman and Communist leader B 1920 Joined Communist party M 1953 Became prime minister M Malevich, Kasimir 1878 Russian painter and designer B 1935 Died D Malfitano, Catherine 1948 American soprano born in New York B Malgoire, Jean-Claude 1940 French conductor and oboist born in Avignon B Mali 1960 Became an Independent republic, located in western Africa F Malibran (nee Garcia), Maria (Felicita) 1808 Spanish mezzo-soprano born in Paris (d. 1835) B 1825 Opera debut A Malinowski, Bronislaw 1884 Polish-born anthropologist B 1942 Died D Malipiero, Gian Francesco 1882 Italian composer born in Venice (d. 1973) B Malipiero, Riccardo 1914 Italian composer born in Milan B Malko, Nikolay (Andreyevich) 1883 Russian-born conductor born in Brailov B Mallinger lLichteneggerr, Mathilde 1847 Croatian soprano born in Agram (d. 1920) B Malone, Edmund 1741 English scholar. (d. 1812) B Malory, Sir Thomas d. 1471 English author. D Malouel, Jean 1419 Died D Malovec, Josef 1933 Slovak composer born in Hurbanovo B Malplaquet, Battle of 1709 Battle of the War of the Spanish Succession W Malta 1800 Independent island state in the Mediterranean, was occupied by the British M 1964 Became independent F 1974 Became a republic M Malvasia, Count Carlo 1616 Born B 1693 Died D Mamelukes 1250 Warrior class that provided rulers of Egypt, founded by Aybak d. 1257 F Mamun, al- 786 Seventh Abbasid caliph, ruled (813-33). (d. 833) B Man Ray 1890 Italian painter B 1977 Died D Manchester Camerata 1972 Chamber orchestra founded in Manchester under auspices of BBC Radio Manchester F Manchukuo 1932 Japanese puppet state. F Mancinelli, Luigi 1848 Italian conductor, composer and cellist born in Orvieto (d. 1921) B Mancini, Francesco 1672 Italian composer born in Naples B Mancini, Henry (Nicole) 1924 Americn composer, conductor, and arranger born in Cleveland, Ohio B Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao 1817 Italian political leader B 1888 Died D Manco Capac d.1544 Inca ruler. D Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla 1992 Became the first democraticaly elected President of South Africa B 1918 Born B Mander, Karel van 1548 Netherlandish painter and writer on art B 1606 Died D Manduell, (Sir) John 1928 English administrator and composer born in Johannesburg, South Africa B Mandyczewski, Eusebius 1857 Romanian musicologist and conductor born in Czernowitz (d. 1929) B Manessier, Alfred 1911 Born B Manet, Edouard 1832 French painter and graphic artist born B 1883 Died D Manfredi, Bartolommeo 1587 Born B 1620/1 Died D Manfredini, Francesco 1684 Italian violinist and composer born in Pistoia (d. 1762) B Manfredini, Vincenzo 1737 Italian composer born in Pistoia (d. 1799) B Mangeot, Andre (Louis) 1883 English violinist and impresario of French birth (d. 1970) B 1919 Founded International String Quartet F Manhattan Project 1942 US project that produced first atomic bomb, later used against the Japanese to end WW2 (1945) M Manhattan School of Music 1917 Music college in New York City F Manin, Daniele 1804 Venetian statesman B 1848 Appointed president of the Venetian republic E 1857 Died D Manitoba 1870 Became a Canadian province F Maniu, Iuliu 1873 Rumanian statesman. (d. 1951) B Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus d.384 Roman consul. D Mann Act 1910 US Law T Mann, Horace 1796 American Educator. (d. 1859) B Mann, Thomas 1875 Born B 1955 Died D Mann, William (Somervell) 1924 English music critic born in Madras (d. 1989) B Mannerheim, baron Carl Gustav Emil von 1867 Finnish military leader and statesman. (d. 1951) B Manners, Charles lMansergh, Southcoter 1857 Irish bass and impresario born in London (d. 1935 B Mannes College of Music 1916 Music college in New York City F Mannes, Leopold (Damrosch) 1889 American pianist, composer, teacher and inventor born in New York (d. 1964) B Mannheim, Karl 1893 German Sociologist. (d. 1947) B Manning, Jane (Marian) 1938 English soprano, expert in contemporary music born in Norwich B Manns, (Sir) August (Friedrich) 1825 German born conductor born in Stolzenberg (d. 1907) B 1854 Went to London M Manon 1882 Opera in 5 acts by Massenet C Manon Lescaut 1890 Opera in 4 acts by Puccini C Manowarda, Josef von 1890 Austrian bassist born in Krakow (d. 1942) B Mansart, Francois 1598 French architect B 1666 Died D Manship, Paul 1885 American sculptor B 1966 Died D Mansur (934-1002) 934 Regent of Cordoba. (d. 1002) B Mantegna, Andrea 1430 Italian painter B 1506 Died D 1431 Italian painter B Mantovani, (Annunzio Paolo) 1905 Italian-born English conductor and violinist born in Venice B Mantua, Siege of 1796 French, Nopoleon, military campaign. W Manuel I (1120-80) 1143 Byzantine emperor 1143-80 R Manuel II 1908 Portuguese king (1908-10) R Manuel II Palaeologus 1391 Byzantine emperor (1391-1425) R Manuel lLevyr, Roland 1891 French composer and critic born in Paris (d. 1966) B Manzikert, Battle of 1071 Byzantine-Turkish battle. W Manzoni, Giuseppe 1932 Italian composer, teacher and writer born in Milan B Manzoni, Piero 1933 Italian experimental artist B 1963 Died D Manzu, Giacomo 1908 Italian sculptor B Manzuoli, Giovanni 1720 Italian castrato born in Florence (d. 1782) B Mao Zedong 1949 Mao became chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the new People's Republic of China (1949-59) E Maori Wars 1860 Wars between Maoris and British in New Zealand (1860-72) W Mar, John Erskine, 1st earl of d.1572 Scottish noble. D Mar, John Erskine, 2d earl of 1558 Scottish noble. (d. 1634) B Mar, John Erskine, 6th earl of 1675 Scottish noble. (d. 1732) B Marais, Marin 1656 French composer and player of viola da gamba born in Paris (d. 1728) B Marat, Jean Paul 1743 French Revolutionary leader B 1793 Stabbed to death D Maratha Kingdom 1647 Kingdom in west-central India founded and greatly expanded by the conquests of Sivaji F Maratha Wars 1775 Series of three wars. (1775-1819) W Marathon, Battle of -490 Battle in anchent Greece. W Maratta, Carlo 1625 Italian painter B 1713 Died D Marazzoli, Marco 1602 Italian composer, singer, and harpist born in Parma (d. 1662) B Marbury v. Madison 1803 US supreme court decision, helped to establish the court's right of judicial review T Marc, Franz 1880 German painter B 1916 Died D Marcello, Alessandro 1669 Italian violinist, composer, and mathematician born in Venice (d. 1747) B Marcello, Benedetto 1686 Italian composer born in Venice (d. 1739) B March on Rome 1922 Fascist insurrection which brought Mussolini to power W March on Washington 1963 March by some 200,000 civil rights activists, led by Dr. M. King M Marchal, Andre 1894 French organist, blind from birth born in Paris (d. 1980) B Marchand, Louis 1669 French organist and composer born in Lyons (d. 1732) B Marchant, (Sir) Stanley 1883 English organist born in London (d. 1949) B Marchesi de Castrone lGraumannr, Mathilde 1821 German mezzo-soprano and teacher born in Frankfurt (d. 1913) B Marchesi, Blanche 1863 French soprano born in Paris (d. 1940) B Marchfeld, Battle of 1278 Battle at Durnkrut. W Marcian AD c390 Roman emperor, ruled AD 450-457. (d. 457) B Marcks, Gerhard 1889 Born B 1981 Died D Marconi, Guglielmo 1932 Marconi discovered microwave radiation S Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin 1966 Authoritarian, repsressive president of the Philippines (1966-86) E Marcoussis, Louis 1878 Polish-born French painter B 1941 Died D Marcovici, Silvia 1952 Romanian-born violinist born in Bacau, Romania B Marcus Aurelius 161 Roman emperor(161-180), exponent of stoicism R Marcuse, Herbert 1898 German-born American political philosopher, known best for his studies of the failings of modern industrial society B 1979 Died D Marcy, William Learned 1786 American politician. (d. 1857) B Marees, Hans von 1837 German painter, active mainly in Italy B 1887 Died D Marengo, Battle of 1800 Napoleon defeats Austrians in Italy. W Marenzio, Luca 1553 Italian composer and singer born in Brescia (d. 1599) B Margaret 1353 Queen of Denmark,Norway, and Sweden B 1412 Died D Margaret Maid of Norway 1286 Queen of Scotland 1286-90 R Margaret of Anjou 1430 Queen. (d. 1482) B Margaret of Austria 1480 Habsburg princess. (d.1530) B Margaret of Navarre 1492 Queen. (d. 1549) B Margaret of Parma 1522 Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. (d. 1586) B Margaret of Scotland, Saint d. 1093 Queen. D Margaret of Valois 1553 Queen. (d. 1615) B Margaret Tudor 1489 Queen. (d. 1541) B Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund 1709 German chemist. (d. 1782) B Maria Christina (1806-78) 1806 Spanish queen. (d. 1878) B Maria Christina (1858-1929) 1858 Spanish queen. (d. 1929) B Maria I 1777 Portuguese queen (1777-1816) R Maria II 1826 Portuguese queen (1826-28 / 1834-53) R Maria Luisa 1751 Spanish queen, (d. 1819) B Maria Theresa 1717 Austrian archduchess and queen. (d. 1780) B Mariamne -29 Jewish princess executed by Herod, falsely accused of adultery R Mariani, Angelo 1821 Italian conductor and composer born in Ravenna (d. 1873) B Mariategui, Jose Carlos 1895 Peruvian Marxist, writer, and cofounder of Peru's first socialist party (1928) B 1930 Died D Marie 1875 Rumanian queen. (d. 1938) B Marie Antoinette 1793 Highly unpopular French queen, guillotined after the revolution R Marie de France c1200 First known woman poet, of French origin, lived in England A Marie de Medicis 1573 French queen, (d. 1642) B Marie Louise 1791 Empress of France, (d. 1847) B Marie Therese of Austria 1638 French queen, (d. 1683) B Marignano, Battle of 1515 Battle during the Italian Wars. B Marin, John 1870 American painter B 1953 Died D Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso 1876 Italian author, considered the founder of futurism born B 1944 Died D Marini, Biagio 1597 Italian violinist and composer born in Brescia (d. 1665) B Marini, Marino 1901 Italian sculptor, painter, lithographer, and etcher B 1980 Died D Marinus van Reymerswaele 1509 Netherlandish painter B 1567 Died D Marinuzzi, Gino (Giuseppe) 1882 Italian conductor and composer born in Palermo (d. 1945) B Mario, Giovanni 1810 Italian tenor born in Cagliari (d. 1883) B Marion, Francis 1732 American Revolutionary general. (d. c1795) B Mariotte, Antoine 1875 French composer born in Avignon (d. 1944) B Maritsa River, Battle of the 1371 Ottoman victory over Serbia. W Marius, Gaius -155 Roman general and consul. (d. BC 86) B Mark, Peter 1940 American violist and conductor born in New York city B Markevitch, Igor 1912 Italian conductor , composer and writer born in Kiev (d. 1983) B Markiewicz, Constance Georgine Gore-Booth, countess 1876 Irish nationalist B 1916 Sentenced to death for her role in the Easter Rebellion and was released in 1917 M 1927 Died D Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st duke of 1650 English general noted for his victories during the War of the Spanish Succession B 1722 Died D Marlow, William 1740 Born B 1813 Died D Marlowe, Christopher 1564 English dramatist and poet, considered England's greatest pre-Shakespearean playwright B 1593 Died D Marmion, Simon 1489 Died D Marmont, Auguste Frederic Louis Viesse de 1814 Marshal of France whose surrender of Paris forced Napoleon to abdicate R Marne, Battle of the 1914 Allied WW Ivictory over German forces advancing on Paris W Marochetti, Carlo 1805 Italian sculptor B 1867 Died D Marot, Daniel 1661 French architect, designer, and engraver B 1752 Died D Marprelate Controversy 1588 Pamphlet war waged by puritans against the Anglican church. M Marquand, J(ohn) P(hillips) 1893 American author and Pulitzer prize winner born B Marquet, Albert 1875 French painter B 1947 Died D Marquette, Jacques 1637 French missionary explorer.(d. 1675) B Marriner, (Sir) Neville 1924 English conductor and violinist born in Lincoln B Marschalk, Max 1863 German music crtitic and composer born in Berlin (d. 1940) B Marschner, Heinrich (August) 1795 German composer and conductor born in Zittau (d. 1861) B Marschner, Wolfgang 1926 German violinist born in Dresden B Marseillaise, La 1792 French national anthem by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle C Marsh, Reginald 1898 American painter B 1954 Died D Marsh, Roger 1949 English composer born in Bournemouth B Marshall Plan 1948 US program to aid the recovery of European nations after WW II T Marshall, Benjamin 1767 Born B 1835 Died D Marshall, Edward 1578 Born B 1675 Died D Marshall, George Catlett 1953 American general and statesman awarded Nobel Peace Prize A Marshall, James Wilson 1810 American pioneer. (d. 1885) B Marshall, John 1755 American jurist, (d. 1835) B Marshall, Lois (Catherine) 1924 Canadian soprano and mezzo-soprano born in Toronto B 1947 Debut A Marshall, Margaret 1949 Scottish soprano born in Stirling B Marshall, Thomas Riley 1854 American politician. (d. 1925) B Marshall, Thurgood 1908 American jurist, (d. 1983) B 1967 Became first black to be appointed to the Supreme Cpurt. O Marsilius of Padua d. c1342 Italian political philosopher. D Marston Moor, Battle of 1644 Battel during the English Civil Wars. W Martenot, Maurice 1898 French musician and inventor born in Paris (d. 1980) B Martens, Frederick 1845 Russian diplomat. (d. 1909) B 1902 Awarded Nobel Peace Prize. Z Marti, Jose 1853 Cuban writer and patriot. (d. 1895) B Martial AD c40 Roman poet. (d. c104 AD) B Martin I, Saint 649 Pope (649-655) R Martin IV 1281 Pope 1281-85, excommunicated Byzantine emperor R Martin V 1417 Pope (1417-31) R Martin y Soler, Vicente 1754 Spanish composer born in Valencia (d. 1806) B Martin, Elias 1739 Swedish landscape painter B 1818 Died D Martin, Frank 1890 Swiss composer, pianist and harpsichordist born in Geneva (d. 1974) B Martin, John 1789 English Romantic painter and mezzotint engraver B 1854 Died D Martin, Kenneth 1905 British painter and sculptor B 1984 Died D Martin, Mary 1907 Born B 1969 Died D Martin, Saint 335 Bishop of Tours and patron saint of France born B Martinelli, Giovanni 1885 Italian tenor born in Montagnana B 1910 Opera debut A Martinet, Jean-Louis 1912 French composer born in Ste-Bazeille B Martinez, Odaline de la 1949 American conductor born in Mantanzas, Cuba B Martini, Giovanni (German organist) 1741 German organist and composer born in Freistadt (d. 1816) B Martini, Giovanni (Italian composer) 1706 Italian composer and theorist born in Bologna B 1729 Ordained priest M Martino, Donald (James) 1931 American composer born in Plainfield, New Jersey B Martinon, Jean 1910 French conductor, violinist, and composer born in Lyons B Martinu, Bohuslav (Jan) 1890 Czechoslavakian composer and violinist born in Policka (d. 1959) B Martirano, Salvatore 1927 American composer born in Yonkers B Martland, Steve 1958 English composer born in Liverpool B Marton (nee Heinrich), Eva 1943 Hungarian soprano born in Budapest B Marttinen, Tauno 1912 Finnish composer born in Helsinki B Martucci, Giuseppe 1856 Italian conductor, pianist, and composer born in Capua (d. 1909) B Martzy, Johanna 1924 Hungarian violinist born in Temesvar (d. 1979) B Marusin, Yury 1947 Russian tenor born in Perm B Marvell, Andrew 1621 English poet. (d. 1678) B Marx, Joseph 1882 Austrian composer born in Graz (d. 1964) B Marx, Karl 1818 German economist and philosopher, founder of modern socialism born B 1883 Died D Marx, Wilhelm 1863 German statesman. (d. 1946) B Mary (1867-1953) 1867 English queen. (d. 1953) B Mary I 1553 English queen (1553-58), briefly reinroduced catholicism to England R Mary II 1689 English queen (1689-94) R Mary of Burgundy 1457 Duchess of Burgundy. (d. 1482) B Mary of England 1496 French queen. (d. 1533) B Mary of Guise 1515 Scottish queen. (d. 1560) B Mary of Modena 1658 English queen. (d. 1718) B Mary, Queen of Scots 1542 Scottish queen (1542-67), named queen shortly after her birth R Maryland 1634 First settled, the 7th American State. F Masaccio 1428 Died D 1401 Italian Renaissance painter (d. 1428) born in Florence B Masada AD 73 Inhabitants of Israeli fortress choose death over defeat by Romans after a two-year siege W Masaniello 1620 Neapolitan insurrectionist. (d. 1647) B Masaryk, Jan 1886 Czech statesman and diplomat. (d. 1948) B Masaryk, Thomas Garrigue 1850 A founding father of Czechoslovakia. (d. 1937) B Mascagni, Pietro 1863 Italian composer and conductor born in Leghorn (d. 1945) B 1889 Won first prize in competition with 1-act opera Cavalleria rusticana Z Maschera, Florentio 1540 Italian composer and organist born in Brescia B Mascheroni, Edoardo 1852 Italian conductor and composer born in Milan B Masereel, Frans 1889 Born B 1972 Died D Masinissa -238 Numidian king. (d. 149 BC) B Mask of Orpheus, The 1973 Opera in 3 acts by Birtwistle C Maskarade 1904 Opera in 3 acts by Nielsen C Maskelyne, Nevil 1732 English astronomer. (d. 1811) B Masnadieri, I 1846 Opera in 4 acts by Verdi C Masolino da Panicale 1383 Italian painter B 1447 Died D Mason, Benedict 1952 English composer born in Budleigh Salterton B 1990 Awarded Fulbright fellowship Z Mason, Colin 1924 English music critic born in Northampton (d. 1971) B Mason, Daniel Gregory 1873 American composer born in Brookline, Massachussetts (d. 1953) B Mason, George 1725 American Revolutionart statesman. B Mason, John 1629 English colonist founded New Hampshire F Mason-Dixon line 1763 Boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. Surveyed from 1763-1767. M Maspero, Gaston 1846 French Egyptologist. (d. 1916) B Massachusetts 1788 Massachusetts became the 6th US state F Massachusetts Bay Company 1620 Chartering of English colonizing company. F Massacre of Amritsar 1919 Massacre of unarmed protestors by British troops in India W Massacre of Glencoe 1692 Massacre in Scottland. W Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day 1572 Massacre thet broke out in Paris and spread to the countryside. W Massart, Joseph (Lambert) 1811 Belgian violinist born in Liege (d. 1892) B Massasoit c1580 Chief of the Wampanoag Indians. (d. 1661) B Massena, Andre 1758 French general. (d. 1817) B Massenet, Jules 1842 French composer. (d. 1912) B Massenet, Jules (Emile Frederic) 1842 French composer born in St. Etienne (d. 1912) B Masson, Andre 1896 French painter, engraver, sculptor, stage designer, and writer B 1987 Died D Masson, Diego 1935 French conductor born in Tossa B Masson, Paul-Marie 1882 French music historian born in Sete (d. 1954) B Massys, Quentin 1465/6 Netherlandish painter B 1530 Died D Masters, Edgar Lee 1879 American poet. (d. 1950) B Masterson, Valerie 1937 English soprano born in Birkenhead B Masudi d. 956 Arad historian. D Masur, Kurt 1927 German conductor born in Brieg, Silesia B Mata Hari 1876 Dutch dancer and spy. (d. 1917) B Mata, Eduardo 1942 Mexican conductor and composer born in Mexico City B Matabele War 1884 Brief war between British forces and the Matabele tribes in South Africa. W MataciA, Lovro von 1899 Slovene conductor born in Susak (d. 1985) B Materna, Amalie 1844 Austrian soprano born in St Georgen (d. 1918) B Mather, Bruce 1939 Canadian composer born in Toronto B Mather, Cotton 1663 American Puritan minister and author. (d. 1728) B Mather, Increase 1639 American Puritan minister. (d. 1723) B Mather, Richard 1596 English Puritan minister.(d. 1669) B Mathew, Theobald 1790 Irish temperance missionary. (d. 1856) B Mathias, William 1934 Welsh composer and pianist born in Dyfed (d. 1992) B Mathieson, Muir 1911 Scottish conductor and composer born in Stirling B Mathieu, Georges 1921 Born B Mathis der Maler 1933 Opera in 7 scenes by Hindemith C Mathis, Edith 1938 Swiss soprano born in Lucerne B Matilda (1046-1115) 1046 Countess of Tuscany d. 1115 B Matilda (1102-67) 1102 Holy Roman Empress d. 1167 B Matisse, Henri 1954 Died D 1916 A 1869 French artist, considered one of the greats of the 20th century, born B Matsudaira, Yoritsune 1907 Japanese composer born in Tokyo B Matsuoka, Yosuke 1880 Japanese statesman. (d. 1946) B Mattei, Stanislao 1750 Italian priest, composer, and teacher born in Bologna (d. 1825) B Matteotti Crisis 1924 Crisis that marked the beginning of B. Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship in Italy. M Matthay, Tobias (Augustus) 1858 English pianist, composer, and teacher born in London (d. 1945) B Mattheson, Johann 1681 German composer, singer, harpsichordist, and theorist born in Hamburg (d. 1764) B Matthews, Colin 1946 English composer born in London B Matthews, David 1943 English composer and writer born in London B Matthews, Denis 1919 English pianist born in Coventry (d. 1988) B Matthias 1612 Holy Roman emperor (1612-19) R Matthias Corvinus 1431 Hungaran King, ruled (1458-90). (d. 1490) B Matthus, Siegfried 1934 German composer born in Mallenuppen B Mattila, Karita (Marjatta) 1960 Finnish soprano born in Somero B Matton, Roger 1929 Canadian composer born in Granby, Quebec B Mauceri, John (Francis) 1945 American conductor born in New York B 1973 Opera debut A Maugham, W(illiam) Somerset 1874 English author born B Maulbertsch, Franz Anton 1724 Born B 1796 Died D Maupassant, Henri Rene Albert Guy de 1850 French author, considered a master of the short story born B Maupeou, Rene Nicolas de 1714 French chancellor. (d. 1792) B Maurel, Victor 1848 French baritone born in Marseilles (d. 1923) B Maurepas, Jean Frederic Philippeaux, comte de 1701 French statesman. (d. 1781) B Mauriac, Francois 1885 French author. (d. 1970) B Maurice (1521-53) 1521 Duke and elector of Saxony.(d. 1553) B Maurice (539-602) 582 Byzantine emperor (582-602) R Maurice of Nassau 1618 Prince of Orange (1618-25) R Mauritania 1960 Gined independence from France. F Mauritius 1968 Gined independence from England. F Maury, Matthew Fontaine 1806 American naval officer and Hydrographer. (d. 1873) B Mausolus d. 353 Persian satrap, ruler of Caria. D Mauve, Antoine 1838 Dutch painter B 1888 Died D Mavra 1921 Opera in 1 act by Stravinsky C Mavrocordatos, Alexander 1791 Greek statesman. (d. 1865) B Maw, (John) Nicholas 1935 English composer born in Grantham B Maxentius d. AD 312 Roman emperor. D Maximian 286 Roman emperor (286-305) R Maximilian 1564 Holy Roman emperor (1564-76) R Maximilian I (1459-1519) 1493 Holy Roman emperor (1493-1519) R Maximilian I (1756-1825) 1806 King (1806-25) and elector (1799-1806) of Bavaria R Maximilian II (1811-64) 1848 Bavarian king (1848-64) R Maximin (d. 238 AD) 235 Roman emperor (235-238), assassinated by his own soldiers R Maximin (d. 313 AD) 308 Roman emperor (308-313) R Maximus d. AD 388 Roman Emperor of the West. D Maxwell Davies, (Sir) Peter 1934 English composer, conductor and teacher born in Salford B Maxwell, Donald 1948 Scottish baritone born in Perth B 1977 Opera debut A Maxwell, James Clerk 1831 British physicist, considered the greatest of the 19th century, born B May Night 1878 Opera in 3 acts by Rimsky- Korsakov C May, Florence 1845 English pianist born in London B May, Phil 1864 Born B 1903 Died D Mayaguez Incident 1975 Seizure of a US cargo ship by the Cambodian authorities M Mayakovsky, Vladimir 1893 Russian poet. (d. 1930) B Maybrick, Michael 1844 English baritone and composer born in Liverpool (d. 1923) B Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, duc de 1554 French general. (d. 1611) B Mayer, Louis B. 1885 Russian-born US movie producer. In 1924 he formed the company, MGM. (d. 1957) B Mayer-Lismann, Else (Mitia) 1914 German musician and lecturer born in Frankfurt B Mayerl, Billy (William Joseph) 1902 English pianist and composer born in London B Mayflower 1620 Pilgrims sailed from England to Plymouth, Mass. O Mayflower Compact 1620 An Agreement signed by the Pilgrims aboard the ship Mayflower. T Maynard, John 1577 English lutenist and song-writer born in St-Albans (d. 1615) B Mayno, Juan Bautista 1578 Born B 1641 Died D Mayr, (Johannes) Simon 1763 German-born composer born in Mendof, Bavaria (d. 1845) B Mayr, Richard 1877 Austrian bass-baritone born in Henndorf (d. 1935) B 1902 Debut A Mayuzumi, Toshiro 1929 Japanese composer born in Yokohama B Mazarin Bible c1455 First known book printed from movable type. F Mazarin, Jules 1602 French cardinal and statesman. (d. 1661) B Mazas, Jacques Fereol 1782 French violinist and composer born in Lavaur (d. 1849) B Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich 1644 Cossack leader. (d. 1709) B Mazerolles, Philippe de 1479 Born B Mazo, Juan Bautista Martinez del 1612 Born B 1667 Died D Mazurian Lakes, Battles of the 1914 Military campaigns on the Russian front during WW I. W 1915 Military campaigns on the Russian front during WW I. W Mazurok, Yury 1931 Russian baritone born in Krasnik, Poland B Mazzini, Giuseppe 1805 Italian revolutionary and political writer. (d.1875) B Mazzocchi, Domenico 1592 Italian composer and lawyer born in Civita Castellana (d. 1665) B Mazzocchi, Virgilio 1597 Italian composer born in Veja (d. 1646) B Mazzoni, Sebastiano 1611 Born B c.1678 Died D Mboya, Tom 1930 Kenyan political leader. (d. 1969) B McBride, Robert 1911 American composer born in Tuscon, Arizona B McCabe, John 1939 English composer, pianist and critic born in Huyton B McCaldin, Denis 1933 English conductor, writer, and teacher born in Nottingham B McCarthy, Eugene 1916 US senator. B McCarthy, Joseph Raymond 1909 American politician. (d. 1957) B McCartney, (John) Paul 1942 English songwriter, guitarist, pianist, and organist. B McClellan, George Brinton 1826 Union general in the American Civil War. (d. 1885) B McClernand, John Alexander 1812 Union General in the American Civil War. (d. 1900) B McClure, Samuel Sidney 1857 American editor and pudlisher. (d. 1949) B McClure, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier 1807 British naval officer. (d. 1873) B McCormack, John 1884 Irish born tenor born in Athlone (d. 1945) B 1903 Won gold medal at National Irish Festival Z 1906 Opera debut in Savona O McCormick, Cyrus Hall 1809 American inventor and manufacturer. (d. 1884) B McCormick, Robert Rutherford 1880 American editor and publisher. (d. 1955) B McCormick, Ruth Hanna 1880 US politician. (d. 1945) B McCracken, James 1926 American tenor born in Gary, Indiana (d. 1988) B McCrae, John 1872 Canadian physician and poet.(d. 1918) B McCubbin, Frederick 1855 Australian painter B 1917 Died D McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 US Supreme Court decision. M McDougall, Alexander 1731 American Revolutionary War general. (d. 1736) B McDowell, Irvin 1818 Union general in the American Civil War. (d. 1885) B McEvoy, Ambrose 1878 Born B 1927 Died D McEwen, (Sir) John (Blackwood) 1868 Scottish composer and teacher born in Hawick (d. 1948) B McGegan, Nicholas 1950 English conductor, keyboard player and flautist born in Sawbridgeworth B McGillivray, Alexander 1759 American Indian chief. (d. 1793) B McGovern, George Stanley 1922 American politician. B McGuffey, William Holmes 1800 American educator. (d. 1873) B McGuire, Edward 1948 Scottish composer and flautist born in Glasgow B McIntire, Samuel 1757 Born B 1811 Died D McIntyre (Sir), Donald (Conroy) 1934 English bass-baritone born in New Zealand B McKie, (Sir) William (Neil) 1901 Australian organist and conductor born in Melbourne (d. 1984) B McKinley, William 1897 25th US president (1897-1901) E McLaughlin, Marie 1954 Scottish soprano born in Motherwell B McLeod, John 1934 Scottish composer and comductor born in Aberdeen B McLuhan, (Herbert) Marshall 1911 Canadian educator and author. (d. 1980) B McNair, Sylvia 1956 American soprano born in Mansfield, Ohio B 1982 Opera debut 1990 Won Marian Anderson Award Z McNaughton, Andrew George Latta 1887 Canadian army general. (d. 1966) B McPhee, Colin 1900 American composer and pianist born in Montreal, Canada (d. 1964) B McQueen, Ian 1954 Scottish composer born in Glasgow B McReynolds, James Clark 1862 American jurist. (d. 1946) B Mead, George Herbert 1863 American philosopher. (d. 1931) B Mead, Margaret 1901 American anthropologist. (d. 1978) B Meade, George Gordon 1815 Union general in the American Civil War. (d. 1872) B Meadows, Bernard 1915 Born B Meale, Richard (Graham) 1932 Australian composer born in Sydney B Meany, George 1894 US labor leader. (d. 1980) B Mechnikov, Elie 1845 Russian microbiologist and zoologist. (d. 1916) B Meckenem, Israhel van the Younger 1450 Born B 1503 Died D Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence 1775 American declaration. T Medek, Tilo 1940 German composer born in Jena B Medici, Alessandro de' 1511 Duke of Florence. (d. 1537) B Medici, Cosimo de' 1389 Florentine ruler and banker. (d. 1464) B Medici, Cosimo I de' 1519 Duke of Florence. (d. 1574) B Medici, Cosimo II de' 1590 Grand duke of Tuscany. (d. 1620) B Medici, Ferdinand I de' 1549 Grand duke of Tuscany. (d. 1609) B Medici, Gian Gastone de' 1671 Grand duke of Tuscany. (d. 1737) B Medici, Giovanni de' 1498 Italian general. (d. 1526) B Medici, Ippolito de' 1511 Italian cardinal. (d. 1535) B Medici, Lorenzo de' (1449-92) 1449 Florentine statesman. (d. 1492) B Medici, Lorenzo de' (1492-1519) 1492 Duke of Urbino. (d. 1519) B Medici, Piero de' (1414-69) 1414 Florentine merchant prince.(d. 1469) B Medici, Piero de' (1471-1503) 1471 Florentine merchant prince.(d. 1503) B Medtner, Nicolai lNikolayr (Karlovich) 1880 Russian composer and pianist born in Moscow (d. 1951) B Meersen, Treaty of 870 AD Treaty dividing Lotharingia. T Megalopolis -370 Ancient Greek city founded. F Megiddo, Battle of 1918 Battle between the British and the Ottoman Turks. W Mehta, Zubin 1936 Indian conductor, violinist, and pianist born in Bombay B Mehul, Etienne-Nicolas 1763 French composer born in Givet (d. 1817) B Meier, Johanna 1938 American soprano born in Chicago B Meier, Waltraud 1956 German mezzo-soprano born in Wurzburg B Meir, Golda 1969 Founder and pime minister (1969-74) of the state of Israel E Meissonier, Ernest 1815 French painter, etcher, lithographer, and sculptor B 1891 Died D Meissonnier, Juste-Aurele 1815 Born B 1891 Died D Meistersinger von Nurnberg, Die 1862 Opera in 3 acts by Wagner C Meit, Conrad C.1475 German sculptor B 1550/1 Died D Melartin, Erkki (Gustav) 1875 Finnish composer and pianist born in Kakisalmi (d. 1937) B Melba, (Dame) Nellie lMrs Helen Porter Armstrong 1861 Australian soprano born near Melbourne (d. 1931) B 1887 Opera debut M Melchert, Helmut 1910 German tenor born in Kiel B Melchior, Lauritz lHommel, Lebrechtr 1890 American tenor born in Copenhagen (d. 1973) B Melendez, Luis 1716 Born B 1780 Died D Melkus, Eduard 1928 Austrian violinist born in Baden, Austria B Mellan, Claude 1598 French engraver B 1688 Died D Mellers, Wilfrid (Howard) 1914 English composer, critic and teacher born in Leamington Mellon, Andrew W. 1855 American buisness, public official, art collector, and philanthropist B 1937 Died D Melophone 1837 Wind instrument invented M Melville, Herman 1851 Moby Dick, Melville's best-known novel published A Memlinc, Hans 1430/40 Netherlandish painter B 1484 Died D Mena, Pedro de 1628 Born B 1688 Died D Mendel, Gregor Johann 1866 Mendel's ground-breaking works on genetics published S Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich 1869 Mendeleev's first periodic table devised S Mendelssohn lMendelssohn Bartholdyr, (Jakob Ludwig) Felix 1809 German composer, pianist, organist and conductor born in Hamburg (d. 1847) B Mendelssohn lMendelssohn Bartholdyr, Fanny Cacilie 1805 German amateur pianist and composer, sister of Felix Mendelssohn born in Hamburg (d.1847) B Mendelssohn, Jakob Ludwig Felix 1809 German composer, one of the greats of the 19th century, born B Mendelssohn, Moses 1729 German Jewish philosopher, advocated assimilation of Jews into German society, was born B Mengelberg, (Josef) Willem 1871 Dutch conductor born in Utrecht (d. 1951) B Menges, Herbert 1902 English conductor born in Hove (d.1972) B 1963 Awarded O.B.E Z Mengs, Anton Raffael 1728 German painter B 1779 Died D Mennin lMenninir, Peter 1923 American composer born in Pennsylvania (d.1983) B Menotti, Gian Carlo 1911 Italian-born composer , librettist and conductor B Menotti, Gian-Carlo 1911 Italian-American opera composer and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner born B Mentzer, Susanne 1937- American mezza-seprano born in Philadelphia Menuhin, Yehudi (Lord Menuhin of Stoke d'Abernon) 1916 American-born violinist and conductor B Menzel, Adolf von 1815 German painter and engraver, active mainly in Berlin B 1905 Died D Merbecke lMerbeck, Marbeck, Marbecker, John 1510 English composer and organist born in Windsor (d.1585) B Mercadante, (Giuseppe) Saverio (Raffaele) 1795 Italian composer born in Altamura B Merian, Matthaus 1593 Born B 1650 Died D Merikanto, Aarre 1893 Finnish composer born in Helsinki (d. 1958) B Mesdag, Hendrik Willem 1831 Dutch painter and collector B 1915 Died D Mesens, E. L. T. 1903 Born B 1971 Died D Messager, Andre (Charles Prosper) 1853 French composer, organist and conductor born in Montlucon (d. 1929) B Messiaen, Olivier 1908 French composer, organist and teacher born in Avignon (d. 1992) B Mestrovic, Ivan 1883 Yugoslavian-born sculptor who became an American citizen B 1962 Died D Metastasio lTrapassir, Pietro Antonio Domenico Bonaventura 1698 Italian poet and librettist born in Rome (d. 1782) B Methodism 1729 Methodist movement founded by J. Wesley F Metropolitan Museum of Art 1870 Founded F Metropolitan Opera House 1883 Chief American opera house, now a constituent of NY's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts O Metsu, Gabriel 1629 Dutch painter B 1667 Died D Metzinger, Jean 1883 French painter and writer on art B 1956 Died D Meulen, Adam Frans van der 1632 Born B 1690 Died D Meunier, Constantin 1831 Born B 1905 Died D Mexican Revolution 1911 P. Diaz overthrown, leading to the Mexican revolution W Mexican War 1848 War between the US and Mexico W Meyer, Adolf 1866 Swiss-born American psychiatrist, coined the phrase "mental hygiene", was born B Meyer, Kerstin (Margareta) 1928 Swedish mezzo-soprano born in Stockholm B Meyerbeer, Giacomo lBeer, Jakob Liebmannr 1791 German composer born in Berlin (d. 1864) B Michael (1596-1645) 1613 Russian tsar (1613-45), founder of Romanov dynasty R Michael I 811 Byzantine emperor (811-813) R Michael II 820 Byzantine emperor (820-829) R Michael III 842 Byzantine emperor (842-867) R Michael VIII 1259 Byzantine emperor 1259-82 R Michallon, Achille-Etna 1796 Born B 1822 Died D Michel, Georges 1763 Born B 1843 Died D Michelangelo 1475 Italian artist, one of the towering figures of the Renaissance, born B Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475 Florentine sculptor, painter, architect,draughtsman, and poet B 1564 Died D 1496-9 A 1515 A Michelozzo di Bartolommeo 1396 Florentine architect and sculptor B 1472 Died D 1440 Completes library at San Marco, Florence A Michener, James Albert 1907 American author and Pulitzer Prize winner born B Michigan 1837 Michigan became the 26th state of the US F Midori lGoto, Mi Dorir 1971 Japanese violinist born in Osaka B Midway, Battle of 1942 US naval victory overthe Japanese, during WW II W Miereveld, Michiel van 1567 Born B 1641 Died D Mieris, Frans van 1635 Born B 1681 Died D Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig 1886 German-born architect and designer, became an American citizen in 1944 B 1969 Died D Migenes, Julia 1945 American soprano born in New York B Mignard, Pierre 1612 Born B 1695 Died D Mihalovici, Marcel 1898 Romanian-born composer born in Bucharest B Milan 1882 King of Serbia (1882-89) R Mildenburg, Anna von 1872 Austrian soprano born in Vienna (d. 1947) B Milhaud, Darius 1892 French composer and pianist born in Aix-en-Provence (d. 1974) B Mill, John Stuart 1806 British philosopher and political economist born B Millais, Sir John Everett 1829 English painter and book illustrator B 1896 Died D Miller, (Alton) Glenn 1904 American trombonist, band-leader, composer and arranger born in Iowa (d. 1944) B Miller, Arthur 1915 American author, Pulitzer Prize winner and husband of Marilyn Monroe born B Miller, Henry 1891 American author whose works were banned in the US for many years, due to their sexual content was born B Milles, Carl 1875 Swedish sculptor B 1955 Died D Millet, Jean-Francois 1814 French painter and graphic artist B 1875 Died D Mills, Clark 1810 American sculptor B 1883 Died D Milne, A(lan) A(lexander) 1882 English author of Winnie-The-Pooh stories born B Milne, David Brown 1882 Canadian painter B 1953 Died D Milner, Anthony (Francis Dominic) 1925 English composer born in Bristol B Milton, John 1608 English poet, famous for "Paradise Lost" and "Paradise Regained" born B Mindon Min 1853 Burmese king (1853-78) and founder of Mandalay R Minimal art 1950 Term used to describe a trend in painting and sculpture in which only the most elemental geometric forms were used. F Minnesota 1858 Minnesota ceded to the Union to become 32nd state F Mino da Fiesole 1429 Born B 1484 Died D Minton, Yvonne (Fay) 1938 Australian mezzo-soprano born in Sydney B 1961 Won international vocalist competition at Hertogenbosch Z Mir Iskusstva 1898 The title of a Russian periodical "The World of Art" F Miro, Joan 1893 Spanish painter, graphic artist, and designer B 1983 Died D Mississippi 1817 Mississippi became the 20th state of the US F Missouri 1821 Missouri became the 24th state of the US F Missouri Compromise 1820 US legislation to strike a compromise between pro-and anti-slavery states T Mitchell, Donald (Charles Peter) 1925 English publisher, critic and author born in London B Mitchell, Margaret 1937 M. Mithchell wrote "Gone With The Wind" A Mitropoulos, Dimitri 1896 German-born conductor, pianist and composer B Mitterrand, Francois 1981 French socialist president (1981-1995) E Modersohn-Becker, Paula 1876 German painter and graphic artist B 1907 Died D Modigliani, Amedeo 1884 Italian painter, sculptor, and draughtsman active in Paris B 1920 Died D Modl, Martha 1912 German soprano born in Nuremberg B 1957 New York Met debut O Moeran, E(rnest) J(ohn) 1894 English composer born in Middlesex (d. 1950) B Moevs, Robert Walter 1920 American composer and pianist born in Wisconsin B Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo 1895 Hungarian born painter, sculptor, experimental artist, and writer who became an American citizen in 1944 B 1946 Died D Moilliet, Louis 1880 Swiss painter and graphic artist B 1962 Died D Mola, Pier Francesco 1612 Italian Baroque painter, active mainly in Rome B 1666 Died D Moldenhauer, Hans 1906 American musical scholar born in Germany (d. 1987) B Molenaer, Jan Miense 1610 Born B c.1668 Died D Moliere 1622 Great French playwright born B Molyn, Pieter de 1595 Born B 1661 Died D Momper, Joos II de 1564 Flemish landscape painter B 1634/5 Died D Mompou, Federico 1893 Spanish pianist and composer born in Barcelona (d. 1987) B Monamy, Peter 1681 Born B 1749 Died D Mondrian, Piet 1944 Died D 1872 Dutch abstract artist, founder of neoplasticism is born B Mone, Jean 1480 Born B 1550 Died D Monet, Claude 1840 French Impressionist painter- B 1926 Died D 1872 A 1906 Monet, French impressionist artist painted "Water Lilies" A Mongol Empire 1206 Genghis Khan united all mongol tribes under his rule M Moniuszko, Stanislaw 1819 Polish composer born in Lithuania (d. 1872) B Monnier, Henri 1799 Born B 1877 Died D Monnoyer, Jean-Baptiste 1634 Franco-Flemish painter B 1699 Died D Monro, Dr Thomas 1759 Born B 1833 Died D Monroe, James 1817 Revolution hero and 5th US president (1817-25) E Montagna, Bartolomeo 1523 Died D Montague, Diana 1954 English mezzo-soprano born in Winchester B Montague, Stephen 1943 American composer and pianist born in Syracuse, NY B Montana 1889 Montana became the 41st state of the US F Montanes, Juan Martinez 1568 Spanish sculptor B 1649 Died D Montemezzi, Italo 1875 Italian composer born in Vigasio (d. 1952) B Monteverdi, Claudio 1582 Italian composer Monteverdi composes his first madrigals, aged 15 A Monteverdi, Claudio (Giovanni Antonio) 1567 Italian composer born in Cremona (d. 1643) B 1607 First opera La favola d'Orfeo was produced O Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne 1783 Montgolfier brother's balloon makes first (unmanned) flight O Monticelli, Adolphe 1824 Born B 1886 Died D Moore, Albert 1841 English painter B 1893 Died D Moore, Douglas (Stuart) 1893 American composer, organist and teacher born in Cutchogue, NY (d. 1969) B Moore, Gerald 1899 English pianist born in Watford (d. 1987) B Moore, Henry 1986 Died D 1898 British sculptor and painter born B Moore, Jerrold Northrop 1934 American musicologist born in New Jersey B Mor, Anthonis 1517/20 Netherlandish portrait painter B 1576/7 Died D Mora, Jose de 1642 Born B 1724 Died D Morales, Luis de 1586 Died D Moran, Robert (Leonard) 1937 American composer born in Denver B Morandi, Giorgio 1890 Italian painter and etcher born at Bologna B 1964 Died D More, Sir Thomas 1478 English author, statesman and Roman Catholic saint born B Moreau, Gustave 1826 French painter B 1898 Died D Moreau, Louis-Gabriel 1740 Born B 1806 Died D Moreelse, Paulus 1571 Born B 1638 Died D Morelli, Giovanni 1816 Italian critic B 1891 Died D Moretto da Brescia 1498 Born B 1554 Died D Morgan, John Pierpont 1837 Born B 1913 Died D Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1933 Morgan won the Nobel Prize for his work proving the role of genes in heredity S Morison, Elsie (Jean) 1924 Australian soprano born in Ballarat B Morison, Samuel Eliot 1887 American historian, writer, teacher and Pulitzer Prize winner born B Morisot, Berthe 1841 French Impressionist painter B 1895 Died D Morland, George 1762/3 English painter B 1804 Died D Morley, Malcolm 1931 British painter B Morley, Thomas 1557 English composer born in Norwich (d. 1602) B Mormons 1830 Religious denomination founded in New York F Moro, Aldo 1963 Italian prime minister (1963-68) E Morone, Domenico 1442 Born B after1517 Died D Moroni, Giovanni Battista 1520 Italian painter B 1578 Died D Morrice, James Wilson 1865 Born B 1924 Died D Morris, James (Peppler) 1947 American bass-baritone born in Baltimore B Morris, Robert 1931 American sculptor, Conceptual artist, and writer B Morris, William 1896 Died D 1834 English poet, socialist and decorative artist born B Morse, Samuel Finley Breese 1791 American painter and inventor B 1872 Died D 1832 American painter and inventor of the teleghraph and Morse code born B Mortimer, John Hamilton 1740 Born B 1779 Died D Morton, William Thomas Green 1846 Morton introduced ether as a surgical anasthetic S Moscheles, Ignaz 1794 German-Bohemian pianist, composer and teacher born in Prague (d. 1870) B Moscow Declaration 1943 Agreement by USSR, GB, US and China, led to the creation of the UN T Moser, Hans Joachim 1889 German musicologist, singer, teacher and historian born in Berlin (d. 1967) B Moser, Mary 1744 Born B 1819 Died D Moses und Aron 1930 Opera in 3 acts by Schoenberg C Moses, Anna Mary Robertson 1860 American na∩ve painter B 1961 Died D Mosonyi, Mihaly 1815 Hungarian composer, teacher and writer born in Boldogasszonyfalva (d. 1870) B Mossolov, Alexander 1900 Russian composer born in Kiev (d. 1973) B Mostaert, Jan 1475 Born B 1555/6 Died D Motherwell, Robert 1915 American painter, collagist, and writer on art B 1991 Died D Mottl, Felix (Josef) 1856 Austrian conductor and composer born near Vienna (d. 1911) B Moynihan, Rodrigo 1910 British painter B 1990 Died D Mozart, (Johann Georg) Leopold 1719 German composer and violinist bornin Augsburg (d. 1787) B Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1756 Great Austrian genius composer and child prodigy born B Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus lbaptized Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilusr 1756 Austrian composer, keyboard-player, violinist, violist and conductor born in Salzburg (d. 1791) B Mubarak, Hosni 1981 Egyptian president (1981- ) on Sadat's assassination E Mucha, Alphonse 1860 Czech painter and designer B 1939 Died D Muck, Karl 1859 German conductor and pianist born in Barmstadt (d. 1940) B Muhammad 570 Arabian prophet and religious leader, founder of Islam born B Muhammad II 1451 Ottoman sultan born R 1481 Died D Muhammad IV 1648 Ottoman sultan (1648-87) R Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 1979 Last Shah of Iran forced to abdicate by Islamic revolution R Muhammad V 1909 Ottoman sultan (1909-18) R Muhammad VI 1918 Last Ottoman sultan (1918-22) R Muldowney, Dominic (John) 1952 English composer and conductor born in Southampton B Muller-Siemens, Detlev 1957 German composer and conductor born in Hamburg B Mulready, William 1786 Irish-born painter, active in England B 1863 Died D Munch, Charles 1891 Alsatian-born conductor and violinist (d. 1968) B Munch, Edvard 1944 Died D 1863 Norwegian painter, lithographer, etcher, and wood engraver, his country's greatest artist B Munich Pact 1938 Agreement by European nations ceding Sudentenland to Germany T Munkacsy, Mihaly von 1900 Dies D 1844 Hungarian painter B Munnings, Sir Alfred 1959 Died D 1878 Born B Murad I 1360 Ottoman sultan (1360-89) R Murad II 1421 Ottoman sultan (1421-51) R Murad IV 1623 Ottoman sultan (1623-40) R Murad V 1876 Ottoman sultan (1876) R Murail, Tristan 1947 French composer born in Le Havre B Murdoch, Jean Iris 1919 British novelist and philosopher born B Murillo, Bartolome Esteban 1617/8 Spanish painter B 1682 Died D Murphy, Suzanne 1941 Irish soprano born in Limerick B Museum of Modern Art 1929 The world's pre-eminent collection of art from the late 19th century to the present day, founded in New York City F 1939 Building opened on 53rd Street, New York M Musgrave, Thea 1928 Scottish composer and conductor born in Midlothian B Mussolini, Benito 1922 Mussolini became dictator of Italy after the March on Rome M 1945 Mussolini executed after WW II D Mussorgsky, Modest (Petrovich) 1839 Russian composer born in Pskov (d. 1881) B Mutter, Anne-Sophie 1963 German violinist born in Rheinfeldin B Muybridge, Eadweard 1904 Died D 1830 British-born photographer B My Fair Lady 1956 Musical version of G.B. Shaw's play Pygmalion P Myaskovsky, Nikolay (Yakovlevich) 1881 Russian composer born in Novogeorgyevsk (d. 1950) B Mytens, Daniel 1647 Died D 1590 Anglo-Dutch portrait painter born in London B Nabokov, Nicolai (Nicolas) 1903 Russian born composer (d.1978) B Nabokov, Vladimir 1955 Nabokov, Russian-born American writer published "Lolita" A Nabonidus - 583 Last king of Babylonia D Naboplassar -625 Babylonian king who founded the Chaldaean Empire R Nadelman, Elie 1882 Polish-born sculptor who became an American citizen in 1927 B 1946 Died D 1915 Produces Man in the Open Air A Nader, Ralph 1965 Consumer advocate and lawyer published "Unsafe at any speed" M Nadir Shah 1736 Became Shah of Persia until 1747 R Nafels, Battle of 1388 A battle in the Austrian-Swiss Wars fought on 9th April W Nagano, Kent (George) 1951 American conductor of Japanese descent born in California B Nagano, Osami 1941 Japanese admiral who ordered the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbour M Nagler, Georg Kaspar 1801 Born B 1866 Died D Nagoda 1868 Compromise agreement by which Croatia was rejoined with Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy T Naguib, Muhammad 1952 Egyptian general and political leader who deposed King Farouk I and became premier of the new military regime R Nagy, Imre 1953 Hungarian Communist premier 1953-55 R Nagyvarad, Peace of 1538 Agreement dividing Hungary between Ferdinand of Habsburg and John Zapolya T Nahas Pasha, Mustafa el- 1876 Egyptian politician who was prime minister five times between 1928 and 1952 B Naismith, James A. 1891 American athletic director who invented the game of basketball O Nanak 1469 Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh religion born B Nancarrow, Conlon 1912 American composer born in Arkensas B Nanni di Banco 1421 Died D Nanteuil, Robert 1678 Died D 1623 Born B Napier, John 1550 Scottish mathematician, inventor of the logarithm born B Napoleon I 1804 Napoleon, revolutionary, great conqueror and administrator, became emperor R 1815 Napoleon abdicated after his defeat at Waterloo, and lived the rest of his life on the island of St. Helena M Napoleon II 1811 Titular king of Rome B Napoleon III 1848 Nephew of Napoleon I elected as president of France E 1852 Napoleon II proclaims himself emperor of France M Napoleonic Wars 1803 Wars fought by Napolean I against various European powers (1803-15) W 1805 battle of Trafalgar (Oct.) british fleet under Nelson defeated French-Spanish fleet. W 1813 Battle of the nations (Oct. 16-19) alies defeated Napolean at Leipzig W 1812 French retreat over Berezina River crossing suffer heavy losses. W 1812 Napolean invades Russia with 600,000 men (June.) W Narodniki 1881 Members of this Russian populists movement assassinated Tsar Alexander II M Narvaez, Ramon Maria 1844 Spanish general and statesman who served as Isabella II's premier from 1844-51 R Naseby, Battle of 1645 English Civil War battle fought near Naseby on June 14 W Nash, Paul 1889 English painter and graphic artist B 1946 Died D 1941 Completes "Totes Meer A Nashville, Battle of 1864 Union army defeated Confederates in the last major battle of the civil war (Dec. 15-16, 1864) W Nasmyth, Alexander 1758 Scottish painter B 1840 Died D Nasser, Gamal Abdel 1956 President of Egypt (1956-58) and of the united Arab republic (1958-70) E 1956 Nationalised the Suez canal provoking the Suez crisis M National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1910 U.S. organization formed to counteract the lynching of blacks by whites F National Convention 1792 French legislative body during the Fench Revolution F National Gallery 1824 The national collection of European paintings from C. 1300 to C.1900, Government founded F National Liberation Front 1960 Political and military organization to overthrow the South Vietnamese government F National Museum of Wales 1907 The most important museum in Wales, founded in Cardiff F National Portrait Gallery 1856 The national collection of portraits of eminent British men and women, founed in London F National Republican party 1825 U.S. political party which became the Whig party in 1836 F National Security Act 1947 U.S. legislation that unified the armed services T Nations, League of 1919 International organisation formed to maintain peace & security following WW2 preceeded the United Nations (1919-46) F Nattier, Jean-Marc 1766 Died D 1685 French portrait painter B 1737 Paints "Mme de Lambesc as Minerva" A naturalism 1672 Term first used M Navarino, Battle of 1827 Naval battle in the Greek War of Independence fought on 20th October W Navarrete, Juan Fernandez de 1579 Died D 1526 Born B Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Las 1212 Spanish victory over the Almohads W Naylor, Bernard 1907 English composer, conductor and organist born in Cambridge B Nazarenes 1809 Formed nucleus of the group F Nazi party 1919 Founded as the German Workers' party, it was renamed and reorganized by Hitler, becoming the National Socialist German Workers' party (1933-45) Nebuchadnezzar -605 King of Babylon born B -562 Died D Necho II -609 Egyptian pharoah (609-593 BC) R Neeffs, Pieter the Elder 1578 Born B 1656/61 Died D Neel, (Louis) Boyd 1905 English born composer (d.1981) B Neer, Aertvan der 1603/4 Dutch landscape painter, active in Amsterdam B 1677 Died D Nehru, Jawaharlal 1947 first Prime minister of India ( 1947- 64) E Nekhtnebf I -380 Egyptian pharaoh (380-361 BC) R Nelson, Horatio 1758 English Admiral responsible for victory of British fleet at battle of Trafalgar born B Nelsson, Woldemar 1938 Russian conductor born in Kiev B Neo-Impressionism 1886 Term first coined F Nerchinsk, Treaty of 1689 Treaty signed between Tsarist Russia and the Manchu Empire involving trade concessions and territorial disputes T Nero 54 Roman emperor ( AD 54-68) R Neroccio dei Landi 1447 Born B 1500 Died D Neruda, Wilma lWilhelminar 1839 Bohemian violinist born Brno (d.1911) B Nerva 96 Roman emperor (AD 96-98 R Netscher, Caspar 1684 Died D 1635/9? Born B Neue Kunstlervereinigung (NKV) 1909 An association of artists F Neuilly, Treaty of 1919 Treaty between Bulgaria and the Allies in which Bulgaria ceded lands to Yugoslavia, Greece and Rumania T Neumann, Frantisek 1874 Czechoslavakian conductor and composer born in Prerov (d.1929) B Neumann, Vaclav 1920 Czechoslavakian conductor and violinist born Prague B Neuve-Chapelle, Battle of 1915 British offensive during WW1 with one of the first mass artillery barrages of the war W Neva, Battle of the 1240 Battle fought on the Neva River in which Alexander defeated a Swedish invasion W Nevelson, Louise 1988 Dies D 1899 Russian-born American sculptor, painter, and graphic artist B 1964 Completes his "An American Tribute to the Brititsh People" A Neville's Cross, Battle of 1346 English-Scottish wars, fought near Durham W Nevinson, C. R. W 1946 Died D 1889 Born B New Deal 1933 social & economic reforms initiated by US president F. Roosevelt (1933-39) M New Economic Policy 1921 Russian Communist economic policy instituted by Lenin T New England Confederation 1643 Confederation formed between the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven F New English Art Club 1886 Artists society founded in London F New Model Army 1645 English parliamentary army organized to replace the private armies of parliamentarians F New Orleans, Battle of 1812 American victory in the War of 1812 W New World, From the 1893 Dvorak's 9th symphony C New York City Opera 1943 Produced Tosca (Feb. 1944) F New York Philharmonic Orchestra 1842 F Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of 1693 British Prime minister born B Newman, Barnett 1905 American painter B 1970 Dies D 1948 Produces his breakthrough piece "Onement I" Newton, Sir Isaac 1624 English mathematician & physicist who discovered laws of Gravity & motion was born B 1726 Died D Ngo Dinh Diem 1954 Vietnamese Primr minister (1954-63) E Nguyen Cao Ky 1963 South Vietnamese military and political leader who served as commander of the US-backed S. Vietnamese air force M Nguyen van Thieu 1967 South Vietnamese president (1967-75) E Niagara movement 1905 Organization of American black intellectuals and professionals organized by W.E.B. Du Bois F Nian Rebellion 1853 Staged uprisings between 1853-68 against the Qing dynasty W Nicephorus I 802 Byzanine emperor (802-811) E Nicephorus II 963 Byzanine emperor (963-969) E Nicholas I (1796-1855) 1825 Tsar of Russia (1825-55) R Nicholas I (1841-1921) 1841 King of Montenegro R Nicholas I, Saint 858 Pope (858-867) R Nicholas II 1894 last Rusian Tsar (1894-1917) R Nicholas III 1277 Pope 1277-80 R Nicholas V 1447 Pope (1447-55) R Nicholson, Ben 1894 British painter and maker of painted reliefs B 1982 Died D 1968 Awarded the OM Z Nicholson, George 1949 English composer and pianist born in Durham B Nicolai, (Karl) Otto (Ehrenfried) 1810 German composer and conductor born in Konigsberg (d.Berlin 1849) B Nicopolis, Battle of 1396 Ottoman Turks victorious over European army of crusaders W Nielsen, Carl (August) 1865 Danish composer, violinist and conductor born in Norre-Lyndelse B 1931 Dies in Copenhagen D Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 1844 German philosopher, poet and amateur composer born in Rocken B 1900 Dies in Weimar D Nightingale, Florence 1820 English nurse who introduced strict standards of sanitation during the Crimean War B Nijinsky lNizhinskyr, Vaclav 1889 Russian dancer born in Kiev B 1950 Dies in London Nijmegen, Treaties of 1678 Series of European treaties in which France ended the Dutch Wars (1672-78) T Nika Riot 532 A.D. Riot and abortive revolt in Constantinople in which 30,000 rioters were slaughtered W Nikolsburg, Treaty of 1612 Treaty during the Thirty Years War between Ferdinand II of Austria and the King of Hungary T Nilsson lSvennssonr, (Marta) Birgit 1918 Swedish soprano born in Karup, Sweden B Nilsson, Bo 1937 Swedish composer born in Sweden B Nimitz, Chester William 1885 American five-star admiral who commanded the U.S. Pacific during WW II and received the Japanese surrender aboard the 'Missouri" B Nimsgern, Siegmund 1940 German bass born in St. Wendel, Germany B Nine-Power Treaty 1921 Two treaties; the first Feb. 4 1922 guaranteed China its territorial sovereignty; the second, Feb.6 1922 authorized it to set trade tariffs. T Ninety-five Theses 1517 Martin Luther's historic document posted on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany, on Oct. 31, 1517, adate now considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation T Nittis, Giuseppe de 1846 Born B 1884 Died D Nixon, Richard Milhous 1969 37th US president (1969-74) forced to resign over Watergate scandal. E Nkrumah, Kwame 1951 first Ghanaian prime minister (1951) E 1960 Ghanaian president (1960) E Nobel, Alfred Bernhard 1833 Swedish inventor of dynamite (1833-96) S Noguchi, Isamu 1988 Died D 1904 American sculptor and designer, born in Los Angeles, spent childhood in Japan B Nolan, Sir Sidney 1992 Died D 1917 Australian painter B 1981 Knighted Z Noland, Kenneth 1924 American painter B Nolde, Emil 1867 German painter and graphic artist B 1956 Died D Nollekens, Joseph 1823 Died D 1737 English sculptor B Nonell y Monturiol, Isidro 1911 Died D 1873 Born B Nonesuch Press 1923 Founded in London F Nono, Luigi 1924 Italian composer born in Venice (d.1990) B Nonproliferation Treaty 1968 Treaty in which nuclear powers agreed to prevent the spread of nuclear-weapons technology T Noort, Adam van 1562 Born B 1641 Died D Norberg Schulz, Elizabeth 1959 Norwegian soprano born in Norway Nordgren, Pehr Henrik 1944 Finnish composer born in Saltvik, Finland Nordheim, Arne 1931 Norwegian composer born in Narviksoprano born in Norway Nordlingen, battles of 1634 Victory for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years ' War W Noriega, Manuel 1990 Panamanian military leader captured in the invasion of Panama (1990) and sentenced to forty years in a U.S. prison (1992) R Norman Conquest 1066 The invasion of William the conqueror saw the establishment of the feudal system in England 1066 M Norman, Jessye 1945 American soprano born in Augusta, Georgia B Normandy invasion 1944 WW2 Allied invasion that led to the end of the Nazi war effort (June 6, 1944) W Norodom 1860 Cambodian King (1860-1904) R Norodom Sihanouk 1941 Cambodian King (1941- 55) R Norrington, Roger (Arthur Carver) 1934 English conductor born in Oxford B 1980 Receives O.B.E Z 1990 Awarded C.B.E Z North Africa Campaign 1940 series of military actions in North Africa during WW2 (1940-43) W North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 (NATO) Alliance formed by Atlantic nations of Europe & North America to counter potential Soviet block threat. F North, Alex 1910 American composer and conductor born in Chester, Pennsylvania B 1991 Dies D North, Frederick, 2d earl of Guilford and 8th baron North 1770 English Prime minister (1770-82) E Northcote, James 1746 English portrait and history painter B 1831 Died D Northern Expedition 1926 Military campaign in China led by Chiang Kai-shek to overcome the lawlords W Northern Sinfonia 1958 Chamber orchestra based at Newcastle F Northern War 1655 War between Sweden and Poland and its allies (1655-60) W Northern War (First) 1700 War fought (1700-21) between Sweden and Russia W Nostradamus 1503 French physician and astrologer B Notke, Bernt 1509 Died D Nottebohm, (Martin) Gustav 1817 German composer and musicologist born in Westphalia (d. 1882) B Nourrit, Adolphe 1802 French tenor born in Montpellier (d. 1839) B Novak, Jan 1921 Czechoslavakian composer born in Nova risa na Morave (d. 1984) B Novak, Vitezslav 1870 Czechoslavakian composer born in Kamenice (d. 1949) B Novara, Battles of 1513 Swiss army defeated French army commanded by Louis de la Tremoille W Novecento Italiano 1922 Group of Italian artists F Novello, Clara (Anastasia) 1818 English soprano born in London (d. 1908) B Novello, Vincent 1781 English organist, publisher and composer born in London (d. 1861) B November Group 1917 Founded in Helsinki F November Insurrection 1830 Unsuccessful Polish rebellion against Russian domination began Nov.29 W Novembergruppe 1918 A group of radical left-wing German artists formed in Berlin F Novotna, Jarmila 1907 Czech soprano born in Prague (d. 1994) B Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty 1963 Treaty signed in Moscow between the U.S., Britain and the U.S.S.R., banning nuclear-weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. France refused to sign T Numa Pompilius -715 Legendary second king of Rome (715-673 BC) B Nunez Vela, Blasco 1544 First Spanish viceroy of Peru executed in 1546 R Nunez, Rafael 1880 Columbian president (180-82), (1884-88). E Nurhachi 1644 Manchurian tribal chief founder of Manchu Dynasty (1644- 1912) F Nurnberg Laws 1935 Two racial laws passed by the German Nazi party denying Jews citizenship and the right to marry or have sexual relations with non-Jews T Nurnberg Trials 1945 war-crimes trials held after WW2 to try Nazi party leaders. M Nurock, Kirk 1948 American composer born in New Jersey B Nutcracker 1891 Ballet in 2 acts and 3 scenes with music by Tchaikovsky C Nyerere, Julius 1964 First President of Tanzania (1964-85) E Nyman, Michael 1944 English composer and writer born in London B Nystad, Treaty of 1721 Treaty between Sweden and Russia endind the Northern War T O'Connell, Daniel 1823 Irish political leader and founder of the 'Catholic Association' who attempted to gain Irish freedom through political agitation F O'Connor, Rory Roderick 1166 Last high king of Ireland 1166-75 R O'Connor, Sandra Day 1981 first woman appointed to US Supreme Court (1981- ) O O'Conor, Roderic 1860 Born B 1940 Died D O'Gorman, Juan 1905 Mexican architect and painter B 1982 Died D O'Higgins, Bernardo 1818 Chilean soldier and statesman who proclaimed independence and became the first president R O'Keeffe, Georgia 1887 American painter B 1986 Died D O'Neill, Dennis 1948 Welsh tenor born in Pontardulais B O'Neill, Eugene Gladstone 1936 American playwright who won the Nobel Prize in Literature A Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio 1836 Opera in 2 acts by Verdi C Obraztsova, Elena (Vasilyevna) 1937 Russian mezz-soprano born in Leningrad B Obrecht lObertusr, Jacob 1451 Flemish composer born in Bergen-op-Zoom (d. 1505) B Obregon, Alvaro 1920 Mexican president (1920-24) E Obukhov, Nikolay 1892 Russian composer born in Kursk (d. 1954) B Ochtervelt, Jacob 1634 Dutch painter B 1682 Died D Ockeghem lOkeghemr, Johannes 1410 French-Flemish composer (d. 1497) B Octavia (d. 11 BC) -40 Roman matron, wife of Marc Antony (40-30 B.C.) M October Manifesto 1905 Issued by Russian tsar to guarantee civil liberties T October Revolution 1917 coup d'etat by which the Bolsheviks took control of Russia (Oct. 24-25, 1917) W Octobrists 1906 Russian conservative political party F Ode for St Cecilia's Day 1683 Title of 4 choral works by Purcell C Oder-Neisse Line 1945 Polish-German frontier established by the U.S., Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. at Potsdam T Offa 757 A.D. King of Mercia (757-796 A.D.) who introduced the coinage system R Offenbach, Jacques lJacobr 1819 German-French composer, conductor and cellist born in Deutz (d. 1880) B Ogadai 1229 Mongol ruler 1229-41, successor to his father, Genghis Khan R Ogdon, John (Andrew Howard) 1937 English pianist and composer born in Mansfield (d. 1989) B Ohana, Maurice 1914 French composer and pianist born in Casablanca (d. 1992) B Ohm, Georg Simon 1825 German physicist who formulated the basic law of current flow S Oistrakh, David 1908 Russian violinist and conductor born in Odessa (d. 1974) B Oistrakh, Igor 1931 Russian violinist born in Odessa B Olaf I 995 King of Norway (995-1000) R Olaf II 1015 King of Norway 1015-28 R Olaf V 1957 King Of Norway (1957-91) R Olczewska, Maria lBerchtenbreitner, Marier 1892 German mezzo-soprano born near Donauworth (d. 1969) Oldenburg, Claes 1966 A 1929- Swedish-born sculptor and graphic artist who became an American citizen in 1953 B Oldham, Arthur (William) 1926 English composer, chorusmaster and pianist born in London B Oleg 912 A.D. Early ruler of Rus' R Olitski, Jules 1922- Russian-born American painter and sculptor B Oliva, Peace of 1660 Treaty between Poland and Sweden ending the First Northern War T Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman y Pimental, Conde-duque 1621 Spanish prime minister to Philip IV (1621-43) R Oliver, Isaac 1617 Died D Before1568 Born B Oliver, Stephen 1950 English composer born in Liverpool B Oliveros, Pauline 1932 American composer born in Houston B Olympias -316 Macedonian queen, mother of Alexander the Great M Olympic Games -776 Religious atheletic games held at Olympia F Omaha Beach 1941 WWII beach head during Allied D-Day invasion M Omar 581 A.D. Second Muslim caliph, father-in-law of the prophet, Muhammad B Omdurman, Battle of 1898 British capture of the Mahdist capital in central Sudan W Omri 887 King of Israel (887-875 BC) R Ondricek, Frantisek 1857 Chechoslavakian violinist and composer born in Prague (d. 1922) B Oneida Community 1847 Religious commune in America that practiced communal living and pologamy F Onslow, Georges (Louis) 1784 French pianist and composer born in Clermont-Ferrand (d. 1853) B Op art 1965 Term came into use F Opera-Comique, Paris 1715 2nd opera house of Paris F Opie, Alan 1945 English baritone born in Redruth B Opie, John 1761 English painter B 1807 Died D Opium War 1839 First war between China and European powers (1839-42); the second war (1856-60) W Oppenheim, Meret 1985 Died D 1913 Born B Oppenheimer, J. Robert 1904 Leading figure in the Manhattan project 1942-45 B 1967 Died D Orangemen 1795 Irish Protestant political group F Oranges, War of the 1801 France and Spain invade Portugal W Orcagna, Andrea 1398/9 Died D Orchardson, Sir William Quiller 1832 Scottish painter B 1610 Died Ord, Boris (Bernhard) 1897 English organist choirmaster and composer (d. 1961) B Ordonez, Bartolome 1520 Spanish sculptor, first to show the impact of the Italian High Renaissance D Orff, Carl 1895 German composer, teacher and conductor born in Munich (d. 1982) B Organization of African Unity 1963 Organisation of independant African states to promote mutual cooperation F Organization of American States 1948 International organisation including Latin America F Organization of Central American States 1951 Organisation to promote cooperation F Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 1960 International group formed to promote interests of countries that supply oil to the world market F Oriskany, Battle of 1777 Battle during American Revolution in New York W Orlando, Vittorio Emmanuele 1917 Italian premier, one of the 'Big Four' at Paris Peace Conference (1919) E Orleans, Siege of 1428 English siege during 100 years War W Orley, Bernard (or Bernaert or Barend) van 1541 Died D 1490 Netherlandish painter of religious subjects and portraits B Ormandy, Eugene lBlau, Jenor 1899 Hungarian born conductor born in Budapest (d. 1899) B Ornstein, Leo 1892 Russian born composer and pianist born in Kremenchug B Orozco, Jose Clemente 1883 Mexican painter B 1949 Died D Orpen, Sir William 1878 Irish-born painter, active mainly in London B 1931 Died D Orr, Robin lKemsley, Robertr 1909 Scottish composer, organist and teacher born in Brechin B Orrego-Salas, Juan (Antonio) 1919 Chilean composer born in Santiago B Orsi, Lelio c.1511 Born B 1587 Died D Orwell, George 1903 British author of, amongst others, "Animal Farm" & "1984" born B 1950 Died D Osborne, Nigel 1948 English composer born in Manchester B Oscar I 1844 King of Norway & Sweden (1844-59) R Oscar II 1872 King of Sweden (1872-1907), & Norway(1872-1905) R Osei Tutu 1712 West African leader and first ruler of Ashanti nation died D Osman I 1299 Turkish leader and founder of Ottoman Empire R Osmena, Sergio 1944 Filipino president (1944-46) E Ostade, Adriaen van 1610 Dutch painter B 1685 Died D Ostend Manifesto 1854 Document calling for U.S. acquisition of Cuba T Ostman, Arnold 1939 Swedish conductor born in Malmo B Oswy 670 Northumbrian king (642-670) R Otho, Marcus Salvius AD 69 Roman emperor (AD 69) R Otter, Anne Sofie von 1955 Swedish mezzo-soprano born in Stockholm B Otterloo, (Jan) Willem van 1907 Dutch conductor, cellist and composer born in Winterswijk (d. 1978) B Otto I (1815-67) 1832 Greek King (1832-62) R Otto I (1848-1916) 1886 Bavarian King (1886-1913) R Otto I (912-73) 936 German King (936-973) & Holy Roman emperor (962-973) R Otto II 973 Holy Roman emperor (973-983) & German king (961-983) R Otto III 996 Holy Roman emperor (996-1002) & German king (983-1002) R Otto IV 1209 Holy Roman Emperor 1209-15 & German King R Ottocar I 1198 Bohemian king 1198-1230 R Ottocar II 1252 Bohemian king 1252-78 R Ottoman Empire c1299 founded during reign of Osman I F 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople making it their capital & ending the Byzantine Empire. W 1920 signing of Treaty of Sevres with WWI Allies marks end of the Empire M Oudenaarde, Battle of 1708 Oudry, Jean-Baptiste 1755 Died D 1686 French painter, tapestry designer, and illustrator B Ouseley, (Sir) Frederick (Arthur) Gore 1825 English organist , composer, pianist and clergyman born in London (d. 1889) B Outer Space Treaty 1967 Treaty signed to control the use of outer space for military purposes T Ovchinikov, Vladimir 1960 Russian pianist born in Beleby B 1980 Won 2nd prize in Montreal competition Z Overbeck, Friedrich 1869 Died D 1789 German painter B Ovid -43 One of the greatest poets of antiquity born B Owens, Jesse 1936 Black US athlete, won 4 gold medals at Hitler's Olympics, much to Hitler's chagrin M Oxenstierna, Count Axel Gustavsson 1583 Swedish statesman who practically ruled Sweden during the 30 Years War B Ozawa, Seiji 1935 Japanese conductor born in China B Ozenfant, Amedee 1966 Died D 1886 French painter and writer B Paasikivi, Juho Kusti 1918 Finnish prime minister (1918, 1944-46) and president (1946-56) E Pacheco, Francisco 1564 Born B 1644 Died D 1649 Treatise "El Arte de la Pintura" published posthumously M Pachelbel, Johann 1653 German composer born in Nuremberg (d. 1706) B Pacher, Michael 1465 Born B 1498 Died D Pachmann, Vladimir de 1848 Russian pianist is born in Odessa (d. 1933) B 1891 Made US debut as piano recitalist O Pachomius 314 Egyptian, founded the Christian communal monastic movement F Pacific 231 1923 Composed by Honneger, and first performed in Paris the following year C Pacific Scandal 1873 Canadian political scandal M Pacini, Giovanni 1796 Italian composer and teacher born in Catania (d. 1867) B 1840 Composed the opera Saffo C Pact of Steel 1939 Pact confirming German-Italian alliance T Paderewski, Ignace Jan 1919 Polish composer, pianist and philanthropist elected as premier E Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 1860 Polish pianist, composer and statesman born in Kurylowka (d. 1941) B 1888 Piano debut in Paris, London in 1890, and New York 1891 O 1919 Served as first Prime Minister of post-war independent Poland E Padmavati 1914 Roussel began composing this two-act opera ballet with libretto by L. Laloy C 1923 Produced in Paris P Padmore, Elaine 1945 English administrator and soprano born in Haworth, Yorks B 1993 Began tenure as artistic director of the Royal Danish Opera in Copenhagen E Paeonius 420 Sculpted the marble sculpture Victory A Paer, Ferdinando 1771 Italian composer and originally violinist, born in Parma (d. 1839) B 1791 His first opera was produced in Parma C 1804 Composed the opera Leonora C Paganini, Niccolo 1831 President (1831-35, 1839-43) and dictator (1861-63) of Venezuela R 1782 Italian violinist and composer, known for his virtuoso showman style is born in Genoa (d. 1840) B 1813 Made his Milan debut, Vienna in 1828, Paris and London in 1831 O Pagliacci 1892 Opera in prologue and two acts by Leoncavallo first produced in Milan P Paik, Kun Woo 1946 Korean pianist born in Seoul B 1971 New York concert debut, London in 1974 O Paik, Nam June 1932 Korean composer born in Seoul B Paine, John Knowles 1839 American composer, organist, and teacher born in Portland, Maine (d. 1906) B 1875 The first American professor of music, teaching at Harvard University O Paine, Thomas 1774 Paine, US patriot, pamphlet writer and revolutionary emigrated to the US M Painleve, Paul 1917 French mathematician and aviator elected as premier E Painters Eleven 1953 Founded F Paisiello, Giovanni 1740 Italian composer born in Roccaforzata near Taranto (d. 1816) B 1782 Wrote the highly successful Il Barbiere di Siviglia precursor to Rossini's opera 34 years later C Pajou, Augustin 1730 Born B 1809 Died D Palamedesz., Anthonie 1601 Born B 1673 Died D Palestine Liberation Organization 1964 Arab political and terrorist organisation formed F Palestrina 1917 Pfitzner's opera first performed in Munich P Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da 1525 Italian composer and choirmaster known for sacred works born near Rome (d. 1594) B Pallavicino, Benedetto 1551 Italian monk and composer of madrigals and motets born in Cremona (d. 1601) B Pallavicino, Carlo 1640 Italian composer of over 20 operas born in Salo, Lake Garda (d. 1688) B Palm, Siegfried 1927 German cellist born in Wuppertal B Palma Giovane 1548 Born B 1628 Died D Palma Vecchio 1480 Born B 1528 Died D Palmer, Erastus Dow 1817 Born B 1904 Died D Palmer, Felicity (Joan) 1944 English soprano and mezzo-soprano born in Cheltenham B Palmer, Robert 1915 American composer born in Syracuse B Palmer, Samuel 1805 Born B 1881 Died D Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3d Viscount 1855 British prime minister (1855-58, 1859-65) E Palmgren, Selim 1878 Finnish pianist, composer and conductor born in Pori (d. 1951) B Palo Alto, Battle of 1846 First battle of the Mexican war held at this Texas city W Palomino y Velasco, Antonio 1655 Born B 1726 Died D Pan-African congresses 1900 1st such conference held in London to protest apartheid O Pan-American Union 1890 North and South American republics promoting technical, commercial and cultural interchange T Panama Canal 1914 Construction of this important canal completed M Panama Invasion 1989 US invasion of Panama to overthrow the nations dictator W Panassie, Hugues 1912 French music critic and specialist in jazz born in Paris (d. 1974) B Panerai, Rolando 1924 Italian baritone born in Campi Bisenzio B 1946 Debut in Florence as Enrocio in Lucia di Lammermoor O Panharmonicon 1805 Mechanical orchestra invented by Maelzel for which Beethoven wrote his Battle Symphony in 1813 M Panini, Giovanni Paolo (Gianpaolo) 1691 Born B 1765 Died D Panizza, Ettore 1875 Argentine conductor of Italian descent born in Buenos Aires (d. 1967) B 1930 Conducted La Scala for two years and again 1946 - 1948 M Pankhurst, Emmeline Goulden 1903 Pankhurst founded the women's suffrage movement O Pannain, Guido 1891 Italian musicologist, author and composer born in Naples (d. 1977) B 1932 Published the book "Modern Composers" in England M Panofsky, Erwin 1892 Born B 1968 Died D 1939 Published "Studies in iconology" P Panormo, Vincenzo 1734 Sicilian violin-maker who worked in Paris, London and Dublin born in Monreale (d. 1813) B Pantonality 1958 Richard Reti coined term to describe extensions of tonality whereby music does not remain in one key but moves in and out of discernible key centers M Panufnik, (Sir) Andrzej 1914 Polish composer and conductor whose music has extraordinary intensity and power born in Warsaw (d. 1991) B 1991 Knighted M Panzera, Charles 1896 Swiss baritone born in Hyeres (d. 1976) B Paolozzi, Sir Eduardo 1924 Born B 1983 Paolozzi's large mosaics were installed in Tottenham Court Road Underground Station, London A Papaioannou, Yannis (Andreou) 1911 Greek composer born in 1911 (d. 1989) B Papier, Rosa 1858 Austrian mezzo-soprano born in Baden B Papillons 1829 12 short dance pieces for piano by Schumann C Papineau-Couture, Jean 1916 Canadian composer born in Outremont B Parade 1917 Ballet produced in Paris P Paradies lParadisir, (Pietro) Domenico 1707 Italian composer and harpsichordist born in Naples (d. 1791) B Paradis, Maria Theresia von 1759 Austrian pianist, organist, composer and singer born in Vienna (d. 1824) B Paradise Lost 1667 Opera in two acts by Penderecki is published C Paray, Paul lCharles, M.A.r 1886 French composer and conductor born in Le Treport (d. 1979) B Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne 1836 Scottish soprano born in Edinburgh (d. 1874) B Paride ed Elena 1770 Opera in 5 acts by Gluck produced in Vienna P Parikian, Manoug 1920 Turkish-born British violinist born in Mersin B 1947 Debuts as concert soloist in Liverpool O Paris 987 Paris became the capital of France F Paris Conservatoire de Musique 1795 Free school of music established in Paris incorporating two previous schools F Paris Opera 1671 French opera house opened F Paris Peace Conference 1919 Conference held by allied leaders after WW I to discuss peace terms T Paris Symphonies 1785 Set of 6 symphionies composed by Haydn C Paris Symphony 1778 Nickname of Mozart's Symphony No. 31 in D (K297) C Paris, Alain 1947 French conductor born in Paris B 1969 Makes conducting debut O Paris, Matthew 1259 Died D 1217 Became monk at St. Albans M Paris, Orchestre de 1967 French symphony orchestra founded F Paris, Treaty of 1229 Between Louis IX and nobleman Raymond VII of Toulouse T Paris: The Song of a Great City 1899 Delius composed nocturne for orchestra C Parish-Alvars, Elias 1808 English harpist, pianist and composer born in Teignmouth (d. 1849) B Park Chung Hee 1963 South Korean president (1963-79) E Parker, Charlie lChristopher jr., Charlesr 1920 American jazz alto and tenor saxophonist and composer known as Bird or Yardbird born in Kansas City (d. 1955) B Parker, Dorothy 1893 American writer born B Parker, Horatio (William) 1863 American composer, organist and teacher born in Auburndale, Masssachusetts B 1910 His opera, Mona, wins the New York Met prize A Parker, Jon Kimura 1959 Canadian pianist born in Vancouver B 1984 Won the Leeds international piano competition M Parker-Smith, Jane 1950 English organist born in Northampton B 1970 London debut at Westminster Cathedral O Parkin, Eric 1924 English pianist born in Stevenage B 1948 London debut O Parkin, Simon 1956 English composer, pianist and teacher born in Manchester B Parkinson, Paul (Andrew) 1954 English composer born in Moreton, Cheshire B Parler, Peter 1330 Born B 1399 Died D 1353 Appointed architect of Prague Cathedral M Parliament 1295 Forerunner of Parliament convened by Edward I O Parliament Act 1911 British Act by which the house of Lords lost its veto over legislation T Parmigianino 1503 Born B 1540 Died D 1535 Painted a highly erotic "Cupid Carving his Bow" A 1526 Began work on The Vision of St Jerome A Parnell, Charles Stewart 1879 Appointed president of the Irish National Land Leaue E Paroles tissees 1965 Work for 10 and 20 solo instrument by Lutoslawski C Parr, Catherine 1543 Henry VIII's 6th and final wedding to Parr M Parratt, (Sir) Walter 1841 English organist and composer born in Huddersfield (d. 1924) B Parris, Robert 1924 American composer, pianist, harpsichordist and teacher born in Philadelphia B Parrott, (Horace) Ian 1916 English composer and conductor born in London B Parrott, Andrew 1947 English conductor born in Walsall B Parry, (Sir) (Charles) Hubert (Hastings) 1848 English composer, teacher and writer born in Bournemouth (d. 1918) B 1887 His 'Blest Pair of Sirens' establishes him in the forefront of British composers C 1886 Publishes his book "Studies of the Great Composers", one of several works A 1898 Knighted and subsequently granted the title of baronet M Parry, John 1710 Born in Bryn Cynan, and although blind became the most distinguished player of his time in Britain (d. 1782) B Parry, Joseph 1841 Welsh composer born in Merthyr Tydfil (d. 1903) B 1877 Wrote the well-known hymntune Aberystwyth C Parsifal 1877 Wagner began to compose this sacred festival drama in three acts, his last opera, completing it in 5 years C Parsley, Osbert 1511 English composer and singer who sang in Norwich Cathedral choir for over 50 years (d. 1585) B Parsons, Geoffrey (Penwill) 1929 Australian pianist and accompanist born in Sydney B Parsons, Robert 1530 English composer of church music and pieces for viols born in Exeter (d. 1570) B Part, Arvo 1935 Estonian composer born in Paide B Partch, Harry 1901 American self-taught composer and inventor born in Oakland,California (d. 1974) B 1943 After wandering the U.S.A. as a hobo for a number of years, received the Guggenheim award that enabled him to develop some 20 instruments that he had invented A Partenope 1729 Opera in 3 acts by Handel C Parthenia 1611 First book of keyboard music is published in England O Parthenon -447 Building begins during the ascendancy of Pericles M Parthenopean Republic 1799 Short-lived Italian republic set up by French after conquering the kingdom of Naples F Parthia -247 Founded by the Parthian Empire F Partition of Poland 1772 To avert war between Russia and Austria, Prussia proposed that Russia expand into Poland instead M 1793 Russians and Prussians invaded Poland leaving only central part of Poland intact W 1795 After suppressing a Polish revolt, Austria, Prussia and Russia divided remaining territory, with major share going to Russia W Partos, Odon 1907 Hungarian-born Israeli composer and violist (d. 1977) B Partridge, Ian 1938 English tenor born in Wimbledon B Pascal, Blaise 1642 Develops the first digital calculator S Paschal II 1099 Italian-born Pope 1099-1118 E Pascin, Jules 1885 Born B 1930 Died D Pasdeloup, JulesmEtienne 1819 French conductor born in Paris (d. 1887) B Pashley, Anne 1937 English soprano born in Skegness B Paskalis, Kostas 1929 Greek baritone born in Levadis B 1954 Athens debut O Pasmore, Victor 1908 Born B 1955 Appointed Consulting Director for Architectural Design, Peterlee New Town, Co. Durham M Pasodoble 1637 Italian composer, organist and harpsichordist born in Tuscany (d. 1710) B Passarotti, Bartolommeo 1529 Born B 1592 Died D Passarowitz, Treaty of 1718 Signed between the Otoman Empire and Austria and Venice T Passeri, Giovanni Battista 1610 Born B 1679 Died D Passione, La 1768 Nickname for Haydn's symphony in F minor, No. 49 in Breitkopf edition M Passy, Frederic 1867 French economist, founder of the International League for Permanant Peace F 1901 Co-winner, with J. Dunant, of the first Nobel Peace Prize Z Pasta( nee Negri), Giuditta 1797 Italian soprano, among the greatest of opera singers born near Milano (d. 1865) B 1816 Debut in Milan O Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich 1958 Pasternack declines the Nobel Prize for Literature A Pasternak, Leonid 1862 Born B 1945 Died D Pasteur, Louis 1848 Pasteur begins his work on pasteurisation S Pastor Fido, Il 1712 Handel's opera in three acts is produced in London P Pastor, Tony 1837 American theater impresario who helped make vaudeville a respectable family entertainment B Pastoral Sonata 1801 Publisher's name for Beethoven's piano Sonata No. 15 in D major Op. 28 C Pastoral Symphony 1807 Beethoven composed Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68 C 1916 3rd Symphony by Vaughan Williams C Pastorale d'ete 1920 Symphonic poem for small orchestra by Honegger and first performed a year later C Pastry War 1838 Brief struggle that lasted a year between France and Mexico over damages suffered by a French pastrycook during Mexico's civil disturbances W Patane, Giuseppe 1932 Italian conductor born in Naples (d. 1989) B Patay, Battle of 1429 Important French victory during the Hundred Year's War W Patch, Thomas 1725 Born B 1782 Died D Patel, Pierre 1605 Born B 1676 Died D Patel, Vallabhbhai 1947 Appointed first deputy minister of independent India serving under M. Gandhi E Patenier 1524 Died D 1515 Became member of the Antwerp Guild M Pater, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph 1695 Born B 1736 Died D Pater, Walter 1839 Born B 1894 Died D Paterson, William 1694 Founded and directed the Bank of England F Pathe, Charles 1909 Pathe introduced the use of newsreels O Pathet Lao 1950 Formed to fight the French and later fought US-backed Laotian government F Pathetique Sonata 1798 Beethoven's piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Opus 13 C Patience, or Bunthorne's Bride 1881 Operetta in two acts by Sullivan, produced in London P Paton, Alan Stewart 1953 Paton founded the S.A. Liberal party to oppose apartheid F Paton, Sir Joseph Noel 1821 Born B 1901 Died D Patrick, Saint 385 Christian missionary and saint, credited with convereting the Irish from paganism to Christianity B Patterson, Joseph Medill 1919 Founded the New York Daily News, the first successful American tabloid F Patterson, Paul (Leslie) 1947 English composer born in Chesterfield B Patti, Adelina lAdelar (Juana Maria) 1843 Italian soprano born in Madrid (d. 1919) B 1859 Opera debut in New York of a hugely successfully career that spanned nearly 40 years O Patton, George Smith, Jr. 1943 Patton, noted US general took Palermo in the invasion of Sicily W Patzak, Julius 1898 Austrian tenor born in Vienna (d. 1974) B Pauk, Gyorgy 1936 Hungarian violinist born in Budapest B Paukenmesse 1796 Haydn's Mass No. 7 in C major C Pauker, Ana 1947 Appointed as Rumania's foreign affairs minister for 5 years, thereafter she was ousted E Paul 1947 Greek King (1947-64) R Paul Bunyan 1941 Benjamin Britten's choral operetta in 2 acts first performed in New York P Paul I 1796 Russian emperor (1796-1801) R Paul II 1464 Italian-born Pope (1464-71) R Paul III 1534 Italian-born Pope (1534-49) R Paul IV 1555 Italian-born Pope (1555-59) R Paul V 1605 Italian-born Pope (1605-21) R Paul VI 1963 Italian-born Pope (1963-78) R Paul, Saint 67 Believed to have been executed in Rome by Nero D Pauling, Linus Carl 1954 Wins a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of chemical bonding Z 1962 Wins Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to nuclear warfare, making him the first sole recipient of two Nobel prizes Z Paullus, Aemilius -168 Defeats Perseus of Macedonia at the Battle of Pydna, ending the Macedonian War W Paulus, Stephen (Harrison) 1949 American composer born in Summit, New York B 1977 Wrote first opera 'The Village Singer' C Pauly, Rose lPollak, Roser 1894 Hungarian soprano born in Eperjes (d. 1975) B Paumgartner, Bernhard 1887 Austrian composer, conductor and musicologist born in Vienna (d. 1971) B Paur, Emil 1855 Austrian composer, conductor and violinist, born in Czernowitz, Bukovina (d. 1932) B 1876 Began conducting career at Kassel O Pavane 1887 Work by Faure Op. 50 for orchestra C Pavane pour une infante defunte 1899 Ravel composes work for piano C Pavarotti, Luciano 1935 World-famous Italian tenor, born in Modena B 1961 Made opera debut there at Reggio Emilia as Rudolpho in La Boheme O Pavia, Battle of 476 German chieftain Odoacer brings the Western Roman Empire to an end by defeating emperor Romulus Augustus W 774 Charlemagne declares himself king of Lombards after defeating Desiderius W 1525 Major defeat for the French during the Italian Wars W Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 1890 Pavlov began his work which led to his discovery of the conditioned reflex S Paxton, Stephen 1735 English cellist and composer born in London (d. 1787) B Payne, Albert 1842 German-born son of an English music publisher, born in Leipzig (d. 1921) Payne, Anthony (Edward) 1936 English composer and critic born in London B Payne, Nicholas 1945 English opera administrator born in Bromley B Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 1909 Bill raised tariffs on foreign imports to protect American industries T Paz Estenssoro, Victor 1952 Bolivian political leader and president E Paz, Juan Carlos 1901 Argentinian composer and critic born in Buenos Aires (d. 1972) B Pazzi conspiracy 1478 Abortive plot by the Pazzi family to depose Lorenzo de' Medici and family from power in Florence M Peabody Conservatory 1857 School of music in Baltimore, Maryland founded F Peace Corps 1961 Peace corps established by the Kennedy administration F Peake, Mervyn 1911 Born B 1968 Died D 1947 Commissioned by the Ministry of Information to make drawings of people liberated from Belsen concentration camp M Peale, Charles Willson 1741 Born B 1827 Died D 1782 Opened an exhibition gallery, the first in America F 1805 Helped found the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts F Pearl Harbor 1941 Sneak attack by Japanese forces on Pearl Harbour brought US into WWII W Pearlstein, Philip 1924 Born B Pears, (Sir) Peter (Neville Luard) 1910 English tenor and organist born in Farnham (d. 1986) B 1957 Awarded Cross of the British Empire M 1978 Knighted M Pearsall, Robert (Lucas) 1795 English composer born in Clifton (d. 1856) B Pearse, Patrick Henry 1916 Commands rebel forces in the Easter Rebellion W Pearson, Lester Bowles 1957 Winner of a Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation of 1956 Arab-Israeli War Z 1963 Elected Canada's Liberal party prime minister E Peary, Robert Edwin 1909 Led the first expedition to reach the North Pole O Peasant Cantata 1742 Bach composed his light-hearted Cantata No. 212 for soprano, bass, horn, flute, strings and continuo C Peasants' Revolt 1381 Popular uprising in England over a variety of grievances W Peasants' War 1524 Revolt by peasants and townsmen in Germany and Austria W Pecheurs de perles, Les 1863 Bizet's three-act opera is first produced in Paris P Pechstein, Max 1881 Born B 1955 Died D 1912 Expelled from the Brucke M Pedrell, Felipe 1841 Spanish composer and musicologist born in Tortosa (d. 1922) B Pedro 1504 Died D Pedro I 1822 First emperor of Brazil (1822-31) and king of Portugal (1826) R Pedro II 1831 Emperor of Brazil (1831-89) R Peel, Gerald (Graham) 1877 English composer born in Pendlebury (d. 1937) B Peel, Sir Robert 1788 British statesman, prime minister, founder of the Conservative party and establisher of the London police department (called "bobbies" after him) B Peerce, Jan lPerelmuth, Jacob Pincusr 1904 American tenor born in New York (d. 1984) B Peerson, Martin 1572 English composer born near Ely (d. 1651) B Peeters, Bonaventura the Elder 1614 Born B 1652 Died D Peeters, Flor 1903 Belgian organist and composer born in Thielen (d. 1986) B Pei, I. M. 1979 John F. Kennedy Memorial is completed by this Chinese-born American architect Z Peinemann, Edith 1937 German violinist and leader of Mainz orchestra, born in Maintz B 1956 Won Munich international competition M Peipus, Battle of Lake 1242 Decisive battle won by Russians against invading Germanic knights W Peirce, Charles Sanders 1839 American philosopher who founded the school of Pragmatism B Pelagius I 556 Italian-born Pope (556-61) R Pelleas et Melisande 1893 Debussy composed the 5-act opera C Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio 1675 Born B 1741 Died D Pelletier, Wilfrid 1896 Canadian conductor born in Montreal (d. 1982) B Peloponnesian War -431 War between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece 431-404 BC W Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st earl of 1217 English nobleman who ended the baron's revolt begun when King John revoked the Magna Carta W Pencz, Georg 1500 Born B 1550 Died D Penderecki, Krzysztof 1933 Polish composer born in Debica B Pendergast, Thomas Joseph 1872 American politician B Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883 US law passed to end corruption in hiring of federal employees T Penelope 1907 Opera composed by Faure in 3 acts C 1954 Opera semi-seria in 2 parts by Lieberman, produced in Salzburg P Peninsular Campaign 1862 Unsuccessful attempt by Union forces to take Richmond, Virginia during the American Civil War W Peninsular War 1808 Series of military campaigns (1808-14) conducted by British, Portuguese and Spanish forces against the French in Iberian Peninsula during Napoleonic Wars W Penn, William 1644 English religious leader and founder of Pennsylvania B Pennario, Leonard 1924 American pianist born in Buffalo, New York B 1931 Made debut at the age of 7 O 1936 Played with Dallas Symphony Orchestra at the age of 12 O Penni, Francesco 1488 Born B 1528 Died D Pennsylvania 1787 Pennsylvania became the 2nd US state F Penny for a Song, A 1967 Opera in two acts by Richard Rodney Bennett, produced in London P Penrose, Sir Roland 1900 Born B 1984 Died D 1947 Co-founded and chaired the Institute of Fine Arts in London F Penry, John 1559 Welsh Puritan convicted and executed for writing Puritan tracts causing the Marprelate Controversy B Pentland, Barbara (Lally) 1912 Canadian composer born in Winnipeg B Pepin, Clermont 1926 Canadian composer born in St. Georges de Beauce B Pepping, Ernst 1901 German composer born in Duisburg (d. 1981) B Pepusch, Johann Christoph 1667 German composer, conductor and organist born in Berlin (d. 1752) B Pepys, Samuel 1660 Pepys began his famous 9-year diary A Pequot War 1636 War (1636-37) between British colonists and Pequot Indians in Connecticut W Per Krohg 1889 Born B 1965 Died D Peragallo, Mario 1910 Italian composer born in Rome B Perahia, Murray 1947 American pianist and conductor, born in New York B 1972 Won Leeds international piano competition M Percier, Charles 1764 Born B 1838 Died D Percival, Allen (Dain) 1925 English teacher and author born in Bradford, Yorks B Percy, Algernon, 10th earl of Northumberland 1602 English statesman B Percy, Henry, 1st earl of Northumberland 1342 English nobleman B Percy, Sir Henry 1366 English nobleman B Percy, Thomas, 7th earl of Northumberland 1528 English nobleman B Percy, Thomas, earl of Worcester 1344 English nobleman B Pereda, Antonio de 1611 Born B 1678 Died D Pereira, Manuel 1588 Born B 1683 Died D Pereire, Isaac 1806 French financier and writer B Perelle, Gabriel 1603 Born B 1677 Died D Perez de Ayala, Ramon 1880 One of the leading Spanish novelists of this century B Perez Jimenez, Marcos 1952 President of Venezuela (1952-58) after taking part in military coup W Perfall, Karl, Freiherr von 1824 German opera-house administrator, conductor and composer born in Munich (d. 1907) B Perfect Fool, The 1918 Comic opera in one act written by Holst, Op. 39 C Performing Right Society 1914 British association of composers, authors and music publishers F Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista 1710 Italian composer, violinist and organist born near Ancona (d. 1736) B Peri, Jacopo 1597 Peri wrote the first true opera, Dafne, which is now lost A 1561 Italian composer, pupil of Malvessi and singer born in Florence or Rome B Pericles 449 Ends war with Persia W Perkins, Frances 1933 Perkins became first woman cabinet member of a US government O Perkowski, Pyotr 1901 Polish conductor and composer born in Oweczacze, Ukraine (d. 1990) B Perle, George 1915 American composer born in Bayonne, New Jersey B Perlemuter, Vlado 1904 French pianist born in Kowno, Poland B Perlman, Itzhak 1945 Israeli-born violinist born in Tel-Aviv B 1955 Radio recital in America at age of 10 M Permeke, Constant 1886 Born B 1952 Died D Permoser, Balthasar 1651 Born B 1732 Died D 1689 Became court sculptor at Dresden M Pernes, Thomas 1956 Austrian composer and pianist born in Vienna B Peron, Juan Domingo 1946 Argentine president (1946-55 / 1973-74) E Peron, Maria Eva Duarte de 1945 "Evita" married J.D. Peron, wielded great political power M Perosi, Lorenzo 1872 Italian composer and priest born in Tortona (d. 1956) B Perrault, Charles 1687 Perrault wrote his controversial poem The Age of Louis The Great A Perreal, Jean 1455 Born B 1530 Died D Perrier, Francois 1590 Born B 1650 Died D Perronneau, Jean-Baptiste 1715 Born B 1783 Died D Perry, Matthew Calbraith 1854 American naval officer who commands US naval mission forcing Japan to accept a treaty opening her ports to Western trade W Perry, Oliver Hazard 1785 American naval officer and hero of the War of 1812 Persephone 1933 Stravinsky composed the Melodrama in 3 scenes C Persepolis -331 Ancient Persian city sacked by Alexander the Great W Perseus -191 The last Macedonian king R Persian Gulf War 1991 Brief war in which UN forces crushed the Iraqi army's invasion of Kuwait W Persiani (nee Tacchinardi), Fanny 1812 Italian soprano born in Rome (d. 1867) B 1835 Created title role for Lucia di Lammermoor which Donizetti wrote for her O Persichetti, Vincent (Ludwig) 1915 American composer, conductor and teacher born in Philadelphia (d. 1987) B Persius 34 Roman satirical poet who attacked the loose moral standards of his day B Pert, Morris 1947 Scottish composer born in Edinburgh B Perti, Giacomo Antonio 1661 Italian composer born in Bologna (d. 1756) B Pertile, Aureliano 1885 Italian tenor born in Montagnana (d. 1952) B Perugino, Pietro 1445 Born B 1523 Died D 1481 Was commissioned to paint frescos at the Sistine Chapel m Peruzzi, Baldassare 1481 Born B 1536 Died D 1520 Became architect on St Peter's after Raphael's death M Peruzzi, Baldassarre 1481 Italian architect and painter appointed architect of St. Peter's Cathedral after Raphael's death B Pesek, Libor 1933 Czechoslavakian conducter born in Prague B Pesellino 1422 Born B 1457 Died D Pesko, Zoltan 1937 Italian composer born in Budapest B Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 1746 Swiss educational reformer concerned with the education of deprived children B Petain, Henri Philippe 1856 Leader of the Nazi puppet government in France born B Peter and the Wolf 1936 Prokofiev's symphonic fairy-tale first performed in Moscow P Peter I (1672-1725) 1682 Modernising Russian Tsar (1682-1725), the first to travel abroad R Peter II (1715-30) 1727 Tsar of Russia (1727-30), from age 11 R Peter III (1728-62) 1762 Tsar of Russia (1762), overthrown and succeeded by his wife R Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn 1801 Opera by Weber composed. Dialogue now lost C Peterloo Massacre 1819 Demonstration that was suppressed at St. Peter's field, in England M Peters lPetermanr, Roberta 1930 American soprano born in NY B Peters, Carl Friedrich 1779 German music publisher born in Leipzig. (d. 1827) First to publish Bach and Haydn. B Peters, Matthew William 1741 Born B 1814 Died D Petersburg Campaign 1864 Concluding action of the American Civil War (1864-5), fought at Petersburg, Virginia W Peterson, Oscar (Emmanuel) 1925 Canadian jazz pianist born in Montreal B PetersonmBerger, Wilhelm 1876 Swedish composer, teacher, and writer born in Ullango (d. 1942) B Petition of Right 1628 English parliamentary document, a part of the power struggle between Charles I and Parliament T Petits Riens, Les 1778 Mozart ballet composed C Peto, John Frederick 1854 Born B 1907 Died D Petofi, Sandor 1822 Hungarian poet and national hero whose many patriotic poems encouraged the Hungarian revolt B Petrarch, Francesco 1304 Italian Renaissance poet and scholar B Petrassi, Goffredo 1904 Zagarolo B Petri, Egon 1881 German pianist born in Hanover (d. 1962) B PetriA, Ivo 1931 Slovenian composer born in Ljubjana B Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders 1894 Petri founded The British School of Archeology in Egypt F Petrov, Nikolai 1943 Russian pianist born in Moscow B Petrovics, Emil 1930 Hungarian composer born in Yugoslavia B Pettie, John 1839 Born B 1893 Died D Pettoruti, Emilio 1892 Born B 1971 Died D Pevsner, Antoine 1886 Born B 1962 Died D 1922 Helped to organize the exhibition of Soviet art in Berlin M Pevsner, Sir Nikolaus 1902 Born B 1983 Died D 1933 Fled Nazi Germany M Pfitzner, Hans (Erich) 1869 German composer and conductor born in Moscow. (d. 1949) B 1917 Composed the opera Palestrina. C Pforr, Franz 1788 Born B 1812 Died D Pharsalus, Battle of -48 Decisive victory for J.Caesar over Pompey W Phidias -432 Died D -438 Dedicated his statue of Zeus, one of the 7 wonders of the world M Philadelphia Orchestra 1900 American Orchestra, founded by Fritz Scheel. F Philby, Harold Adrian Russell 1963 "Kim" Philby, convicted Soviet spy in the UK, escaped to Russia M Philharmonia Orchestra 1945 English Orchestra, founded by Walter Legge. Philip I (1052-1108) 1060 Capetian king of France 1060-1108 R Philip II (1165-1223) 1179 French king 1179-1223 R Philip II (1527-98) 1580 Succeeds his father to the Spanish throne R Philip III (1245-85) 1270 King of France 1270-85 R Philip IV (1268-1314) 1285 Capetain king of France 1285-1314 R Philip of Swabia 1198 Ascends to throne as German king of the Hohenstaufen line and successor to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI R Philip V (c. 1294-1322) 1316 French King 1316-22 R Philip VI 1328 French king 1328-50 R Philippi, Battle of -42 Outcome ensured Octavian's accession as emperor W Philippine Insurrection 1899 US-Filipino war (1899-1902) W Philippine Revolution 1896 Filipino war for independence from Spain (1896-98) W Philippine Sea, Battle of the 1944 Major US victory over the Japanese during WW II W Philips, Peter 1561 English composer and organist born in Brussels. (d. 1628) B Phillip, John 1817 Born B 1867 Died D Phillips, Wendell 1811 American reformer worked for the abolition fo slavery and later campaigned for woman suffrage, labor reform and prohibition B Philo -20 Jewish philosopher B Philopoemen -252 Greek general who restored Archaean military power B Phips, Sir William 1692 Begins rule as Massachusetts colonial governor M Phoenicia 64 Ceases to exist when area is incorporated into Roman province of Syria M Phoenix Park murders 1882 Irish terrorist murders of British secretary of Ireland, Lord F. Cavendish, and his undersecretary, Thomas H. Burke W Phrynichus -512 Athenian poet and playwright, the first to put women characters in Greek plays B Phyfe, Duncan 1768 Scottish-born American furniture maker B Piaf lGassionr, Edith (Giovanna) 1915 French singer born in Paris. (d. 1963) B Piaget, Jean 1896 Swiss psychologist, best-known for his work on child intelligence was born B Piano c.1698 Invention of the harpsicord by Bartolomeo Cristofori, it was the first Piano type instrament. 0 1775 The first American built Pianos by J. B eherent in Philadelphia. O Piatigorsky, Gregor 1903 Russian cellist born in Ekaterinoslav. (d. 1976) B Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista 1683 Born B 1754 Died D 1750 Became the first director of the Venice Academy of Fine Arts M Picabia, Francis 1879 Born B 1953 Died D 1913 Exhibited in the Armory Show M Picard, Jean 1620 French astronomer who established the Paris Observatory B Picasso, Pablo 1881 Born B 1973 Died D 1905 Began his two-year "Rose Period" m 1900 Made his first trip to Paris M 1906 Began his three-year "Negro" period m Picasso, Pablo Ruiz 1881 Spanish artist and sculptor, one of the most important this century was born B Piccard, Auguste 1884 Swiss-born Belgian physicist noted for his balloon ascents into stratosphere and deep-sea explorations B Piccinni, Niccolo 1728 Italian composer, most popular opera La cecchina ossia La buona figliuola. Born in Bari. (d. 1800) B Pichincha, Battle of 1822 Ecuadorian victory over Spanish colonial forces W Picquigny, Truce of 1475 Agreement signed by which English king Edward IV agreed to withdraw his army from France in return for cash settlement and annual pension T Pieneman, Jan Willem 1779 Born B 1853 Died D Pierce, Edward 1635 Born B 1695 Died D Pierce, Franklin 1853 14th US president (1853-57) E Pierino del Vaga 1500 Born B 1547 Died D 1545 Commissioned by Pope Paul II to paint frescos on the life of Alexander The Great M Piero della Francesca 1410 Born B 1492 Died D 1465 Completed work on his major commision, the Legend of the True Cross M 1420 Italian Renaissance painter B Piero di Cosimo 1462 Born B 1521 Died D Pigalle, Jean-Baptiste 1714 Born B 1785 Died D Pike, Zebulon Montgomery 1779 American general and explorer who was killed leading successful attack on York during War of 1812 B Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 Uprising (1536-7) of Catholics in northern England protesting aboltion of papal authority by King Henry VIII W Pilgrims 1620 English religious Separatists who founded the first New England colony F Pillement, Jean-Baptiste 1728 Born B 1808 Died D Pillnitz, Declaration of 1791 Statement issued by Austrian emperor and Prussian king declaring their willingness to restore French king Louis XVI, provided other European sovereigns agree T Pilo, Carl Gustaf 1711 Born B 1793 Died D Pilon, Germain 1525 Born B 1590 Died D Piloty, Karl von 1826 Born B 1886 Died D Pilsudski, Joseph 1867 Polish general and politician B Pinckney, Thomas 1750 American politician and diplomat who negotiated treaty establishing American-Spanish borders in North America B Pineau, Nicolas 1684 Born B 1754 Died D Pinel, Philippe 1745 French physician who advocated humane treatment of the mentally ill B Pinkerton, Allan 1850 Forms America's first detective agency F Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 1973 Chilean military leader and president (1973-90) E Pinter, Harold 1930 English playwrite born B Pintoricchio 1454 Born B 1513 Died D Pinza, Ezio 1892 Italian singer Born in Rome. (d. 1957) B 1920 Rome debut as King Mark in Tristan. P Piper, John 1903 Born B 1992 Died D 1935 Became art editor to the quarterly Axis M Pirandello, Luigi 1934 Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature Z Piranesi, Giovanni Battista 1720 Born B 1778 Died D Pisa, Council of 1409 Roman Catholic church council called to heal papal schism M Pisanello 1395 Born B 1455 Died D Pisano, Andrea 1290 Born B 1348 Died D 1347 Appointed master of works at Orvieto Cathedral M Pisano, Nicola 1284 Died D 1278 Completed his last major work, the large fountain in the public square in Perugia M Pissarro, Camille 1903 Died D 1859 Met Monet M 1830 French impressionist painter born B Piston, Walter (Hamor) 1894 American composer born in Rockland Maine. (d.1976) B Pitman, Sir Isaac 1813 English inventor of phonetic shorthand system B Pitt, William (the Younger) 1759 British prime minister (1783-1801, 1804-06) B Pittoni, Giovanni Battista 1687 Born B 1767 Died D Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra 1895 American Orchestra. F Pius II 1458 Pope (1458-64) R Pius IV 1559 Pope (1559-65) R Pius IX 1846 Pope (1846-78), the longest serving Pope in history R Pius V 1566 Pope (1566-72), and saint R Pius VI 1775 Pope (1775-99) R Pius VII 1800 Pope (1800-23) R Pius X 1903 Pope (1903-14), and saint R Pius XI 1922 Pope (1922-39), worked to prevent WW II and combat racism and anti-semetism R Pius XII 1939 Pope (1939-58), criticised for not doing enough to help Jews during the holocaust R Pizarro, Francisco 1509 Arrives in the New World and later conquers Incas of Peru M Pizzetti, Ildebrando 1880 Italian composer and teacher. Born in Parma. (d. 1968) B Place, Francis 1804 Born B 1895 Died D 1822 One of the earliest birth-control tracts published by Place S Planck, Max 1900 Planck formulated his quantum theory of physics S Planets, The c.1914 Orchestral Suite composed by Holst and based on astrological associations. C Plato -427 One of the great philosophers of all time born B Platt Amendment 1901 Bill passed in US by senator Orville Platt affecting US-Cuban relations T Plattsburgh, Battle of 1814 Important US victory in the War of 1812 W Plautus -254 Roman writer of comic plays B Pleasants, Henry 1910 American music critic and writer. B plebeians -287 General body of citizens, in Roman history, who acieved vitual political equality by this date M Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 1846 Tsarist Russian official B Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich 1857 Russian Marxist theorist and revolutionary leader B Pleydenwurff, Hans 1472 Died D Pleyel, Ignaz (Joseph) 1757 Austrian composer, violinist and pianist born in Vienna. (d. 1831) B Plimsoll, Samuel 1868 Becomes a British member of Parliament E Pliny the Elder 23 ACE Born B 79 ACE Died D Plombieres Agreement 1858 Secret alliance formed by Sardinian Prime Minister C. Cavour and French emperor Napoleon III M Plotinus 205 Neoplatonist philosopher B Plymouth Brethren 1828 Christian sect founded in Dublin F Plymouth Colony 1621 First thanksgiving day celebrated after a winter of privation O Pocahontas 1595 Indian woman and American folk heroine B Poe, Edgar Allan 1809 American poet and author born B Poelenburgh, Cornelis van 1594 Born B 1667 Died D Poggio 1380 Italian Renaissance humanist and scholar B pogrom 1881 Begins against Jews in Russia following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II M Poincare, Jules Henri 1854 French mathematician and scientist B Poinsett, Joel Roberts 1779 American diplomat and statesman B Poison Affair 1679 French court scandal M Poitiers, battles of 732 Battle ending the Muslim invasion of Frankish domains W 1356 Major victory for English at beginning of the Hundred Years' War W Poland 1916 Central Powers established an independent kingdom of Poland during WWI M 1939 Germany invades Poland beginning WWII and shortly after USSR attacks W 1945 Polish Government of National Unity established F 1989 Polish government changed the country's name to Republic of Poland F Pole, Michael de la, 1st earl of Suffolk 1383 Appointed English chancellor R Pole, Reginald 1556 Ordained English Catholic cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury R? Poliakoff, Serge 1906 Born B 1969 Died D Polidoro da Caravaggio 1500 Born B 1543 Died D Polish Succession, War of the 1733 War (1733-38) fought to settle disputed succession to Polish throne after death of Polish king Augustus II W Politburo 1917 First formed before revolution as policy-making and administrative arm of the Communist Party F Polk, James Knox 1845 11th US president (1845-49) E Pollaiuolo, Antonio 1432 Born B 1498 Died D Pollini, Maurizio 1942 Italian pianist and conductor made debut at age of 9. Born in Milan. B Pollock, (Paul) Jackson 1912 American abstract expressionist painter born B Pollock, Jackson 1912 Born B 1956 Died in a car crash D 1947 Developed his 'Drip and Splash' stlye M Polo, Marco 1275 Venetian traveler arrived in Beijing, subject of his famous memoirs A Poltava, Battle of 1709 Victory of forces of Russian tsar Peter I over Sweden's king Charles XII, during the Northern War W Polyanov, Peace of 1634 Treaty between Russia and Poland T Polyclitus of Argos -450 Born B -420 Died D Pombal, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Mello, marquis de 1699 Portuguese statesman who introduced reforms and reduced power of the Inquisition B Pompeii 79 Ancient Roman city of Pompeii completely covered over by the eruption of Vesuvius M Pompey -106 Roman general and statesman B Pompidou, Georges Jean Raymond 1969 Elected French president E Pompon, Francois 1855 Born B 1923 Died D Ponce de Leon, Juan 1513 Sails to coast of what he named Florida, looking for legendary "fountain of youth" M Pondicherry 1674 French colony on southeast coast of India is founded F Ponnelle, Jean Pierre 1932 French director and stage designer born in Paris. (d.1988) B Pontiac 1720 Ottawa Indian chief B Pontiac's Rebellion 1763 A series of raids on British settlements on the Great Lakes, led by American Indian Pontiac W Pontormo 1494 Born B 1557 Died D pony express 1860 US mail delivery system between Missouri and California inaugurated F Poole, Geoffrey 1949 English composer born in Ipswich. B Pope, Alexander 1688 English poet and satirist B Pope, John 1822 Union general in American Civil War B Pope-Hennessy, Sir John 1913 Born B 1986 Won Galileo Galilei prize Z Popish Plot 1678 Fictitious English plot fabricated alleging that Catholics planned conspiracy to assassinate English king Charles II - this led to persecution and killing of many Catholics M Poppaea Sabina 65 Wife of Roman emperor Nero who supposedly kicked her to death D Populist party 1892 3rd party formed in an attempt to break the two party hegemony in US politics F Porcellis, Jan 1584 Born B 1632 Died D Pordenone 1483 Born B 1539 Died D Porgy and Bess 1934 Opera in three acts by Gershwin. C Porson, Richard 1759 English classical scholar B Porter, Cole 1893 American composer and lyricist B Porter, Horace 1837 American general and diplomat B Porter, Katherine Anne 1890 American writer and master of the short story born B Portinari, Candido 1903 Born B 1962 Died D Portsmouth, Treaty of 1905 Concluded between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War T Portugal 1640 Regains independence after rebelling against Spanish rule F 1820 Liberal revolution creates a consttutional monarchy F 1976 New, pro-Communist constitution adopted M 1915 Military dictatorship established (Jan.) but a Republican government is restored shortly afterward (May) following revolt against military M Posada, Jose Guadalupe 1851 Born B 1913 Died D Poseidonius -135 Greek Stoic philosopher and historian, none of his voluminous writings has survived B Post, Frans 1612 Born B 1680 Died D Pot, Hendrik Gerritsz 1585 Born B 1657 Died D Potemkin, Grigori Aleksandrovich 1739 Russian field marshal and statesman who helped bring Catherine II to the throne B Potidaea -348 Ancient Greek city destroyed by Philip II of Macedon W Potsdam Conference 1945 Allied conference after WW II victory set out the shape of post-war Germany T Pottawatomie Massacre 1856 Murder of five proslavery settlers carried out by abolitionist J. Brown W Potter, Beatrix 1866 English children's author and illustrator born B Potter, Paulus 1625 Born B 1654 Died D Poulenc, Francis 1899 French composer who was a member of Les Six is born B Pound, Ezra (Loomis) 1885 American poet, music critic and composer. Born in Hailey, Idaho. (d. 1972) B Pound, Ezra Loomis 1946 Pound, American poet, incarcerated in a mental hospital M Pountney, David (Willoughby) 1947 English opera director born in Oxford. B 1967 Directed first opera, Scarlatti's Trionfo dell' Onore. At Cambridge Univercity. O 1973 Made his American debut at Houston, producing Macbeth. O Pousseur, Henri 1929 Belgium composer born in Malmedy Belgium. B 1958 Founded and directed Studio de Musique Electronique, in Brussels. F Poussin, Nicholas 1594 French painter who was considered the 17th-century's leading French artist B Poussin, Nicolas 1594 Born B 1665 Died D 1628 Completed "Inspiration of the Poet" A 1650 Painted the "Self Portrait" now in the Louvre A Powell, John Wesley 1834 American geologist and ethnologist who surveyed the Colorado River system and was director of the Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology and the US Geological Survey B Powell, Mel 1923 American composer and pianist. Pianist and arrangments for Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller bands. B Powers, Anthony 1953 English composer born in London. B Powers, Hiram 1873 Died D 1805 American sculptor born (d. 1873) B Poynings's Law 1494 Acts of the Irish Parliament secured by English governor of Ireland, Sir Edward Poynings T Poynter, Sir Edward 1836 Born B 1919 Died D Poznan Riots 1956 Strike by industrial workers ended in 53 deaths W Pozzo, Andrea 1642 Born B 1709 Died D Prado 1818 Spain's national museum of art founded in Madrid F Praetorians -27 Special military force organized by Augustus to guard the Roman emperor M Praetorius, Michael 1571 German composer known for his religious choral works B Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 1438 Royal edict issued by French king Charles VII restricting papal authority in France T Prague Spring 1968 Abortive attempt to liberalise the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia M Prague, Battle of 1757 Battle during Seven Years' War between Prussians and Austrians W Prague, Peace of 1635 Treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, the elector of Saxony and other German princes T Prague, Treaty of 1866 Agreement ending Austro-Prussian War T Praguerie 1440 Revolt by French noblemen against King Charles II W Prasad, Rajendra 1950 1st president of the Republic of India (1950-62) E Pratt, Charles, 1st earl Camden 1714 British jurist noted for his decision against the legality of general warrants B Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 1848 A group of young English artists adopted this name M Preda, Ambrogio da 1455 Born B 1508 Died D Preemption Act 1841 Statute entitling squatters to purchase government lands at nominal cost T Prendergast, Maurice 1859 Born B 1924 Died D Presbyterianism 1706 1st Presbyterian church established in the US F Pressburg, Treaty of 1805 Treaty between Napolean I and Austria during Napoleonic Wars T Preston, Battle of 1648 O. Cromwell defeated King Charles I W Preston, Margaret 1893 Born B 1963 Died D Preti, Mattia 1613 Born B 1699 Died D Pretoria Convention 1881 Agreement between Britain and the Transvaal T Pretorius, Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus 1799 Boer leader, instumental in establishing Transvaal independence B Pretorius, Martinus Wessel. 1857 Boer statesman, first president of the Republic of South Africa (1857) E Previn, Andre (George) lAndreas Ludwig Priwinr 1929 Pianist, conductor and composer. German born American citizen. Born in Berlin. B Prevost, Sir George 1811 British colonial governor of Canada (1811-15) M Price, (Mary Violet) Leontyne 1927 American soprano born in Laurel Mississippi. B Price, Sir Uvedale 1747 Born B 1829 Died D Pride's Purge 1648 143 members of the House of Commons were removed by force during English Civil War M Priestley, Joseph 1772 Priestley, an ordained Unitarian minister, discovered oxygen S Prieur, Barthelemy 1611 Died D Prim y Prats, Juan 1868 Spanish general and statesman who helped overthrow Queen Isabella M Primaticcio, Francesco 1504 Born B 1570 Died D 1532 Called to France to work on Fontainebleau M Primo de Rivera, Miguel 1923 After a successful coup he became Spanish military dictator (1923-30) R Prix de Rome 1666 Scholarship for students to attend the Academie Royale de Peinture founded F Probus 276 A.D. Roman emperor (276-282 A.D.) R Procaccini, Giulio Cesare 1574 Born B 1625 Died D Proclamation of 1763 1763 British royal proclamation proscribing further Western settlement in the Old Northwest T Procopius the Great 1380 Czech. Hussite leader B Procopius the Little 1434 Czech. Hussite leader D Prohibition 1920 An attempt in the US to legally halt the manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages, through the 18th Amendment T 1933 Prohibition, which had proved a failure, was revoked by the 21st Amendment T Prohibition party 1869 U.S. political party founded to work for national prohibition of alcohol F Prokofiev, Sergei Sergeyevich 1936 Prokofiev completed his best-known work, the orchestration of Peter and the Wolf A Prokofiev, Sergey (Sergeyevich) 1891 Russan composer and pianist, learnt pianio at age 3 and wrote an opera at age 9. Born in Sontsovka, Russia. (d.1953) B Protectorate 1653 English government established after English Civil Wars and execution of Charles I M Proust, Marcel 1913 Proust's "Remembrance of Things Past" is first published A Prout, Samuel 1783 Born B 1852 Died D Provisions of Oxford 1258 Governmental reforms imposed on King Henry III by his barons T Provost, Jan 1465 Born B 1529 Died D Prud'hon, Pierre-Paul 1758 Born B 1823 Died D Pruth, Treaty of 1711 Agreement between Russian tsar Peter the Great and the Ottoman Empire T Pryde, James 1866 Born B 1941 Died D Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich 1600 Russian explorer of Tibet and Mongolia B Psamtik I -663 Egyptian pharaoh (663-609 B.C.) R Ptolemy -200 Ptolemy's geocentric theory of the universe is published, and was not successfully challenged until the 16th century S Ptolemy I -305 Egyptian king (305-285 B.C.), one of Alexander the Great's most successful generals R Ptolemy II -285 Egyptian king (285-246 B.C.) R Ptolemy III -246 Egyptian king (246-222 B.C.) R Ptolemy IV -221 Egyptian king (221-205 B.C.) R Ptolemy IX -205 Egyptian king (205-181 B.C.) R Ptolemy V -180 Egyptian king (181-145 B.C.) R Ptolemy VI -145 Egyptian king (145-116 B.C.) R Ptolemy VIII -116 Egyptian king 116-107 B.C. R Ptolemy X -107 Egyptian king 107-88 B.C. R Ptolemy XI -80 Egyptian king (80 B.C.) murdered after murdering his wife R Ptolemy XII -80 Egyptian king (80-51 B.C.) R Ptolemy XIV -47 Egyptian king (347-44 B.C.) R Ptolemy XV -44 Egyptian king (44-30 B.C.) R Public Weal, League of 1465 Alliance of French nobles against French king Louis XI T Puccini, Giacomo 1896 Puccini's 1st major opera (La Boheme) published A 1858 Italian composer. Best known opera, La boheme. Born in Lucca Italy. (d. 1924) B Pucelle, Jehan 1300 Born B 1350 Died D Puebla, Battle and Siege of 1862 French successfully captured Mexican town W Pueblo 1968 U.S. Navy intelligence ship captured off North Korea M Pueblo Rebellion 1680 Indian rebellion against Spanish rule in New Mexico W Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich 1773 Russian leader of peasant rebellion (1773-4) W Puget, Pierre 1620 Born B 1694 Died D Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore 1812 Born B 1852 Died D Pulitzer Prize 1943 American journalism, letters, and music award. F Pulitzer, Joseph 1847 Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher who endowed the Pulitzer prizes B Pullman Strike 1894 U.S. labor dispute which shut down Chicago's rail system M Purandhar, Treaty of 1776 Treaty between the Marathas of India and the government of the British East India Co. T Purcell, Henry 1659 English composer and organist. Born in London. (d. 1695) B purge trials 1936 Series of political trials in the Soviet Union (1936-38) M Purism 1918 Machine Art movement flourished m Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich 1799 Russian poet considered one of Russia's greatest writers B Putnam, Israel 1718 American revolutionary general B Putnam, Rufus 1787 American Revolutionary officer who helped secure passage of the Northwest Ordinance M Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre 1824 Born B 1898 Died D Pydna, Battle of -168 Roman victory over Macedonians at Pydna W Pynacker, Adam 1622 Born B 1673 Died D Pynas, Jan 1583/4 Born B 1631 Died D Pyramids, Battle of the 1798 French defeated Egyptians near Giza W Pyrenees, Peace of the 1659 Treaty ending hostilities between France and Spain T Pyrrhus -318 King of Epirus R Pythagoras -582 Greek philosopher & mathematician born B -507 Died D Qianlong 1735 Chinese emperor (1735-96) R Qing 1636 Last dynasty of emperors of China (ruled 1644-1912) F Quaddafi, Muammar al- 1942 Radical Arab nationalist born B 1969 Became leader of Libya M Quadruple Alliance 1718 Alliance formed by Austria, France, Britain and the Netherlands against Spain T Quantz, Johann Joachim 1697 German flautist and composer born in Oberscheden, Hanover (d. 1773) B Quartering Act 1765 British parliamentary law to defray cost of defending the colonies onto the American colonials T Quast, Pieter Jansz 1605 Born B 1647 Died D Quebec Act 1774 British law establishing a permanent government for Canada T Quebec Conference 1864 Meeting that laid foundation for an independant dominion of Canada T Queen Anne's War 1702 American Colonial War (1702-13) W Queler, Eve 1936 American conductor and pianist born in New York B Quellin, Artus I (Arnoldus) 1609 Born B 1668 Died D Quercia, Jacopo della 1374 Born B 1438 Died D Quesnel, Francois 1545 Born B 1619 Died D Quezon y Molina, Manuel Luis 1935 first president of the commonwealth of Philippines (1935-44) E Quilico, Gino 1955 Canadian baritone born in New York B Quilico, Louis 1955 Canadian baritone born in New York B Quilter, Roger 1877 English composer born in Brighton (d. 1953) B Quinault, Jean-Baptiste Maurice 1687 French composer actor and singer born in Verdun (d.1745) B Quinault, Philippe 1635 French dramatist and poet (d. 1688) B Quirino, Elpidio 1948 president of Philippines (1948-53) E Quisling, Vidkun 1940 Norwegian puppet prime minister (1940-45) under the German occupation M Quivar, Florence 1944 American mezzo soprano born in Philadelphia B Raabe, Peter 1872 German conductor, composer and scholar born in Frankfurt (d. 1945) B Rabaud, Henri (Benjamin) 1873 French composer, conductor and teacher born in Paris (d. 1949) B Rabelais, Francois 1553 French Renaissance humanist and satirist D Rabin, Oskar 1928 Born B Race, Steve 1921 English pianist, composer, writer and broadcaster B 1992 Awarded the O.B.E Z Rachmaninov, Sergei (Vasilyevich) 1873 Russan born composer, pianist, and conductor. Born in Vasilyevich, Russia. (d.1943) B 1892 Wrote the Prelude in C# C 1934 Composed Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini C Rachmaninov, Sergei Vasilyevich 1873 Russian composer & pianist born B 1943 Died D Racine, Jean Baptiste 1639 French poet and dramatist B Rackham, Arthur 1867 Born B 1939 Died D Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald 1881 British social anthropologist B Radek, Karl Bernhardovich 1885 Russian communist politician B Radetzky, Joseph, Count 1848 Austrian field marshal best known for victories in Italy (1848-49) W Radford, Robert 1874 English bass born in Notingham (d. 1933) B Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 1962 Indian president (1962-67) E Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich 1749 Russian aristocrat, writer and liberal B Radowitz, Joseph Maria von 1797 Prussian statesman and general B Raeburn, Sir Henry 1756 Born B 1823 Died D 1784 One of his finest works, "The Reverend Walker Skating" was completed A Raedecker, John 1885 Born B 1956 Died D Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 1781 British colonial administrator B Raikes, Robert 1735 British philanthropist and newspaper publisher B Raimondi, Marcantonio 1480 Born B 1534 Died D Rainalducci, Pietro 1333 Italian churchman and antipope 1328-30 D Rainier, Priaulx 1903 South African composer and violinist. Born in Natal, South Africa. (d,1986) B Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti 1948 Indian political leader and last governer general of India who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959 E Rakoczy, Francis II 1703 Prince of Transylvania and Hungarian nationalist leader. He led a nearly successful rebellion against the Habsburg rulers during War of Spanish Succession W Rakoczy, George I 1591 Prince of Transylvania and Hungarian nationalist leader. He led a nearly successful rebellion against the Habsburg rulers during War of Spanish Succession B Rakosi, Matyas 1944 Hungarian Communist leader (1944) and prime minister (1952-56) E Rakovsky, Khristian Georgievich 1873 Russian Communist leader and diplomat B Raleigh, Sir Walter 1585 English courtier, adventurer, poet and favorite of Elizabeth I knighted Z 1603 Spent 13 years in the Tower of London (1603-16) Z Rama Tiboti 1351 Thai warrior-king and lawgiver who established a new kingdom, Siam F Ramakrishna 1836 Indian religious seer and mystic B Ramanuja 1017 Hindu religiuos leader D Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de 1588 French noblewoman and founder of first Parisian literary salon B Rameau, Jean Philippe 1683 French composer and music theorist B Rameau, Jean-Philippe 1683 French composer, harpsichordist, and organist born in Dijon France. (d.1764) B 1745 Appointed chamber music composer to the King. E Ramillies, Battle of 1706 British allied victory over the French in War of the Spanish Succession at Ramillies W Ramiro I 1035 First king of Aargon 1035-63 R Ramos, Mel 1935 Born B Ramsay, Allan 1713 Born B 1784 Died D Ramsay, Sir William 1852 British chemist born B 1904 Won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the Noble gasses Z 1919 Died D Ramses I -1320 Egyptian pharoah 1320-18 BC R Ramses II -1304 Egyptian pharoah (c1304-c1237 BC) R Ramses III -1198 Egyptian pharoah (c1198-67 BC) R Ramus, Petrus 1515 French humanist B Rand, Ayn 1905 Russian-born American novelist B Randolph, A(sa) Philip 1889 American labor leader and pioneer crusader for black civil rights B Randolph, Edmund 1789 American attorney general (1789-94) and secretary of state (1794-95) E Randolph, John 1799 American political leader. Congressman (1799-1829) E Randolph, Peyton 1774 American Revolutionary leader and first president of the Continental Congress E Rands, Bernard 1935 English born composer. Born in Sheffield. American citizen. B 1984 Won Pulitzer Prize with composition, Canti del sole. Z Ranjit Singh 1801 Maharaja of the Punjab and principal leader of the Sikhs (1801) R Ranke, Leopold von 1795 German historian B Rankin, Jeannette 1917 Became the first American congresswoman (1917-19, 1941-43) E 1880 Born B Ranters 1649 English religious sect that believed in pantheism (1649-60) F Rapallo, Treaty of 1920 Two treaties; (1) Between Italy and Yugoslavia (Nov.12, 1920) ; (2) Between Germany and Soviet Union (Apr.16, 1922) T Raphael 1520 Died D 1511 Commissioned for a further three rooms in the Vatican M 1514 Became architect of St Peter's on the death of Bramante M 1508 Was summoned to Rome, aged only 25, to decorate one of the papal rooms M 1483 Italian High Renaissance painter born B Rappites 1803 Christian pietistic community founded in Germany F Rask, Rasmus Christian 1787 Danish Philologist B Rasmussen, Knud Johan Victor 1879 Danish explorer and ethnologist B Rasputin, Grigori Yefimovich 1872 Russian peasant mystic who had great influence in the court of Tsar Nicholas II B Rastatt and Baden, treaties of 1714 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI made peace with France in War of Spanish Succession T Ratgeb, Jorg 1480 Born B 1526 Died D Rathenau, Walter 1867 German statesman and industrialist B Rauch, Christian Daniel 1777 Born B 1857 Died D Rauschenberg, Robert 1925 Born B Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice 1875 French composer and pianist. Born in Basque. B Ravel, Maurice 1875 French composer known for Bolero (1928) B Ravesteyn, Jan Anthonisz. van c.1570 Born B 1657 Died D Ravilious, Eric 1903 Born B 1942 Died D Rawsthorne, Alan 1905 English composer and pianist. Born in Haslingden. (d.1971) B Ray, Man 1890 American photographer born B 1976 Died D Rayburn, Samuel Taliaferro 1882 Democrat Speaker of House of Representatives who spent a record 48 years in the House B Raymond IV 1105 Count of Toulouse 1093-1105 D Raymond VI 1156 Count of Toulouse 1194-1222 B Rayonism 1912 Painting style, essentially an adaption of futurism, established in Russia M Razin, Stenka 1671 Cossack leader D Read, Sir Herbert 1893 Born B 1968 Died D 1947 Co-founded the Institute of Contemporary Arts F Reagan, Ronald Wilson 1981 40th US president (1981-89) E Recco, Giuseppe 1634 Born B 1695 Died D Reconstruction 1865 Period in U.S. history that followed the American Civil War M Red Cross 1863 International relief agency F Red River Settlement 1812 British colony in Manitoba, Canada established F Red Shirt Movement 1930 Anti-British movement in the North-West Frontier province of India M Redgrave, Richard 1804 Born B 1888 Died D Redi, Francesco 1626 Italian naturalist D Redon, Odilon 1840 Born B 1916 Died D Reed, John 1887 American writer and radical leader B Reed, Walter 1901 American army surgeon and bacteriologist who proved that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes S Reform Bills 1832 First in a series of laws enlarging British electorate and removed certain voting inequities; Second Reform Bill in 1867 redistributed parliamentary seats according to population; T Reforma, La 1854 Period in Mexican history (1854-76) characterized by liberal reforms M Reformation 1414 religious reform movement that gave rise to the various Protestant churches, (c1400- 1650) F Regency 1811 British historical and cultural period (1811-1820) M Reger, (Johann Baptist Joseph) Max(imilian) 1873 German composer, pianist, organist and teacher. B Regiomontanus 1436 German mathematician, astronomer and humanist B Regnier, Henri de 1864 French poet and writer B Regulating Act 1773 British legislation reorganizing the British East India Company T Regulator movement 1771 American Colonial Society involved in an uprising in the 1760's which was defeated in 1771 W Regulus, Marcus Atilius -250 Roman general in First Punic War D Rehoboam -914 Last king of the united kingdom of Israel (933-914) and the first king of Judah R Reich, Steve lStephenr (Michael) 1936 American composer born in New York. B Reichstag 1871 Legislative German assembly (1871-1933) which surrendered power to Hitler by the Enabling Act M Reichstag fire 1933 The burning of the reichstag blamed by Hitler on the communists and used as an excuse to introduce repressive legislation M Reign of Terror 1793 Period during French Revolution intended to crush all opposition to it W Reimann, Aribert 1936 German composer and pianist. B Reimarus, Hermann Samuel 1694 German philosopher, a pioneer thinker of the Enlightenment B Reinhardt, Ad 1913 Born B 1967 Died D Reinhardt, Max 1873 Austrian theatre director B Reinsurance Treaty 1887 Secret treaty between Germany and Russia T relativity 1905 Einstein advanced the special theory of relativity (1905) and the general theory (1915) S Religion, Wars of 1562 Series of civil wars in France between the Catholics (Guise family) and Protestants (Huguenots) W Religious Peace of Nurnberg 1532 Truce between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Schmalkaldic League T relocation centers 1942 Japanese-Americans were forcibly confined (1942-46) following Pearl Harbour M Remarque, Erich Maria 1898 German novelist B Rembrandt 1606 Dutch painter born B 1669 Died D Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 1606 Born B 1669 Died D 1642 Painted his most famous picture, "The Night Watch" A 1656 Rembrandt was declared insolvent, and his collections were sold M 1625 Completed his earliest dated work, "The Stoning of Stephen" A Remington, Eliphalet 1793 American arms manufacturer B Remington, Frederic 1861 Born B 1909 Died D Renaissance 1300's Transition period in Europe from medieval to modern culture M Renan, Ernest 1823 French historian B Rene 1435 King of Naples (1435-80) R Reni, Guido 1575 Born B 1642 Died D 1613 Painted his most celebrated work, Aurora A Renner, Karl 1918 First leader of Austrian republic government (1918-20) and president of Austria (1945-50) E Renoir, Jean 1894 French film director B Renoir, Pierre Auguste 1876 Renoir, French impressionist painted "Girl with watering Can", one of his best-known works A Renoir, Pierre-Auguste 1841 Born B 1919 Died D 1869 Renoir and Monet painted a series of landscapes which marked the dawn of the impressionist movement A 1854 Began work as a painter in a porcelain factory M Renville 1948 Truce between Dutch and Indonesians T Repin, Ilya 1844 Born B 1930 Died D 1873 His "Volga Boatmen" was exhibited, giving him instant international fame M Repton, Humphry 1752 Born B 1818 Died D Republican party 1854 Republican party founded by antislavery Whigs F Resaca de la Palma, Battle of 1846 Second major battle of the Mexican War W Respighi, Ottorino 1879 Italian composer, condactor, string-player, pianist, and teacher. Born in Bologna. (d.1936) B Restoration 1660 Period in English history that included the reigns of Charles II and James II (1660-88) M Rethel, Alfred 1816 Born B 1859 Died D Retz, Gilles de Laval, seigneur de 1404 French soldier and nobleman B Reuchlin, Johann 1455 Christian scholar B Reuter, Paul Julius 1816 Founder of the first news wire service born B Reuther, Walter Philip 1907 American labor leader B Revere, Paul 1775 American Revolutionary hero who warned of the coming of the British soldiers M Revolutions of 1848 1848 Revolutions in Europe sparked by the French February Revolution W Rewald, John 1912 Born B Reyes, Alfonso 1889 Mexican poet B Reyes, Rafael 1904 President of Columbia (1904-09) E Reynaud, Paul 1878 French statesman B Reynolds, Sir Joshua 1792 Died D 1753 Completed "Commodore Keppel, the work that established his reputation A 1769 Knighted Z 1768 Became first president of the Royal Academy O 1723 English portrait painter of the grand style born B Reza Shah Pahlavi 1925 Shah of Iran (1925-41) R Rhee, Syngman 1948 First president of South Korea (1948-60) E Rhode Island 1790 Rhode Island, the 13th state, ratified the constitution F Ribalta, Francisco 1565 Born B 1628 Died D Ribaut, Jean 1565 French navigator and explorer D Ribbentrop, Joachim von 1938 German diplomat and Nazi foreign minister (1938-45) M Ribera, Jose de 1591 Born B 1652 Died D Ricardo, David 1772 English economist B Ricci, Matteo 1552 Italian Jesuit missionary B Ricci, Sebastiano 1659 Born B 1734 Died D Riccio, Il 1470 Born B 1532 Died D Richard I 1189 "The Lion Heart", king of England 1189-99 R Richard II 1377 King of England (1377-99) R Richard III 1483 Last Yorkist king of England (1483-85) R Richards, Ceri 1903 Born B 1971 Died D Richardson, Jonathan the Elder 1665 Born B 1745 Died D Richardson, Samuel 1740 Richardson's "Pamela:or Virtue Rewarded", the first English novel, was published A Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de 1624 French cardinal and chief minister to Louis XIII (1624-42) R Richier, Germaine 1904 Born B 1959 Died D Richier, Ligier 1500 Born B 1567 Died D Richmond, George 1809 Born B 1896 Died D Richter, Adrian Ludwig 1803 Born B 1884 Died D Richter, Hans lJohannr (Baptist Isidor) 1843 Austro-Hungeran conductor. Born in Gyor, Hungery. (d.1916) B Richthofen, Manfred, baron von 1918 German pilot in WW I, Known as the 'Red Baron" D Ricimer 472 A.D. Roman general D Rickenbacker, Eddie 1890 American pilot, WW I ace and industrialist, later became president of Eastern Airlines B Ricketts, Charles 1866 Born B 1931 Died D Rickover, Hyman George 1954 American admiral involved with the world's first atomic-powered submarine, USS Nautilus O Ridgway, Matthew Bunker 1895 American general who served as U.S. Chief of Staff (1953-55) B Ridley, Nicholas 1555 English bishop D Ridolfi, Carlo 1594 Born B 1658 Died D Ridolfi, Roberto 1531 Italian conspirator involved in plot to restore Catholics to power in England B Riegger, Wallingford (Constantin) 1885 American composer and conductor. Born in Georgia. B Riegl, Alois 1858 Born B 1905 Died D Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich 1823 German writer B Riel's Rebellion 1869 Revolt in Western Canada against the government W Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard 1826 German mathematician B Riemenschneider, Tilman 1460 Born B 1531 Died D Rienzi, Cola di 1313 Popular leader of Rome B Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas 188 Born B 1964 Died D Riga, Treaty of 1920 Treaty between Latvia and Russia in the Baltic War of Liberation T Rigaud, Hyacinthe 1659 Born B 1743 Died D Rights of Man, and of the Citizen, Declaration of the 1789 Declaration adopted by the French National Assembly T Rihm, Wolfgang 1952 German composer born in Karlsruhe. B Riis, Jacob August 1849 Danish-born American writer and social reformer B Riksdag 1866 Swedish parlaiment formed F Riley, Bridget 1931 Born B Riley, John 1646 Born B 1691 Died D Rilke, Rainer Maria 1875 Austrian poet B Rimbaud, Arthur 1854 French poet B Rimmer, William 1816 Born B 1879 Died D Rimsky-Korsakov, Nicolai Andreyevich 1844 Russian composer & pianist born B Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay (Andreyevich) 1844 Russian composer and conductor Born in Tikhvin, Russia. (d.1908) B Rinehart, William Henry 1825 Born B 1874 Died D Ringling, John 1866 American circus impresario B Rio de Janeiro, Treaty of 1947 Mutual defence treaty between US and the Latin American Republics T Rio Salado, Battle of 1340 Christian victory over Muslims in Spain W Riopelle, Jean-Paul 1923 Born B Ripley, George 1802 American reformer and literary critic B Risorgimento 1861 Italian nationalistic movement resulting in unified Italian state M Ritschl, Albrecht 1822 German Protestant theologian B Rittenhouse, David 1769 American astronomer, inventor and public official, built the first telescope in the US S Ritter, Karl 1779 German geographer B Rivadavia, Bernardino 1826 Argentine first president of the United Provinces of La Plata (1826-7) R Rivera, Diego 1957 Died D 1930 Painted frescoes in the USA M 1886 Mexican painter born B Rivera, Jose Eustasio 1889 Columbian poet and novelist B Rivers, Larry 1923 Born B Rizal, Jose 1861 Philippine writer and nationalist leader B Rob Roy 1671 Scottish freebooter B Robbe-Grillet, Alain 1922 French novelist B Robber Barons 1934 This term first used to describe wealthy 19th century industrialists in the US O Robbia, Luca della 1399 Born B 1482 Died D 1431 Completed his first authenticated work, a Cantoria M Robbins, Frederick Chapman 1954 American physician who shared Nobel Prize in Physiology Z Robert Guiscard 1085 Norman adventurer in Italy and founder of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies B Robert I (1274-1329) 1306 "The Bruce" Scottish king 1306-29, and hero of Scottish independence R Robert I (865-923) 922 Frankish king (922-23) R Robert I (d. 1035) 1027 Duke of Normandy 1027-35 R Robert II (1316-90) 1371 King of Scotland (1371-90) R Robert II (970-1031) 996 French king, a supporter of religious reform (970-1031) R Robert III 1390 King of Scotland (1390-1406) R Robert of Courteney 1218 Latin emperor of Constantinople 1218-28 R Robert of Geneva 1394 Genevan churchman and antipope Clement VII (1378-94) D Robert, Henry Martyn 1837 American general and writer B Robert, Hubert 1733 Born B 1808 Died D Roberti, Ercole de' 1450 Born B 1496 Died D 1486 Became court painter to the Este M Roberts, David 1796 Born B 1864 Died D Roberts, Owen Josephus 1930 American associate justice of the Supreme Court (1930-45) E Roberts, Sir Charles George Douglas 1860 Canadian author B Roberts, Tom 1856 Born B 1931 Died D 1881 Began to study at the Royal Academy M Roberts, William 1895 Born B 1980 Died D Robeson, Paul Bustill 1898 Black American actor, singer and political activist B Robespierre, Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de 1758 French revolutionary, head of the Jacobins born B Robinson, Charles 1861 American antislavery leader and first governor of the state of Kansas (1861-63) E Robinson, Edwin Arlington 1869 American poet B Roca, Julio Argentino 1880 Argentine soldier and president (1880-86, 1896-1904) R Roca-Runciman Treaty 1933 Trade treaty between Argentina and Britain T Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de 1725 French general instrumental in Yorktown B Rochberg, George 1918 American composer Bborn in New Jersey. B Rockefeller, John Davison 1839 American millionaire industrialist and philanthropist born B Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich 1974 41st US president and heir to the vast Rockerfeller fortune E Rodchenko, Alexander 1891 Born B 1956 Died D Rodin, Auguste 1840 Born B 1917 Died D 1885 Began his work "The Burghers of Calais", commissioned by the city of Calais A 1878 Exhibited his first major work, The Age of Bronze, inspired by Michelangelo A Roe v. Wade 1973 US Supreme Court decision guaranteeing a woman's right to an abortion during the first six months of pregnancy T Roelas, Juan de Las 1558 Born B 1625 Died D Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad 1895 Roentgen discovered X-rays S Rogers, Claude 1907 Born B 1979 Died D Rogers, John 1829 Born B 1904 Died D Roget, Peter Mark 1852 Roget's famous Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases first published A Rohlfs, Christian 1849 Born B 1938 Died D Roldan, Pedro 1624 Born B 1699 Died D Rolfsen, Alf 1895 Born B 1979 Died D Rolling Stones 1962 English rock group formed in London. B Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco 1610 Born B 1662 Died D Romanov 1613 The Romanov Russian royal dynasty founded R Romanus I 920 Byzantine Emperor (920-44) R Romanus II 959 Byzantine Emperor (959-963) R Romanus III 1028 Byzantine Emperor 1028-34 R Romanus IV 1067 Byzantine Emperor 1067-71 R Rombouts, Theodoor 1579 Born B 1637 Died D Rome 753 City of Rome founded by Romulus M Rome, treaties of 1957 Series of treaties signed in Rome establishing the European Economic Community T Romer, Olaus 1676 Romer first proved that light travels at a given speed and not instantaneously S Romney, George 1734 Born B 1802 Died D Ronald, William 1926 Born B Roncalli, Cristoforo 1552 Born B 1626 Died D Rooker, Michael Angelo 1746 Born B 1801 Died D 1779 Appointed scene painter at the Haymarket Theatre in London M Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 1933 32nd US president (1933-45) E Roosevelt, Theodore 1901 26th US president (1901-09) E Rops, Felicien 1833 Born B 1898 Died D Rorschach, Hermann 1884 Swiss psychiatrist and inventor of the Rorschach inkblot test born B Rosa, Salvator 1615 Born B 1673 Died D Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel 1953 First US civilians put to death for espionage O Rosenquist, James 1933 Born B Roses, Wars of the 1455 Dynastic wars in England between the houses of York and Lancaster, lasting 30 years W Rosetta Stone 1799 Inscribed basalt stone which provided the key to deciphering many ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics was discovered by Napoleon's troops S Roslin, Alexander 1718 Born B 1793 Died D Ross, Betsy 1752 American seamstress traditionally credited with making the first American flag O Ross, Sir John 1831 Magnetic North Pole was located during one of Ross's expeditions O Rosselli, Cosimo 1439 Born B 1507 Died D Rossellino, Bernardo 1409 Born B 1464 Died D Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 1828 Born B 1882 Died D 1848 Formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with others F Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio 1816 Rossini's "The Barber of Seville" composed A 1829 Rossini's dramatic opera "William Tell" composed A Rosso, Giovanni Battista 1495 Born B 1540 Died D 1523 Painted "Marriage of the Virgin" A 1494 Invited to France by Francis I M Rosso, Medardo 1858 Born B 1928 Died D Rostand, Edmond 1897 French poet and playwright published "Cyrano de Bergerac" A Rothenstein, Sir William 1872 Born B 1945 Died D Rothko, Mark 1903 Born B 1970 Died D Rottenhammer, Hans 1564 Born B 1625 Died D Rottmann, Carl 1797 Born B 1850 Died D Rouault, Georges 1871 Born B 1958 Died D 1892 Became pupil at the Ecole des Beaux Arts M Roubiliac, Louis-Francois 1705 Born B 1762 Died D 1738 Made a full-length seated statue of Handel which made his name A Rousseau, Henri 1844 Born B 1910 Died D 1893 Took early retirement in order to persue his art M 1910 Painted his last and most well-known work, The Dream a Rousseau, Jean Jacques 1762 Swiss-born French philosopher published "The Social Contract", one of his most famous articles S Rousseau, Theodore 1812 Born B 1867 Died D Rowlandson, Thomas 1756 Born B 1827 Died D Rowlatt Acts 1919 Legislation passed in England allowing for trial of without jury and incarceration without trial of suspected revolutionaries in India T Roxas y Acuna, Manuel 1946 1st president of the independent republic of the Philipines (1946-48) E Royal Academy of Arts 1769 A new class of members was introduced, the Associates M 1869 Moved to its present site atBurlington House M 1768 Principle British art organisation founded by George III F Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873 "The Mounties" founded with an original force of 300 men F Royal College of Art 1837 Founded s The School of Design F 1853 Became part of the Government Department of Science and Art M Royal Society 1660 One of the oldest and most prestigious scientific societies founded in London F Rubens, Peter Paul 1577 Flemish baroque master painter born B Rubens, Sir Peter Paul 1577 Born B 1640 Died D 1611 Completed his first resounding success, the "Raising of the Cross" A 1598 Became a master at the Antwerp painters' guild M 1630 Rublev, Andrei 1360 Born B 1430 Died D Rude, Francois 1784 Born B 1855 Died D 1812 Won the Prix de Rome Z Rudolf I 1273 First of the Habsburg German kings 1273-91 R Rudolf II 1576 Holy Roman emperor (1576-1612) R Ruisdael, Jacob van 1628 Born B 1682 Died D 1653 Painted the celebrated Bentheim Castle A Runciman, Alexander 1736 Born B 1785 Died D Runge, Philipp Otto 1777 Born B 1810 Died D Runnymede 1215 King John was forced to accept the Magna Carta T Ruoppolo, Giovanni Battista 1629 Born B 1693 Died D Rupert 1400 German king (1400-10), successor to Wenceslaus R Rupert, Prince 1619 Born B 1682 Died D Rusconi, Camillo 1658 Born B 1728 Died D Rush, Benjamin 1745 American physician and politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence born B Rush, William 1756 Born B 1833 Died D Rusinol y Prats, Santiago 1861 Born B 1931 Died D Ruskin, John 1819 Born B 1900 Died D Russell, Bertrand Arthur William, 3d earl Russell 1872 British philosopher, one of the most important this century born B Russell, Morgan 1886 Born B 1953 Died D Russo-Finnish War 1940 War between Russia and Finland at the outbreak of WW II W Russo-Japanese War 1904 Brief war between Russia and Japan W Russolo, Luigi 1885 Born B 1947 Died D 1913 Published the Art of Noises A Rutherford, Ernest, 1st baron 1908 Rutherford, British physicist received the Nobel Prize for his work with radioactivity S Ruysch, Rachel 1664 Born B 1750 Died D Ruysdael, Salomon van 1600 Born B 1670 Died D Ryder, Albert Pinkham 1847 Born B 1917 Died D Rysbrack, John Michael 1694 Born B 1770 Died D Rysselberghe, Theo van 1862 Born B 1926 Died D Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel 1873 Finnish-American architect born (d. 1950) B Saarinen, Eero 1910 American architect born in Finland (d. 1961) B Sabbatai Zevi 1626 Jewish mystic and sectarian leader (d. 1676) B Sabines -290 Conquered by the Romans W Sabra, Wadi 1876 Lebanese composer and organist born in Beirut (d. 1952) B Sacajawea 1787 American Indian woman who served as an interpretor for Lewis and Clark born (d. 1812) B Sacchi, Andrea 1599 Born B 1661 Died D Sacchini, Antonio (Maria Gasparo) 1730 Italian composer born in Florence (d. 1786) B Sacco-Vanzetti case 1921 American criminal trial conviction M 1927 Defendents were executed M Sacher, Paul 1906 Swiss conductor born in Basle B Sackman, Nicholas 1950 English composer born in London B Sackville, Thomas, 1st earl of Dorset 1536 British poet, dramatist and diplomat born (d. 1608) B Sadai, Yizhak 1935 Bulgarian-born Israeli composer B Sadat, Anwar al- 1970 Egyptian president (1970-81), first Arab leader to sign a peace treaty with Israel E 1942 Imprisoned for aiding the Germans in WWII W 1981 Assassinated D Sadducees -200 Ancient Jewish sect formed F Sade, marquis de 1740 French erotic writer, after whom sadism is named born B Sadie, Stanley (John) 1930 English composer born in London B Sadlo lZatvrzskyr, Milos 1912 Czechoslavakian cellist born in Prague B Saenredam, Pieter Jansz 1597 Born B 1665 Died D Safavids 1501 Persian Muslim dynasty began 1501-1736 F Safonov lSafonoffr, Vasily (Ilyich) 1852 Russian pianist and conductor born in Itsyursk (d. 1918) B Saftleven, Cornelis 1607 Born B 1681 Died D Sage, Kay 1898 Born B 1963 Died D Sage, Russell 1816 American financier born (d. 1906) B Saigo Takamori 1828 Japanese soldier and statesman born (d. 1877) B 1877 Led unsuccessful Satsuma revolt W Saint Albans Raid 1864 Confederate attack from Canada during American Civil War W Saint George's Day Revolt 1343 Estonian revolt of peasants against Danish overlords W Saint Laurent, Louis Stephen 1882 Canadian statesman, Liberal party member and prime minister born (d. 1973) B 1948 Became prime minister of Canada 1948-1957 E Saint Peter's church 1506 Roman Catholic Basilica in the Vatican built F Saint Phalle, Niki de 1930 Born B Saint-Gaudens, Augustus 1848 Born B 1907 Died D 1881 Completed his first important commission, the "Admiral Farragut Monument" A 1891 Created his most celebrated piece, the Adams Monument A Saint-George, George 1841 English violinist and player of viola d'amore born in Leipzig (d. 1924) B 1862 Settled in London where he manufactured instruments M Saint-Germain, Treaty of 1570 Treaty between the Huguenots and Catholics to end the French Wars of Religion T Saint-Saens, (Charles) Camille 1835 French composer, pianist and organist born in Paris (d. 1921) B 1846 First performance in Paris P 1864 Wrote first opera O 1886 No. 3 in C minor was performed in London P Sainton-Dolby, Charlotte (Helen) 1821 English contralto born in London (d. 1885) B 1842 Debuted in as soloist in London M Saionji, Kimmochi, Prince 1850 Japanese statesman and prime minister born (d. 1940) B 1906 Became prime minister 1906-08/1911-12 E Saladin 1137 Muslim sultan and military leader born (d. 1193) B 1164 Fought against the Fatamids of Egypt 1164-68 W 1187 Conquered Jerusalem W Salamis, Battle of -480 Naval battle between the Greeks and the Persians W Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 1932 Became dictator of Portugal 1932-68 M 1933 Instituted new constitution M Salbai, Treaty of 1782 Treaty between the British Est India Company and the Marathas T Salem witch trials 1692 Series of witch trials in Salem, Mass. M Salian dynasty 1024 Beginning of rule of German emperors of the Holy Roman Empire 1024-1125 M Salieri, Antonio 1750 Italian composer born in Legnago (d. 1825) B 1770 Debuted as a conductor in the Vienna Court Opera O Salignac, Thomas lEustace Thomasr 1867 French tenor born in Generac (d. 1945) B Salinger, J(erome) D(avid) 1919 American writer, best known for "Catcher in the Rye" was born B Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3d marquess of 1885 Became prime minister of Britain 1885-92/1895-1902 E Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st earl of 1563 English statesman born (d. 1612) B Salk, Jonas 1954 US physician Salk produced the first polio vaccine S 1960 Founded the Salk Institute for Biomedical Sciences F Sallinen, Aulis (Heikki) 1935 Finnish composer born in Salmi B Sallinen, Tyko 1879 Born B 1955 Died D Sallust -86 Roman historian born (d. c. 34) B Salomon lSalmonr, Karel 1897 German-Israeli composer, baritone and conductor (d. 1974) B Salomon, Haym 1740 American Revolutionary financier and founder of the first Philadelphia synagogue born (d. 1785) B Salomon, Johann Peter 1745 German-born impresario and violinist (d. 1815) B Salon 1667 Official exhibition of members of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture founded F Salon d'Automne 1903 Official autumn exhibition in Paris founded F Salon de la Nationale 1890 Annual exhibition in Paris founded D Salon de Mai 1949 Gallery founded F Salon des Refuses 1863 Exhibition held in Paris to show work that had been refused by the selection committee of the official Salon M Salonica Campaign 1915 WWI Allied military expedition 1915-1918 W Salter, Lionel (Paul) 1914 English pianist, harpsichordist, composer, critic and conductor B Salvation Army 1878 Christian organisation founded in England F Salviati, Francesco 1510 Born B 1563 Died D Salzburg Festival 1880 Festival held annually in Mozart's birth town B Salzedo, Carlos 1885 French-born harpist and composer (d. 1961) B Samaras, Lucas 1936 Born B Sambin, Hugues 1515 Born B c, 1601 Died D Saminsky, Lazare 1882 Russian-born American composer (d. 1959) B Sammons, Albert (Edward) 1886 English violinist, mostly self-taught (d. 1957) B Samothrace 1913 Became part of Greece M Samudra Gupta 330 ACE Became Indian emperor of the Gupta dynasty c. 330-380 ACE E Samuel, Harold 1879 English pianist born in London (d. 1937) B San Francisco Conference 1945 International conference, concluded with the signing of the United Nations Charter T San Francisco Opera Co 1923 Directed by Gaetano Merola until 1953 B San Jacinto, Battle of 1836 Battle of Texas War for Independence W San Juan Hill, Battle of 1898 US victory over the Spanish during the Spanish-American War W San Martin, Jose de 1778 South American revolutionary leader born (d. 1850) B 1817 Defeated Spanish in Chile W San Stefano, Treaty of 1878 Treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Turks T Sanchez Coello, Alonso 1531 Born B 1588 Died D Sanchez Cotan, Juan 1560 Born B 1627 Died D Sancho III 1000 Became King of Navarre 1000-35 E Sand Creek Massacre 1864 Massacre of Cheyenne Indians W Sandburg, Carl 1878 American author and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner born B 1940 Won pulitzer prize Z Sandby, Paul 1730 Born B 1809 Died D Sanderling, Kurt 1912 German conductor born in East Prussia B Sanderson, Sibyl 1865 American soprano born in California (d. 1903) B Sandino, Augusto 1895 Nicaraguan guerilla leader born (d. 1934) B Sandor, Gyorgy 1912 Hungarian-born pianist B Sandrart, Joachim von 1606 Born B 1688 Died D Sandstrom, SvenmDavid 1942 Swedish composer born in Motala B Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st earl of 1625 English admiral born (d. 1672) B Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th earl of 1718 British politician born (d. 1792) B Sandys, Sir Edwin 1561 English parliamentarian and colonizer born (d. 1629) B Sanger, Margaret 1879 US social activist born (d. 1976) B 1912 Began advocating birth control openly M Sano di Pietro 1406 Born B 1481 Died D Sanroma, Jesus Maria 1902 Puerto Rican pianist born in Carolina (d. 1984) B Sansovino, Andrea 1467 Born B 1529 Died D Sansovino, Jacopo 1486 Born B 1570 Died D 1554 Received the commission for the colossal figures Mars and Neptune, his best known sculptures A Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de 1794 Mexican general and statesman born (d. 1876) B Santa Cruz, Andres 1792 Bolivian military leader and president born (d. 1865) B 1829 Became president of Bolivia 1829-39 E Santa Cruz, Domingo 1899 Chilean composer born in Valparaiso (d. 1987) B Santa Fe Opera 1957 Sponsors 2-month annual summerfest. B Santayana, George 1863 Born B 1952 Died D Santerre, Jean-Baptiste 1651 Born B 1717 Died D Santi, Giovanni 1494 Died D Santiago, Battle of 1898 Battle of the Spanish-American War W Santley, (Sir) Charles 1834 English baritone and composer born in Liverpool (d. 1922) B Santoro, Claudio 1919 Brazilian composer and violinist born in Manaos (d. 1989) B Santvoort, Dirck Dircksz 1610 Born B 1680 Died D Sanzogno, Nino 1911 Italian conductor, composer and violinist born in Venice (d. 1983) B Saraceni, Carlo 1579 Born B 1620 Died D Sarasate y Navascuez, Pablo Martin Meliton de 1844 Spanish violinist and composer born in Pamplona (d. 1908) B Saraste, JukkamPekka 1956 Finnish conductor born in Heinola B Saratoga Campaign 1777 American military campaign during the American Revolution W Sardinia, kingdom of 1720 European kingdom formed after Sicily passed to Austrian control F Sardis 546 Fell to the Persians M -498 Fell to the Ionian Greeks M -133 Fell to the Romans M Sargent, (Sir) (Harold) Malcolm (Watts) 1895 English conductor, organist, pianist and composer born in Kent (d. 1967) B Sargent, John Singer 1856 Born B 1925 Died D 1884 Painted his famous Madame X A Sargon -721 Became king of ancient Assyria 721-705 BCE E -721 Destroyed the northern kingdom of Israel W Sarnoff, David 1891 American developer of commercial radio and television born in Russia (d. 1971) B Sarpi, Paolo 1552 Venetian theologian and historian born (d. 1623) B Sarrazin, Jacques 1588 Born B 1660 Died D Sarti, Giuseppe 1729 Italian conductor, composer and organist born in Faenza (d. 1802) B Sartorio, Antonio 1630 Italian composer born in Venice (d. 1680) B Sartre, Jean Paul 1905 French philosopher and existentalist writer born B Saskatchewan 1774 Became settled by the Hudson's Bay Company F Sassetta 1392 Born B 1450 Died D Sassoferrato 1609 Born B 1685 Died D Satie, Erik lEricr (Alfred Leslie) 1866 French composer and pianist born in Honfleur (d. 1925) B Saudi Arabia 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formed F 1936 Oil discovered M Saura, Antonio 1930 Born B Savery, Roelandt 1576 Born B 1639 Died D Sawallisch, Wolfgang 1923 German conductor and pianist born in Munich B 1947 Debuted as a conductor in the Augsburg Stadt-theater O Sawer, David 1961 English composer born in Stockport B Saxe, Maurice, comte de 1696 French general and marshal of France born (d. 1750) B Saxony 1806 Kingdom established by Napoleon F 1866 Entered the German confederation M Saxton, Robert (Louis Alfred) 1953 English composer born in London B Sayao, Bidu lBalduinar (de Oliveira) 1902 Brazilian soprano born in Rio de Janeiro B Saygun, Ahmed Adnan 1907 Turkish composer born in Izmir (d. 1991) B Scala, Can Franceseo della 1291 Medieval Italian lord of Verona born d. 1329 B Scalero, Rosario 1870 Italian violinist, composer and teacher born in Turin (d. 1954) B Scanderbeg 1404 Albanian national hero born (d. 1468) B 1443 Escaped Albania when the Turks invaded W 1444 Repulsed 13 Turkish attacks 1444-66 W Scarlatti, (Giuseppe) Domenico 1685 Italian composer and harpsichordist (d. 1757) B Scarlatti, (Petro) Alessandro (Gaspare) 1660 Italian composer born in Palermo (d. 1725) B 1707 Composed Mitridate Eupatore for Prince Ferdinando de Medici C Scarlatti, Giuseppe Domenico 1685 Italian composer and virtuoso born B Scarsellino, Lo 1551 Born B 1620 Died D Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius -162 Ancient Roman statesman born (d. 89 BCE) B Schaaf, Johannes 1933 German producer born in Bad Cannstadt B Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley 1877 German financial expert born (d. 1970) B Schack lZakr, Benedikt 1758 Bohemian tenor, composer, flautist and conductor born in Mirotice (d. 1826) B Schadow, Johann Gottfried 1764 Born B 1850 Died D 1816 Became head of the Academy M Schaeffer, Boguslaw (Julian) 1929 Polish composer and pianist born in Lwow B Schaeffer, Pierre (Henri Marie) 1910 French composer born in Nancy B Schafer, R. Murray 1933 Canadian composer, teacher, and writer. Born in Ontario. B Schalken, Godfried 1643 Born B 1703 Died D Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 1755 Prussian general born (d. 1813) B 1807 Reorganized Prussian army to a civilian force M Schedoni, Bartolomeo 1578 Born B 1615 Died D Scheemakers, Peter 1691 Born B 1781 Died D Scheffer, Ary 1795 Born B 1858 Died D Schelfhout, Andreas 1787 Born B 1870 Died D Schiavone, Andrea 1510 Born B 1563 Died D Schiele, Egon 1890 Born B 1918 Died D Schildersbent 1623 Fraternal organization founded F Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 1781 Born B 1841 Died D Schirra, Walter Marty, Jr. 1965 US astronaut on Gemini 6, captained the first successful space rendezvous SO Schism 1054 Division of the Christian church into the roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Eastern church M Schjerfbeck, Helene 1862 Born B 1946 Died D Schleicher, Kurt von 1932 Became chancellor of the Weimar Republic 1932-33 E Schlemmer, Oskar 1888 Born B 1943 Died D 1930 Painted Group of Fourteen Figures in Imaginary Architecture A Schlesinger, Arthur Meier 1888 American historian born (d. 1965 B Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. 1917 American historian born B Schley, Winfield Scott 1839 American naval officer born (d. 1911) B Schlieffen Plan 1905 The battle plan attempted by Germany in WW II W Schliemann, Heinrich 1822 German archeologist who discovered Troy born (d. 1890) B Schluter, Andreas c.1660 Born B 1714 Died D Schmalkaldic League 1531 Alliance of Protestant princes and free cities formed F Schmidt, Franz 1874 Austrian composer, piainst, conductor, and cellist. Born in Pressburg Austria. (d. 1939) B Schmidt, Helmut 1974 West German chancellor (1974-82) E Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl 1884 Born B 1976 Died D 1905 Co-founded the Brucke F Schmitt, Aloys 1788 German pianist, organist, and composer. Born in Erlenbach Germany. B Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius 1794 Born B 1872 Died D 1846 Became head of the Dresden Academy M Schoenberg lSchonbergr, Arnold 1874 Austrian-born, American citizan, composer, conductor and teacher. One of the most infIuential figures in the history of music. Born in Vienna. (d.1951) B Schonfeld, Johann Heinrich 1609 Born B 1682 Died D Schongauer, Martin 1491 Died D Schopenhauer, Arthur 1788 German philosopher of the idealist school, successor to Kant born B Schouman, Aert 1710 Born B 1792 Died D Schrodinger, Erwin 1933 Austrian physicist, won Nobel Prize for his work on wave motion S Schubert, Franz (Seraph Peter) 1797 Austrian composer, born in Vienna. B Schubert, Franz Peter 1797 Austrian composer, now considered a musical genius born B Schuller, Gunther (Alexander) 1925 American composer, conductor and horn-player. Born in New York B Schuman, Robert 1947 Became prime minister of France 1947-1963 E Schuman, William (Howard) 1910 American composer and administrator, born in New York. (d. 1992) B 1943 His cantata A Free Song, won the first Pulitzer Prize for music. Z Schumann, Robert (Alexander) 1810 German composer, pianist, conductor and critic. Born in Zwickau, Germany. (d.1856) B Schumann, Robert Alexander 1810 German Romantic composer born (d. 1856) B Schutz, Heinrich 1585 German composer and organist, one of greatest of Bach's predecessors. Born in Kostritz, Germany. (d.1672) B Schwann, Theodor 1810 German physiologist who isolated the first enzyme (pepsin) was born B Schwarzkopf, (Dame) (Olga Maria) Elisabeth (Friederike) 1915 German-born soprano, British citizen, born in Jarocin, Germany. B Schweitzer, Albert 1875 Alsatian theologian and medical missionary in Africa born (d. 1965) B 1905 Became medical missionary M 1952 Won Nobel Peace Prize Z Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von 1490 Silesian Protestant religious leader born (d. 1561) B Schwertsik, Kurt 1935 Austrian composer born in Vienna. B Schwind, Moritz von 1804 Born B 1871 Died D Schwitters, Kurt 1887 Born B 1948 Died D Scopes Trial 1925 "Monkey trial" in which a school teacher was prosecuted for teaching evolution inTennessee T Scorel, Jan van 1495 Born B 1562 Died D 1519 Set out on international tour throughout Europe and Jerusalem M Scotland 1244 Scottish parliament emerged F 1561 Mary Queen of Scots assumed rule E Scotland Yard 1829 First head quarters of the London police established F Scott, Robert Falcon 1912 Scott's poorly-managed expedition arrived at the South Pole second, and all members perished on the return journey M Scott, Samuel 1702? Born B 1772 Died D Scott, Sir Walter 1814 Scottish writer, father of the historical novel, published his first successful novel A Scott, William 1913 Born B 1989 Died D Scott, William Bell 1811 Born B 1890 Died D Scott, Winfield 1786 American politician and general born (d. 1866) B 1841 Made commanding general of the US army M Scottsboro Case 1931 Notorious US court case as an example of racial prejudice affecting a legal verdict M Scriabin, Alexander (Nikolayevich) 1872 Russian composer and pianist born in Moscow. (d.1915) B Scribner, Charles (1821-71) 1846 Founded the publishing company that became Charles Scribner's Sons F Scripps, Edward Wyllis 1907 Established United Press news service F Sculthorpe, Peter (Joshua) 1929 Australian composer and pianist born in Tasmania. B Scythia -612 Join with the Medes in sacking Nineveh W Seaborg, Glenn Theodore 1951 US nuclear chemist and codiscoverer of a number of elements was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry S Searle, Humphrey 1915 English composer and writer on music. B Sebastian 1557 Portugese king (1557-78) R Sebastian, Saint 288 ACE Roman Christian martyr died D Sebastiano del Piombo 1485 Born B 1547 Died D 1517 Painted "The Raising of Lazarus" A Second Coalition, War of the 1798 War between coalition of European nations against France 1798-1802 W 1802 The conflict ended with the Treaty of Amiens T Second Empire 1852 French government ruled by emperor Napolean III (1852-70) F Second Republic 1931 Spanish government that preceded the Spanish Civil War, (1931-39) F Second Republic (French) 1848 French government formed at start of French Revolution (1848-52) F Sedan, Battle of 1870 German victory over France during Franco-Prussian war that led to Napolean's surrender & the fall of the french second empire. (Sept. 1, 1870) W Sedgemoore, Battle of 1685 Victory of English king James II over forces of his nephew James Scott, duke of Monmouth W Sedgwick, John 1864 Killed in action at Spotsylvania as general during American civil war W Seeckt, Hans von 1920 Becomes head of the German army M Segal, George 1924 Born B Segall, Lasar 1891 Born B 1957 Died D Segantini, Giovanni 1858 Born B 1899 Died D Seghers, Daniel 1590 Born B 1661 Died D 1614 Joined the Jesuit Order in his native Antwerp M Seghers, Gerard 1591 Born B 1651 Died D Seghers, Hercules Pietersz 1589/90 Born B 1633/1638 Died D Seisenegger, Jacob 1504 Born B 1567 Died D Sejm 1919 Legislative body of Poland reorganized into a single or unicameral legislature Selden, John 1584 English scholar, jurist, and parliamentarian B Selecus II -247 Syrian king (247-226 BC) R Seleucid Kingdom -312 Hellenistic empire of Asia Minor founded 312-64 BCE F Seleucus I -312 Becomes Macedonian general M Self-Strengthening movement 1861 Chinese movement begun to adopt elements of Western society M Seligmann, Kurt 1900 Born B 1962 Died D Selim I 1512 Ascends to become Ottoman Turkish sultan R 1514 Conquers sections of Persia W Selim II 1566 Ascends to become Ottoman Turkish sultan R 1571 Defeated at Battle of Lepanto, marking first major setback to Ottoman expansion W Selim III 1789 Ascends to become Ottoman Turkish sultan R Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of 1812 Establishes colonies to alleviate hardships of Scottish Highlanders on Prince Edward Island F Seminole Indians 1842 Defeated and removed by Europeans who continually encroached on their land W Seminole Wars 1817 First Seminole War began when Gen. A. Jackson invaded Florida W 1835 Second Seminole War began by attempts by whites to remove Seminoles from their land W Semmes, Raphael 1809 American naval officer born (d. 1877) B Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (3 BC- 65 AD) -3 Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist born (d. 65 ACE) B Senefelder, Aloys 1771 Born B 1834 Died D Senegal 1895 Became French colony M Senenayake, Don Stephen 1947 first prime minister of independent Ceylon (1947-52) E Senghor, Leopold Sedar 1960 President of Senegal (1960-80) E Sennacherib -705 Became Assyrian king 705-681 BCE E -689 Destructed Babylon W -701 Sieged Jerusalem W Sennett, Mack 1884 Pioneer American filmmaker B Sentinum, Battle of -295 Roman victory over the Samnites, Etruscans, and Gauls thereby establishing Roman preeminence in the region W September Massacres 1792 Series of massacres carried out in Paris by a mob during the French Revolution W Septennial Act 1716 British parliamentary act T Sequeira, Domingos Antonio de 1768 Born B 1837 Died D 1802 Appointed first court painter in Lisbon M Seraphine 1864 Born B 1934 Died D Serbia 1459 Became part of Ottoman Empire 1459-1878 M 1918 Became part of United Kingdom of Serbs with Croats and Slovenes M Serbo-Bulgarian War 1885 Serbia declares war after Bulgaria annexed Rumelia W Serbo-Turkish War of 1876'78 1875 Christian peasants rebelled against the Turks W 1876 Serbia declared war on the Ottomans W 1878 Gained independence in the Treaty of Berlin T Sergel, Johan Tobias 1740 Born B 1814 Died D Serlio, Sebastiano 1475 Born B 1554 Died D 1540 Called to France by Francis I as Fontainebleau palace building consultant E Serpotta, Giacomo 1656 Born B 1732 Died D Serra, Jaime 1399 Died D Serra, Junipero 1713 Spanish Franciscan missionary in California B Serusier, Paul 1863 Born B 1927 Died D Servaes, Albert 1883 Born B 1966 Died D Servetus, Michael 1553 Burnt by order of J. Calvin for his books challenging the Trinity and the divinity of Christ D Servile Wars -134 First of three slave uprisings against Roman rule (134-132 BC), its leader, Eunus, named himself King Antiochus W -102 Second War raged from 102 BC until 99 BC W -73 Third war led by gladiator Spartacus W Sesostris I -1970 Became Egyptian king of the 12th dynasty c. 1970-1926 BCE E Sesostris II -1897 Became Egyptian king of the 12th dynasty 1897-1878 BCE E Sesostris III -1878 Became Egyptian king of the 12th dynasty 1878-1849 BCE E Sesshu 1420 Japanese landscape painter and Zen Buddhist monk B Seti I -1318 Ascends to throne as Egyptian king R Seti II -1216 Ascends to throne as Egyptian king R Seton, Elizabeth Ann Bayley 1774 American Roman Catholic, known as Mother Seton B 1974 First American-born saint to be canonized M Seuphor, Michel 1901 Born B Seurat, Georges 1859 Born B 1891 Died D 1884 Painted "Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" A 1895 French neoimpressionist painter born B Seven Days' Battles 1862 Series of battles during the American Civil War W Seven Pines, Battle of 1862 Battle of the American Civil War near Fair Oaks, VA W Seven Years' War 1756 Prussia became the leading European power & Britain the chief colonial power having defeated Austria, France, Russia & Spain in a series of European & world wide battles, (176-63) W Severini, Gino 1883 Born B 1966 Died D 1921 Published Du Cubisme au Classicisme A Severus, Alexander 222 ACE Became Roman emperor 222-235 ACE E Sevres, Treaty of 1920 WW1 Allies & Ottoman turks concluded Treaty stripping Ottoman Empire of all colonial assets (Aug. 10, 1920) T Seward, William Henry 1801 American Whig, Republican statesman and secretary of state born (d. 1872) B Seychelles 1976 Became a republic within the British Commonwealth M Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm, Freiherr von 1721 Prussian general B Seymour, Horatio 1810 American politician born (d. 1886) B Seymour, Jane 1537 Third queen of English king Henry VIII (1509-37) D Seymour, Thomas, baron Seymour of Sudeley 1549 Executed by his brother, Edward VI, for treason D Sforza, Carlo, Count 1922 Negotiates the Treaty of Rapallo T Sforza, Francesco I 1450 Beame duke and founded a dynasty that rules Milan for nearly a century R Sforza, Francesco II 1522 Takes possession of the duchy R Sforza, Galeazzo Maria 1476 Assassinated after a life of cruelty and immorality D Sforza, Gian Galeazzo 1476 Succeeds his father to become Duke of Milan R Sforza, Ludovico 1494 Aids French king Charles VIII to invade Naples W Sforza, Muzio Attendolo 1369 Italian mercenary and founder of the Sforza family B Shackelton, Sir Ernest Henry 1908 Leads the British Antarctic expedition team M Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of 1621 English statesman (1621-83) B Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd earl of 1671 English philsopher (1671-1713) B Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of 1842 Introduced Coal Mines Act while serving as a member of the British House of Commons T Shahn, Ben 1898 Born B 1969 Died D Shakers 1747 Christian sect founded as an off-shoot of Quakerism F Shakespeare, William 1564 English playwright & poet, probably the most famous, was born B 1616 Died D Shamil 1798 Muslim leader in the Caucasus who conducted guerrilla warfare against Russian domination B Shannon, Charles 1863 Born B 1937 Died D Shapley, Harlow 1885 American astronomer (1885-1972) B Shapur I 241 Succeeds his father, Ardashir I, to the throne as Persian king R Shapur II 363 Defeats an invasion by Roman emperor Julian W Shaw, George Bernard 1925 Awarded the Nobel Prize in literature Z 1950 Died D 1856 Irish playwright, essayist, and music critic. Born in Dublin. (d.1950) B Shawnee Prophet 1768 Shawnee Indian mystic and leader (1768-1837) B Shays' Rebellion 1786 American insurrection (1786-87)led by Daniel Shays M Shee, Sir Martin Archer 1769 Born B 1850 Died D 1830 Became president of the Royal Academy M Sheeler, Charles R. 1883 Born B 1965 Died D 1934 Painted "American Interior" A Shelburne, William Petty Fitzmaurice, 2d earl of 1737 English statesman (1737-1805) B Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin 1797 B Shelley, Percy Bysshe 1792 Leading English Romantic poet born B 1822 Died D Shenandoah Valley 1865 General P. Sheridan's forces complete their drive to take control of the valley W Sheridan, Philip Henry 1865 Forces General R. Lee to surrender after cutting off his retreat at Appomattrox, Virginia W Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 1751 B Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 First American law designed to prohibit trusts, monopolies, combinations, and restraint of trade on a national and international level T Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 American currency law requiring the American government to buy set amounts of silver each month to be added to the national currency T Sherman, James S. 1855 American politician, vice-President of the US under W. Taft B Sherman, John 1877 Appointed secretary of the treasury E Sherman, William Tecumseh 1820 Union general (1820-91) in American Civil War, noted for saying, "War is hell" B Sherwood, Robert Emmet 1896 Four-time Pulitzer prize winning American playwright B Sheshonk I -945 Ascends to the Egyptian throne as king R Shi Huangdi 1945 Serves one year as Japanese prime minister after WWII M Shidehara, Kijuro, Baron 1945 Japanese prime minister, (1945-46) E Shiloh, Battle of 1862 Union victory near Pittsburg Landing in southwestern Tennessee W Shimonoseki, Treaty of 1895 Treaty between China and Japan ending the First Sino-Japanese War W Shinn, Everett 1876 Born B 1953 Died D shogun 1192 Military leaders who ruled Japan from 1192 to 1896 M Sholokhov, Mikhail Alekansdrovich 1905 Russian author born B 1965 Won the Nobel Prize for Literature Z 1984 Died D Short Parliament 1640 Fourth English Parliament convened by Charles to provide funds for a war against the Scottish Covenanters M Shostakovich, Dmitri 1937 A Shostakovich, Dmitry (Dmitryevich) 1906 Russian composer and pianist, considered by many the greatest of the 20-th cent. composers. Born in St. Petersburg. (d.1975) B Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, duke of 1660 English statesman (1660-1718) B Shubin, Fedot 1740 Born B 1805 Died D Sibelius, Jean Julius Christian 1865 Finnish composer and nationalist (1865-1957) B Sibelius, Jean lJohan Julius Christianr 1865 Finnish composer born in Hameenlinna, finland. 9D.1957) B Siberechts, Jan 1627 Born B 1703 Died D Siberia 1581 Conquered for Russia by Cossaks under Yermak W 1689 Russia relinquished some of its territory to China by the Treaty of Nerchinsk T Sickert, Walter Richard 1860 Born B 1942 Died D 1947 Posthumous collection of his writings entitled "A Free House!" is published A Sickingen, Franz von 1481 German knight (1481-1523) who died fighting in the Knights' War B Sickles, Daniel Edgar 1819 American politician and Union general in the American Civil War born (d. 1914) B Sidmouth, Henry Addington, 1st viscount 1801 British prime minister, (1801-04) E Siegen, Ludwig von 1609 Born B 1680 Died D Sienkiewicz, Henryk 1846 Polish author born (d. 1916) B 1886 Wrote the Deluge A 1905 Won Nobel Prize for Literature Z Sierra Leone 1808 Came under British control M 1961 Achieved independence M 1992 The military seized power and suspended the constitution M Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph 1748 French revolutionary statesman born (d. 1836) B Sigismund 1411 Holy Roman emperor (1411-37) R 1368 Born B Sigismund I 1506 Polish king (1506-48) R Sigismund II 1548 Polish king(1548-72) R Sigismund III 1587 King of Poland (1587-1632) & Sweden (1592-99) R Signac, Paul 1863 Born B 1935 Died D Signorelli, Luca 1441 Born B 1523 Died D 1499 Began series of six frescos in Orvieto Cathedral A Sikh Wars 1845 Beginning of first Sikh War when the Sikhs invaded British India 1845-46 W 1848 Beginning of Second Sikh War 1848-49 W Sikorski, Wladyslaw Eugeniusz 1881 Polish general and statesman born (d. 1943) B 1922 Became prime minister of Poland E 1939 Headed the Polish government in exile during WWII W Siles Zuazo, Hernan 1956 Bolivian president (1956-60) E Silesian Wars 1740 The first Silesian War between Prussia and Austria 1740-42 W 1744 The second Silesian War begun by Frederick II 1744-45 W Siloe, Diego de 1495 Born B 1563 Died D 1528 Took over as architect in Granada Cathedral, his masterpiece A Silvestre, Israel 1621 Born B 1691 Died D Sima Qian -145 First great historian of China born (d. c. 90 BCE) B Simon Commission 1927 British commission appointed to study the working of the Indian constitution M Simone Martini 1285 Born B 1344 Died D 1333 Painted the "Annunciation" A Simpson, Robert (Wilfred Levick) 1921 English composer,musicologist, and author. Born in Leamington. B Simpson, Sir George 1841 Made overland round the world journey by way of the norther regions M Sinatra, Frank lFrancisr (Albert) 1915 American singer, light baritone, and actor. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey B 1938 Made radio debut. O Sinclair, Upton Beall 1878 American writer and reformer (d. 1968) B 1943 Won Pulitzer Prize Z Singapore 1819 City refounded by Sir T. Raffles M 1959 Became self-governing M Singer, Isaac Merrit 1851 Patented the continuous-stich sewing machine S 1811 Born B Sinn Fein 1899 Founded by A. Griffith to gain independence from England F Sino-French War 1883 Undeclared war between France and China 1883-85 W Sino-Japanese War 1894 between China & Japan over control of Korea (1894-95) W 1937 Between China & Japan (1937-45) W Sioux Indians 1867 Moved from the midwest to North Dakota territory M 1890 Last Sioux massacre at Wounded Knee W Siqueiros, David Alfaro 1896 Born B 1974 Died D Sisley, Alfred 1839 Born B 1899 Died D Sitting Bull 1876 Led the Sioux in the Battle of the Little Big Horn W Sitwell, Dame Edith 1887 English poet born (d. 1964) B Six Dynasties 220 ACE Name given to the period in China between the Han and Sui dynasties 220-581ACE M Sixtus IV 1471 Pope (1471-84) R 1414 Born B Sixtus V 1585 Italian-born Pope (1585-90) R 1521 Born B Sjahrir, Sutan 1945 Indonesian prime minister (1945-47) E Skalkottas, Nikolaos lNikosr 1904 Greek composer and violinist born in Chalkis, Greece. (d. 1949) B Skinner, B(urrhus) F(rederick) 1904 American psychologist and exponent of behaviorism born (d. 1990) B Slade, Felix 1790 Born B 1868 Died D Slave dynasty 1209 First dynasty fo the Delhi Sultanate in northern India 1209-90 R Slevogt, Max 1868 Born B 1932 Died D 1932 Painted "Golgotha" A Sloan, John 1871 Born B 1951 Died D Slovakia 1993 Became independent state M 1989 End of Communist rule M Sluis, Battle of 1340 English destruction of French fleet at start of the Hundred Years' War W Sluter, Claus 1405/6 Died D Sluyters, Jan 1881 Born B 1957 Died D Smalley, Roger 1943 English composer and pianist. Born in Manchester. B Smart, John 1742/3 Born B 1811 Died D Smet, Gustave de 1877 Born B 1943 Died D Smetana, Bedrich 1824 Bohem. composer, pianist and conductor. Regarded as the founder of Czech music. Born in Litomys. (d. 1884) B Smibert, John 1688 Born B 1751 Died D Smiles, Samuel 1812 Scottish author born (d. 1904) B Smirnov, Dmitri (Alexeievich) 1948 Russian composer born in Minsk. B Smith Act 1940 US act requiring aliens to register and making it a federal offense to advcocate the violent overthrow of the government M Smith Brindle, Reginald 1917 English composer and authur, born in Lancaster. B Smith, Adam 1723 Scottish economist and philosopher born (d. 1790) B 1776 Wrote The Wealth of Nations A Smith, Alfred Emanuel 1919 Became governor of New York 1919-20/1923-28 E 1928 Became first Catholic presidential candidate O Smith, David 1906 Born B 1965 Died D Smith, Ian Douglas 1964 Prime minister of Rhodesia (1964-80) E Smith, John 1580 English colonist born (d. 1631) B 1607 Became a founder of Jamestown, VA F Smith, John `Warwick' 1749 Born B Smith, John Raphael 1752 Born B 1812 Died D Smith, Joseph 1805 American religious leader and founder of the Mormons born (d. 1844) B Smith, Sir Matthew 1879 Born B 1959 Died D Smith, Tony 1912 Born B 1980 Died D Smithson, Robert 1938 Born B 1973 Died D 1970 Produced the enormous work entitled "Spiral Jetty" A Smuts, Jan Christiaan 1919 Became prime minister of South Africa 1919-24/1939-48 E Smyth, (Dame) Ethel (Mary) 1858 English conductor and composer, born in Kent. (d.1944) B Snefru 2613 Became first Egyptian king of the 4th Dynasty c. 2613-2589 R Snowden, Philip, 1st viscount 1864 English statesman, Laborite and chancellor of the exchequer born (d. 1937) B 1931 Ousted from the Labour government M Snyders, Frans 1579 Born B 1657 Died D Soccer War 1969 Brief war between El Salvador and Honduras triggered by a soccer match W Social Democratic Party of Germany 1863 Founded as a Marxist workers' party F Social War -90 Rebellion by tribes in central and southern Italy against Roman rule 90-88 BCE W Socialist Labor party 1876 American Socialist party established in Philadelphia F Socialist party 1901 US political party formed by a merger between the Social Democratic party and moderate elements of the Socialist Labor Party F Socialist Revolutionary party 1901 Russian political party founded by a Populist coalition F Societe Anonyme, Inc 1920 Founded F Society of Friends 1647 Protestant Christian sect established that rejects both formal creed and the need for ministers F 1681 W. Penn founded the Quaker colony in Pennsylvania F Society of Independent Artists 1916 Formed F Socrates -399 Greek philosopher (407?-399 BC) D Sodoma, Il 1477 Born B 1549 Died D 1516 Painted fresco of the "Marriage of Alexander and Roxane" A Soest, Gerard 1600 Born B 1681 Died D Soffici, Ardengo 1879 Born B 1964 Died D Solemn League and Covenant 1643 Agreement between the Scots and the English Parliamentarians during the English Civil Wars T Solferino, Battle of 1859 Battle fought during the Italian Risorgimento W Solimena, Francesco 1657 Born B 1747 Died D Solis, Virgil 1514 Born B 1562 Died D Solomon -973 King of Israel (973-933 BC) R Solomon, Simeon 1840 Born B 1905 Died D Solon -638 Athenian statesman who laid the foundation for democracy in Athens born (d. c. 559 BCE) B Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich 1970 Russian author & dissident won the Nobel Prize in Literature Z 1918 Born B Somalia 1960 Republic of Somalia formed F 1978 Defeated in War with Ethiopia W 1992 US sends troops to restore order among fighting factions W Somer, Paul van c.1577 Born B 1622 Died D Somme, Battle of 1916 WW1 Allied offensive against German forces, 950,000 casualties, (July-Nov., 1916) W 1918 German offensive against WW1 Allies, 380,000 casualties (Mar.21-Apr.4, 1918) W Somoza, Anastasio 1937 Became president of Nicaragua (1937-47, 1950-56) E 1896 Born B Song 960 Chinese dynasty following the period of Five Dynasties 960-1279 R Songhai, Empire of 700 Ancient African empire in the Niger Valley founded by Berbers F 1591 Invasion of Moorish troops from Morocco destroyed the empire W Sons of Liberty 1765 Activist patriotic organizations formed in the American colonies F Sophocles -496 Greek tragedian born (d. 406 BCE) B Sorensen, Henrik 1882 Born B 1962 Died D Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquin 1863 Born B 1923 Died D Sotheby's 1744 Founded F Soult, Nicolas 1769 French marshal under Napoleon (d. 1851) B Sousa, John Philip 1854 American bandmaster and composer born (d. 1932) B South Africa Act 1910 British act that created the Union of South Africa M South Africa, Republic of 1652 Jan van Riebeeck established supply post at Cape of Good Hope F 1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State F 1991 FW de Klerk put through repeal of all remaining apatheid laws M 1910 L. Botha became first prime minister of the Union of South Africa E South Carolina 1562 Settled by French M 1860 Was the first state to secede from the Union O South Dakota 1803 Acquired from the French in the Louisiana Purchase M 1874 Gold discovered in the Black Hills M 1889 Became a state M South Sea Bubble 1720 Rush of speculative investment in the South Sea Company M Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1954 Alliance created by a treaty signed by the US, Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Phillipines, Thailand and Britain F Soutine, Chaim 1893 Born B 1943 Died D 1925 Painted the work "Side of Beef" A soviet 1905 Organized by rebels during the 1905 revolution as a council and elective political unit of the Soviet Union M Soviet coup 1991 Failed coup d'etat by Communist officials of the USSR (Aug. 18-21, 1991) M Soviet Republic of Hungary 1919 Short-lived Communist government of Hungary that ruled after WWI M Soyer, Moses 1899 Born B 1974 Died D Spaak, Paul Henri 1946 Became first UN General Assembly president E space shuttle 1981 re-usable Spacecraft developed by NASA, first flight Apr. 12-14, 1981 M Spain 711 Muslims invaded from North Africa W 1469 Beginning of unification of Spain through marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I M 1492 Jews expelled from Spain and Muslims forced to convert to Catholocism M 1988 Joined European Union M 1939 Franco ruled 1939-45 R Spanish Armada 1588 Spanish war fleet formed by King Phillip II to invade England M Spanish Civil War 1936 War between republican & nationalist forces in Spain, brought Gen. Franco to power in 1939 W Spanish Succession, War of the 1701 War fought to determine the succession the the Spanish throne on the death of Spanish king Charles II W Spanish-American War 1898 War between the US and Spain over conflict in Cuba W 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the war T Sparta -1100 Founded by the Dorians F 395 ACE Destroyed by the Goths M Spartacus League 1916 Militant German Socialist organization that protested against WWI formed M Spazialismo 1947 Founded F Speculum Humanae Salvationis 1324 Written A Spencer, Sir Stanley 1891 Born B 1959 Died D 1924 Painted "The Resurrection: Cookham" A Spengler, Oswald 1880 German historian and philosopher born (d. 1936) B Speranski, Mikhail Mikhailovich 1809 Proposed liberal reforms and a constitution to Alexander I M Spinoza, Baruch 1632 Dutch rationalist philosopher born (d. 1677) B Spitzweg, Karl 1808 Born B 1885 Died D Spohr, Ludwig (Louis) 1784 German composer, violinist and conductor. Born in Brunswick (d. 1859) B Spontini, Gaspare (Luigi Pacifico) 1774 Italian composer born in Ancona. (d.1851) B Spranger, Bartholomeus 1546 Born B 1611 Died D Spurs, Battle of the 1513 English victory over the French during wars of the Holy League W Sputnik 1957 world's first artificial satellite, launched (Oct. 4th, 1957) by the Russians S Squanto 1622 American Indian who assisted the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony born died D Squarcione, Francesco 1397 Born B 1468 Died D Sri Lanka 1948 Became a dominion within the British Commonwealth M St Florian 1070 Monastery near Linz, Austria with long and strong musical tradition B St Louis Symphony Orchestra 1881 Second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States B St Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra 1921 Developed from pre-revolutionary court orchestra B Stael, Nicolas de 1914 Born B 1955 Died D 1932 Became pupil at the Academie des Beaux Arts M Stakhanovism 1935 Movement in the Soviet Union to increase industrial workers' output M Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich 1924 Soviet Communist leader (1924-1953) E 1953 Died D 1879 Born B 1939 Signed non-aggression pact with Germany M Stalingrad, Battle of 1942 WW2 battle which saw the Soviets gain the offensive against the Germans following the German surrender (Feb. 2, 1943) W Stambuliski, Alexander 1919 Became Bulgarian premier E 1923 Was overthrown and executed D Stamp Act 1765 British revenue law intended to raise funds for the defense of the American colonies T Stamp Act Congress 1765 Meeting of American colonials to formalize protest against the Stamp Act M Standford, Patric (John) 1939 English composer, born in Barnsley. B Standish, Myles 1584 English colonist who sailed to America on the Mayflower born (d. 1656) B Stanfield, Clarkson 1793 Born B 1867 Died D 1855 Won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle in Paris Z Stanford, (Sir) Charles Villiers 1852 Irish composer, conductor, organist and teacher B Stanford, Leland 1861 Became state governor E 1885 Founded Stanford University F Stanhope, Charles, 3d earl Stanhope 1753 British politician and inventor of the printing press, leses, calculating machines etc. born (d. 1816) B Stanislaus I 1704 Polish king (1704-09 / 1733-35) R Stanislaus II 1764 Last king of Poland (1764-95) R Stanley, Wendell Meredith 1946 Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry Z Stanton, Edwin McMasters 1862 American statesman became secretary of war under President Lincoln M Stanzione, Massimo 1586 Born B 1656 Died D Star Chamber 1641 Star chamber, English royal court, abolished by Parliament M Star-Spangled Banner, The 1814 Words written by Francis Scott Key, of Baltimor after he had seen the defence of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, against the British bombardment. B Stark, James 1794 Born B 1859 Died D Starr, Belle 1848 American frontier figure born (d. 1889) B Statue of Liberty 1886 Monument designed by F.A. Bartholdi erected in New York Harbour O Statute of Wales 1284 English law uniting Wales with England T Steen, Jan 1625/6 Born B 1679 Died D Steer, Philip Wilson 1860 Born B 1942 Died D 1886 Founded the New English Art Club F Steffens, Joseph Lincoln 1866 American journalist born (d. 1936) B Stein, Gertrude 1874 American expatriot writer and leading avante-garde figure born B Steinbeck, John Ernst 1962 Noted American novelist was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature A Steinway and Sons 1853 Founded, New York firm of pianio manufacturers, by Heinrich Engelhard Steinway. B Steinway, Henry Englehard 1797 German-born piano manufacturer born B Stella, Frank 1936 Born B Stella, Jacques 1596 Born B 1657 Died D Stephen 1135 Became King of England 1135-54 R 1148 Drove Matilda, daughter of Henry I, out of England M Stephen II 752 Italian-born Pope (752-757), first to unite ecclesiatic and temporal rule of the papal states R Stephens, Alexander Hamilton 1812 American politician born (d. 1883) B 1861 Served as Confederate vice-president 1861-65 E Stephenson, George 1825 English inventor built a locomotive for England's first railroad S Steptoe, Roger (Guy) 1953 English composer, pianist, and teacher. Born in Winchester. B Stern, Irma 1894 Born B 1966 Died D Stern, Otto 1920 Developed a molecular beam for studying molecules and their characteristics F 1943 Won Nobel Prize for Physics Z Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von 1778 Became responsible for training the American Revolutionary army W Stevens, Alfred 1817 Born B 1875 Died D Stevens, Alfred-Emile 1823 Born B 1906 Died D 1900 Became first living artist to be given one man exhibition at the Ecole des Beaux Arts O Stevens, John 1825 American inventor built the first locomotive O Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (1835-1914) 1893 Vice-president under President G. Cleveland 1893-97 E Stevenson, Robert Louis 1850 Scottish author of many classic novels born B Stieglitz, Alfred 1864 Born B 1946 Died D Stifter, Adalbert 1805 Born B 1868 Died D Stijl, De 1917 Founded F Still, Clyfford 1904 Born B 1980 Died D 1953 Painted work entitled "1953" A Stilwell, Joseph Warren 1942 American general forced to retreat during Japanese invasion of Burma W Stimmer, Tobias 1539 Born B 1584 Died D Stimson, Henry Lewis 1911 American secretary of war 1911-13/1940-45 W 1932 Formulated Stimson Doctrine M Stockhausen, Karlheinz 1928 German composer, regarded as leader of electronic avant-garde. Born in Modrath, Germany. B Stockholm Bloodbath 1520 Massacre of over 80 Swedish nobles ordered by Danish King Christian II W Stockholm, Treaty of 1719 Sweden ceded Bremen and Verdun to British King George T 1720 Sweden sold sections of Pomerania and the port of Stettin to Prussia T Stoicism -300 Philosophical school founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium in opposition to Epicureanism F Stoker, Bram 1847 Irish-born British novelist, most famous for "Dracula", was born B Stokes, Adrian 1902 Born B 1972 Died D Stokowski, Leopold (Anthony) 1882 English born, American citizen, conductor and organist. Born in London. B Stone Age -3500 End of age of the use of stone for tools and implements M Stone, Harlan Fiske 1941 Became Chief Justic of the Supreme Court 1941-46 M Stone, Nicholas 1587 Born B 1647 Died D 1632 Appointed the Master Mason to the Crown at Whitehall E Stones River, Battle of 1862 Battle of the US Civil War W Story, Joseph 1811 Associate justice of the Supreme Court 1811-45 M Stoss, Veit 1450 Born B 1533 Died D 1477 Began his largest work, the altarpiece for St Mary's Church A Stosskopff, Sebastien 1597 Born B 1657 Died D Stothard, Thomas 1775 Born B 1834 Died D 1812 Became librarian at the Royal Academy M Stowe, Harriet Beecher 1852 Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin", an important antislavery novel A Stradivari lStradivariusr. 1644 Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker. He was the greatest of a family of violin makers, and considered possably the greatest violin maker to have ever lived. Born in Cremona, B Stradivari, Antonio 1644 Italian violin-maker, acknowledged master of his craft, was born B Straits Convention 1840 International agreement by which the Ottoman Turks agreed to close the Dardanelles to warships during peacetime T Stralsund, Treaty of 1370 Agreement by which Denmark made extensive commercial concessions to the Hanseatic League T Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, 1st baron 1889 Became governor of the Hudson's Bay Company 1889-1914 E Straus, Isidor 1845 American merchant born (d. 1912) B Straus, Nathan 1848 American merchant and philanthropist born (d. 1931) B Strauss, Johann 1825 Austrian composer noted for his waltzes born B Strauss, Johann I 1804 Austrian composer, conductor, and violinist, founder of the 'Strauss Waltz Dynasty'. Born in Vienna. (d. 1849) B Strauss, Johann II 1825 Austrian composer, conductor and violinist, eldest son of Johann Strauss 1, and deservedly known as the 'Waltz King', born in Vienna. (d.1899) B Strauss, Richard (Georg) 1864 German-born, Austrian citizen, composer, conductor and pianist. Began composing at the age of 6. Born in Munich. (d.1949) B Strauss, Richard Georg 1846 German composer of romantic operas and symphonic poems was born B Stravinsky, Igor (Fyodorovich) 1843 Russian-born, Amercan citizen, composer, conductor, pianist and writer. Born in Minsk. (d.1902) B Stravinsky, Igor Fedorovich 1882 Russian-born American composer, mainly of ballets, was born B Streeter, Robert 1621 Born B 1679 Died D 1668 Began ceiling painting of "The Triumph of Truth and the Arts" A Streeton, Arthur 1867 Born B 1943 Died D Strigel, Bernhard 1460 Born B 1528 Died D Stroessner, Alfredo 1954 Became president of Paraguay 1954-89 E Strozzi, Bernardo 1581 Born B 1644 Died D Stuart 1603 Beginning of the reign of the Stuart royal family in England and Scotland O Stuart, Charles Edward 1745 "Bonnie Prince Charlie" led an abortive revolt against the crown of England W Stuart, Gilbert 1755 Born B 1828 Died D Stuart, James Francis Edward 1688 Son of King James II born (d. 1766) B Stuart, Jeb 1833 Confederate cavalry officer in the American Civil War born (d. 1864) B Stubbs, George 1724 Born B 1806 Died D 1799 Painted the enormous "Hambletonian, Rubbing Down" A 1766 Published his famous book "The Anatomy of the Horse" A Subleyras, Pierre 1699 Born B 1749 Died D 1727 Won Prix de Rome Z Sucre, Antonio Jose de 1826 Became first president of Bolivia 1826-28 E Sudan 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty reaffirmed agreement for joint rule of Sudan T 1948 Legislative assembly created for first step toward Sudanese autonomy O 1988 200-300,000 reported near starvation in south as result of civil war W 1991 Federal system of government instituted with Islamic law only in Northern states M Sue, Eugene 1804 French novelist and journalist born B Suez Canal 1956 Egyptian leader Nasser nationalised the internationally owned canal causing the Suez crisis W Suffolk Resolves 1774 Resolutions passed at meetings of American colonists to protest the British Intolerable Acts M Sugar Act 1764 British law designed to raise revenue for defense of the American colonies T Suger, Abbot 1081 Born B 1151 Died D Suharto 1967 Became president of Indonesia E 1965 Led the army in putting down a Communist-influenced coup d'etat W Sui 581 Chinese dynasty that reunited China after the Six Dynasties period 581-618 M Suk, Josef (Cz. composer, grandfather) 1874 Czechoslovakian composer and violinist. Born in Krecovice, Czechoslovakia. (d.1935) B Sukarno 1949 Became president of Indonesia 1949-67 E 1959 Dissolved assembly and made himself dictator M Suleiman I 1520 Became sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1520-66 R Suleiman II 1687 Became sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1687-91 R Sulla, Lucius Cornelius -138 Roman general and politician born (d. 78 BCE) B Sullivan, (Sir) Arthur (Seymour) 1842 English conductor, composer and organist. Born in Westminster. (d.1900) B Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour 1842 English composer, partner of W. Gilbert on many operettas, was born B Sully, Thomas 1783 Born B 1872 Died D Sully-Prudhomme, Rene Francois Armand 1901 Won the Nobel Prize for Literature Z Sumter, Thomas 1780 Commanded a force of raiders that harassed the British in the Carolinas during the American Revolution W Sun Yat-sen 1924 President of the coalition Nationalist Government of China E Suprematism 1915 Formed by Malevich F 1913 School of abstract art began in Russia F Supreme Court 1869 Number of justices in America's highest court stabilized at nine M Suriname 1975 Became an independent republic M 1991 Ronald Venetiaan became president E Sussex Incident 1916 The passenger ship Sussex was sunk by the Germans helping to bring the US into WWI W Sutermeister, Heinrich 1910 Swiss composer born in Feuerthalen. B Sutherland, Graham 1903 Born B 1980 Died D 1954 Painted portrait of Winston Churchill A Suttner, Bertha Kinsky, baroness von 1905 Awarded Nobel Peace Prize Z Svoboda, Ludvik 1968 Became president of Czechoslavokia 1968-75 E Swanenburgh, Jacob Isaacsz. van 1571 Born B 1638 Died D Swayne, Giles 1946 English conductor and composer, born in Stevenage. B Swaziland 1903 Became a British territory M 1968 Achieved independence M Sweden 993 Olaf Skutonung reigned as first Christian king of Sweden R 1917 Parliamentary form of government adopted M Swedish Enlightenment 1770 Beginning of literary period c. 1770-c. 1810 M Sweerts, Michiel 1618 Born B 1664 Died D Switzerland 1499 Swiss independence recognized by emperor Maximilian I in Peace of Basel M 1541 Calvin made Geneva the center of Calvinism M 1991 Celebrated 700th anniversary M 1815 Swiss neutrality recognized T Sydenham, Thomas 1656 English physician, known as the founder of clinical medicine, began practicing medicine S Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 Secret agreement between Britain and France regarding partition of the Ottoman Empire after WWI T Sylvester II 999 The first French-born pope (999-1003) R Synchromism 1912 Founded F Syracuse -734 Historic port in Sicily founded F Syria 1936 Syrian autonomy granted by France M Syrlin, Jorg the Elder 1491 Died D Systemic art 1966 Term originated M Szilard, Leo 1946 Helped E. Fermi develop the first nuclear reactor O Szold, Henrietta 1912 American Zionist leader founded the Jewish women's group Hadassah F Szymanowski, Karol 1882 Polish composer. Born in Tymoshovka, Ukraine. (d.1937) B Tabachnik, Michel 1942 Swiss conductor and composer born in Geneva B Tacca, Pietro 1577 Born B 1640 Died D Tachisme 1952 Term coined M Tacitus AD55 Born B 117 Died D 97 Became a Roman consul M tactile values 1896 Term first used to decsribe paintings which simulate the sense of touch M Taddei, Giuseppe 1916 Italian baritone born in Genoa B Taddeo di Bartolo 1362 Born B 1422 Died D Taeuber-Arp, Sophie 1889 Born B 1943 Died as a result of an accident with an unlit stove D Taft, William Howard 1909 27th US president (1909-13) E 1901 Became the first civil governor of the Philipines M Tagliabue, Carlo 1898 Italian baritone born in Mariano Comense (d. 1978) B Tagliavini, Ferruccio 1913 Italian tenor born in Reggio Emilia B Tahourdin, Peter 1928 English composer B Tailleferre lTaillefesser, Germaine (Marcelle) 1892 French composer and pianist born in Paris ( d. 1983 ) B Taine, Hippolyte 1828 Born B 1893 Died D Taiping Rebellion 1850 Uprising against the Manchu dynasty of China, a precursor to the communist and nationalist movements W 1853 The rebels captured Nanjing and made it their capital W 1864 A Manchu army quashed the revolt but remained seriously weakened W Taisho 1912 Japanese emperor 1929-26 R 1879 Born B 1926 Died D Taizong 626 Became second emperor of the Tang dynasty R 600 Born 649 Died D Taj Mahal 1648 Mausoleum built in north-central India by Shah Jahan F Tajo, Italo 1915 Italian bass born in Pinerolo (d. 1993) B Takacs, Jeno 1902 Austrian composer , pianist and teacher born in Cinfalva B Takacs, Klara 1945 Hungarian mezzo-soprano B Takemitsu, Toru 1930 Japanese composer born in Tokyo. B Takis 1925 Born B Talich, Vaclav 1883 Czech. conductor and violinist born in Kromeriz (d. 1961) B Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de 1754 Born B 1791 Excommunicated due to his support of radical church and political reforn M Tallien, Jean Lambert 1767 Born B 1794 Married one of his prisoners during the French Revolution M Tallis, Thomas 1505 English composer of church music during the reformation born B Talma, Louise 1906 French-born American composer born in Arcachon B Talmadge, Eugene 1933 Became governor of Georgia 1933-37 / 1941-43 E Talmud c500 Palestinian Talmud compiled M c600 Babylonian Tulmud compiled M Talvela, Martti (Olavi) 1935 Finnish bass born in Hiitola (d. 1989) B Tamagno, Francesco 1850 Italian tenor born in Turin (d. 1905) B Tamayo, Rufino 1899 Born B 1991 Died D Tamberlik, Enrico 1820 Italian tenor born in Rome (d. 1889) B Tamburini, Antonio 1800 Italian baritone born in Faenza (d. 1876) B Tamerlane 1369 Mongol conqueror gained firm control of the throne R 1336 Born B 1405 Died D Tan Dun 1957 Chinese composer born in Central Hunan who became leader of 'new wave' in Chinese music. B Tan, Melvyn 1956 Malayan-born English keyboard player born in Singapore B Tanaka Kakuei 1972 Became Japanese prime minister E 1974 Resigned under allagations of corruption M 1983 Convicted and sentenced to four years in prison M Tanaka, Giichi, Baron 1863 Born B 1929 Died D 1927 Became Japanese prime minister 1927-29 E Tancred 1190 King of Sicily 1190-94 R Taney, Roger Brooke 1836 5th chief justice of the US Supreme Court (1836-64) E 1777 Born B 1864 Died D Taneyev, Sergey (Ivanovich) 1856 Russian composer and pianist born in Vladimir (d. 1915) B Tang 618 Became the ruling dynasty in China 618-907 M 755 Dynasty seriously weakened by a revolt W Tango, Egisto 1873 Italian conductor born in Rome (d. 1951) B Tanguy, Yves 1900 Born B 1955 Died D 1925 Joined the surrealist group M Tannenberg, Battles of 1410 Battle in which Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Teutonic Knights W 1914 Major Russian defeat at the hands of the Germans in WW I W Tansman, Aleksander 1897 Polish-born French composer and pianist born in Lodz (d. 1986) B Tapies, Antoni 1923 Born B 1970 Wrote his essay Nothing is Mean A Tappan, Arthur 1786 Born B 1865 Died D 1840 Established the American and Foreign Anti-Slaver Society F 1833 Co-founded and became president of the American Anti-Slavery Society F Tardieu, Andre 1876 Born B 1945 Died D 1929 Became premier of France 1929-30 / 1930 / 1932 E Target exhibition 1913 Exhibition in Moscow at which Rayonism was launched M Tarik 711 Led the first muslim invasion of Spain W Tarkington, (Newton) Booth 1869 Born B 1946 Died D 1922 Won a second Pulitzer Prize for the best American novel Z 1919 Won the Pulitzer Prize for the best American novel Z Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius -534 Last Etruscan king of Rome 534-509 BC R Tarr, Edward (Hankins) 1936 American trumpeter and musicologist born in Norwich, Conn. B Tarrega, Francisco 1852 Spanish guitarist and composer born in Villarreal (d. 1909) B Tartini, Giuseppe 1692 Paduan violinist,composer,teacher,and inventor born in Pirano ( d.1770 ) B 1728 Founded school of violin playing in Padua. F Tartu, Treaty of 1920 Peace treaty between Estonia and Russia signed, ending the Baltic War T Taruskin, Richard (Filler) 1945 American critic and musicologist born in New York B Tasman, Abel Janszoon 1642 Discovered Tasmania and New Zealand O Tassi, Agostino 1580 Born B 1644 Died D Tassie, James 1735 Born B 1799 Died D 1766 Settled in London M Tasso, Torquato 1544 Italian poet, considered one of the greats of the Renaissance, was born B Tate Gallery 1870 Became the national collection of British art F 1915 The Curzon Committee recomended the expansion of the Tate M 1988 A new branch of the Tate was opened in Liverpool F Tate, Jeffrey 1943 English conductor born in Salisbury B Tate, John Orley Allen 1922 Founded and edited The Fugitive F 1899 Born B 1979 Died D Tate, Nahum 1652 Irish-born poet born in Dublin (d. 1715) B Tate, Phyllis (Margaret Duncan) 1911 English composer born in Gerrards Cross ( d.1987) B Tatlin, Vladimir 1885 Born B 1953 Died D 1914 Met Picasso in Berlin M Tatrai, Vilmos 1912 Hungarian violinist born in Kispest B Tattermuschova, Helena 1933 Czech. soprano born in Prague B Tauber lSeiffertr, Richard 1892 Austrian tenor,conductor,and composer, born in Linz (d.1948 ) B Taubert, (Karl Gottfried) Wilhelm 1811 German composer and pianist born in Berlin (d.1891) B Taubman, Howard 1907 American music critic and author B Tauriello, Antonio 1931 Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor born in Buenos Aires B Tausig, Carl lKarolr 1841 Polish pianist and composer (d. 1871) B Tausky, Vilem 1910 Czech.-born conductor and composer B Tavener, John (Kenneth) 1944 English composer and organist born in London. B Taverner, John 1490 English composer and organist (d. 1545) B Taylor, (Joseph) Deems 1885 American composer, critic, and author born in New York (d. 1966) B Taylor, Brook 1685 Born B Taylor, Matthew 1964 English composer and conductor born in London B Taylor, Maxwell Davenport 1901 Born B 1962 Became chairman of the joint chiefs of staff 1962-64 M Taylor, Richard 1864 Led confederate troops to victory in the important battle of Sabine W Taylor, Zachary 1849 12th US president (1849-50) E 1784 Born B 1850 Died D Tchaikovsky lChaykovskyr, Boris (Alexandrovich) 1925 Russian composer and pianist born in Moscow B Tchaikovsky lChaykovskyr, Pyotr (Ilyich) 1840 Russian composer and conductor born in Votkinsk (d.1893) B c.1867 Wrote First Symphony ond opera Voyevoda. C c.1888 Composed ballet 'Sleeping Beauty'. C c.1891 Composed ballet 'Nutcracker' C 1979 Alexandra Orlova published theory the composer's death was suicide. M Tchaikovsky, Piotr Ilich 1840 One of the greatest Russian composers is born B Tchaikowsky, Andre 1935 Polish-born pianist and composer born in Warsaw (d. 1982) B Tchelitchew, Pavel 1898 Born B 1957 Died D Tcherepnin, Alexander (Nikolayevich) 1899 Russian composer and pianist born in St. Petersburg (d.1977) B 1923 Wrote ballet 'Ajanta's frescoes' C Tcherepnin, Nikolay 1873 Russian composer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1945) Te Kanawa, (Dame) Kiri 1944 New Zealand soprano born in Auckland B Tea Act 1773 British law that gave an English company a virtual monopoly on trade in tea in the american colonies. American opposition to the act gave rise to the Boston tea party T Teapot Dome 1922 US Secretary of the Interior, A Fall, is forced to resign in the Teapot Dome scandal M Tear, Robert 1939 Welsh tenor born in Glamorgan B 1984 Awarded CBE Z Tebaldi, Renata 1922 Italian soprano born in Pesaro B Tecumseh 1768 Born B 1812 Fought with the English in the War of 1812 W Teheran Conference 1943 Allied high-level conference during WW II held in Tehran M Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 1959 Published his controversial book The Phenomenon of Man A Telemann, Georg Philipp 1681 German composer and organist born in Magdeburg (d.1767) B Tellefsen, Arve 1948 Norwegian violinist born in Trondheim B Telmanyi, Emil 1892 Hungarian violinist and conductor born in Arad (d. 1988) B Temesvar, Battle of 1849 Austrian victory over Hungary, instrumental in overthrowing the Hungarian Republic W Temianka, Henri 1906 Scottish-born violinist, conductor and teacher born in Greenock (d. 1992) B Temirkanov, Yuri 1938 Russian conductor born in Nalchik B temperance 1808 The first temperance group was founded in Saratoga F Temperley, Nicholas 1932 English-born musicologist, composer and pianist born in Beaconsfield B Tempesta, Antonio 1555 Born B 1630 Died D Temple, Sir William 1688 Arranged the Triple Alliance against France M Templeton, Alec (Andrew) 1909 Welsh-born pianist and composer born in Cardiff (d. 1963) B Templeton, John 1802 Scottish tenor born in Kilmarnock (d. 1886) B Ten Years' War 1868 Cuban revolt against Spanish rule began W Ten, Council of 1310 Venetian tribunal founded to investigate plots against the state F Ten, The 1898 Group of American painters who exhibited together F Tenducci, Giusto Ferdinando 1736 Italian male soprano born in Siena (d. 1790) B Tenentismo 1922 Young Brazilian officers seeking social reform conducted an abortive revolt W 1924 Second unsuccessful revolt by Brazilian army officers W Teniers, David the Younger 1610 Born B 1651 Appointed court painter in Austria M 1690 Died d Tennessee 1796 Tennessee became the 16th state of the US F Tenniel, Sir John 1820 Born B 1914 Died D 1865 Illustrated Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" A Tennis Court Oath 1789 Oath sworn by the Third Estate during the early stages of the French Revolution M Tennstedt, Klaus 1926 German conductor and violinist born in Merseburg B Tennyson, Alfred Lord 1850 Tennyson, leading Victorian English poet, became poet laureate A 1855 Completed his famous poem Charge of the Light Brigade A 1883 Was created baron Z 1809 Born B Tenochtitlan 1325 Capital city of the Aztecs founded F Tenure of Office Act 1867 US act passed to prevent the removal of certain officials without the permission of the Senate T Terborch, Gerard the Younger 1617 Born B 1681 Died D Terbrugghen, Hendrick 1588 Born B 1629 Died D Terfel lJonesr, Bryn 1965 Welsh bass-baritone born in Pantglas B Ternina, Milka 1863 Croation soprano born in Zagreb (d.1941) B 1882 Opera debut P Territory of Orleans 1812 The area acquired in the Louisiana Purchase becomes a state M Terry, (Sir) Richard (Runciman) 1865 English organist, conductor, composer and scholar born in Northumberland (d. 1938) B Terry, Charles Sanford 1864 English historian and music scholar born in Newport Pagnell (d. 1936) B Terschak, Adolf 1832 German flautist born in Hermannstadt (d.1901) B Tertis, Lionel 1876 English violinist born in Hartlepool (d.1975) B 1950 Awarded CBE Z Teruel, Battle of 1937 Battle of the Spanish civil War W Teschemacher, Margarete 1903 German soprano born in Cologne (d. 1959) B Teschen, Treaty of 1779 Treaty between Austria and Prussia ending the War of the Bavarian Succession T Tessarini, Carlo 1690 Italian violinist and composer born in Rimini (d 1766?) B Test Act 1673 English statute passed to ban Roman Catholics from public office except under restricted circumstances T Testa, Pietro 1611 Born B 1650 Died D Testore, Carlo Giuseppe 1660 Italian violin-maker born in Novara (d. 1720) B Tet Offensive 1968 Major offensive by the Vietnamese during the Vietnam war W Tetrazzini, Eva 1862 Italian soprano born in Milan (d. 1938) B Tetrazzini, Luisa lLuigiar 1871 Italian soprano born in Florence (d. 1940) B Tetzel, Johann 1465 Dominican monk born in Germany B Teutoburg Forest, Battle of 9 German defeat of the Romans which halted the Roman expansion East W Teutonic Knights 1190 Catholic military order founded at Acre F 1525 Order dissolved by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, who accepted protestantism M Tewfik Pasha 1879 Khedive of Egypt 1879-1892 R Tewkesbury, Battle of 1471 The final battle in the War of the Roses W Texas 1845 Texas became the 28th state of the US F 1821 First American settlement founded in Texas O 1836 Texas rebelled and declared independence from Mexico W 1861 Seceded from the Union M 1870 Readmitted to the Union M Texas Rangers 1835 Founded to guard the Texas frontier F 1935 Became a part of the state's highway patrol M Teyte, (Dame) Maggie lMargaret Tater 1888 English soprana born in Wolverhampton (d.1976) B 1907 Operatic debut in Monte Carlo P Thackeray, William Makepeace 1811 Born B 1863 Died D Thalben-Ball, (Sir) George (Thomas) 1896 Australian-born organist and composer born in Sydney (d. 1987) B Thalberg, Sigismond (Fortune Francois) 1812 Swiss-born Austrian pianist and composer B Thales 585 Made the first prediction of a solar eclipse S 636 Born B Thames, Battle of the 1813 American victory over the English in Ontario W Thanom Kittikachorn 1963 Became prime minister of Thailand E 1971 Seized power in a military takeover W 1973 Ousted from power M Thant, U 1962 Became secretary general of the United Nations 1962-71 E Thatcher, Margaret 1979 Thatcher became the first female prime minister of Britain (1979-90) E Thayer, Alexander Wheelock 1817 American writer born in South Natick (d. 1897) B Theatre Guild 1919 New York production society formed F Theatre-Libre 1887 Independent theatre founded in Paris F Thebes -1500 Ancient Greek city first settled M -336 Destroyed by Alexander the Great W Thebes (Ancient Egypt) -2130 Ancient Egyptian city reached its peak M -661 Sacked by Assyrians W -29 Sacked by the Romans W Thebom, Blanche 1918 American mezzo-soprano born in Pennsylvania B Theed, William 1804 Born B 1891 Died D Theil, Johann 1646 German composer born in Saxony (d.1724) B Theiler, Max 1951 Awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for his work on a yellow fever vaccine Z 1899 Born B Themistocles -525 Born B -472 Ostracized and settled in Persia M Theodora 527 Byzantine empress 527-548 R Theodorakis, Mikis 1925 German composer born in Chios B Theodoric the Great 493 Ostrogothic king of Italy 493-526 R Theodosian Code 438 Compilation of Roman laws issued M Theodosius I 379 Roman emperor of the East 379-395 R 381 Convened the Second council of Constantinople M Theodosius II 408 Roman emperor of the East 408-450 R Theophanes the Greek 1330 Born B 1405 Died D Theophilus I 829 Byzantine emperor (829-842) R Thermidor 1794 The coup d'etat of 9 Thermidor brought down Robespierre W Thibaud, Jacques 1880 French violinist born in Bordeau (d. 1953) B Thibaudet, JeanmYves 1961 French pianist born in Lyons B Thieme, Ulrich 1872 Born B 1922 Died D Third Republic 1870 Third Republic replaced the Second Empire as the government of France E Thirty Years' War 1618 Defenestration of Prague led to the Bohemian revolt against Habsburg rule W 1629 Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution T 1632 Tilly defeated and killed at the Battle of the Lech W Thirty-nine Articles 1571 Officially promulgated by the Canterbury Convention T Thistlewood, Arthur 1820 Organised the unsuccessful Cato Street Conspiracy M Thoma, Hans 1839 Born B 1924 Died D Thomas a Becket, Saint 1162 Became archbishop of Canterbury M 1164 Exiled from England M 1152 Became chancellor of England M 1170 Murdered by four of the king's knights D Thomas Aquinas, Saint 1225 Born B 1274 Died D Thomas, (Charles Louis) Ambroise 1811 French composer born in Metz (d. 1869) B Thomas, Arthur Goring 1850 English composer born in Ratton Park (d. 1892) B Thomas, David 1943 English bass born in Orpington B Thomas, Dylan Marlais 1914 Welsh poet whose work is noted for its original brilliance was born B Thomas, Jess (Floyd) 1927 American tenor born in Hot Springs, S. Dakota (d. 1993) B Thomas, Mansel (Treharne) 1909 Welsh composer and conductor born in Rhondda Valley (d. 1986) B Thomas, Michael Tilson 1944 American conductor and pianist born in Hollywood, California B Thomas, Norman Mattoon 1884 Born B 1928 Became the Socialist candidate for the US presidency for the first of six elections M 1968 Died D Thomas, Theodore 1835 German-born conductor (American citizen) born in Hanover (d. 1905) B Thompson, Oscar 1887 American critic , author and editor born in Indianna (d. 1945) B Thompson, Randall 1899 American composer and teacher born in Boston (d. 1945) B Thomson, Bryden 1928 Scottish conductor born in Ayr (d. 1991) B Thomson, Cesar 1857 Belgium violinist born in Liege (d. 1931) B Thomson, George 1757 Scottish publisherand educationist (d. 1851) B Thomson, Sir Joseph John 1906 Awarded Nobel Prize for physics for his work on the electrical conductivity of gases S Thomson, Tom 1877 Born B 1917 Died D Thomson, Virgil (Garnett) 1896 American composer,critic, and organist born in Kansas City(d.1989) B 1934 Comic opera 'Four Saints in Three Acts' produced. C Thorborg, Kerstin 1896 Swedish mezzo-soprano born in Venjan (d. 1970) B Thore, Theophile 1807 Born B 1869 Died D Thoreau, Henry David 1817 Born B 1862 Died D Thorn-Prikker, Johan 1868 Born B 1932 Died D Thornhill, Sir James 1675/6 Born B 1734 Died D Thornton, William 1759 Born B 1828 Died D 1793 Submitted his plans for the proposed capitol of the US in Washington M Thorvaldsen, Bertel 1770 Born B 1839 A museum was built for him in Copenhagen F 1844 Died D Thousand Days, War of the 1899 Three-year civil war in columbia began W Thrasybulus -404 Banished by the Thirty Tyrants M -389 Died D -403 Overthrew the Thirty Tyrants W Three Feudatories, Revolt of the 1673 Protracted revolt against the Manchu dynasty began W Three Henrys, War of the 1585 French civil war broke out, one of the French Wars of Religion W Three Kingdoms 220 Period of Chinese history began in which 3 kingdoms ruled China M 280 The period came to an end when the Wei united China M Three Kings, Battle of the 1578 Moroccan victory over the Portuguese invasion W Three Mile Island 1979 A nuclear accident at this power plant was the first to lead to the venting of radioactive gas O Thucydides 424 Exiled from Greece as a result of his failures as a general M Thuille, Ludwig (Wilhelm Andreas Mario) 1861 German composer born in Tyrol (d. 1907) B Thulden, Theodor van 1606 Born B 1669 Died D Thurber, James Grover 1894 American cartoonist born B Thuringia 1247 The land of Thuringia was divided M 1919 The various principalities were reunited as the Kingdom of Thuringia F 1952 Thuringia was divided amongst several districts of East Germany M Thurston, Frederick (John) 1901 English clarinettist born in Litchfield (d. 1953) B Thutmose I -1526 Egyptian King 1526-12BC R Thutmose II -1512 Egyptian king 1512BC-1504BC R Thutmose III -1504 Egyptian king 1504-1450BC R Thutmose IV -1425 Egyptian king 1425-17BC R Tianjin Massacre 1870 Massacre of some 20 French nationals in China, almost precipitated war M Tibaldi, Pellegrino 1527 Born B 1596 Died D Tibbett lTibbetr, Lawrence (Mervil) 1896 American baritone born in Bakersfield,CA.(d.1960) B 1923 Opera debut in Los Angeles. P Tiberius 14AD Second Roman emperor (AD 14-37) R Tibet 1904 Invaded by Britain W 1912 Regained its independence M 1965 Formally became the Tibetan Autonomous Region M 1950 Invaded by China W Tibetan Buddhism 1641 The Mongols came under the influence of the Yellow Hat Sect of buddhists M 1959 The dalai Lama was exiled from Tibet after an abortive revolt M Tichatschek lTichacekr, Joseph 1807 Bohemian tenor born in Ober-Weckelsdorf (d. 1886) B Tidemand, Adolph 1814 Born B 1876 Died D Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista 1727 Painted his first important fresco, in the Archbishop's Palace, Udine M 1764 Undertook his principle commission, the ceiling of Charles III's throne room in Madrid m 1770 Died D 1696 One of the great Venetian artists of the 18th century born B Tiersot, (Jean-Baptiste Elisee) Julien 1857 French musicologist and composer born in Bourg-en-Bresse (d. 1936) B Tietjen, Heinz 1881 German conductor, producer and opera director born in Tangier (d. 1967) B Tietjens, Therese (Carolina Johanna Alexandra) 1831 German soprano born in Hamburg (d. 1877) B Tiffany, Louis Comfort 1848 Born B 1933 Died D 1881 Established an immensely successful interior decorating firm in New York City Tiglath-pileser I -1115 Ancient Assyrian king 1115-1077 BC R Tiglath-pileser III -745 Ancient Assyrian king 745-728BC R Tigranes I the Great -95 Armenian king 95-55BC R Tilson Thomas, Michael 1933 English harpsichordist born in London B Time of Troubles 1604 Period of instability in Russia precipitated by the rise of various claimants to the throne M 1613 Russian forces recaptured Moscow from the Poles and the Romanov dynasty was established with the election of Michael Romanov W Timoleon of Corinth -344 Led the invasion of Sicily W Tinctoris, Johannes 1435 Franco-Flrmish theorist and composer born in Braine l'Allend (d. 1511) B Tinguely, Jean 1925 Born B 1991 Died D Tino di Camaino 1285 Born B 1337 Died D Tinsley, Pauline (Cecilia) 1928 English soprano born in Wigan B Tintoretto 1594 Died D 1565 Began a vast series of works depicting scenes from the life of Christ M 1518 Born B 1590 Painted "Paradise" A 1550 Painted "Susanna Bathing" A Tiomkin, Dimitri 1894 Russian-born composer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1979) B Tippecanoe, Battle of 1811 Victory of US forces over the Shawnee Indians W Tippett, (Sir) Michael (Kemp) 1905 English composer born in London. B 1935 Composed his first string quartet. C 1952 Completed his first opera, 'The Midnight Marriage'. C Tipu Sultan 1782 Indian ruler of Mysore 1782-99 R Tirimo, Martino 1942 Greek pianist and conductor born in Larnaca B Tirpitz, Alfred von 1897 Became naval secretary of Germany 1897-1916 M Tishchenko, Boris (Ivanovich) 1939 Russian composer born in Leningrad B Tissot, James 1836 Born B 1902 Died D Tisza, Count Stephen 1930 Hungarian premier 1900-05 / 1913-17 E 1918 Assassinated for his support of Hungary's role in WW I D Titanic 1912 British ocean liner believed to be unsinkable, sank on her maiden voyage M Titian 1485 Born B 1576 Died D 1516 Became official painter to the republic of Rome M 1511 Began his first great commission, three frescos in Padua M Tito 1953 Tito, Yugoslavian partisan and communist, became president of his nation E Titus (39-81) 79 Roman emperor (79-81 AD), as a general he destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem (AD70) R Titus, Alan (Wilkowski) 1945 American baritone born in New York B Tjeknavorian, Loris 1937 Persian composer, violinist and conductor born in Broudjerd B Tobey, Mark 1890 Born B 1976 Died D Toch, Ernst 1887 Austrian-born composer and pianist born in Vienna (d. 1964) B Tocque, Louis 1696 Born B 1772 Died D Tocqueville, Alexis de 1831 Wrote his study "Democracy in America", considered a classic of political literture A Toeschi, Carl Joseph 1731 German composer and violinist born in Ludwigsburg (d. 1788) B Togni, Camillo 1922 Italian composer and pianist born in Gussago B Tojo, Hideki 1941 Japanese general and wartime premier (1941-44), helped to instigate the attack on Pearl Harbour E 1948 Executed as a war criminal D Tokugawa 1603 Last shogunate of Japan founded M 1867 The Tokugawa shoguns were ousted in the Meji Restoration M Tokugawa Keiki 1867 Last shogun of Japan 1867-1868 R 1868 Surrendered his authority on the accession of Mutshito as emperor R Tokyo 1868 Tokyo became the imperial capital of Japan F Toledo, Francisco de 1569 Spanish colonial administrator and viceroy of Peru 1569-81 R Tolsa, Manuel 1757 Born B 1816 Died D Tolstoy, Count Leo 1828 Born B 1910 Died D 1896 Wrote book "What is Art?" M Tolstoy, Leo 1828 Russian author and philosopher, considered one of the world greats of all time, was born B 1876 Experienced a religious transformation and dedicated the rest of his life to social reform and his own form of christian anarchism M 1876 Completed his second great masterpiece, " Anna Karenina A 1869 Completed one of his masterpieces, War and Peace A Tomasek, Vaclav Jan 1774 Bohemian composer and organist born in Skuc (d. 1850) B Tomasi, Henri Fredien 1901 French composer and conductor born in Marseilles (d. 1971) B Tomasini, Luigi 1741 Italian violinist born in Pesaro (d. 1808) B Tombaugh, Clyde William 1930 American astronomer discovered the planet Pluto S Tome, Narciso 1690 Born B 1742 Died D Tomkins, Thomas 1572 Welsh composer born in Pembroke who wrote music for consorts pavans and galliards (d.1656) B 1625 Composed music for Charles I coronation. C Tomlin, Bradley Walker 1899 Born B 1953 Died D Tomlinson, Ernest 1924 English composer, organist and conductor born in Rawtenstall B Tomlinson, John 1946 English bass born in Oswaldtwistle B Tommasini, Vincenzo 1878 Italian composer born in Rome B Tommaso da Modena 1325 Born B C.1379 Died D TomowamSintow, Anna 1941 Bulgarian soprano born in Stara Zagora B Tompkins, Daniel D. 1807 Governor of New York 1807-17 E 1817 US vice-president 1817-25 E Tongzhi 1862 Chinese emperor 1862-75 R Tonks, Henry 1862 Born B 1893 Gave up a successful medical career for art M 1937 Died D Tooker, George 1920 Born B Toombs, Robert 1853 Became US senator for the state of Georgia 1853-61 E Toorop, Jan Theodoor 1858 Born B 1928 Died D Toovey, Andrew 1962 English composer born in London. B Topolski, Feliks 1907 Born B 1989 Died D Tordesillas, Treaty of 1494 Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing up the newly discovered land of America between them T Torelli, Giuseppe 1658 Italian violinist and composer born in Verona (d. 1709) B Torgau, Battle of 1760 Prussian victory over Austria in the Seven Years' War W Torke, Michael 1961 American composer born in Milwaukee. B c.1984 Won Prix de Rome Z Torquemada, Tomas de 1492 Brought about the expulsion of the Jews from Spain M 1493 Named Grand Inquisitor M Torrentius, Johannes 1589 Born B 1644 Died D Torres-Garcia, Joaquin 1874 Born B 1949 Died D Torricelli, Evangelista 1641 Torricelli, an Italian physicist invented the Mercury barometer S Torrigiano, Pietro 1472 Born B 1528 Died D 1511 Came to England M Torroba, Federico Moreno 1891 Spanish composer born in Madrid (d.1982) B Tortelier, Paul 1914 French cellist, conductor and composer born in Paris (d. 1990) B Tortelier, Yan Pascal 1947 French conductor and violinist born in Paris B Torun, Treaty of 1466 Treaty between Poland and the Teutonic Knights T Tory 1783 A new Tory party was formed and remained in power in Britain until 1830 M Tory, Geoffroy 1480 Born B 1533 Died D Tosca c.1898 Opera composed by Puccini C Toscanini, Arturo 1937 Became musical director of the NBC Symphony 1937-54 A 1898 Became musical director of La Scala 1898-1907 A 1867 Italian conductor and cellist born in Parma (d.1957) B 1896 Debut as symphonic conductor in Turin. P Toselli, Enrico 1883 Italian pianist and composer born in Florence (d. 1926) B Tosti, (Sir) (Francesco) Paolo 1846 Italian-born composer and singing-teacher born in Ortano sul Mare (d. 1916) B Totenberg, Roman 1911 Polish-born violinist and teacher born in Lodz B Toulon, Siege of 1793 Seige during the French Revolutionary Wars W Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 1901 Died D 1922 The Lautrec family donated some 600 of his works to the town of Albi M 1888 Began to illustrate the theatres, music halls and cafes of France M 1864 French artist of paintings and posters depicting Parisian nightlife is born B Tourel lDavidovichr, Jennie 1900 Russian-born mezzo-soprano born in Vitebsk (d. 1973) B Tournemire, Charles (Arnould) 1870 French organist and composer born in Bordeaux (d. 1939) B Tournier, Nicolas 1590 Born B before 1639 Died D Tours, Berthold 1838 Dutch-born violinist, taecher, organist and music editor born in Rotterdam (d. 1897) B Tours, Truce of 1444 Truce concluded between the English and the French in the Hundred Years' War T 1449 Truce broken M Tourte, Francois (Xavier) 1747 French maker of violin bows born in Paris (d. 1835) B Toussaint L'Ouverture, Francois Dominique 1794 Haitian revolutionary leader sided with the French and drove out the French and Spaniards W 1801 Fell foul of Napoleon when he sought greater independence from France M Tovey, (Sir) Donald (Francis) 1875 English pianist, composer, conductor, teacher and writer born in Eton (d. 1940) B Tower of London 1066 William the Conqueror is said to have comenced fortification of the site M 1078 Construction of the central tower was begun M Towne, Francis 1739/40 Born B 1816 Died D Townshend Acts 1767 Britsh colonial laws replacing the Stamp Laws were promulgated T 1770 These laws were repealed in the face of stiff colonial resistance M Towton, Battle of 1461 Yorkist victory in the Wars of the Roses W Toye, (Edward) Geoffrey 1889 English conductor and composer born in Winchester (d. 1942) B Toye, Francis (John) 1883 English music critic born in Winchester (d. 1964) B Trabaci, Giovanni Maria 1575 Italian organist and composer born in Monte Pelusio (d. 1647) B Traetta, Tommaso (Michele Francesco Saverio) 1727 Italian composer born in Bitonto (d. 1779) B Trafalgar, Battle of 1805 Naval battle between Britain and France which established British naval superiority for the rest of the century W Trajan 98 Roman emperor 98-117 R 53 Born B Trampler, Walter 1915 German-born violist born in Munich B Tranchell, Peter (Andrew) 1922 English composer born in India (d. 1993) B Transcendentalism 1835 New England literary and philosophical movement took off A Transcontinental Treaty 1819 Treaty between Spain and the US signed T Transvaal 1852 Gained independence from South Africa M 1909 Became a province of the Union of South Africa M 1900 Annexed by Britain M Transylvania 1003 Became part of Hungary under Stephen I M 1920 The territory was ceded to Rumania under the treaty of Trianon T 1711 Austria gained complete control of the province M Trapp, (Hermann Emil Alfred) Max 1887 German composer and teacher born in Berlin (d. 1971) B Trasimene, Battle of -217 Carthaginian victory over the Romans in the Second Punic War W Traubel, Helen (Francesca) 1899 American soprano born in St. Louis (d. 1972) B Travers, John 1703 English composer and organist born in London (d. 1758) B Traviata, La c.1852 Opera by Verdi C Travis, Roy (Elihu) 1922 American composer born in New York B Trebelli, Zelia lGillebert, Gloria Caroliner 1838 French mezzo-soprano born in Paris (d.1892) B Trebizond, Empire of 1204 State established as a successor to the Byzantine Empire M 1461 Taken by the Ottoman Turks W Tremblay, George (Amedee) 1911 Canadian-born composer born in Ottawa (d 1982) B Tremblay, Gilles 1932 Canadian composer born in Quebec B Trent Affair 1861 Affair during the American Civil War in which a US vessel seized a British mail steamer W Trent, Council of 1545 First session of the important council of the Roman Catholic church M 1551 Second session of the Catholic council M 1562 Third session of the Catholic council M Trenton and Princeton, battles of 1776 Battle during which Washington made his famous crosing of the Delaware W Tretyakov, Pavel 1832 Born B 1898 Died D 1892 Presented his art collection to the city of Moscow M Trevisani, Francesco 1656 Born B 1746 Died D Trevithick, Richard 1803 English invetor, built the first steam railroad locomotive O Trianon, Treaty of 1920 Treaty between the victorious WW I allies and Hungary, signed at Versailles T Trident Conference 1943 Secret WW II meeting at which the Allied premiers planned the Normandy Landings W Trimble, Lester (Albert) 1920 American composer born in Bangor, Wis(d. 1986) B Triple Alliance 1668 Alliance formed by England, the Netherlands and Sweden to oppose French aggression T 1717 Alliance formed by France, Great Britain and the Netherlands to oppose T Triple Alliance, War of the 1865 War between Paraguay and an alliance formed by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay W Tripolitan War 1801 War between the US and the Barbary states W Tristan, Luis 1586 Born B 1624 Died D Trollope, Anthony 1815 Noted English Victorian novelist born B Tromboncino, Bartolomeo 1470 Italian composer born in Verona B Troost, Cornelis 1697 Born B 1750 Died D Troostwijck, Wouter Johannes van 1782 Born B 1810 Died D Trotsky, Leon 1879 Born B 1929 Expelled from Russia by Stalin M 1940 Assassinated, probably by agents working for Stalin D 1917 Was a leader in the 1917 Russian revolution M 1905 Was a leader in the 1905 revolution M Trotter, Thomas (Andrew) 1957 English organist born in Birkenhead B Trouble in Tahiti 1952 Opera by Leonard Bernstein. C Troutbeck, John 1832 English translator and clergyman (d.1899) B Trovatore, Il (The Troubadour). c.1851 Opera by Verdi. C Trowell, Brian (Lewis) 1931 English musicologist born in Wokingham B Troy -3000 Flourished as the center of Troas M -1100 Was abandoned until 700 BC M 1870 Excavations began on the site of the city M Troy, Jean-Francois de 1679 Born B 1752 Died D Troyanos, Tatiana 1938 American mezzo-soprano born in New York |(d. 1993) B Troyens, Les c.1856 Opera by Berlioz. C Troyes, Treaty of 1420 Treaty between England and France, an attempt to settle the Hundred Years' War T Troyon, Constant 1810 Born B 1865 Died D Trubetskoy, Prince Pavel 1866 Born B 1938 Died D Trudeau, Pierre Elliott 1968 French-Canadian prime minister 1968-79 / 1980-84 E 1965 Entered parliament E 1970 Established diplomatic relations with China M Truffaut, Francois 1959 French film director's first major film "Les 400 coups" produced A 1932 Born B 1984 Died D Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leonidas 1891 Born B 1961 Died D 1930 Became dictator of the Dominican Republic M Truman, Harry S 1945 33rd US president, became president on Roosevelt's death and elected as such in 1948 E 1884 Born B 1944 Elected vice-president of the US under Roosevelt 1972 Died D Trumbull, John 1817 Became president of the American Academy of Fine Arts M 1786 Painted one of the most reproduced images in American art, 'The Decleration of independence" A 1756 Born B 1788 Painted his famous work, "Death of Montgommery at Quebec" A 1843 Died D 1786 Painted his famous historical work, "Battle of Bunker's Hill" A Trumbull, Jonathan 1710 Born B 1769 Became governor of Conneticut 1769-84 E Truscott, Harold 1914 English writer and composer born in Essex (d. 1992) B Truth, Sojourner 1797 Born B 1827 Became a freed slave and a travelling spreaker for the Christian Gospels, abolition and women's rights M Tryon, Valerie (Ann) 1934 English pianist born in Portsmouth B Tshombe, Moise Kapenda 1919 Born B 1964 Returned to the Congo to become premier 1964-64 E 1965 Accused of treason and fled the country M 1960 Led Katanga in secession from the newly independent Congo E 1963 Exiled M Tubb, Carrie lCaroliner (Elizabeth) 1876 English soprano born in London (d. 1976) B Tubin, Eduard 1905 Estonian-born composer and conductor who later settled in Sweden(d.1982) B Tubman, Harriet 1820 Born B Tubman, William Vacanarat Shadrach 1895 Born B 1971 Died D 1943 Became Liberian president E Tuby, Jean-Baptiste 1635 Born B 1700 Died D Tucker, Norman 1910 English pianist and opera administrator born in Wembley (d. 1978) B Tucker, Richard lTicker, Reubenr 1913 American tenor born in Brooklyn (d. 1975) B Tucker, William 1935 Born B Tuckwell, Barry (Emmanuel) 1931 Australian horn-player and conductor born in Melbourne B Tudor 1485 Dynasty of English rulers took the throne M 1603 Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England died D Tudor, Antony lWilliam Cookr 1908 English choreographer, dancer, and teacher born in London (d. 1987) B Tudor, David (Eugene) 1926 American pianist,organist,and composer born in Philadelphia. B Tudway, Thomas 1650 English composer and organist (d. 1726) B Tuileries Palace, Storming of the 1792 Assault on the royal palace in Paris during the French Revolution W Tunder, Franz 1614 German organist and composer born in Bannesdorf (d. 1667) B Tunley, David (Evatt) 1930 Australian composer and musicologist born in Sydney B Tupac Amaru 1742 Born B 1781 Was captured and executed D 1780 Led Inca Indians in a revolt W Tupper, Sir Charles 1821 Born B 1864 Became premier of Nova Scotia 1864-67 E 1896 Became prime minister of Canada very briefly E Tura, Cosme 1430 Born B 1452 Appointed court painter to the Estes m 1495 Died d Turandot c.1920 Opera by Puccini. C Turangalilamsymphonie c.1946 Symphony in 10 movements by Messiaen C Turchi, Guido 1916 Italian composer born in Rome B Turckheim, Battle of 1675 h victory over the Austrians in the second Dutch War W Tureck, Rosalyn 1914 American pianist and conductor born in Chicago B Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de 1611 Born B 1675 A great French military leader, he died in battle D Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich 1818 Russian novelist and chronicler of his times born B 1852 Chronicled the plight of the Russian serfs in his book A Sportsman's sketches A Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 1727 Born B 1774 Became controller of finance in France E Turina (y Perez), Joaquin 1882 Spanish composer,conducter,and pianist born in Seville (d.1949) B Turini, Francesco 1589 Bohemian-born Italian composer born in Prague (d. 1656) B Turkmanchay, Treaty of 1828 Treaty between Russia and Persia was signed T Turkmenia 1991 Became an independent member of the CIS M Turn of the Screw, The 1954 Opera by Britten. C Turnage, MarkmAnthony 1960 English composer born in Essex with distinctive rock/jazz influence. B Turnbull, William 1922 Born B Turner, (Dame) Eva 1892 English soprano born in Oldham(d.1990) B 1916 Solo debut in Tannhauser. P 1962 Awarded DBE Z Turner, Joseph Mallord William 1775 Born B 1851 Died d 1987 The Clore gallery was opened to house the bulk of the very large Turner bequest m 1796 His first oil was exhibited, at the Tate m Turner, Nat 1800 Born B 1831 Captured and executed D 1831 Led a rebellion by 60 slaves W Turnovsky, Martin 1928 Czech. conductor born in Prague B Turpin, Richard 1706 English horse thief and highwayman much romanticized in popular literature was born B Turski, Zbigniew 1908 Polish composer and conductor born in Warsaw (d. 1979) B Tutankhamen 1922 World famous tomb of Egyptian pharaoh (1361-52BC) discovered S Tuukkanen, Kalervo 1909 Finnish composer and conductor born in Helsinki (d. 1979) B Tuxen, Erik (Oluf) 1902 German-born Danish conductor born in Mannheim (d. 1957) B Tveitt, (Nils) Geirr 1908 Norwegian composer and pianist born in Kvam (d. 1981) B Twain, Mark 1835 Noted American author born B Twardowski, Romuald 1930 Polish composer and pianist born in Vilnius B Tweed Ring 1856 A conspiracy of politicians began to defraud New York of $30 million M Twenty-one Demands 1915 List of demands presented to China by Japan M Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the 1816 The kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were united and ruled as The Kingdom of Two Cities M Twombly, Cy 1929 Born B Tworkov, Jack 1900 Born B 1982 Died D Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 US legislation passed creating a commonwealth of the Philipines T Tye, Christopher 1505 English composer (d. 1573) B Tyler, John 1841 Became 10th US president (1841-45) on Harrison's death E 1861 Presided over the Washington Peace Conference, an unsuccessful attempt to avoid the Civil War M Tyler, Wat 1831 English rebel led the Peasants' Revolt W Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett 1832 Born B Tyndale, William 1525 Published his vernacular edition of the New Testament M Typhoid Mary 1915 Arrested as a notorious "carrier" of typhoid fever M Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, duke and earl of 1630 Born B 1687 Appointed lord deputy of Ireland M Tyre -1100 Became the capital of Tyre M -64 Conquered by the Romans W 1291 Destroyed when the muslims retook it from the Crusaders W -332 Conquered by Alexander The Great W Tyrrell, John 1942 Rhodesian-born musicologist born in Harawe B Tyson, Alan (Walter) 1926 Scottish musicologist born in Glasgow B Tytgat, Edgar 1879 Born B 1957 Died D U-2 affair 1960 Conflict between the US and the USSR over the shooting down of a US spy plane over USSR airspace W Uccello, Paolo 1397 Born B 1475 Died D 1469 Painted one of the first Italian works on canvass A Uchida, Mitsuko 1948 Japanese pianist born in Tokyo B Uden, Lucas van 1595 Born B 1672 Died D Udine, Giovanni da 1487 Born B 1561/4 Died D Uffizi 1565 Construction begun on the Uffizi palace gallery m Uglow, Euan 1932 Born Ugo da Carpi 1532 Died D Ugolino della Gherardesca 1284 Gained control of Pisa M 1289 Accused of treason, is starved to death D Uhde, Fritz von 1848 Born B 1911 Died D Uhde, Hermann 1914 German bass-baritone born in Bremen (d. 1965) B Uhde, Wilhelm 1874 Born B 1947 Died D Uhl, Alfred 1909 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d. 1992) B Uhl, Fritz 1928 Austrian tenor born near Vienna B Ulbricht, Walter 1893 Born B 1961 Ordered the building fo the Berlin Wall M 1949 Became deputy premier of the German Democratic Republic M 1950 Became General Secretary of the Social Unity party 1950-71 M Ulfung, Ragnar (Sigurd) 1927 Norwegian tenor born in Oslo B Ullmann, Viktor 1898 Austrian composer born in Teschen (d.1944) B 1942 Deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp where he organised concerts. M Ulm, Battle of 1805 French victory over the Austrians during the Ward of the Third Coalition W Ulm, Treaty of 1647 Treaty between the French and Swedish forces toward the end of the 30 Years' War T Ulpian 222 Praetorian prefect under Alexander Severus 222-228 M Umayyad 661 Muslim dynasty took control of the Caliphate M 750 Weakened by internal strife, the dynasty was replaced by the Abbasid dynasty M Umbria 1860 Incorporated into the kingdom of Italy M Uncas 1588 Born B Underground Railroad 1838 Secret system in the United States organised to help Southern US slaves escape to freedom F Underwood, Leon 1890 Born B 1975 Died D Unger lUngherr, Caroline 1803 Austrian contralto born in Stuhlweissenburg (d. 1877) B Unger, Georg 1837 German tenor born in Leipzig (d. 1887) B Unger, Gerhard 1916 German tenor born in Thuringia B Unger, Heinz 1895 German-born conductor born in Berlin (d. 1965) B Unit One 1933 Formed F C.1935 Disbanded M Unitarios 1826 Came to power under the presidency of B. Rivadavia E United Front 1924 Union between the Chinese communists and nationalists 1924-26 1936-45 M United Irishmen 1791 Irish political organisation founded F United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1921 Became the official title of Great Britain M United Malays National Organization 1946 Malayan political organisation founded F United Methodist church 1968 Formed F United Nations 1942 Declaration of the UN signed by 47 nations T 1945 UN charter took effect (Oct. 24) T 1981 UNHCR wins Nobel Peace Prize Z 1954 UNHCR wins Nobel Peace Prize Z 1988 UN peacekeeping forces awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Z 1965 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to UNICEF Z 1951 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees established F United Provinces 1579 Union of provinces in the Low Countries rebelled against Spanish rule W United States v. E.C. Knight Co. 1895 US Supreme Court decision sharply limiting the right of the federal government to regulate trusts M Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly T Universalist Church of America 1961 Merged with the Unitarians to form the Unitarian Universalist church M Updike, John Hoyer 1932 American author born B Upper Burma 1886 Annexed by the British W 1942 Partly occupied by the Japanese W Upper Canada 1841 Former region comprising present-day Ontario was merged with Lower Canada M Upper Egypt -3100 United with Lower Egypt by king Mendes M Uppman, Theodor 1920 American baritone born in Palo Alto, Calif. B Ur -4000 Was first settled M Urban II 1088 Pope 1088-99 R Urban IV 1261 Pope 1261-64 R Urban V 1362 Pope (1362-70) moved the papacy back to Rome from Avignon R Urban VI 1378 Pope (1378-89), his alienation of the French cardinals led to the great schism R Urban VIII 1623 Pope (1623-44) R Urey, Harold Clayton 1893 Born B 1934 Was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his isolation of deuterium Z Urhan, Chretien 1790 French violinist and composer born in Montjoie (d. 1845) B Urquiza, Justo Jose de 1801 Born B 1852 Overthrew Argentine dictator J. de Rosas W 1854 Helped to establish and became president of the new Argentine Confederation F Ursuleac, Viorica 1894 Romanian soprano born in Cernauti (d. 1985) B Ushakov, Semen 1626 Born B 1686 Died D Ussachevsky, Vladimir (Alexis) 1911 Manchurian-born composer of Russian parentage born in Hailar B Ustvolskaya, Galina (Ivanovna) 1919 Russian composer born in Petrograd. B Utah 1896 Having abolished polygamy, Utah is admited as the 45th state of the US F 1848 The US acquired Utah from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo T Uthman 644 Third muslim caliph 644-56, established an official text of the Koran during his reign R utopia 1516 Term first used to describe an imaginary ideal state by T. More A Utrecht, Peace of 1713 Treaty between France and other European states to end the Spanish War of Succession T 1715 Series of Treaties between Spain and other European nations giving concessions following theSpanish War of Succession T Utrecht, Union of 1579 Union of provinces in the Low countries became independent from Spain M Utrillo, Maurice 1883 Born B 1955 Died D 1909 First exhibited, at the Salon d'Automne M Uzziah -780 King of Judah (780-740BC), rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem K Vaduva, Leontina 1964 Romanian soprano B Vaillant, Wallerant 1623 Born B 1677 Died D Vakula the Smith 1874 Opera composed by Tchaikovsky C Valadon, Suzanne 1865 Born B 1938 Died D Valdengo, Giuseppe 1914 Italian baritone born in Turin B Valdes Leal, Juan de 1622 Born B 1690 Died D Valdivia, Pedro de 1500 Born B 1541 Founded the city of Santiago during the conquest of Chile F Vale Press 1896 Founded F 1903 Closed after a disastrous fire M Valek, Jiri 1923 Czech. composer born in Prague B Valen, Fartein (Olav) 1887 N0rwegian composer born in Stavanger (d. 1951) B Valenciennes, Pierre-Henri de 1750 Born B 1819 Died D Valens 364 Roman emperor of the East 367-378 R 328 Born B Valente, Benita 1934 American soprano born in Delano, Calif. B Valentin, Moise 1591 Born B 1632 Died D 1629 Recieved his major commission, from the Vatican Valentiner, William 1880 Born B 1958 Died D Valentinian I 364 Roman emperor of the West 364-375 R 321 Born B Valentinian II 375 Roman emperor of the West 375-392 R 388 Restored M 387 Deposed M 371 Born B Valentinian III 425 Roman emperor of the West 425-455 R 419 Born B ValentinimTerrani Lucia 1946 Italian mezzo-soprano born in Padua B Valerian 253 Roman emperor 253-260, who reimposed persecution of the christians R Valery, Paul 1871 Born B 1917 Wrote his masterpiece "La Jeune Parque" A Valkki, Anita 1926 Finnish soprano B Vallas, Leon 1879 French musicologist and historian born in Loire (d. 1956) B Valley Forge 1777 Site of the encampment of the Continental army during the American Revolution W Vallin, Ninon 1886 French soprano born in Montalieu-Veraieu (d. 1961) Vallotton, Felix 1865 Born B 1925 Died D Valmy, Battle of 1792 First major battle of the French Revolutionary Wars W Valois 1328 Branch of the Capetians gained power in France and retained it until 1589 R Valois, (Dame) Ninette de lStannus, Edrisr 1898 Irish dancer,choreographer,and administrator born in Baltiboys. B 1926 Opened London Academy of Choreographical Art. F 1946 Founded SW Opera Ballet (became Royal Ballet 1956) F Valverde, Joaquin 1846 Spanish conductor, composer and flautist born in Badajoz (d. 1910) B Van Allan, Richard 1935 English bass born in Nottinghamshire B Van Beinum, Eduard 1900 Dutch conductor born in Arnhem (d. 1959) B Van Buren, Martin 1837 8th US president (1837-41) E 1828 Elected governor of New York E 1848 Stood as the Free-Soil party and split the Democratic vote M Van Dam, Jose 1940 Belgian bass born in Brussels B Van Dorn, Earl 1861 Received the surrender of Union forces in Texas during the US civil war W 1863 Murdered D Van Dyck, Sir Anthony 1599 Flemish painter, one of the greatest portrait painters of the 17th century, was born B 1632 Became court painter to king Charles I of England M Van Kampen, Christopher (Francis Royle) 1945 English cellist born in Pinner B Van Rensselaer, Stephen 1822 Elected as US Congressman 1822-29 E 1795 Served as lieutenant governor of New York E Van Rooy, Anton(ius Maria Josephus) 1870 Dutch bass-baritone born in Rotterdam (d. 1932) B Van Vactor, David 1906 American composer and flautist born in Plymouth B Vancouver, George 1757 Born B 1792 Commanded a detailed survey of North America M Vandals 429 Led by Gaiseric, crossed into North Africa and eventually captured Carthage W 455 Sacked Rome W 533 Power of the Vandals finally broken by the Byzantine general Belisarius W Vanderbank, John 1694 Born B 1739 Died D Vanderbilt 1794 Cornelius Vanderbilt, the founder of the vast Vanderbilt fortune, was born B Vanderlyn, John 1775 Born B 1852 Died D Vandernoot, Andre 1927 Belgium conductor born in Brussels B Vaness, Carol 1952 American soprano born in San Diego B Vantongerloo, Georges 1886 Born B 1965 Died D Varady, Julia 1941 Romanian soprano born in Oradia B Varese, Edgard (Victor Achille Charles) 1883 French composer and conductor born in Paris (d.1965) B Varga, Tibor 1921 British violinist of Hungarian birth B Vargas Llosa, Mario 1936 Born B 1962 Published his first novel, "The Time of the Hero" A Vargas, Getullo Dornelles 1883 Born B 1930 Became dictatorial president of Brazil 1930-45 / 1951-54 M Variations on a Rococo Theme 1876 Orchestral work by Tchaikovsky C Variations on a Theme by Haydn 1873 Orchestral work by Brahms C Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge 1937 Work for a string orchestra by Britten C Varley, John 1778 Born B 1842 Died D Varna, battles of 1444 Ottoman Turkish victory over the Hungarians in Varna W 1828 Rusian victory over the Ottoman Turks W Varnay, Astrid (Ibolyka Maria) 1918 Swedish-born soprano of Austro-Hungarian parentage B Varviso, Silvio 1924 Swiss conductor born in Zurich B Vasa 1523 Swedish family ruled Sweden 1523-1654 and Poland 1587-1668 R 1668 The ruling line ended with the abdication of King John II Casimir R Vasarely, Victor 1908 Born B 1947 Created the method of geometric abstraction M Vasari, Giorgio 1511 Born B 1574 Died D 1550 His great book, Lives of the Artists was first published m Vasary, Tamas 1933 Hungarian pianist and conductor born in Debrecen B Vasilenko, Sergey 1872 Russian composer born in Moscow (d. 1956) B Vasily III 1505 Grand Duke of Moscow 1505-33 R 1479 Born B Vatican City 1929 Vatican city was established by the Lateran Treaty F 1870 The unification of Italy deprived the pope of the former Papal States M Vatican Council 1869 First Vatican council held at the Vatican, upheld the pope as supremeleader of the Catholic church M 1962 Second Vatican Council held at the Vatican, sought to promote a spiritual renewal in the Catholic church M Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre, marquis de 1633 Born B 1673 Developed a system of parallel trenches which were to revolutionise trench warfare M Vaucreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre Francois de Rigaud, marquis de 1698 Born B 1755 Last French governor of New France 1755-60 M 1760 Surrendered New France to the British after the defeat of General Montcalm W Vaughan Williams, Ralph 1872 English composer,conductor,and organist born in Glouscestershire,a leader of 20th century revival of English music in wake of Elgar(d.1958) B 1901 Composed song 'Linden Lea' C 1913 Major works include 'A London Symphony' C Vaughan Williams, Ursula 1911 English poet and librettist born in Valletta B Vaughan, Denis (Edward) 1926 Australian conductor, organist and musicologist born in Melbourne B Vaughan, Elizabeth 1937 Welsh soprano born in Montgomery B Vaughan, Keith 1912 Born B 1977 Died D Vazsonyi, Balint 1936 Hungarian pianist and writer B Veasey, Josephine 1930 English mezzo-soprano born in London B Vecchi, Orazio 1550 Italian composer and priest born in Modena (d. 1605) B Vecchietta 1412 Born B 1480 Died D Veen, Otto van 1556 Born B 1629 Died D Vega, Aurelio de la 1925 Cuban-born composer born in Havana B Vegh, Sandor (Alexandre) 1905 Hungarian violinist and conductor born in Koloszvar B Velasco Alvarado, Juan 1910 Born B 1968 Came to power in Peru through a military coup 1968-75 W 1975 Was overthrown in a bloodless military coup W Velazquez, Diego 1599 Born B 1660 Died D 1622 Became court painter and sole royal portraitist m 1659 Made a Knight of the Order of Santiago m 1610 apprenticed to Pacheo m Velazquez, Diego de 1511 Became the first governor of Cuba 1511-22 M 1514 Founded Santiago F 1515 Founded Havana F Velde, Esaias van de 1591 Born B 1630 Died D Velde, Henri van de 1863 Born B 1957 Died D Velde, Willem van de the Elder 1611 Born B 1693 Died D Vellore Mutiny 1806 Uprising by the Sepoy against the British in India W Vendee, Wars of the 1793 First in a series of uprisings attempting to reinstate the Monarchy in France took place W Venezuela Boundary Dispute 1887 Britain and Venezuela broke off diplomatic tie in a border dispute in British Guiana M Vengerova, Isabelle 1877 Russian-born pianist and teacher born in Minsk (d.1956) B Venice 1866 Venice became part of Italy F 1381 Became the major Italian city after defeating its main rival, Genoa W 697 Elected its first Dodge E 1310 An uprising led to the rule of the Council of Ten, which ruled until the city republic fell to Napoleon W 1797 The republic fell to Napoleon and passed to Austrian control W Venizelos, Eleutherios 1964 Born B 1910 Elected as prime minister of Greece 1910-15 / 1917-20 E Venne, Adriaen van de 1589 Born B 1662 Died D Venturi, Adolfo 1856 Born B 1941 Died D Venus de Milo 1820 Found on the island of Melos M 1821 Moved to the Louvre M Vepres Siciliennes, Les 1854 Opera composed by Verdi C Vera costanza, La c.1777 Opera composed by Haydn C Vera Cruz Incident 1914 US occupation of Vera Cruz, Mexico during the Mexican Revolution W Veracini, Francesco Maria 1690 Italian violinist and composer born in Florence (d. 1768) B Verbrugghen, Henri 1873 Belgium violinist and conductor born in Brussels (d. 1934) B Vercingetorix -46 Captured by the Romans, exhibited and executed D -52 Led a great revolt against the Romans as chief of a gaulish tribe W Verdelot, Philippe 1470 French composer born in Orange (d. 1552) B Verdi, Giuseppe 1813 Italian composer, considered one of the greatest opera writers, was born B 1851 Composed his great opera Rigoletto A 1853 Composed his great operas Il Trovatore and La Traviata A 1837 Composed the opera 'Oberto' C 1941 Composed successful opera 'Nabucco' C c.1884 Composed music to Shakespeare's 'Otello' which was acclaimed his supreme achievement C 1901 On his death he left his money to a home for elderly muscians which he had founded. F Verdun, Battle of 1916 WW I battle of attrition between the French and the Germans W Verdun, Treaty of 843 Treaty by which the Caroligian Empire was divided between the 3 sons and heirs of Emperor Louis I T Vereeniging, Peace of 1902 Treaty between Britain and the Boers ending the Boer War T Veress, Sandor 1907 Swiss composer born in Kolozsvar (d. 1992) B Veretti, Antonio 1900 Italian composer born in Verona (d. 1978) B Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de 1783 Negotiated the Treaty of Paris T Vergil -70 Greatest of the Latin poets born B Verhaecht, Tobias 1561 Born B 1631 Died D Verhulst, Rombout 1624 Born B 1698 Died D Vermeer, Jan 1675 Died D 1653 Entered the painters guild in Delft m 1632 Dutch baroque painter born B Vermeulen, Matthijs 1888 Dutch composer born in Helmond (d. 1967) B Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz 1500 Born B 1559 Died D Vermont 1791 Vermont was admitted into the Union to become the 14th state F Verne, Jules 1828 French novelist, one of the earliest science fiction writers, was born B Veronese, Paolo 1588 Died D 1528 Born B Verrall, John (Weedon) 1908 American composer born in Britt , Iowa B Verrett, Shirley 1931 American mezzo-soprano born in New Orleans B Verrio, Antonio 1639 Born B 1707 Died D Verrocchio, Andrea del 1435 Born B 1488 Died D Versailles, Palace of 1682 French royal palace became the royal residence, later the site of early events in the French Revolution F Versailles, Treaty of (1871) 1871 Preliminary treaty ending the Franco-Prussian War T Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 1919 Treaty ending WW II T Verstovsky, Alexey (Nikolayevich) 1799 Russian composer born in Seliverstovo (d. 1862) B Vertue, George 1684 Born B 1756 Died D Verus, Lucius Aurelius 161 Roman Emperor 161-169 R 130 Born B Vervins, Treaty of 1598 Treaty bewteen France and Spain which helped to end the French Wars of Religion T Verwoerd, Hendrik Frensch 1901 Born B 1958 Became the prime minister of South Africa 1958-66 E Vesalius, Andreas 1514 Born B 1559 Was forced to leave the country due to the controversy surrounding his book M 1543 Published his famous work, Fabrica S 1537 Taught at the University of Padua, where he stressed the imortance of human dissection for medical research M Vespasian 69 Roman emperor 69-79 R 9 Born B Vespucci, Amerigo 1454 Born B 1499 Explored vast areas of America, the continent now named for him M Vestale, La 1807 Opera by Spontini C Vestris 1797 English contralto born in London (d. 1856) B Veterans of Foreign Wars 1899 Founded F 1936 Chartered by Congress M Veth, Jan 1864 Born B 1925 Died D veto 1940 Pro-German puppet government set up in Vichy by Marshall Petain M Veyron-Lacroix, Robert 1922 French harpsichordist and pianist born in Paris (d. 1991) B Viadana lGrossir, Lodovico 1560 Italian composer born in Mantua (d. 1627) B Viardot-Garcia, Pauline 1821 French mezzo-soprano born in Paris (d.1910) B 1859 Famous as Gluck's 'Orphee' in Paris M Vicentino, Nicola 1511 Italian composer born in Vicenza (d. 1575) B Vichy 1940 French government headed by Marshall Petain during German occupation F Vick, Graham 1953 English opera producer born in Liverpool B Vickers, Jon(nathan) 1926 Canadian tenor born in Saskatchewan B Victor Emmanuel I 1759 Born B 1802 King of Sardinia 1802-21 R Victor Emmanuel II 1820 Born B 1849 King of Sardinia 1894-61 R 1861 Became the first king of a united Italy R Victor Emmanuel III 1869 Born B 1900 Italian king and supporter of Mussolini R Victoria 1837 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901) R Victoria and Albert Museum 1857 Opened as The Museum of Ornamental Art F Victoria, Tomas Luis de c.1548 Spanish composer of organ music, born in Avila . Regarded as one of supreme contrapuntists of his age (d. 1611) B Victory of Samothrace 1863 Statue discovered M Victory, Gerard 1921 Irish composer and conductor born in Dublin B Vidocq, Eugene Francois 1775 Born B 1809 Became head of the security police under Napoleon M 1832 Was ousted after having been found to be masterminding a crime which he was investigating M Vien, Joseph-Marie 1716 Born B 1809 Died D Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra 1842 Austrian orchestra founded, and soon recognized as one of world's greatest. F Vienna Symphony Orchestra 1900 Orchestra founded as Weiner Konzertverein. F Vienna, Peace of 1606 Treaty that ended the rebellion against the Habsburgs T Vienna, treaties of 1738 Treaty ending the Polish War of Succession T 1864 Treaty by which Denmark ceded land to Austria and Prussia T 1866 Treaty between Italy and Austria following the Seven Weeks' War T Vienne, Council of 1311 Council of the Catholic church which dissolved the Knights Templar and condemned the Beghards T Vierne, Louis (Victor Jules) 1870 French organist and composer born in Poitiers (d. 1937) B Viet Minh 1941 Coalition of Vietnamese nationalist and communist groups to fight for independence from France M Vietcong 1954 American name for the guerilla forces which fought in South Vietnam to overthrow the government bewteen 1954 and 1974 M Vietnam War 1965 US troops engaged in 1st major offensive against Vietcong W 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by the US congress authorising President Johnson to take all steps necessary to protect US forces T 1969 US began gradual withdrawal of treeops from Vietnam W 1975 Last Americans evacuated from Vietnam, South Vietnam surrendered to communist forces, the United States of America is defeated in a war for the first time W Vietnamization 1971 US policy in Vietnam calling for an increase in the role taken by South Vietnamese forces in the war was introduced by Nixon M Vieuxtemps, Henri (Joseph Francois) 1820 Belgium violinist and composer born in Verviers. Regarded as one of the best violinists of his day (d. 1881) B Vigarny, Felipe 1543 Died D Vigee-Lebrun, Elisabeth 1755 Born B 1842 Died D 1789 Left France, fleeing the revolution m Vigeland, Gustav 1869 Born B 1943 Died D Vigilius 537 Pope (537-555) R Vignoles, Roger (Hutton) 1945 English pianist born in Cheltenham B Vignon, Claude 1593 Born B 1670 Died D Villa, Pancho 1877 Born B 1910 Led revolutionary forces against the authoritarian governments of Diaz and Huerta W 1916 Raided New Mexico, an action which led to punitive expiditions by the US M Villa-Lobos, Heitor 1887 Brazilian composer born in Rio de Janeiro who composed a series of works called 'Bachianas Brasileiras' (d. 1959) B 1945 Founded Brazilian Academy of Music F Villafranca, Peace of 1859 Armistice ending a war between France and Austria T Villalpando, Francisco de 1561 Died D Villard, Henry 1889 Formed the Edison Light Company F 1835 Born B Villars, Claude Louis Hector, duc de 1714 Negotiated the traety of Rastatt M 1653 Born B Villehardouin, Geoffroi I 1218 Died D 1210 Conquered part of the Peloponnesus which was ruled by his family until 1278 W Villele, Jean Baptiste Seraphin Joseph, comte de 1822 Became Ultraroyalist premier of France 1822-28 E Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre de 1805 Commanded the French fleet defeated at the battle of Trafalgar W Villi, Le 1883 Opera by Puccini. C Villiers, George William Frederick, 4th earl of Clarendon 1800 Born B 1853 Was first appointed foreign secretary 1853-58, also appointed 1865-66 and 1868-70 M Villon, Jacques 1875 Born B 1963 Died D Vilnius dispute 1920 Beginning of a twenty-year dispute between Lithuania and Poland over possession of the city of Vilnius W Vinay, Ramon 1912 Chilean tenor born in Chillan B Vincent de Paul, Saint 1625 Founded the Congregation of the Mission, otherwise known as the Lazarists or Vincentians F Vincent, John 1902 American composer and teacher born in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1977) B Vinci, Leonardo 1690 Italian composer born in Strongoli (d. 1730) B Vinckboons, David 1576 Born B 1630/3 Died D Vines, Ricardo 1875 Spanish pianist born in Lerida (d. 1943) B Vinson, Frederick Moore 1946 13 chief justice of the US Supreme Court (1946-53) E Viotti, Giovanni Battista 1755 Italian composer and violinist born in Piedmont who wrote 29 violin concerto's (d. 1824) B Virdung, Sebastian 1465 German priest member of court music staff at Heidelberg born in Amberg B Virginia 1788 Virginia, the 10th state of the US was admitted to the Union F 1863 The northwestern point of the state broke away to form West Virginia M 1861 Seceded from the Union M Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 Resolutions passed by the two states defending states' rights T Virginia and New Jersey Plans 1787 Plans for the structure of government proposed at the Constitutional Convention M Virginia Company 1606 Joint-stock company set up by English king James I to colonise the New World F Virginia Convention 1775 American revolutionary body met in Virginia for the first time, P. Henry delivered his famous "give me liberty or give me death" speech M Virginius Affair 1873 Crisis arose from the Spanish capture of the US ship Virginius M Viriatus -147 Led a revolt against the Romans by Lusitania W -139 Assassinated D Visconti 1906 Italian producer,designer,and writer born in Rome involved in opera production (d. 1976) B Vishnevskaya, Galina (Pavlovna) 1926 Russian soprano born in Lenningrad. B 1950 Debut in Strelnikov's 'Kholopka' P Vitali, Giovanni Battista 1632 Italian composer and violinist born in Bologna (d. 1692) B Vitali, Tomaso Antonio 1663 Italian composer and violinist born in Bologna (d. 1745) B Vitellius, Aulus 69 Roman emperor ruled very briefly R Vitry, Philippe de 1291 French composer, poet and theorist born in Paris d. 1361 B Vittoria, Alessandro 1525 Born B 1608 Died D Vivaldi, Antonio 1675 Italian composer, one of the greatest of the baroque period, born B 1678 Italian composer and violinist born in Venice, recognized as a genius operatic composer (d. 1741) B 1713 Published his first opera 'Ottone in villa' C 1725 His famous works ,Opus 8, including 'The Four Seasons' was published. C Vivin, Louis 1861 Born B 1936 Died D Vlad, Roman 1919 Romanian composer and writer born in Cernauti B Vladimir I 980 Became the first christian king of Rus and ordered his people to convert R 956 Born B Vlaminck, Maurice de 1958 Died D 1876 Born B Vlieger, Simon de 1653 Died D 1600 Born B Vogel, Edith 1912 Austro-Hungarian pianist and teacher (d. 1992) B Vogel, Jaroslav 1894 Czech. conductor, composer and writer born in Pizen B Vogel, Vladimir 1896 Russo-German-born composer (d. 1984) B Vogelweide, Walther von der 1170 German singer and composer (d. 1230?) B Vogl, (Johann) Michael 1768 Austrian baritone born in Ennsdorf (d. 1840) B Vogl, Heinrich 1845 German tenor born near Munich (d. 1900) B Vogler, Georg Joseph (Abbe Vogler) 1749 German composer ,theorist,organist,and teacher born near Wurzburg (d. 1814). B Volans, Kevin 1949 South African composer born in Pietermaritzburg. B Volkmann, (Friedrich) Robert 1815 German composer born in Saxony (d. 1815) B Volkonsky, Andrey (Mikhaylovich) 1933 Swiss-born Russian composer, pianist, conductor and harpsichordist born in Geneva B Vollard, Ambroise 1865 Born B 1939 Died D Volstead Act 1919 Law passed by the US Congress to enact the 18th Amendment on prohibition T Volta, Alessandro 1775 Invented a device to produce electrostatic charges S Vonk, Hans 1942 Dutch conductor born in Amsterdam B Vorisek, Jan 1791 Bohemian composer born in Vamberk (d. 1825) B Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich 1881 Born B 1953 Served as president of the Soviet Union 1953-60 M 1925 Became commissar of defense of the USSR 1925-40 M Vorticism 1913 Formed F Vos, Cornelis de 1584? Born B 1651 Died D Vos, Maerten de 1532 Born B 1603 Died D Voss, Hermann 1969 Died D 1884 Born B Vostrak, Zbynek 1920 Czech. conductor and composer born in Prague (d. 1985) B Voting Rights Act of 1965 1965 US act passed to ensure the voting rights of Blacks T Vouet, Simon 1649 Died D 1590 Born B 1624 Was made President of the Roman Academy of St Luke m Voysey, Charles Francis Annesley 1941 Died D 1857 Born B Vries, Adriaen de 1546 Born B 1626 Died D Vries, Hans Vredeman de 1526/7 Born B 1606 Died D Vronsky, Vitya 1909 Russian-born pianist born in Crimea (d.1992) B Vrubel, Mikhail 1910 Died D 1856 Born B Vuillard, Edouard 1940 Died D 1868 Born B Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste 1789 French maker of string instruments born in Mirecourt (d. 1875) B Vulpius, Melchior 1570 German composer and conductor born in Henneberg (d. 1615) B Vycpalek, Ladislav 1882 Czech. composer born in Prague (d. 1969) B Vyshnegradsky, Ivan 1893 Russian composer born in St. Petersburg (d. 1979) B Vyvyan, Jennifer (Brigit) 1925 English soprano born in Broadstairs (d. 1974) B Waagen, Gustav Friedrich 1794 Born B 1868 Died D Waart, Edo (Eduard) de 1941 Dutch conductor and oboist born in Amsterdam B Wachter, Eberhard 1929 Austrian baritone born in Vienna (d. 1992) B Waddington, Sidney (Peine) 1869 English composer and teacher born in Lincoln (d. 1953) B Wade, Benjamin Franklin 1851 Elected as US Senator from Ohio 1851-69 E 1800 Born B Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Bill passed attempting to regulate reconstruction policies T Wadsworth, Edward 1889 Born B 1949 Died D 1938 Painted mural decorations for the liner Queen Mary m Waelrant, Hubert 1517 Flemish composer born in Tongerloo (d. 1595) B Wafd 1918 Egyptian nationalist party founded F Wagenaar, Bernard 1894 Dutch-born composer born in Arnhem (d. 1971) B Wagenaar, Johan 1862 Dutch composer and organist born in Utrecht (d.1941) B Wagenseil, Georg Christoph 1715 Austrian composer and pianist born in Vienna (d.1777) B Wagenseil, Johann Christoph 1633 German writer and librarian born in Nuremberg (d. 1708) B Wagner, (Helferich) Siegfried (Richard) 1869 German composer and conductor born in Lucerne (d. 1869) B Wagner, (Wilhelm) Richard 1813 German composer,conductor,poet,and author born in Leipzig (d. 1883) B 1832 Wrote first symphomy C 1833 Completed opera 'Die Hochzeit' C c.1857 Composed music of 'Tristran and Isolde' C c.1834 Completed his second opera 'Das Liebesverbot' C Wagner, Johanna 1826 German soprano born in Seelze (d. 1894) B Wagner, Peter Josef 1865 German musicologist born in Kurenz Treves (d. 1931) B Wagner, Richard 1813 Born B 1883 Died D Wagner, Roger (Francis) 1914 French-born choral conductor born in Le Puy (d. 1992) B Wagner, Sieglinde 1921 Austrian mezzo-soprano born in Linz B Wagner, Wieland (Adolf Gottfried) 1917 German opera producer and designer born in Bayreuth (d. 1966) B Wagner, Wolfgang (Manfred Martin) 1919 German opera impresario and producer born in Bayreuth B Wagner-Regeny, Rudolf 1903 Romanian-born composer, conductor and pianist (d. 1969) B Wagram, Battle of 1809 Battle won by Napoleon which prevented the formation of a new coalition against him W Wairau Affray 1843 22 English settlers were killed by about 90 Maori natives in New Zealand W Waitangi, Treaty of 1840 Agreement reached between Britain and maori chiefs which formed the basis for British annexation of New Zealand T Waite, Morrison Remick 1874 Became the seventh Chief Justice of the US Surpeme Court 1874-88 M 1816 Born B 1888 Died D Wakasugi, Hiroshi 1935 Japanese conductor born in Tokyo B Wakefield, (Augusta) Mary 1853 English contrato born in Sedgwick (d. 1910) B Walcha, Helmut 1907 German organist born in Leipzig (d. 1991) B Waldemar I 1157 King of Denmark 1157-82 R 1131 Born B Waldemar II 1202 King of Denmark 1202-41 R 1170 Born B Waldemar IV 1340 King of Denmark 1340-75 R 1320 Born B Waldenses 1170 Religious group founded in Piedmont, later to become one of the most hounded heresies in the Catholic church F 1848 Finally granted full civil and legal rights M Waldheim, Kurt 1918 Born B 1972 Became the fourth secretary general of the United Nations M 1986 Elected as president of Austria amid international fury over his past a a Nazi intelligence officer and allegations of abuses against Jews E Waldmuller, Ferdinand Georg 1793 Born B 1865 Died D Waldteufel lLevyr, Emil 1837 French composer and pianist born in Strasbourg (d. 1915) B Wales 1536 Formally joined with England through the Act of Union M 1944 Welsh language introduced as a working language in schools M c1500 Unified Welsh code established F Walesa, Lech 1943 Born B 1980 Organised a general strike of workers in the Gdansk area M 1983 Won the Nobel Peace Prize Z 1990 Elected president of Poland E Walewski, Comte Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna 1810 Born B 1860 Became Napoleon's minister of state M 1855 Became Napoelon's foreign minister M Walker, Alan 1930 English musicologist and writer born in Scunthorpe B Walker, Dame Ethel 1861 Born B 1951 Died D Walker, Edyth 1867 American mezzo-soprano born in Hopewell, NY (d. 1950) B Walker, Ernest 1870 English composer and scholar born in Bombay (d. 1949) B Walker, Frank 1907 English musicologist and author born in Gosport (d. 1962) B Walker, Frederick 1840 Born B 1875 Died D Walker, Norman 1907 English bass born in Lancashire (d. 1963) B Walker, Penelope 1956 English mezzo-soprano born in Manchester B Walker, Robert 1605 Born B 1658 Died D Walker, Robert (Matthew) 1946 English composer born in Northampton B Walker, Robert John 1801 Born B 1845 Appointed secretary of the treasury M 1836 Elected US Senator 1836-45 E Walker, Sarah 1943 English mezzo-soprano born in Cheltenham B Walker, William 1824 Born B 1856 Became president of Nicaragua 1856-57 M 1855 Invaded Nicaragua W 1853 Led a force to Lower California, Mexico W Walking Purchase 1737 Colonial officials cheated Delaware Indians in a purchase of land M Walkure, Die 1854 Opera by Wagner C Wall of Antoninus 140 Built F Wallace, (William) Vincent 1812 Irish composer born in Waterford (d. 1865) B Wallace, George Corley 1963 Elected governor of Alabama 1963-67 / 1971 / 76 E 1972 Was shot whilst campaigning for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination and paralysed M Wallace, Henry Agard 1888 Born B 1941 Elected vice-president of the US 1941-45 E 1933 Appointed secretary of agriculture M Wallace, Ian (Bryce) 1919 English bass-baritone born in London B Wallace, Lucille 1898 American harpsichordist and pianist born in London (d. 1977) B Wallace, William 1860 Scottish composer born in Greenock (d. 1940) B Wallenstein, Alfred 1898 American cellist and conductor born in Chicago (d. 1983) B Waller, `Fats' (Thomas Wright) 1904 American jazz pianist, organist and composer born in New York (d. 1943) B Wallerstein, Lothar 1882 Czech.-born composer, pianist and opera producer born in Prague (d. 1949) B Wallfisch, Peter 1924 German-born pianist born in Breslau (d. 1993) B Wallfisch, Raphael 1953 English cellist born in London B Wallis, Alfred 1942 Died D 1855 Born B Walmisley, Thomas Attwood 1814 English organist and composer born in London (d. 1856) B Walond, William 1725 English organist (d. 1770) B Walpole, Horace 1797 Died D 1717 Born B 1757 Established a printing press in his house m Walpole, Horace, 4th earl of Orford 1717 Born B 1765 Published his gothic novel Castle of Otranto A Walsh, John 1665 English music publisher (d. 1736) B Walsh, Stephen 1942 English music writer born in Chipping Norton B Walsh, Thomas (Joseph) 1911 Irish writer on music born in Wexford (d. 1988) B Walsh, Thomas James 1859 Born B 1913 Elected senator 1913-33 E 1922 Headed senate investigation that exposed the Teapot Dome scandal M Walter lSchlesingerr, Bruno 1876 German-born (Berlin) conductor and pianist (later American citizen) (d. 1962) B c.1936 Wrote biography of Mahler. M Walter, Hubert 1194 Effectively ruled England in Richard's absence 1194-98 M Walters, Jess 1918 American baritone born in Brooklyn, NY B Walther, Johann 1496 German composer born in Thuringia (d. 1570) B Walther, Johann Gottfried 1684 German organist and composer born in Erfurt (d. 1748) B Walthew, Richard (Henry) 1872 English composer born in London (d. 1951) B Walton, (Sir) William (Turner) 1902 English composer born in Oldham (d. 1983) B 1921 Completed first version of 'Facade' C c.1948 Composed opera 'Troilus and Cressida' C c.1930 Composed dramatic cantata 'Belshazzar's Feast'. C 1942 Wrote film score for 'The First of the Few' C Walton, Bernard 1917 English clarinettist born in Manchester (d. 1972) B Walton, Henry 1746 Born B 1813 Died D Walzel, Camillo (pseudonym F. Zell) 1829 German librettist born in Magdeburg (d. 1895) B Wanamaker, John 1875 Founded the first department store F Wand of Youth, The 1907 Orchestral suite by Elgar C Wand, Gunter 1912 German conductor and composer born in Elberfeld B Wandering Scholar, The c.1929 Chamber opera by Holst C Wandiwash, Battle of 1760 British victory over the French near Madras, India W Wang Anshi 1048 Acted as chief minister to the emperor of China 1048-85 M Wang Jingwei 1885 Born B 1938 Served as premier of Japanese-controlled China M Wang Mang -45 Born B AD9 Seized the throne and ruled as emperor of China AD 9-23 W AD23 Was captured by the Red Eyebrows and executed D Wangenheim, Volker 1928 German conductor and composer born in Berlin B Wanhal, Johann Baptist lVanhal, Jan Krtitelr 1739 Bohemian composer, violinist and organist born in Nove-Nechanise (d. 1813) B Wappers, Gustav 1803 Born B 1874 Died D War and Peace c.1941 Opera by Prokofiev C War Requiem 1961 Choral work by Britten B Warburg, Aby 1929 Died D 1866 Born B Ward, Artemas 1727 Born B 1780 Served in the Continental Congress 1780-81 M 1791 Elected to the US Congress 1791-95 E Ward, David 1922 Scottish bass born in Dumbarton (d. 1983) B Ward, James 1769 Born B 1859 Died D Ward, John 1571 English composer born in Canterbury (d. 1638) B Ward, John Quincy Adams 1830 Born B 1910 Died D 1873 Elected president of the American National Academy of Design M Ward, Joseph 1932 English tenor, singing teacher and producer born in Preston B 1992 Awarded OBE Z Ward, Robert 1917 American composer and conductor born in Cleveland B Warfield, William 1920 American baritone born in Helena, Arkansas B Warhol, Andy 1987 Died D 1928 Born B 1994 A Warhol museum was opened in Pittsburgh M 1957 Won a medal for his shoe advertisements Z Warlock, Peter lHeseltine, Philip Arnoldr 1894 English composer,critic,and author (d. 1930) B Warner, H. Waldo 1874 English violinist, violist and composer born in Northampton (d. 1945) B Warner, Sylvia Townsend 1893 English novelist, musicologist and composer born in London (d. 1978) B Warrack, Guy (Douglas Hamilton) 1900 Scottish conductor and composer born in Edinburgh (d. 1986) B Warrack, John (Hamilton) 1928 English critic and author born in London B Warren lWarenoffr, Leonard 1911 American baritone of Russian parentage born in New York (d. 1960) B Warren, Earl 1891 Born B 1943 Elected as governor of California 1943-53 E 1963 Headed the Warren commission into the assassination of Kennedy M 1953 Became chief justice of the US Supreme Court 1953-69 M Warren, Raymond (Henry Charles) 1928 English composer born in Weston-super-Mare B Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 Full-scale revolt of Jews against the Nazi program of transporting them to death camps W Warsaw Treaty Organization 1955 The "Warsaw Pact" treaty was signed T Warsaw uprising 1944 The Polish Underground army briefly took and held Warsaw from the Germans W Washington 1792 Robert Gray claimed the area now comprising Washington state for America M 1853 The Washington state was created F 1889 Became the 42nd state of the US M Washington, George 1732 Born B 1789 Became the first US president 1732-97 E 1774 Became a delegate to the first Continental Congress E Washington, Treaty of 1871 Agreement between Britain and the US that settled the Alabama Claims T Watanabe, Akeo 1919 Japanese conductor born in Tokyo (d. 1990) B Watanabe, Yoko 1953 Japanese soprano born in Fukuoka B Water Music (Handel) 1715 Instrumental suite by Handel C Watergate Scandal 1974 President Nixon resigned over the Watergate affair M 1972 Five men were arrested trying to place an illegal wire tap at the Democratic Party offices M 1974 The Supreme Court ruled that president Nixon should release recordings he made of conversations in his White House office M 1973 Seven men involved in the Watergate scandal were tried and convicted M Waterhouse, John William 1849 Born B 1917 Died D Waterhouse, Sir Ellis 1905 Born B 1985 Died D Waterhouse, William 1931 English basoonist born in London B Waterloo, Battle of 1815 Final battle of the Napoleonic Wars W Waterman, Fanny 1920 English pianist born in Leeds B Watkins, Michael Blake 1948 English composer born in Ilford. B 1975 Won Menuhin prize for his double concerto. Z Watkinson, Carolyn 1949 English mezzo-soprano born in Preston B Watson 1927 American soprano born in New York (d. 1986) B Watson, Henry 1846 English organist, teacher, composer and collector born in Burnley (d. 1911) B Watson, Homer 1855 Born B 1936 Died D Watson, James Dewey 1953 Discovered the molecular structure of DNA S Watson, Janice 1964 English soprano born in London B Watson, Lillian 1947 English soprano born in London B Watson, Sydney 1903 English conductor, organist, pianist and composer born in Manchester B Watt, James 1765 Invented the steam condenser to reduce excessive heat loss in Newcomen engines S 1736 Born B 1781 Invented the sun-and-planet gear for steam engines S Watteau, Jean-Antoine 1684 Born B 1721 Died D 1717 Admitted to the Academy Francaise m Wattignies, Battle of 1793 Battle during the French Revolutionary Wars W Watts, Andre 1946 American pianist born in |Nuremburg B Watts, George Frederic 1817 Born B 1843 Won a prize in the competition to decorate the houses of parliament Z 1904 Died D Watts, Helen (Josephine) 1927 Welsh contralto born in Milford Haven B Waugh, Evelyn Arthur St. John 1903 Born B 1945 Wrote "Brideshead Revisited" A 1928 Wrote "Decline and Fall" A Wayenberg, Daniel 1929 Dutch pianist and composer born in Paris B Weaver, James Baird 1892 Helped to found the Populist Party in the US F 1880 Ran as unsuccessful Greenback party presidential candidate in the US M Webb, Philip 1831 Born B 1915 Died D Weber, (Jacob) Gottfried 1779 German composer and theorist born in Freinsheim (d. 1839) B Weber, (Maria) Aloysia (Louise) 1760 German soprano borm in Mannheim (d. 1839) B Weber, Ben 1916 American composer born in St. Louis B Weber, Carl Maria (Friedrich Ernst) von 1786 German composer,conductor,and pianist born in Oldenburg (d.1826) B 1800 Composed first opera C Weber, Dionys 1766 German-Bohemian composer born in Prague (d.1842) B Weber, Joseph Miroslav 1854 Czech. violinist, conductor and composer born in Prague B Weber, Ludwig 1899 Austrian bass born in Vienna B Weber, Max 1881 Born B 1961 Died D 1864 Born B 1920 Died D Webern, Anton (Friedrich Wilhelm von) 1883 Austrian composer and conductor born in Vienna (d. 1945) B 1899 Composed first works C Webster, (Sir) David (Lumsden) 1903 Scottish-born impresario and opera administrator born in Dundee (d. 1971) B Webster, Daniel 1782 Born B 1827 First elected to the US Senate 1827-41 / 1845-50 E 1840 First served as secretary of state 1840-43 / 1850-52 M Webster, Gillian 1964 Scottish soprano born in Larbert B Webster, Noah 1758 Born B 1828 Completed his "The American Dictionary of the English Language" A 1783 Published his "Blue-backed Speller" A Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 Treaty between Britain and the US, settling the border between the US and Canada T Weckerlin, Jean-Baptiste (Theodore) 1821 French composer and scholar born in Alsace (d. 1910) B Weckmann, Matthias 1619 German composer and organist born in Thuringia (d. 1674) B Wedekind, (Benjamin) Frank(lin) 1864 German playwright and musician born in Hanover (d. 1918) B Wedgwood, Josiah 1730 Born B 1795 Died D Weelkes, Thomas c.1576 English composer and organist born in Sussex (d. 1623) B 1597 Published book of madrigals. M Weerbeke, Gaspar van 1445 Flemish composer born in Oudenaarde (d. 1517) B Wegelius, Martin 1846 Finnish conductor and teacher (d. 1906) B Wehlau, Treaty of 1657 Agreement by which Poland gave up suzerainty over the Duchy of Prussia T Weiditz, Hans 1500 Born B after 1536 Died D Weidt, Lucie 1880 Austrian soprano born in Troppau (d. 1940) B Weigl, Joseph 1766 Austrian composer and conductor born in Eisenstadt (d. 1846) B Weigl, Karl 1881 Austrian-born composer,conductor,and teacher (American citizen) (d.1949) B 1947 Wrote memories of Mahler M Weikl, Bernd 1942 Austrian baritone born in Vienna B Weil, Bruno 1949 German conductor born in Hahnstatten B Weill, Kurt 1900 Born B 1950 Died D Weill, Kurt (Julian) 1900 German-born composer (American citizenship 1943) who founded a new school of popular opera (d.1950) B 1926 Composed first opera 'Der Protagonist' C Weimar Republic 1919 German inter-war republic created F 1933 Republic ended with Hitler's rise to power M Weinberger, Jaromir 1896 Czech.-born composer born in Prague (d. 1967) B Weiner, Leo 1885 Hungarian composer and teacher born in Budapest (d. 1960) B Weingarten, Joseph 1911 Hungarian pianist born in Budapest B Weingartner, (Paul) Felix, Edler von Munzberg 1863 Austrian conductor, composer and writer born in Dalmatia (d. 1942) B Weinzweig, John (Jacob) 1913 Canadian composer born in Toronto B Weir, Gillian (Constance) 1941 New Zealand organist and harpsichordist born in Martinborough B Weir, Judith 1954 Scottish composer born in Aberdeen. B Weisgall, Hugo (David) 1912 Czech.-born composer and conductor born in Eibenschutz B Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold 1874 Born B 1952 Died D 1948 Became the first president of Israel 1948-52 E Weiss, Adolph 1891 American composer, bassoonist and conductor born in Baltimore (d. 1971) B Weiss, Sylvius Leopold 1686 German lutenist and composer born in Breslau (d. 1750) B Weissenberg, Alexis (Sigismond) 1929 French pianist of Bulgarian birth. Born in Sofia B Weissenbruch, Hendrik Johannes 1824 Born B 1903 Died D Weldon, George 1906 English conductor born in Chichester (d. 1963) B Weldon, John 1676 English composer and organist born in Chichester (d. 1736) B Welitsch 1913 Bulgarian-born Austrian soprano B Weller, Walter 1939 Austrian conductor and violinist born in Vienna B Welles, Orson 1915 Born B 1985 Died D Wellesley, Richard Colley, marquess 1760 Born B 1797 Became governor general of India 1797-1805 M Wellesz, Egon (Joseph) 1885 Austrian-born composer,conductor,scholar,and teacher (British citizen) (d. 1974) B 1957 Won CBE. Z Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of 1769 Born B 1828 Became prime minister of Great Britain 1828-30 E Wells, Henry 1805 Born B 1850 Merged his company to form the American Express Company F 1848 Established his own express firm F 1852 Formed Wells, Fargo and Company with W. Fargo F WelsermMost lMostr, Franz 1960 Austrian conductor born in Linz B Welsh National Opera 1943 Opera company founded on amateur basis F Welsh, Moray (Meston) 1947 Scottish cellist born in Haddington B Welting, Ruth 1949 American soprano born in Memphis B Wenceslaus 1378 Became king of the Germans 1378-1400 R 1378 Became king of Bohemia 1378-1419 R 1400 Deposed as German king by nobles R Wenceslaus I 1230 Became king of Bohemia 1230-53 R Wenceslaus II 1278 Became king of Bohemia 1278-1305 R Wenceslaus III 1301 Became king of Hungary 1301-04 R 1305 Became king of Bohemia 1305-06 R 1306 Assassinated D Wendi -180 Became Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty R Wenkoff, Spas 1928 Bulgarian tenor born in Tirnova B Wentworth, Benning 1696 Born B 1741 Became colonial governor of New Hampshire 1741-67 M Wentworth, William Charles 1793 Born B 1824 Founded the newspaper "The Australian" F Wenzinger, August 1905 Swiss cellist, conductor and teacher born in Basle B Werba, Erik 1918 Austrian pianist born in Baden B Werenskiold, Erik 1855 Born B 1938 Died D Werff, Adriaen van der 1659 Born B 1722 Died D Werle, Lars Johan 1926 Swedish composer born in Gavle B Werner, Gregor Joseph 1693 Austrian composer and organist born in Ybbs (d. 1766) B Werner, Sven Erik 1937 Danish composer born in Copenhagen B Wert, Giaches de (Jakab von) 1535 Flemish composer born near Antwerp (d. 1596) B Werther 1885 Opera by Massenet composed C Werve, Claus de 1439 Died D Wesendonck (Luckemeyer), Mathilde 1828 German amateur poet born in Elberfeld (d. 1902) B Wesley, Charles 1757 English organist, harpsichordist and composer born in Bristol (d. 1834) B Wesley, John 1703 Born B 1740 Broke with the established church M 1738 Experienced a religious awakening M 1784 Formed the Methodist societies F 1728 Ordained as a priest of the Church of England M Wesley, Samuel 1766 English composer and organist born in Bristol (d. 1837) B Wesley, Samuel Sebastian 1810 English composer, organist and conductor born in London (d. 1876) B WesleymSmith, Martin 1945 Australian composer born in Adalaide B Wesselmann, Tom 1931 Born B Wessman, Harn (Kristian) 1949 Finnish composer born in Helsinki B West Florida Controversy 1810 American settlers rebelled against Spanish rule W 1819 Spain relinquished its claim to West Florida M West Indies 1492 First reached by Columbus O West Side Story c.1956 American musical composed by Leonard Bernstein C West Virginia 1863 Became the 35th state of the US F 1872 Adopted its current constitution M West, Benjamin 1738 Born B 1820 Died D 1763 Settled in Rome m Westall, Richard 1765 Born B 1836 Died D Westergaard, Peter 1931 American composer from Champaign, Illinois B Westmacott, Sir Richard 1775 Born B 1856 Died D Westminster Assembly 1643 Calvanist convocation summoned by the Long Parliament F Westminster Conference 1866 Meeting held in London to plan the union of Canadian provinces M Westminster Palace 1840 Built M Westminster, Statute of 1275 Westminster I put long-unwritten laws into legal form T 1285 Westminster II laws passed regarding land tenure T 1290 Westminster III ended the subinfeudation of land T 1931 Statute passed by parliament recognising the autonomy of member nations within the United Kingdom T Westphalia 1815 Became a province of Prussia after the Congress of Vienna M Westphalia, Peace of 1648 Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War T Westrup, (Sir) Jack Allan 1904 English scholar, teacher, writer and conductor born in London (d. 1975) B Wetz, Richard 1875 German composer and conductor born in Gleiwitz (d. 1935) B Weyden, Rogier van der 1399 Born B 1436 Appointed official painter to the city of Brussels M 1464 Died D Weygand, Maxime 1867 Born B 1914 Became chief of staff to marshall F. Foch M 1940 Briefly acted as French commander-in-chief M Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano 1838 Born B 1896 Became the captain general of Spanish forces in Cuba M Wheatley, Francis 1747 Born B 1801 Died D Wheatstone, Charles 1802 Born B 1829 Invented the concertina A 1837 Developed an early commercial telegraph S Wheeler, William Almon 1819 Born B 1877 Served as vice-president of the US 1877-81 E Whelen, Christopher 1927 English composer and conductor born in London B Whettam, Graham (Dudley) 1927 English composer born in Swindon. B Whig 1679 The Whig faction emerged M Whig party 1834 US political party formed F Whipple, Abraham 1733 Born B 1779 Captured 11 English merchant ships in the American Revolution W Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Protest against an excise tax imposed by the US government W Whisky Ring 1875 Conspiracy to defraud the US government of tax revenue was exposed M Whistler, James Abbott McNeill 1834 Born B 1859 Settled in London M 1903 Died D 1876 Decorated the Peacock room of Frederick Leyland M Whistler, Rex 1905 Born B 1944 Died D White Hill, Battle of 1620 The first battle of the Thirty-Years' War was fought W White House 1792 The cornerstone of the building was laid M 1814 Burned by the British W 1817 Rebuilt M White Lotus Rebellion 1796 Buddhist cult commenced a long rebellion 1796-1804 W White lWhyter, Robert 1538 English composer and organist born in Westminster (d. 1574) B White Plains, Battle of 1776 Indecisive battle of the American Revolution W White, Edward Douglass 1845 Born B 1894 Served as associate justice to the US Supreme Court 1894-1910 M 1910 Served as Chief Justice to the US Supreme Court 1910-21 M White, Eric Walter 1905 English writer on music and art administration born in Bristol (d. 1985) B White, Felix Harold 1884 English composer born in London (d. 1945) B White, Maude Valerie 1855 English composer born in Dieppe (d. 1937) B White, Walter Francis 1893 Born B 1931 Served as secretary of the NAACP 1931-55 M White, Willard 1946 West-Indian bass-baritone born in Jamaica B Whiteboys 1760 Formed F Whitehead, Gillian 1941 New Zealand composer born in Whangarei B Whitehill, Clarence (Eugene) 1871 American baritone born in Iowa (d. 1932) B Whiteman, Paul 1890 American jazz band director born in Denver (d. 1967) B Whitney, Eli 1765 Born B 1793 Invented the cotton gin S Whittaker, William Gillies 1876 English composer,conductor,organist,and scholar (d.1944) B Whittall, Arnold (Morgan) 1935 English musicologist born in Shrewsbury B WhitworthmJones, Anthony 1945 English opera administrator born in Gerrards Cross B Whyte, Ian 1901 Scottish conductor and composer born in Dunfermline (d. 1960) B Whythorne lWhithorner, Thomas 1528 English composer born in Ilminster (d. 1596) B Wich, Gunther 1928 German conductor born in Bamberg B Wicks, (Edward) Allan 1923 English organist and conductor born in Yorkshire B Widdicombe, Gillian 1943 English music critic born in Suffolk B Widdop, Walter 1892 English tenor born in Halifax (d. 1949) B Widor, Charles-Marie (Jean Albert) 1844 French organist and composer born in Lyons (d. 1937) B Widukind 807 Died D 778 Raided the Rhineland W 785 Converted to christianity M Wieck, (Johann Gottlob) Friedrich 1785 German music teacher born in Pretzsch (d. 1873) B Wiegold, Peter 1949 English composer born in Ilford. B Wiener Werkstatte 1903 Established in Vienna F 1932 Workshops closed M Wieniawski, Henryk 1835 Polish violinist and composer born in Lublin (d. 1880) B Wieniawski, Jozef 1837 Polish pianist born in Lublin (d. 1912) B Wiertz, Antoine 1806 Born B 1865 Died D Wigglesworth, Mark 1964 English conductor born in Sussex B Wihan, Hanus 1855 Bohemian cellist born in Politz (d.1920) B Wijnants, Jan 1684 Died D Wilbraham, John 1944 English trumpeter born in Bournmouth B Wilby Philip 1949 English composer and violinist born in Pontefract. B Wilbye, John 1574 English composer born in Diss (d. 1638) B Wild, Earl 1915 American pianist born in Pittsburg B Wilde, David (Clark) 1935 English pianist and conductor born in Lancashire B Wilde, Johannes 1891 Born B 1947 Became a British citizen m 1970 Died D Wilde, Oscar 1854 Born B Wildens, Jan 1586 Born B 1653 Died D Wilder, Thornton Niven 1897 Born B 1927 Won the Pulitzer Prize for literature Z 1938 Won the Pulitzer Prize for literature Z Wilderness Road 1775 Path first blazed by D. Boone M Wilderness, Battle of the 1864 Battle of the American civil war W Wilhelmina 1890 Queen of the Netherlands 1890-1948 R Wilhelmj, August 1845 German violinist and teacher born in Usingen (d. 1908) B Wilhem lBocquillonr, GuillaumemLouis 1781 French teacher born in Paris (d. 1842) B Wilkie, Sir David 1785 Born B 1841 Died D 1806 Exhibited very successfully at the Royal Academy m Wilkins, Roy 1901 Born B 1955 Served as executive secretary to the NAACP M Wilkinson lWylkynsonr, Robert 1450 English composer (d. 1515?) B Wilkinson, Marc 1929 Australian composer and conductor born in Paris B Wilkinson, Stephen 1919 English conductor born in Cambridge B Wilkomirska, Wanda 1929 Polish violinist born in Warsaw B Wilkomirski, Jozef 1926 Polish conductor, composer and writer born in Kalisz B Willaert, Adriaan 1490 Flemish composer born in Buges (d. 1562) B Willan, Healey 1880 English-born composer, organist and teacher born in Balham (d. 1968) B Willard, Frances 1839 Born B 1874 Helped to found the Women's Temperance Union F 1882 Helped to bring about the Temperence Union's support of women's suffrage M Willcocks, (Sir) David (Valentine) 1919 English conductor, composer, organist and teacher born in Newquay B 1971 Awarded CBE Z 1977 Knighted Z Willi, Herbert 1956 Austrian composer born in Vorarlberg B William I (1772-1843) 1815 Became the first king of the Netherlands 1815-40 R William I (1797-1888) 1861 King of Prussia 1861-88 R 1871 Became first German Emperor 1871-88 R William I (Conqueror) 1066 Invaded England, won the Battle of Hastings and became king W 1072 Forced the Scottish king to do him homage M 1085 Authorised the compilation of the Doomsday Book M William I (Prince of Orange) 1568 Prince of Orange 1568-84 R William II (1792-1849) 1840 King of the Netherlands 1840-49 R William II (1859-1941) 1888 King of Prussia and German Emperor 1888-1918 R William II (d. 1100) 1087 Became king of England 1087-1100 R William II (d. 1189) 1166 King of sicily 1166-89 R William III (1650-1702) 1689 Became king of England 1689-1702 by the glorious revolution R William III (1817-90) 1849 King of the Netherlands 1849-90 R William IV 1830 King of England 1830-37 R William the Lion 1165 King of Scotland 1165-1214 R Williams, Alberto 1862 Argentinian composer, conductor, pianist and teacher born in Buenos Aires (d. 1952) B Williams, Charles Lee 1853 Williams, Christopher a Becket 1890 English composer and writer born in Dorchester (d. 1956) B Williams, Frederick 1927 Born B 1982 Died D Williams, Grace (Mary) 1906 Welsh composer born in Barry (d. 1977) B Williams, John 1941 Australian guitarist born in Melbourne B Awarded OBE Z Williams, John (Towner) 1932 American composer born in New York B Williams, Peter (Fredric) 1937 English musicologist and organist born in Wolverhampton B Williams, Roger 1603 Born B 1636 Founded the city of Providence F Williams, Tennessee 1914 Born B Williamson, Malcolm (Benjamin Graham Christopher) 1931 Australian composer,pianist,organist,and conductor born in Sydney. B 1942 Entered Sydney Conservatory at age 11. M 1976 Awarded CBE Z Willis, Henry 1821 English organ builder born in London (d. 1901) B Wills, Arthur 1926 English organist and composer born in Coventry B Willumsen, Jens Ferdinand 1863 Born B 1958 Died D Wilson, (Sir) (James) Steuart 1889 English tenor and administrator born in Bristol (d. 1966) B Wilson, Catherine 1936 Scottish soprano born in Glasgow B Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees 1869 Born B 1927 Jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics Z Wilson, Henry 1812 Born B 1873 Served as US vice-president 1873-75 under U. Grant E 1855 Elected as US Senator 1855-73 E Wilson, James 1742 Born B 1789 Served as associate justice of the US Supreme Court 1789-98 M Wilson, John 1595 English composer, singer, lutenist and viol-player born in Kent (d. 1674) B Wilson, Marie 1903 English violinist born in London B Wilson, Richard 1713 Born B 1750 Visited Italy and, under the influence of contemporary Italian artists, devoted himself to landscape painting m 1782 Died D Wilson, Robert 1941 American playwright, director and designer born in Waco, Texas B Wilson, Scottie 1889 Born B 1972 Died D Wilson, Sir James Harold 1916 Born B 1963 Became Lbour Party leader E 1964 Became Labour prime minister of Great Britain 1964-70 E 1983 Became a life peer Z 1974 Elected again as prime minister of Great Britain 1974-76 E Wilson, Thomas (Brendan) 1927 Scottish composer born in Colorado. B 1990 Awarded CBE Z WilsonmJohnson, David 1950 English bass-baritone born in Northampton B Wilton, Joseph 1722 Born B 1803 Died D Wimberger, Gerhard 1923 Austrian composer born in Vienna (d. 1992) B Winbergh, Gosta 1943 Swedish tenor born in Stockholm B Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 1717 Born B 1764 Published his book History of Ancient Art, the first occurrence of the phrase "history of art" in the title of a book m 1755 Left for Rome, where he became librarian to the collection of Cardinal Albani M 1768 Died D Windgassen, Wolfgang (Fritz Hermann) 1914 German tenor born in Andemasse (d. 1974) B Windsor, House of 1917 Became the formal surname of the British royal family R Windsor, Wallis Warfield, duchess of 1936 King Edward of Great Britain abdicated his throne to mary her M Winkelmann lWinckelmannr, Hermann 1849 German tenor born in Brunswick (d. 1912) B Winkler, Hermann 1924 German tenor born in Duisburg B Winslow, Edward 1595 Born B 1633 Acted as governor of the Plymouth colony 1633-34 / 1636-37 / 1644-45 M Winslow, Josiah 1673 Became the first native-born Colonial governor in America M Winstanley, Gerrard 1609 Born B 1649 Organised the Diggers' first agrarian commune F Winter, Louise 1959 English mezzo-soprano born in Preston B Winter, Peter (von) 1754 German composer born in Mannheim (d. 1825) B Winterhalter, Franz Xaver 1805 Born B 1873 Died D Wiren, Dag (Ivar) 1905 Swedish composer born in Striberg (d. 1986) B Wisconsin 1848 Wisconsin adopted its constitution and was admited to the Union as the 30th state F 1836 Became a territory of the US M Wise, Michael 1648 English singer, organist and composer born in Salisbury (d. 1687) B Wishart, Peter (Charles Arthur) 1921 English composer born in Crowborough (d. 1924) B Wishart, Trevor 1946 English composer born in Leeds B Wissing, Willem 1655 Born B 1687 Died D Wiszniewski, Zbigniew 1922 Polish composer born in Lwow B Wit, Antoni 1944 Polish conductor born in Cracow B Wit, Jacob de 1695 Born B 1754 Died D Witt, (Jeremias) Friedrich 1770 German composer and cellist born in Niederstetten (d. 1836) B Witte, Emanuel de 1615/17 Born B 1691/2 Died D Wittgenstein, Paul 1887 Austrian-born pianist born in Vienna (d.1961) B Wittich, Marie 1868 German soprano born in Giessen (d. 1931) B Wittkower, Rudolf 1901 Born B 1971 Died D Wittstock, Battle of 1636 Swedish victory in the Thirty Years' War W Witz, Konrad 1400 Born B 1444/6 Died D Wixell, Ingvar 1931 Swedish baritone born in Lulea B Wlaschiha, Ekkerhard 1938 German baritone born in Pirna B Woelfl, Joseph 1773 Austrian composer and pianist born in Salzburg (d. 1812) B Wolf, Hugo (Filipp Jakob) 1875 Entered Vienna Conservatory. M 1860 Austrian composer born in Windischgraz (d. 1903) B Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno 1876 Italian composer born in Venice (d. 1948) B Wolff, Albert (Louis) 1884 French conductor and composer born in Paris (d. 1970) B Wolff, Christian 1934 French-born composer born in Nice B Wolff, Hugh (MacPherson) 1953 American conductor born in Paris B Wolfflin, Heinrich 1864 Born B 1945 Died D Wolfrum, Philipp 1854 German organist, composer, and teacher born in Schwarzenbach (d. 1919) B Wolgemut, Michael 1434 Born B 1519 Died D Wolpe, Stefan 1902 German-born composer born in Berlin (d. 1972) B Wols 1913 Born B 1951 Died D Wolsey, Thomas 1515 Served as chancellor of England 1515-29 M Wolstenholme, William 1865 English composer, pianist and organist born in Blackburn (d. 1931) B Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.) 1874 Founded F Wood, (Sir) Henry (Joseph) 1869 English conductor and organist born in London (d. !944) B 1911 Knighted. Z Wood, Charles 1866 Irish composer and teacher born in Cambridge (d. 1926) B Wood, Christopher 1901 Born B 1930 Died D Wood, Grant 1892 Born B 1942 Died D 1930 Won bronze medal at an exhibition of the Art Institute of Chicago Z 1934 Became assistant professor of fine arts , University of Iowa M Wood, Haydn 1882 English composer and violinist born in Yorkshire (d. 1959) B Wood, Hugh (Bradshaw) 1932 English composer born in Lancashire. B Wood, Leonard 1860 Born B 1921 Became governor general of the Philippines 1921-27 M 1910 Cheif of staff of the US army 1910-14 M 1899 Served as military governor of Cuba 1899-1902 M Woodforde-Finden, Amy 1860 English composer born in Chile (d.1919) B Woodgate, Leslie 1902 English organist and choirmaster born in London (d. 1961) B Woodhull, Victoria Claflin 1872 Became the first female candidate for US president M Woodstock 1969 US spontaneous rock concert M Woodward, Roger (Robert) 1942 Australian pianist born in Sydney B Wooldridge, David (Humphry Michael) 1927 English conductor, composer and writer born in Deal B Woollett, William 1735 Born B 1785 Died D Woolner, Thomas 1825 Born B 1892 Died D Woolrich, John 1954 English composer born in Cirencester B Wootton, John 1682 Born B 1764 Died D Wordsworth, Barry 1949 English conductor born in Surrey B Wordsworth, William 1770 Born B 1843 Named England's poet laureate A 1793 Published his "Descriptive Skatches" A Wordsworth, William (Brocklesby) 1950 His 2nd Symphony won Edinburgh Festival International Competition. Z 1908 English composer born in Inverness-shire (d.1988) B World War I 1914 Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist in Bosnia W 1914 Germany declared war on Russia, French mobilisation in support of Russia began W 1916 July-Nov, Battle of the Somme W 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia W 1914 Germany invaded Belgium and declared war on France, Britain and Japan declared war on Germany W 1918 Germany concluded an armistice, emperor William abdicated and the Weimar Republic was formed M 1915 Germans used Chlorine in the trenches, the first time gas had been used in warfare W 1917 US declared war on Germany W World War II 1938 Germany annexed Austria W 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany W 1939 Germany signed non-agression pact with the USSR and invaded Poland W 1941 Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the USSR W 1942 Battle of Stalingrad began 1942-43 W 1939 Germany invaded Czechoslovakia W 1943 Italy surrendered unconditionally, declared war on Germany W 1940 Italy declared war on Britain and France W 1940 Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and Belgium W Worms, Diet of 1521 Imperial diet called during the reformation M Worms, Synod of 1076 Synod of German Catholic bishops called M Worringer, Wilhelm 1881 Born B 1965 Died D Wotquenne, Alfred 1867 Belgium musicologist born in Lobbes (d. 1939) B Wotruba, Fritz 1907 Born B 1975 Died D Wounded Knee 1890 Some 200 Sioux Indians were massacred by US troops on a reservation W Wouters, Rik 1882 Born B 1916 Died D Wouwerman, Philips 1619 Born B 1640 Became a member of the painters' guild m 1668 Died D Wranitzky lVranickyr, Anton (Antonin) 1761 Moravian composer and violinist born in Neureisch (d. 1820) B Wranitzky lVranickyr, Paul (Pavel) 1756 Moravian composer and violinist born in Neureisch (d. 1808) B Wright, Denis 1895 English composer, conductor and adjudicator born in London (d. 1967) B Wright, Frank Lloyd 1867 Born B 1959 Died D Wright, John Michael 1617 Born B 1694 Died D Wright, Joseph 1734 Born B 1797 Died D Wright, Kenneth (Anthony) 1899 English composer and administrator born in Norfolk (d. 1975) B Wright, Orville and Wilbur 1899 Built a biplane kite S 1909 Were awarded a US government defence contract to build a military plane M 1903 Built their first heavier-than-air plane and flew it for the first time S Wright, Richard 1908 Born B 1945 Wrote his autobiography, Black Boy A Wtewael, Joachim 1566 Born B 1638 Died D Wu Zhao 684 Tang Empress of China 684-704 R Wu, Enloc (Ruth) 1946 Chinese pianist born in Shanghai B Wudi -141 Emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty 141-87BC R Wuhrer, Friedrich 1900 Austrian pianist and teacher born in Vienna (d. 1975) B Wullner, Franz 1832 German conductor, composer and pianist born in Munster (d. 1902) B Wullner, Ludwig 1858 German tenor, baritone and actor born in Munster (d. 1938) B Wulstan, David 1937 English conductor and teacher born in Birmingham B Wunderlich, Fritz 1930 German tenor born in Kusel (d. 1966) B Wuorinen, Charles 1938 American composer, conductor and pianist born in New York B Wurm, Marie 1860 English pianist, composer and teacher born in Southampton (d. 1938) B Wyandotte Constitution 1859 Antislavery constitution written in the US M Wyatt's Rebellion 1554 Unsuccessful revolution against Queen Mary of England W Wyeth, Andrew 1917 Born B Wyk, Arnold van 1916 South African composer born in Calvinia (d. 1983) B Wyner lWeinerr, Yehudi 1929 American composer, pianist, conductor and teacher born in Calgary B Wynne, David 1900 Welsh composer born in Glamorganshire (d. 1983) B Wyoming 1846 The US acquired the land by purchase and treaty M Wyoming Massacre 1778 Massacre by British troops and Iroquoi Indians of American settlers W Wyss, Sophie 1897 Swiss soprano born in Neuveville (d. 1983) B Wyttenbach, Jurg 1935 Swiss pianist, conductor and composer born in Berne B Wyzewa lWyzewskir, Theodore de (Teodor de) 1862 French writer and music critic (d. 1917) B Xenakis, Iannis 1922 Romanian-born Greek composer (french citizen 1965) B Xerxes I -486 Persian king (486-465BC) R Xi'an Incident 1936 Incident sparked by the arrest of Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek, by one of his generals. M Xia -2205 Legendary first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. c2205-c1766 BC. R Xuantong (1905-67) 1908 Last emperor of China (1908-12) R Xunzi -298 Chinese philosopher, he systematized the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. (d.c. 230) B XYZ Affair 1797 Diplomatic incident between France and America which almost brought the two countries to war M Yakar, Rachel 1938 French soprano born in Lyons B Yalta Conference 1945 Allied conference during WW 2. at Yalta in the Crimea. W Yamada, KOsaku lKoscakr 1886 Japanese composer born in Tokyo (d. 1965) B Yamamoto, Isoroku 1884 Japanese admiral. He led the attack on Pearl Harbor, thus precipitating the US entry into WW 2. W Yamash'ta, Stomu lYamashita, Tsutomur 1947 Japanese composer and percussionist born in Kyoto (d. 1965) B Yansons, Arvid 1914 Latvian conductor born in Latvia (d. 1984) B Yardumian, Richard 1917 American composer born in Philadelphia (d. 1985) B Yarmuk River, Battle of the 636 Arab victory over the Byzantine army, on a tributary of the Jordan River. W Yeames, William Frederick 1835 Born B 1918 Died D Yeats, Jack Butler 1871 Born B 1957 Died D Yeats, William Butler 1865 Irish poet and playwright, one of the greatest of this century. (d. 1939) B Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich 1990 Russian politician became the first president of the post-communist Russian Federation E Yemen 1990 Arab Republic, independent state located at the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Republic of Yeman created as unification became official on May the 22nd. F Yepes, Narciso 1927 Spanish guitarist born in Lorca B Yersin, Alexandre Emile Jean 1894 Swiss-born French bacteriologist developed a serum against the bubonic plague S Yi dynasty 1392 Dynasty of rulers of Koera. 1392-1910 M Yolanta 1891 Opera by Tchaikovsky. C Yon, Pietro Alessandro 1886 Italian-born organist and composer (d. 1943) B Yongle 1403 Chinese emperor, third of the Ming Dynasty. Brought the Ming Empire to the point of its greatest power and influence. 1403-1425 R Yoritomo 1147 Japanese warrior of the Minamoto clan. He became the first shogun of Japan in 1192, d. 1199 B York, Frederick Augustus, duke of 1763 British officer, second son of King George III. (d. 1827) B Yorktown Campaign 1781 Final major campaign of the American Revolution W Yoshida, Shigeru 1946 Elected as prime minister of Japan for the first of five times between 1946 and 1954 E Yoshihara, Jiro 1905 Born B 1972 Died D Youmans, Vincent (Millie) 1898 American composer born in Denver (d. 1946) B Young Italy 1831 Founded F Young lYoungsr, (Basil) Alexander 1920 English tenor born in London B Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, The 1946 Orchestral work by Britten. B Young Plan 1930 Second post-WW I German reparations scheme adopted M Young Turks 1908 Rebelled against Sultan Abdul Hamid II W Young, Brigham 1846 Led the Mormon migration from Illinois to Salt Lake City M Young, Douglas 1970 Debut as pianist in London. P 1947 English composer and pianist. B Young, La Monte 1935 American composer born in Idaho B Young, Percy (Marshall) 1912 English author, teacher, organist and composer born in Northwich B Young, Simone 1961 Australian conductor born in Sydney B Young, Victor 1900 American composer, conductor and violinist born in Chicago (d. 1956) B Young, Whitney Moore, Jr. 1961 Became executive director of the Urban League 1961-71 M Young, William 1662 English composer, viol player and flautist born in Innsbruck D Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward 1904 Secured a treaty opening Tibet to Western trade T Ypres, battles of 1914 First battle of Ypres between Allied and German forces in WW I W 1915 Second battle of Ypres between Allied and German forces in WW I W 1917 Third battle of Ypres between Allied and German forces in WW I W 1918 Fourth and final battle of Ypres between Allied and German forces in WW I W Ypsilanti, Alexander 1821 Led an unsuccessful revolt against Turkish rule in Greece W Yradier lIradierr, Sebastian 1809 Spanish composer and singing teacher born in Alava (d. 1865) B Ysaye, Eugene (mAuguste) 1858 Belgium violinist, conductor and composer born in Liege (d. 1931) B Ysaye, Theophile 1865 Belgium pianist and composer born in Verviers (d. 1918) B Ysenbrandt, Adriaen 1551 Died D Yu, Julian (JingmJun) 1957 Chinese composer born in Beijing B Yuan 1260 Mongol dynasty established by Kublai Khan 1260-1368 R Yuan Shikai 1859 Chines imperial offical and first president of the Republic of China. (d. 1916) B 1912 Rouled as the first president of the Repudlic of China. 1912-1916. R Yukawa, Hideki 1907 Born B 1935 Predicted the existence of the meson S 1949 Awarded the Nobel Prize in physics Z Yukon 1898 Became a territory of Canada M 1987 The Canadian government negotiated compensation for the Yukon Indians for land taken from them by settlers M Yun, Isang 1917 Korean-born composer (German citizen) B Yurisich, Gregory 1951 Australian baritone born in Mount Lawley B Zabaleta, Nicanor 1907 Spanish harpist born in San Sebastian (d. 1993) B Zabern Affair 1913 Incedent involving the conduct of German army officers in Zabern. M Zaccaria, Nicola 1923 Greek bass born in Piraeus B Zacconi, Ludovico 1555 Italian theorist born in Pesaro (d. 1627) B Zacharewitsch, Michael 1879 Russian-born violinist born in Ostrov (d. 1953) B Zacharias 741 Pope 741-52 R Zacharias, Christian 1950 German pianist born in India B Zachau lZachowr, Friedrich Wilhelm 1663 German composer and organist born in 1712 B Zacher, Gerd 1929 German composer and organist B Zadek, Hilde 1917 German soprano born in Bromberg, Austria B Zadkine, Ossip 1890 Born B 1953 Completed his greatest commisssion, "To a Destroyed City" (Rotterdam) A 1967 Died D Zador, Jeno (Eugene) 1894 Hungarian-born composer born in Bataszek (d. 1977) B Zagrosek, Lothar 1942 German conductor born in Waging B Zaimis, Alexander 1855 Born B 1929 Elected president of Greece 1929-35 E Zaire 1960 Idependent state located in west-central Affrica. F Zama, Battle of -202 Decisive Roman victory over Carthage W Zambello, Francesca 1956 American opera director born in New York B Zambia 1964 Gained independence, formerly British colony of Northern Rhodesia. F Zamora, Treaty of 1143 Agreement between Castile and Portugal T Zampieri, Mara 1941 Italian soprano born in Padua B Zancanaro, Giorgio 1939 Italian baritone born in Verona B Zandonai, Riccardo 1883 Italian composer born in Trentino (d. 1944) B Zanelli lMoralesr, Renato 1892 Chilean baritone born in Valparaiso (d. 1935) B Zanotti, Camillo 1545 Italian composer born in Cesena (d. 1591) B Zareska, Eugenia 1922 Ukranian-born mezzo-soprano born near Lwow B Zarlino, Gioseffe 1517 Italian theorist born in Chioggia (d. 1590) B Zarzycki, Alexander 1834 Polish pianist and composer born in Lwow (d. 1895) B Zaslaw, Neal (Alexander) 1939 American musicologist born in New York B Zecchi, Carlo 1903 Italian pianist and conductor born in Rome (d. 1984) B Zedda, Alberto 1928 Italian conductor and musicologist born in Milan B Zednik, Heinz 1940 Austrian tenor born in Vienna B Zeffirelli lCorsir, Franco 1923 Italian producer and designer born in Florence B Zeitblom, Bartholomaus 1460 Born B 1520 Died D Zeitlin, Zvi 1923 Russian-born American violinist born in Dubrovna B Zelenka, Jan Dismas 1679 Bohemian composer and double-bass player born in Lounovice (d. 1745) B Zeller, Carl 1842 Austrian composer born in St. peter-in-der-Au (d. 1898) B Zelter, Carl Friedrich 1758 German composer, conductor and teacher born in Berlin (d. 1832) B Zemlinsky, Alexander (von) 1871 Austrian composer and conductor born in Vienna (d. 1942) B Zenatello, Giovanni 1876 Italian tenor and baritone born in Verona (d. 1949) B Zender, (Johannes Wolfgang) Hans 1936 German conductor and composer born in Wiesbaden B Zeno of Citium -336 Greek philosopher, established the philosophy of Stoicism. (d.c.264) B Zeugheer, Jakob lJ.Z. Herrmannr 1803 Swiss-born violinist and conductor born in Zurich (d. 1865) B Zhou -1122 Third dynasty of rulers in China and the Chinese classical age. BC c1122--BC c221 R Zhou Enlai 1898 Chinese Communist leader, premier and forign minister. A founder of the Chinese Communists party. (d. 1976) B Zhu De 1886 Leading Chinese Communist general. (d. 1967) B Zhu Xi 1130 Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher, one of Chinas most important commentators on Confucianism. (d. 1200) B Ziani, Marc Antonio 1653 Italian conductor and composer born in Venice (d. 1715) B Ziani, Pietro Andrea 1616 Italian organist and composer born in Vienna (d. 1684) B Zich, Jaroslav 1912 Czech. composer born in Prague B Zich, Otakar 1879 Czech. composer and scholar born in Kralove Mestec (d. 1943) B Zichy, Geza (Count Vazony-Keo) 1849 Hungarian pianist, composer, opera intendant and lawyer (d. 1924) B Zidek, Ivo 1926 Czech. tenor born in Kravare B Ziegler, Delores 1951 American mezzo-soprano born in Atlanta B Ziehn, Bernard 1845 German-born teacher and theorist born in Erfurt (d. 1912) B Ziehrer, Carl Michael 1843 Austrian self-taught composer and conductor born in Vienna (d. 1922) B Ziesak, Ruth 1963 German soprano born in Hofheim B Zilcher, Hermann 1881 German composer and pianist born in Frankfurt (d. 1948) B Zillig, Winfried 1905 German composer, conductor and writer born in Wurzburg (d. 1963) B Ziloti lSilotyr, Alexander 1863 Russian pianist and conductor born near Kharkov (d. 1945) B Zimbabwe 1980 Independent state located in southern Africa. Formerly Rhodesia. F Zimbalist, Efrem (Alexandrovich) 1889 Russian-born violinist and violist born in Rostov (d. 1985) B Zimerman, Krystian 1956 Polish pianist born in Zabrze B Zimmer, Jan 1926 Czech. pianist and composer born in Ruzomberok B Zimmerman, Franklin Bershir 1923 American musicologist born in Kansas B Zimmermann, Agnes (Marie Jacobina) 1845 German-born pianist and composer born in Cologne (d. 1925) B Zimmermann, Bernd Alois 1918 German composer born in Bliesheim (1970) B Zimmermann, Frank Peter 1965 German violinist born in Duisburg B Zimmermann, Louis 1873 Dutch violinist and composer born in Groningen (d. 1954) B Zimmermann, Udo 1943 German composer and conductor born in Dresden B Zingarelli, Niccolo Antonio 1752 Italian composer and violinist born in Naples (d. 1837) B Zinman, David (Joel) 1936 American conductor born in New York B Zionism 1897 Jewish movement for the establishment and preservation of a Jewish national state in Palestine. The first Zionist council was held, 1897, in Basel, Switzerland. F Zipoli, Domenico 1688 Italian organist and composer born in Santa Catalina (d. 1726) B Zivoni, Yossi 1939 Israeli violinist born in Tel Aviv B Zoffany, Johann 1733 Born B 1810 Died D 1772 Painted The Academicians of the Royal Academy A 1778 Completed The Tribuna of the Uffizi A Zola, Emile 1840 French novelist, a leader of the naturalist movement in France and one of the greatest French writers of the 19th cent. (d. 1902) B Zollner, Heinrich 1854 German composer and teacher born in Leipzig (d. 1941) B Zoppo, Marco 1432 Born B 1478 Died D Zorach, William 1887 Born B 1966 Died D Zorian, Olive 1916 English violinist born in Manchester (d. 1965) B Zorn, Anders 1860 Born B 1920 Died D Zuccarelli, Francesco 1702 Born B 1788 Died D 1768 Made a foundation member of the Royal Academy Z Zuccaro, Taddeo 1529 Born B 1566 Died D Zukerman, Pinchas 1948 Israeli violinist and conductor born in Tel Aviv B Zukofsky, Paul 1943 American violinist, conductor, composer and teacher born in Brooklyn B Zuloaga y Zabaleta, Ignacio 1870 Born B 1945 Died D Zululand 1897 Historic region, a part of the South African proovince of Natal. Occupied by the Zulusin the 17th cent. F Zumpe, Herman 1850 German conductor and composer born in Oppach B Zumsteeg, Johann Rudolf 1760 German composer born in Sachsenflur (d. 1802) B Zurbaran, Francisco de 1598 Born B 1664 Died D Zweig, Stefan 1881 Austrian novelist and playwright born in Vienna (d. 1942) B Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe 1939 American composer born in Miami. B 1983 Won Pulitzer Prize with 1983 Symphony. Z Zyl, Gerard Pietersz. van 1607 Born B 1665 Died D Zylis-Gara, Teresa 1935 Polish soprano born in Landvarov B