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Info file sort.info, produced by Makeinfo, -*- Text -*- from input
file sort.tex.
This file documents the MS-DOS port of the GNU sort utility.
Copyright (C) 1990 Thorsten Ohl, <td12@ddagsi3.bitnet> $Header:
e:/gnu/sort/RCS/sort.t'v 0.1 90/08/26 19:00:07 tho Exp $
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included
exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the text of the translations of the section
entitled ``GNU General Public License'' must be approved for accuracy
by the Foundation.
File: sort.info, Node: Top, Up: (Dir)
* Menu:
* Copying:: Legal matters.
* Introduction:: Generalilties.
* Installation:: How to make GNU `sort'.
* Options:: How to tell `sort' how to sort ...
* MS-DOS:: How the MS-DOS version differs.
File: sort.info, Node: Copying, Next: Introduction, Up: Top
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
**************************
Version 1, February 1989
Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
=========
The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users
at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.
The General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's
software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
You can use it for your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make
sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free
software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if
you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must tell them their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to
copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on,
we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the
original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect
on the original authors' reputations.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work
which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
may be distributed under the terms of this General Public
License. The ``Program'', below, refers to any such program or
work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either the
Program or any work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications. Each licensee is
addressed as ``you''.
2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an
appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep
intact all the notices that refer to this General Public License
and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License
along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical
act of transferring a copy.
3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the
terms of Paragraph 1 above, provided that you also do the
following:
* cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating
that you changed the files and the date of any change; and
* cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish,
that in whole or in part contains the Program or any part
thereof, either with or without modifications, to be
licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms
of this General Public License (except that you may choose
to grant warranty protection to some or all third parties,
at your option).
* If the modified program normally reads commands
interactively when run, you must cause it, when started
running for such interactive use in the simplest and most
usual way, to print or display an announcement including an
appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no
warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and
that users may redistribute the program under these
conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
General Public License.
* You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a
copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection
in exchange for a fee.
Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program
(or its derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium does not bring the other work under the scope of these
terms.
4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or
derivative of it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or
executable form under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above
provided that you also do one of the following:
* accompany it with the complete corresponding
machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,
* accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal
charge for the cost of distribution) a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to
be distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above;
or,
* accompany it with the information you received as to where
the corresponding source code may be obtained. (This
alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution
and only if you received the program in object code or
executable form alone.)
Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable file, complete
source code means all the source code for all modules it
contains; but, as a special exception, it need not include
source code for modules which are standard libraries that
accompany the operating system on which the executable file
runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that
accompany that operating system.
5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the
Program except as expressly provided under this General Public
License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense,
distribute or transfer the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights to use the Program under
this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights to use copies, from you under this General Public License
will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.
6. By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work
based on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this
license to do so, and all its terms and conditions.
7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from
the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
granted herein.
8. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version,
but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies a version number of the license which applies
to it and ``any later version'', you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that version or of
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Program does not specify a version number of the license,
you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
9. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to
the author to ask for permission. For software which is
copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free
Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our
decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free
status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting
the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
10. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS''
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS
WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE
COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
11. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS
OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH
ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=======================================================
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and
`show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever
suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the
program, if necessary. Here a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes
at assemblers) written by James Hacker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!
File: sort.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Installation, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
General introduction to GNU `sort'.
***********************************
This is an MS-DOS port of the (unreleased) external sort program for
the GNU project, written by Mike Haertel.
* *PLEASE NOTE*: Mike Haertel (the original author) allowed me to
distribute this program under the condition that I make clear
that this program has not been tested extensively and is to be
considered as in a pre-alpha test state.
I have decided to distribute this program anyway, because it
outclasses *any* external sort program I have seen for MS-DOS: both
in performance and functionality.
* Performance:
1. When used with a fast (preferably cached) disk, this
program is as fast as V. Buerg's `sortf' (if the latter is
used with large, non default keys, GNU `sort' is
*considerably* faster).
2. There are (almost) no build-in hard limits! (I have put
one hard and one soft limit in the MS-DOS version, *note
MS-DOS::.).
* Functionality:
1. GNU `sort' works as a filter.
2. GNU `sort' has lots of *useful* options (*note Options::.).
This distribution is different from the other ports of GNU software
for MS-DOS: it contains the full, unabridged source code and no
context diffs. This is because GNU `sort' has not yet been released
by the Free Software Foundation, and therefore you can't pick up the
official source from prep. But: *all* changes (which are very few)
are conditionalized with `MSDOS'.
Please send bug reports (preferably with fixes (*context* `diff''s!) to
Thorsten Ohl
<td12@ddagsi3.bitnet>
I can make no promises to fix it immediately, but I might want to!
File: sort.info, Node: Installation, Next: Options, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
How to install the MS-DOS version of GNU `sort'.
************************************************
1. Edit the following variables in the makefile
`LIBS'
Remove `glob.obj', `msd_dir.obj', and `_cwild.obj' if you
don't have `glob.c', `msd_dir.c', `msd_dir.h', and
`_cwild.c' from the other MS-DOS ports (e.g. fileutils), or
if you do not want a reasonable filename globbing.
`VPATH'
Include path for `glob.c', `msd_dir.c', `msd_dir.h', and
`_cwild.c' on *your* system. If you have a loosing (non
GNU) `make' that doesn't understand `VPATH', copy the
sources in your current directory.
`CFLAGS, LDFLAGS'
These are for the Microsoft C compiler Version 6.0, edit
them for your system:
`-AC'
Compact memory model
`-W4'
Full warnings!
`-Ocgilt'
(Almost) maximal optimization.
`-Za'
`-DSTDC_HEADERS'
ANSI C.
`-DUSG'
Microsoft's C looks more like System V than BSD.
`/e'
Pack the executable.
`/st:0x8000'
Large stack.
`/noe'
If duplicate symbols in object files and libraries,
use the one from the object file.
2. Say `make'.
That's all.
File: sort.info, Node: Options, Next: MS-DOS, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
Options for GNU `sort'
**********************
`sort' [-cmuV] [-t c] [-o `file'] [-T `dir']
[-bdfiMnr] [+n [-m] ...] [`file' ...]
The following is a guide to GNU `sort', *not* a collection of
*documented options* that can be relied on.
* Menu:
* Global:: Options affecting all sort keys together.
* Keys:: Specification of the sort keys.
* Local:: Options for one or all sort keys.
File: sort.info, Node: Global, Next: Keys, Up: Options
Options affecting all sort keys
===============================
`-c'
Check sort order only.
`-m'
Merge presorted files (avoids resorting of already sorted files,
which is generally a slow operation).
`-o`file''
Send output to `file' (overwriting).
`-tc'
Use c as field separator.
`-T`prefix''
Use `prefix' as prefix for temporary files (e.g.
`prefix/sort3141.137'), default is `$TMP'.
`-u'
Delete duplicate lines from the output.
`-V'
Print the version string
*Note Local:: for more options that can affect all keys.
File: sort.info, Node: Keys, Next: Local, Prev: Global, Up: Options
How to specify the sort keys
============================
Keys are zero based, thus the first field has number 0, and so on.
`+num1.num2'
Start a new key at character num2 of field num1.
`-num1.num2'
Extend the key upto (not including) character num2 of field num1.
File: sort.info, Node: Local, Prev: Keys, Up: Options
Options affecting one or all sort keys
======================================
These option apply either globally to all sort keys (if they are
specified before the keys on the command line), or to a single key
(if they are appended to the key specification).
`-b'
Skip white space.
`-d'
Dictionary mode: ignore punctuation.
`-f'
Fold to lowercase.
`-i'
Ignore nonprinting characters.
`-M'
Sort as english (three character) month names.
`-n'
Sort numrically.
`-r'
Sort in reverse.
File: sort.info, Node: MS-DOS, Prev: Options, Up: Top
How the MS-DOS version differs
******************************
* The maximum line length has been reduced to 32k. While the
introduction of arbitrary upper limits is alien to the GNU
project, this particular limit seems to be o.k. for MS-DOS
applications and tremendously decreases the number of required
changes in the original source.
* The maximum number of lines per input buffer is restricted to
about 4000. This limit can only be reached by files with an
average linelength smaller that 8 characters. To allow the
sorting of such files, the following option has been included to
reduce the input buffer size:
`-S num'
Set the input buffer size (default 32k) to num.
Tag Table:
Node: Top1085
Node: Copying1332
Node: Introduction14663
Node: Installation16459
Node: Options17924
Node: Global18412
Node: Keys19047
Node: Local19403
Node: MS-DOS19988
End Tag Table