Mega Top 1/os2_top1.zip/os2_top1/DIVERSEN/DIVPROG/MS_SH22B/SH.MAN

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NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
     sh, rsh - shell, the standard/restricted command programming
     language

SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
     sssshhhh [ ----aaaacccceeeeffffhhhhiiiikkkknnnnmmmmrrrrssssttttuuuuvvvvxxxx0000RRRR ] [ args ]
     rrrrsssshhhh [ ----aaaacccceeeeffffhhhhiiiikkkknnnnmmmmrrrrssssttttuuuuvvvvxxxx0000RRRR ] [ args ]

DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
     _S_h is a command programming language that executes  commands
     read from a terminal or a file.  _R_s_h is a restricted version
     of the standard command interpreter _s_h; it is used to set up
     login  names  and  execution environments whose capabilities
     are more controlled than those of the standard  shell.   See
     _I_n_v_o_c_a_t_i_o_n below for the meaning of arguments to the shell.

  DDDDeeeeffffiiiinnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss
     A _b_l_a_n_k is a tab or a  space.   A  _n_a_m_e  is  a  sequence  of
     letters,  digits,  or underscores beginning with a letter or
     underscore.  A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a name, a digit, or any  of  the
     characters ****, @@@@, ####, ????, ----, $$$$, and !!!!.

  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss
     A _s_i_m_p_l_e-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of non-blank _w_o_r_d_s  separated
     by _b_l_a_n_k_s.  The first word specifies the name of the command
     to be executed.  Except as specified  below,  the  remaining
     words  are  passed as arguments to the invoked command.  The
     command name is passed as argument  0  (see  _e_x_e_c(2)).   The
     _v_a_l_u_e  of  a  simple-command  is  its exit status if it ter-
     minates normally, or (octal)  200+_s_t_a_t_u_s  if  it  terminates
     abnormally (see _s_i_g_n_a_l(2) for a list of status values).

     A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s  separated
     by |||| (or, for historical compatibility, by ^^^^).  The standard
     output of each command  but  the  last  is  connected  by  a
     _p_i_p_e(2)  to  the  standard  input of the next command.  Each
     command is run as a separate process; the  shell  waits  for
     the  last  command to terminate.  The exit status of a pipe-
     line is the exit status of the last command.

     A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines  separated  by
     ;;;;,  &&&& (OOOOSSSS////2222 only), &&&&&&&&, or ||||||||, and optionally terminated by ;;;;
     or &&&& (OOOOSSSS////2222 only).  Of these four symbols, ;;;; and &&&& have equal
     precedence,  which  is  lower precedence than that of &&&&&&&& and
     ||||||||.  The symbols &&&&&&&& and |||||||| also have  equal  precedence.   A
     semicolon  (;;;;)  causes sequential execution of the preceding
     pipeline; an ampersand (&&&&) causes asynchronous execution  of
     the  preceding  pipeline  (i.e., the shell does not wait for
     that command to finish.  This option is only available under
     OOOOSSSS////2222  and is restricted to single commands and not pipelines
     because of the differences in  the  UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX  and  OOOOSSSS////2222  process
     models).  The symbol &&&&&&&& (||||||||) causes the _l_i_s_t following it to



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     be executed only if the preceding pipeline  returns  a  zero
     (non-zero)  exit  status.   An arbitrary number of new-lines
     may appear in a _l_i_s_t, instead of semicolons, to delimit com-
     mands.

     A _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is either a simple-command or one of  the  follow-
     ing.   Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a com-
     mand is that of the last simple-command executed in the com-
     mand.

     ffffoooorrrr _n_a_m_e [ iiiinnnn _w_o_r_d ... ] ddddoooo _l_i_s_t ddddoooonnnneeee
          Each time a ffffoooorrrr command is executed, _n_a_m_e is set to the
          next  _w_o_r_d taken from the iiiinnnn _w_o_r_d list.  If iiiinnnn _w_o_r_d ...
          is omitted, then the ffffoooorrrr command executes the  ddddoooo  _l_i_s_t
          once  for  each  positional  parameter that is set (see
          _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _S_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n  below).   Execution  ends  when
          there are no more words in the list.

     sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt _n_a_m_e [ iiiinnnn _w_o_r_d ... ] ddddoooo _l_i_s_t ddddoooonnnneeee
          A  sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt  command  prints  on  standard  error   (file
          descriptor  2),  the  set  of _w_o_r_ds, each preceded by a
          number.  If iiiinnnn _w_o_r_d ... is omitted, then the positional
          parameters are used instead (see _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _S_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n
          below).  The PPPPSSSS3333 prompt is printed and a line  is  read
          from  the standard input.  If this line consists of the
          number of one of the listed _w_o_r_ds, then  the  value  of
          the  parameter _n_a_m_e is set to the _w_o_r_d corresponding to
          this number.  If this line is empty the selection  list
          is printed again.  Otherwise the value of the parameter
          _n_a_m_e is set to null.  The contents  of  the  line  read
          from  standard  input  is saved in the parameter RRRREEEEPPPPLLLLYYYY.
          The list is executed for each selection until  a  break
          or end-of-file is encountered.

     ccccaaaasssseeee _w_o_r_d iiiinnnn [ _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ | _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... )))) _l_i_s_t ;;;;;;;; ] ... eeeessssaaaacccc
          A  ccccaaaasssseeee  command  executes the _l_i_s_t associated with the
          first _p_a_t_t_e_r_n that matches _w_o_r_d.  The form of the  pat-
          terns is the same as that used for file-name generation
          (see _F_i_l_e _N_a_m_e _G_e_n_e_r_a_t_i_o_n) except that a slash, a lead-
          ing  dot,  or  a dot immediately following a slash need
          not be matched explicitly, and the match is case sensi-
          tive.

     iiiiffff _l_i_s_t tttthhhheeeennnn _l_i_s_t [ eeeelllliiiiffff _l_i_s_t tttthhhheeeennnn _l_i_s_t ] ... [ eeeellllsssseeee _l_i_s_t ] ffffiiii
          The  _l_i_s_t following iiiiffff is executed and, if it returns a
          zero exit status, the _l_i_s_t following the first tttthhhheeeennnn  is
          executed.   Otherwise,  the _l_i_s_t following eeeelllliiiiffff is exe-
          cuted and, if its value is zero, the _l_i_s_t following the
          next  tttthhhheeeennnn is executed.  Failing that, the eeeellllsssseeee _l_i_s_t is
          executed.  If no eeeellllsssseeee _l_i_s_t or tttthhhheeeennnn  _l_i_s_t  is  executed,
          then the iiiiffff command returns a zero exit status.




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     wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee _l_i_s_t ddddoooo _l_i_s_t ddddoooonnnneeee
          A wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee command repeatedly executes the wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee _l_i_s_t and,
          if  the  exit status of the last command in the list is
          zero, executes the ddddoooo _l_i_s_t;  otherwise  the  loop  ter-
          minates.   If  no commands in the ddddoooo _l_i_s_t are executed,
          then the wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee command  returns  a  zero  exit  status;
          uuuunnnnttttiiiillll  may be used in place of wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee to negate the loop
          termination test.

     ((((_l_i_s_t))))
          Execute _l_i_s_t in a sub-shell.  The shell creates  a  new
          environment  in which to execute the _l_i_s_t, but does not
          fork a sub-shell as a Unix system would.  The  original
          environment is restored on completion.

     {{{{ _l_i_s_t;;;; }}}}
          _l_i_s_t is simply executed.

     [[[[[[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]]]]]]
          Evaluates expression and returns  a  zero  exit  status
          when  expression  is true.  See CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll EEEExxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnssss
          below, for a description of expression.  Note  that  [[[[[[[[
          and ]]]]]]]] are keywords and require blanks between them and
          expression.

     ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn _n_a_m_e  {{{{ _l_i_s_t;;;; }}}}

     _n_a_m_e (((()))) {{{{ _l_i_s_t;;;; }}}}
          Define a function which is  referenced  by  _n_a_m_e.   The
          body  of the function is the _l_i_s_t of commands between {{{{
          and }}}}.  Execution of functions is described below  (see
          _E_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n).

     The following words are only recognized as the first word of
     a command and when not quoted:

     iiiiffff tttthhhheeeennnn eeeellllsssseeee eeeelllliiiiffff ffffiiii ccccaaaasssseeee eeeessssaaaacccc ffffoooorrrr wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee uuuunnnnttttiiiillll ddddoooo ddddoooonnnneeee  {{{{  }}}}
     [[[[[[[[ ]]]]]]]]

  CCCCoooommmmmmmmeeeennnnttttssss
     A word beginning with #### causes that word and all the follow-
     ing characters up to a new-line to be ignored.

  AAAAlllliiiiaaaassssiiiinnnngggg
     The first word of each command is replaced by the text of an
     alias if an alias for this word has been defined.  The alias
     name must a valid identifier.  The  replacement  string  can
     contain  any valid Shell script including the metacharacters
     listed above.   The  first  word  of  each  command  of  the
     replaced text will not be tested for additional aliases.  If
     the last character of the alias value is a  blank  then  the
     word  following  the  alias  will  also be checked for alias



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     substitution.  Aliases can be used to redefine special buil-
     tin  commands  but  cannot  be used to redefine the keywords
     listed above.  Aliases can be created and  listed  with  the
     aaaalllliiiiaaaassss command and can be removed with the uuuunnnnaaaalllliiiiaaaassss command.

     Aliasing is performed when scripts are read, not while  they
     are  executed.   Therefore,  for an alias to take effect the
     alias command has to be executed before  the  command  which
     references the alias is read.

     Aliases are frequently used as a short hand  for  full  path
     names.   An option to the aliasing facility allows the value
     of the alias to be automatically set to the full pathname of
     the corresponding command.  These aliases are called tracked
     aliases.  The value of a tracked alias is defined the  first
     time  the  corresponding  command  is  looked up and becomes
     undefined each time  the  PATH  variable  is  reset.   These
     aliases remain tracked so that the next subsequent reference
     will redefine the value.

  CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll EEEExxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnssss
     A conditional expression is used with the [[[[[[[[  compound  com-
     mand  to  test  attributes  of files and to compare strings.
     Word splitting and file name generation are not performed on
     the  words  between  [[[[[[[[ and ]]]]]]]].  Each expression can be con-
     structed from one or more of the following unary  or  binary
     expressions:

          ----aaaa _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists.

          ----bbbb _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a block  special
                      file.

          ----cccc _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a character spe-
                      cial file.

          ----dddd _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a directory.

          ----ffff _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a regular file.

          ----gggg _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and has its setgid  bit
                      set.

          ----hhhh _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link.

          ----kkkk _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and has its sticky  bit
                      set.   Under MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS and OOOOSSSS////2222, the sticky bit
                      is equivalent to the ARCHIVED attribute.

          ----nnnn _s_t_r_i_n_g   True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is non-zero.

          ----oooo _o_p_t_i_o_n   True if the _o_p_t_i_o_n named is on.



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          ----pppp _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a  fifo  special
                      file or a pipe.

          ----rrrr _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is readable.

          ----ssss _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and has a size  greater
                      than zero.

          ----tttt [ _f_i_l_d_e_s ]
                      True if the open file whose file descriptor
                      number  is _f_i_l_d_e_s (1 by default) is associ-
                      ated with a terminal device.

          ----uuuu _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and has its setuid  bit
                      set.

          ----wwww _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable.

          ----xxxx _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable.   If
                      _f_i_l_e  exists  and  is a directory, then the
                      current process has permission to search in
                      the directory.

          ----zzzz _s_t_r_i_n_g   True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero.

          ----LLLL _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link.

          ----OOOO _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and  is  owned  by  the
                      effective  user  id of this process.  Under
                      MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS and OOOOSSSS////2222, the UID bit  is  equivalent
                      to the HIDDEN attribute.

          ----GGGG _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and  is  owned  by  the
                      effective   user  group  of  this  process.
                      Under  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  and  OOOOSSSS////2222,  the  GID  bit  is
                      equivalent to the SYSTEM attribute.

          ----SSSS _f_i_l_e     True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket.

          _f_i_l_e_1 ----nnnntttt _f_i_l_e_2
                      True if file1 is newer than file2.  True if
                      _f_i_l_e_1 exists and is newer than _f_i_l_e_2.

          _f_i_l_e_1 ----ooootttt _f_i_l_e_2
                      True if _f_i_l_e_1  exists  and  is  older  than
                      _f_i_l_e_2.

          _f_i_l_e_1 ----eeeeffff _f_i_l_e_2
                      True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 and  refer  to  the
                      same  file.   Under  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  and OOOOSSSS////2222, inode
                      information is not available, and the shell
                      compares the absolute filenames.



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          _s_1 ==== _s_2     True if strings _s_1 and _s_2 are identical.

          _s_1 !!!!==== _s_2    True if strings _s_1 and _s_2 are  _n_o_t  identi-
                      cal.

          _s_1 <<<< _s_2     True if string _s_1 comes before _s_2 are based
                      on the ASCII value of their characters.

          _s_1 >>>> _s_2     True if string _s_1 comes after _s_2 are  based
                      on the ASCII value of their characters.

          _n_1 ----eeeeqqqq _n_2   True if _n_1 is equal to _n_2.

          _n_1 ----nnnneeee _n_2   True if _n_1 is not equal to _n_2.

          _n_1 ----lllltttt _n_2   True if _n_1 is less than to _n_2.

          _n_1 ----ggggtttt _n_2   True if _n_1 is greater than to _n_2.

          _n_1 ----lllleeee _n_2   True if _n_1 is less than or equal to _n_2.

          _n_1 ----ggggeeee _n_2   True if _n_1 is greater than or equal to _n_2.

     Not all of the above have meaning under MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS or  OOOOSSSS////2222.   In
     such  cases, the appropriate value is set (_f_a_l_s_e, except for
     ----OOOO and ----GGGG).

     A compound expression can be constructed from  these  primi-
     tives  by  using  any of the following, listed in decreasing
     order of precedence.

                 (((( _e_x_p_r ))))
                      True, if  _e_x_p_r  is  true.   Used  to  group
                      expressions.

                 !!!! _e_x_p_r
                      True, if _e_x_p_r is false.

                 _e_x_p_r_1 &&&&&&&& _e_x_p_r_2
                      True, if _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are both true.

                 _e_x_p_r_1 |||||||| _e_x_p_r_2
                      True, if _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true.

  TTTTiiiillllddddeeee SSSSuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn
     Each word is checked to see if it begins with an unquoted ~~~~.
     If it is, the ~~~~ is replaced by the value of the HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE parame-
     ter. A ~~~~ followed by a ++++ or ---- is replaced by  the  value  of
     the parameter PPPPWWWWDDDD and OOOOLLLLDDDDPPPPWWWWDDDD respectively.

  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd SSSSuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn
     The standard output from a command enclosed  in  parenthesis



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     preceded  by  a  dollar  sign  ($$$$(((())))),  or in a pair of grave
     accents (````````) may be used as part or all of a word;  trailing
     new-lines are removed.  The command substitution $$$$((((ccccaaaatttt _f_i_l_e))))
     can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$$$((((<<<<_f_i_l_e)))).

  PPPPaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr SSSSuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn
     The character $$$$ is used to introduce  substitutable  _p_a_r_a_m_e_-
     _t_e_r_s.   There  are  two  types of parameters, positional and
     keyword.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a digit, it is a positional param-
     eter.   Positional parameters may be assigned values by sssseeeetttt.
     Keyword parameters (also known as variables) may be assigned
     values by writing:

          _n_a_m_e = _v_a_l_u_e [ _n_a_m_e = _v_a_l_u_e ] ...

     Pattern-matching is not performed on _v_a_l_u_e.  There cannot be
     a function and a variable with the same _n_a_m_e.

     Alternatively, named parameters can be assigned  values  and
     attributes by using the typeset special command.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}}}}
          The value, if any, of  the  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is  substituted.
          The braces are required only when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed
          by a letter, digit, or underscore that  is  not  to  be
          interpreted  as part of its name.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is **** or
          @@@@, all the positional parameters, starting with $$$$1111, are
          substituted (separated by spaces).  Parameter $$$$0000 is set
          from argument zero when the shell is invoked.

     $$$${{{{####_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}}}}
          If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is **** or @@@@, the number of positional param-
          eters  is  substituted.   Otherwise,  the length of the
          value of the _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::::----_w_o_r_d}}}}
          If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is set and  is  non-null,  substitute  its
          value; otherwise substitute _w_o_r_d.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::::====_w_o_r_d}}}}
          If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not set or is null set it to _w_o_r_d;  the
          value  of  the  parameter  is  substituted.  Positional
          parameters may not be assigned to in this way.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::::????_w_o_r_d}}}}
          If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is set and  is  non-null,  substitute  its
          value;  otherwise,  print _w_o_r_d and exit from the shell.
          If _w_o_r_d is omitted, the message ``parameter null or not
          set'' is printed.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::::++++_w_o_r_d}}}}
          If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is set and is non-null,  substitute  _w_o_r_d;



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          otherwise substitute nothing.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}}}}
     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r########_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}}}}
          If the Shell _p_a_t_t_e_r_n matches the beginning of the value
          of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,  then  the value of this substitution is
          the value of the _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  with  the  matched  portion
          deleted;  otherwise the value of this _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub-
          stituted.  In the first form the smallest matching _p_a_t_-
          _t_e_r_n  is  deleted  and  in  the latter form the largest
          matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is deleted.

     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}}}}
     $$$${{{{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%%%%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}}}}
          If the Shell _p_a_t_t_e_r_n matches the end of  the  value  of
          _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,  then  the value of this substitution is the
          value  of  the  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  with  the  matched   portion
          deleted;  otherwise the value of this _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub-
          stituted.  In the first form the smallest matching _p_a_t_-
          _t_e_r_n  is  deleted  and  in  the latter form the largest
          matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is deleted.

     In the above, _w_o_r_d is not evaluated unless it is to be  used
     as  the  substituted string, so that, in the following exam-
     ple, ppppwwwwdddd is executed only if dddd is not set or is null:

          echo ${d:-`pwd`}

     If the colon (::::) is omitted from the above expressions,  the
     shell only checks whether _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is set or not (_I_t _i_s _n_o_t
     _c_l_e_a_r _w_h_a_t _t_h_i_s _m_e_a_n_s).

     The following parameters are automatically set by the shell:

          ####    The number of positional parameters in decimal.

          ----    Flags supplied to the shell on  invocation  or  by
               the sssseeeetttt command.

          ????    The decimal value returned by  the  last  synchro-
               nously executed command.

          $$$$    The process number of this shell.

          !!!!    The process number of the last background  command
               invoked.

          ____    The last argument of the previous command.

          ~~~~    The shell reserves all variables beginning with  a
               ~~~~  for  its  own  internal use and these variables
               cannot be accessed by the user.



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     The following parameters are used by the shell:

          CCCCDDDDPPPPAAAATTTTHHHH
               The search path for the _c_d  command.   (Note  that
               because  a  colon  is  used by MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS to indicate a
               drive, a semi-colon is used to separate  the  path
               names  instead  of a colon - this implies that the
               CDPATH variable must be set using single or double
               quotes to surround the value).

          CCCCOOOOLLLLUUUUMMMMNNNNSSSS
               This variable is contains the number of columns on
               the screen.

          CCCCOOOOMMMMSSSSPPPPEEEECCCC
               When the shell has to process  an  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  ._b_a_t  or
               OOOOSSSS////2222  ._c_m_d  file, it expects the file indicated by
               the value of this environment variable  to  be  an
               executable program capable of processing the MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS
               ._b_a_t or OOOOSSSS////2222 ._c_m_d file.  The  program  is  invoked
               with  the  arguments  ////cccc  ffffiiiilllleeee____nnnnaaaammmmeeee.   CCCCOOOOMMMMSSSSPPPPEEEECCCC  is
               parsed and split on white space to allow  addition
               parameters  to  be  passed  to  command processor.
               Thus the default environment size could be set  to
               1000 by setting to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d /_e:_1_0_0_0.

          EEEEDDDDIIIITTTTOOOORRRR
               If the value of this variable ends in emacs or vi,
               and  the  VVVVIIIISSSSUUUUAAAALLLL  variable  is  not  set, then the
               corresponding option is turned on.

          EEEENNNNVVVV  If this parameter is set, then parameter substitu-
               tion  is  performed  on  the value to generate the
               pathname of the script that will be executed  when
               the shell is invoked (See Invocation below).  This
               file is typically  used  for  alias  and  function
               definitions.

          EEEEXXXXTTTTEEEENNNNDDDDEEEEDDDD____LLLLIIIINNNNEEEE
               This parameter pointers to a file  which  contains
               information  for the shell about how command lines
               are to be built for particular  external  programs
               and  how to convert from the format entered to the
               shell (see _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _L_i_n_e _B_u_i_l_d_i_n_g).

          FFFFCCCCEEEEDDDDIIIITTTT
               The default editor name for the fc command.

          HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTFFFFIIIILLLLEEEE
               The file where command  history  is  saved  across
               login    sessions.     The    default   value   is
               $$$$HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE////hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy....sssshhhh.



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          HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTSSSSIIIIZZZZEEEE
               The number of commands normally  stored  for  his-
               tory, default 100.

          HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE The default argument (home directory) for  the  _c_d
               command.

          IIIIFFFFSSSS  Internal field separators,  normally  ssssppppaaaacccceeee,  ttttaaaabbbb,
               and nnnneeeewwww----lllliiiinnnneeee.

          LLLLIIIINNNNEEEENNNNOOOO
               This variable contains the current line number  in
               the script being processed.

          LLLLIIIINNNNEEEESSSS
               This variable contains the number of lines on  the
               screen.

          MMMMAAAAIIIILLLL If this parameter is set to the  name  of  a  mail
               file  _a_n_d  the  MMMMAAAAIIIILLLLPPPPAAAATTTTHHHH parameter is not set, the
               shell informs the user of the arrival of  mail  in
               the specified file.

          MMMMAAAAIIIILLLLCCCCHHHHEEEECCCCKKKK
               This parameter specifies how  often  (in  seconds)
               the  shell  will  check for the arrival of mail in
               the files specified by the MMMMAAAAIIIILLLLPPPPAAAATTTTHHHH or MMMMAAAAIIIILLLL param-
               eters.   If  set to 0, the shell will check before
               each prompt.

          MMMMAAAAIIIILLLLPPPPAAAATTTTHHHH
               A semi-colon (;;;;) separated list of file names.  If
               this  parameter is set, the shell informs the user
               of the arrival of mail in  any  of  the  specified
               files.  Each  file name can be followed by %%%% and a
               message that will be printed when the modification
               time  changes.   The  default message is "_y_o_u _h_a_v_e
               _m_a_i_l".

          OOOOLLLLDDDDPPPPWWWWDDDD
               The previous working directory set by the ccccdddd  com-
               mand.

          OOOOPPPPTTTTAAAARRRRGGGG
               The value of the last option argument processed by
               the ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss special command.

          OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIINNNNDDDD
               The index of the last option argument processed by
               the ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss special command.

          OOOOSSSSMMMMOOOODDDDEEEE



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               The operating system under which the shell is run-
               ning (0 - MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS, 1 - OOOOSSSS////2222).

          PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH The  search  path  for  commands  (see   _E_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n
               below).  The user may not change PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH if executing
               under _r_s_h.  (Note that because a colon is used  by
               MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS to indicate a drive, a semi-colon is used to
               separate the path names instead of a colon -  this
               implies  that  the PATH variable must be set using
               single or double quotes to  surround  the  value).
               The  Shell automatically converts Unix format PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH
               assignments to MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS format when  appropriate.   A
               assignment  is  converted  if  there  are no semi-
               colons, no \\\\s and one or more colons.  If there is
               only  one colon, it must not be the second charac-
               ter of the new value.

          PPPPWWWWDDDD  The present working directory set by the  ccccdddd  com-
               mand.

          PPPPSSSS1111  Primary prompt string, by default ``$$$$ ''.

          PPPPSSSS2222  Secondary prompt string, by default ``>>>> ''.

          PPPPSSSS3333  Selection prompt string used within a select loop,
               ``####???? ''.

          PPPPSSSS4444  The value of this parameter is expanded for param-
               eter  substitution  and  precedes  each line of an
               execution trace.  If omitted, the execution  trace
               prompt is ``+ ''.

          RRRRAAAANNNNDDDDOOOOMMMM
               Each time this parameter is referenced,  a  random
               integer  is  generated.   The  sequence  of random
               numbers can be initialized by assigning a  numeric
               value to RRRRAAAANNNNDDDDOOOOMMMM.

          RRRREEEEPPPPLLLLYYYY
               This parameter is set by the sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt statement  and
               by  the rrrreeeeaaaadddd special command when no arguments are
               supplied.

          SSSSEEEECCCCOOOONNNNDDDDSSSS
               Each time this parameter is referenced, the number
               of seconds since shell invocation is returned.  If
               this parameter is assigned a value, then the value
               returned upon reference will be the value that was
               assigned plus the  number  of  seconds  since  the
               assignment.

          SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL



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               When the shell is invoked, it scans  the  environ-
               ment (see _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t below) for this name.  If it
               is found and there is an 'r' in the file name part
               of  its  value,  the  shell  becomes  a restricted
               shell.  The  shell  also  uses  this  variable  to
               decide  which  program to spawn to interpret shell
               scripts (see _E_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n below).

          SSSSHHHHMMMMOOOODDDDEEEE
               The compilation mode of shell - 16 or 32 bit.

          VVVVIIIISSSSUUUUAAAALLLL
               If the value of this variable ends in emacs or vi,
               then the corresponding option is turned on.

          TTTTMMMMPPPP  The location of temporary  files  created  by  the
               shell.  If this variable is not defined, the Shell
               uses  the  HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE  directory  for  temporary  files.
               Failing  that,  the  root directory of the current
               drive is used.

          WWWWIIIINNNNTTTTIIIITTTTLLLLEEEE
               Under OOOOSSSS////2222, the name of the shell's window.

     The shell gives default values to  PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH,  PPPPSSSS1111,  PPPPSSSS2222,  SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL,
     HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE and IIIIFFFFSSSS.

  AAAAlllltttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
     The ccccsssshhhh provides  a  filename  expandsion  method  known  as
     alternation.  This  has  been added into this version of the
     ksh.  When performing filename substitution, you can get the
     shell  to  create  a  set  of strings for you.  For example:
     _e_x_a_m_p_l{_a,_b,_c,_d,_e} will expand  to  _e_x_a_m_p_l_a  _e_x_a_m_p_l_b  _e_x_a_m_p_l_c
     _e_x_a_m_p_l_d _e_x_a_m_p_l_e.  A common separated set of strings in curly
     braces will be expanded into  a  set  of  strings  that  are
     passed  into  the command.  The strings are not sorted.  The
     set of strings may contain parameter substitutions.

  AAAArrrriiiitttthhhhmmmmeeeettttiiiicccc EEEExxxxppppaaaannnnssssiiiioooonnnn
     A string of the form $$$$((((((((_e_x_p)))))))) is substitued with  the  value
     of  the  arithemtic expression _e_x_p.  _e_x_p is treated as if it
     were within single quotes.  See AAAArrrriiiitttthhhhmmmmeeeettttiiiicccc EEEEvvvvaaaalllluuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn below.

  BBBBllllaaaannnnkkkk IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrpppprrrreeeettttaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
     After parameter and command  substitution,  the  results  of
     substitution  are scanned for internal field separator char-
     acters (those found in IIIIFFFFSSSS) and split  into  distinct  argu-
     ments  where such characters are found.  Explicit null argu-
     ments ("""""""" or '''''''')  are  retained.   Implicit  null  arguments
     (those  resulting  from  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s that have no values) are
     removed.




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  FFFFiiiilllleeee NNNNaaaammmmeeee GGGGeeeennnneeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn
     Following substitution, each command _w_o_r_d is scanned for the
     characters  ****,  ???? and [[[[.  If one of these characters appears
     the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.   The  word  is  replaced
     with  alphabetically  sorted  file names that match the pat-
     tern.  If no file name is found that  matches  the  pattern,
     the word is left unchanged.  The character .... at the start of
     a file name or immediately following a ////,  as  well  as  the
     character //// itself, must be matched explicitly.  When match-
     ing patterns for file names, the shell ignores the  case  of
     the  pattern and the file directory entries.  Generated file
     names are always in  lower  case  (for  FAT  file  systems).
     Under HPFS on OOOOSSSS////2222, case is preserved.

          ****    Matches any string, including the null string.

          ????    Matches any single character.

          [[[[ ............ ]]]]
               Matches any one of  the  enclosed  characters.   A
               pair  of  characters  separated  by  ---- matches any
               character lexically between the  pair,  inclusive.
               If the first character following the opening ``[''
               is a ````````!!!!'''''''' any character not enclosed is matched.

     If the shell has to open or  create  the  file  ////ddddeeeevvvv////ttttttttyyyy  or
     ////ddddeeeevvvv////nnnnuuuullllllll (which are Unix special files), they are converted
     to the equivalent MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS file names  (////ddddeeeevvvv////ccccoooonnnn  and  ////ddddeeeevvvv////nnnnuuuullll
     respectively).    Any   user  programs  which  could  expect
     ////ddddeeeevvvv////ttttttttyyyy or ////ddddeeeevvvv////nnnnuuuullllllll as arguments must do its  own  mapping
     to the MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS equivalents.

     The shell checks for valid FAT filenames (single dot, not at
     the beginning).  Invalid dots are converted to ~~~~.  A warning
     message is displayed if the shell detects  an  invalid  file
     name.

  QQQQuuuuoooottttiiiinnnngggg
     The following characters have a special meaning to the shell
     and cause termination of a word unless quoted:

          ;;;;  &&&&  ((((  ))))  ||||  ^^^^  <<<<  >>>>  nnnneeeewwww----lllliiiinnnneeee  ssssppppaaaacccceeee  ttttaaaabbbb

     A character may be _q_u_o_t_e_d (i.e., made to stand  for  itself)
     by  preceding  it  with a \\\\.  The pair \\\\nnnneeeewwww----lllliiiinnnneeee is ignored.
     All characters enclosed between a pair of single quote marks
     (''''''''),  except  a  single  quote,  are quoted.  Inside double
     quote marks (""""""""), parameter and command substitution  occurs
     and  \\\\  quotes  the  characters  \\\\,  ````,  """",  and  $$$$. """"$$$$****"""" is
     equivalent to """"$$$$1111 $$$$2222 ............"""", whereas  """"$$$$@@@@""""  is  equivalent  to
     """"$$$$1111"""" """"$$$$2222"""" .............




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  AAAArrrriiiitttthhhhmmmmeeeettttiiiicccc EEEEvvvvaaaalllluuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
     An ability to perform integer arithmetic  is  provided  with
     the  special  command  lllleeeetttt.  Evaluations are performed using
     _l_o_n_g arithmetic.  Constants are of  the  form  _b_a_s_e#_n  where
     _b_a_s_e   is  a  decimal  number  between  two  and  thirty-six
     representing the arithmetic base and _n is a number  in  that
     base.  If _b_a_s_e# is omitted then base 10 is used.

     An arithmetic expression uses nearly the  same  syntax  pre-
     cedence,  and associatively of expression as C.  The follow-
     ing set of operators, listed in  order  of  decreasing  pre-
     cedence, have been implemented:

     - + ! ~ ++ --     unary minus/plus, logical  NOT,  comple-
                       ment, {pre, post}{in,de}crement
     &                 Logical AND
     ^                 Logical XOR
     |                 Logical OR
     *  /  %           multiplication, division, remainder
     +  -              addition, subtraction
     << >>             Logical shift left and right
     <=  >=  <  >      comparison
     ==  !=            equality  inequality
     &&                Logical AND
     || ^^             Logical OR, XOR
     ? :               Ternary operator
     = += -=  *=  /=   assignement
     %= &= ^= |= <<=
     >>= &&= ||= ^^=

     The operators &&&&&&&&, ||||||||, &&&&&&&&==== and ||||||||==== are  short-circuiting  and
     only one of the latter two expressions in a ternary operator
     is evaluated.  Note the precedence of the logical  AND,  XOR
     and OR operators.

     Sub-expressions in parentheses () are  evaluated  first  and
     can be used to override the above precedence rules.

     Named parameters can be reference by name within an  expres-
     sion without using the parameter substitution symtax.

     Since many of the arithmetic operators require  quoting,  an
     alternative  form  of  the lllleeeetttt command is provided.  For any
     command which begins with a ((((((((, all the characters  until  a
     matching  ))))))))  are treated as a quoted expression.  More pre-
     cisely, ((((((((............))))))))  is equivalent to lllleeeetttt """"............"""".

  PPPPrrrroooommmmppppttttiiiinnnngggg
     When used interactively, the shell prompts with the value of
     PPPPSSSS1111  before reading a command.  If at any time a new-line is
     typed and further input is needed to complete a command, the
     secondary prompt (i.e., the value of PPPPSSSS2222) is issued.



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     Many people like to have the shell provide them with  useful
     information in their prompt.  To accommodate this, the shell
     recognises special sequences of characters in the values  of
     PPPPSSSS1111 and PPPPSSSS2222, and substitutes the appropriate information for
     them.  The special sequences and what they signify are:

          %%%%dddd   Place the current date, in the form  DAY  DD-MM-YY
               into the prompt.

          %%%%eeee   Place the current event number (as defined by  the
               hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy  command)  into  the  prompt.   If history
               evaluation has been turned off (via  hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy  ----dddd),
               no number will be substituted in (i.e. the %%%%eeee will
               be removed).

          %%%%nnnn   Place the current working drive into the prompt.

          %%%%pppp   Place  the  current  working  directory  into  the
               prompt.

          %%%%tttt   Place the current time of day, in the  form  HH:MM
               into  the prompt.  The time is on a 24 hour clock,
               i.e. 1:30 in the afternoon will be 13:30.

          %%%%vvvv   Place the MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS version number, in the form  MSDOS
               MM:MM into the prompt.

          %%%%%%%%   Place the character % into the prompt.

          \\\\xxxxxxxxxxxx Place the character \_x_x_x  into  the  prompt.   The
               processing of escape sequences is the same as that
               for eeeecccchhhhoooo.

     Some of these facilities are of more use than others.

  IIIInnnnppppuuuutttt////OOOOuuuuttttppppuuuutttt
     Before a command is executed, its input and  output  may  be
     redirected  using  a  special  notation  interpreted  by the
     shell.  The following  may  appear  anywhere  in  a  simple-
     command  or  may  precede  or  follow  a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and are _n_o_t
     passed on to the invoked command; substitution occurs before
     _w_o_r_d or _d_i_g_i_t is used:

     <<<<wwwwoooorrrrdddd         Use file _w_o_r_d as standard input (file descrip-
                   tor 0).

     >>>>wwwwoooorrrrdddd         Use  file  _w_o_r_d  as  standard   output   (file
                   descriptor  1).  If the file does not exist it
                   is created; otherwise, it is truncated to zero
                   length.

     >>>>>>>>wwwwoooorrrrdddd        Use file _w_o_r_d as standard output.  If the file



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                   exists  output  is  appended  to  it (by first
                   seeking to the  end-of-file);  otherwise,  the
                   file is created.

     <<<<<<<<[----]wwwwoooorrrrdddd     The shell input is read up to a line  that  is
                   the  same  as _w_o_r_d, or to an end-of-file.  The
                   resulting document becomes the standard input.
                   If   any  character  of  _w_o_r_d  is  quoted,  no
                   interpretation is placed upon  the  characters
                   of the document; otherwise, parameter and com-
                   mand substitution  occurs,  (unescaped)  \\\\nnnneeeewwww----
                   lllliiiinnnneeee  is  ignored, and \\\\ must be used to quote
                   the characters \\\\, $$$$, ````, and the first  charac-
                   ter  of  _w_o_r_d.   If  ----  is appended to <<<<<<<<, all
                   leading tabs are stripped from _w_o_r_d  and  from
                   the document.

     <<<<&&&&ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt       Use the file associated with  file  descriptor
                   _d_i_g_i_t  as  standard  input.  Similarly for the
                   standard output using >>>>&&&&ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt.

     <<<<&&&&----           The standard input is closed.   Similarly  for
                   the standard output using >>>>&&&&----.

     nnnn<<<<>>>>wwwwoooorrrrdddd       causes the file _w_o_r_d  to  be  opened  on  file
                   descriptor  _n  for  both  reading and writing.
                   The file must already exist.

     If any of the  above  is  preceded  by  a  digit,  the  file
     descriptor  which  will  be associated with the file is that
     specified by the digit (instead of the default 0 or 1).  For
     example:

          ... 2>&1

     associates file descriptor 2 with the file currently associ-
     ated with file descriptor 1.

     The order in which redirections are  specified  is  signifi-
     cant.   The shell evaluates redirections left-to-right.  For
     example:

          ... 1>_x_x_x 2>&1

     first associates file descriptor 1 with file _x_x_x.  It  asso-
     ciates  file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file
     descriptor 1 (i.e. _x_x_x).  If the order of redirections  were
     reversed,  file  descriptor  2  would be associated with the
     terminal (assuming file descriptor  1  had  been)  and  file
     descriptor 1 would be associated with file _x_x_x .





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     The environment for the execution of a command contains  the
     file  descriptors  of  the  invoking  shell  as  modified by
     input/output specifications.

     Redirection of output  is  not  allowed  in  the  restricted
     shell.

  EEEEnnnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt
     The _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t (see _e_n_v_i_r_o_n(5)) is  a  list  of  name-value
     pairs  that is passed to an executed program in the same way
     as a normal argument list.  The  shell  interacts  with  the
     environment in several ways.  On invocation, the shell scans
     the environment and creates a parameter for each name found,
     giving it the corresponding value.  If the user modifies the
     value of any of these parameters or creates new  parameters,
     none of these affects the environment unless the eeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt com-
     mand is used to bind the shell's parameter to  the  environ-
     ment (see also sssseeeetttt ----aaaa).  A parameter may be removed from the
     environment with the uuuunnnnsssseeeetttt command.  The environment seen by
     any  executed  command  is  thus  composed of any unmodified
     name-value pairs originally inherited by  the  shell,  minus
     any  pairs removed by uuuunnnnsssseeeetttt, plus any modifications or addi-
     tions, all of which must be noted in eeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt commands.

     The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be  augmented  by
     prefixing  it  with  one  or more assignments to parameters.
     Thus:

          TERM=450 cmd args

     and

          (export TERM; TERM=450; cmd args)

     are equivalent (as far as  the  execution  of  _c_m_d  is  con-
     cerned).

     If the ----kkkk flag is set, _a_l_l keyword arguments are  placed  in
     the  environment, even if they occur after the command name.
     The following first prints aaaa====bbbb cccc and cccc:

          echo a=b c
          set -k
          echo a=b c

  SSSSiiiiggggnnnnaaaallllssss
     The INTERRUPT and QUIT signals for an  invoked  command  are
     ignored  if  the command is followed by &&&&; otherwise signals
     have the values inherited by the shell from its parent, with
     the  exception  of  signal 11 (but see also the ttttrrrraaaapppp command
     below).




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  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd RRRReeee----eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy
     The text  of  the  last  HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTSSSSIIIIZZZZEEEE  (default:  100)  commands
     entered  from  a terminal device is saved in a _h_i_s_t_o_r_y file.
     The file $$$$HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE////hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy....sssshhhh is used if the  HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTFFFFIIIILLLLEEEE  variable
     is  not set.  The special command ffffcccc is used to list or edit
     a portion of this file.  The  portion  of  the  file  to  be
     edited  or listed can be selected by number or by giving the
     first character or characters of the command.  A single com-
     mand  or  range of commands can be specified.  If you do not
     specify an editor program as an argument to ffffcccc, the value of
     the parameter FFFFCCCCEEEEDDDDIIIITTTT is used.  The edited command is printed
     and re-executed upon leaving the editor.  The editor name  ----
     is used to skip the editing phase and to re-execute the com-
     mand.  In this case a substitution  parameter  of  the  form
     _o_l_d====_n_e_w  can be used to modify the command before execution.
     For example, if rrrr  is  aliased  to  ````ffffcccc  ----eeee  ----'''',  typing  `rrrr
     bbbbaaaadddd====ggggoooooooodddd  cccc' re-executes the most recent command that starts
     with the letter cccc and replaces the first occurrence  of  the
     string bbbbaaaadddd with the string ggggoooooooodddd.

  HHHHiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy
     When reading input from  an  interactive  terminal  and  vvvviiii,
     eeeemmmmaaaaccccssss or ggggmmmmaaaaccccssss input editing mode has not been selected (see
     IIIInnnn----lllliiiinnnneeee EEEEddddiiiittttiiiinnnngggg OOOOppppttttiiiioooonnnnssss), a ``!'' at the  start  of  a  line
     signals  to  the  shell  that it should attempt to perform a
     history subsitution.  A history subsitution is a  short-hand
     method  which  allows  the user to recall a previous command
     for execution or editing.  The recalled command is placed in
     the  command  line for editing or passing to the rest of the
     shell for normal processing.  A history  substitution  takes
     the form:

          !!!! [ ! | _s_t_r | _n_u_m ] _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_t_o_r

     !!!!!!!! will place the previous  command  in  the  command  line.
     !!!!_n_u_m  will  place  the  history  command  with the specified
     number in the command line.  !!!!_s_t_r will find the most  recent
     command line that started with the characters in _s_t_r.

     The _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_t_o_r determines what action is performed after the
     history  line  has been found.  If the original history com-
     mand is entered using the <<<<rrrreeeettttuuuurrrrnnnn>>>> key, the new command line
     is  passed  directly  to  the  shell.   If  the <<<<eeeennnndddd>>>> key is
     pressed, the new command line can be edited  in  the  manner
     described below.

  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd LLLLiiiinnnneeee EEEEddddiiiittttiiiinnnngggg
     When reading input from  an  interactive  terminal,  certain
     keystrokes  allow  the current input line to be edited.  The
     following keystrokes corresponding to  the  following  func-
     tions  are  defined  in the initialisation file sssshhhh....iiiinnnniiii.  The
     keywords  in  the  initialisation  file  which  provide  the



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     functions are listed below:

     RRRRiiiigggghhhhtttt
          Move the cursor right one character

     WWWWoooorrrrddddRRRRiiiigggghhhhtttt
          Move the cursor right one word

     LLLLeeeefffftttt Move the cursor left one character

     WWWWoooorrrrddddLLLLeeeefffftttt
          Move the cursor left one word

     PPPPrrrreeeevvvviiiioooouuuussss
          Get the previous command from the history file

     NNNNeeeexxxxtttt Get the next command from the history file

     IIIInnnnsssseeeerrrrtttt
          Toggle insert/overwrite mode (note  the  shape  of  the
          cursor changes to indicate the current mode)

     DDDDeeeelllleeeetttteeeeRRRRiiiigggghhhhtttt
          Delete the current character unless the  cursor  is  at
          the end of line when no action is taken

     SSSSttttaaaarrrrtttt
          Move the cursor to the start of the command

     CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee
          Attempt to complete the filename.  The  shell  attempts
          to  complete  the file name at the current cursor posi-
          tion.  The file name is delimited by white space  char-
          acters.   If  the  shell is unable to complete the file
          name (ie no match  can  be  found  in  the  appropriate
          directory),  the  bell  is  rung.  If a single match is
          found, the new file name  is  displayed.   If  multiple
          matches  are  found,  the  file name is replaced by the
          longest non-unique part of the file name and  the  bell
          is rung.

     EEEEnnnndddd  Move the cursor to the end of the command,  unless  the
          first  character  of  the command is a !!!!, in which case
          the appropriate history search is done.  The cursor  is
          placed at the end of the command line.

     FFFFlllluuuusssshhhh
          Delete to the end of the line

     SSSSccccaaaannnnBBBBaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd
          Search backwards from the current history  command  for
          the  next match against the last history request or the



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          string currently in the command line if there has  been
          no previous history request.

     SSSSccccaaaannnnFFFFoooorrrreeeewwwwaaaarrrrdddd
          Search forewards from the current history  command  for
          the  next match against the last history request or the
          string currently in the command line if there has  been
          no previous history request.

     CCCClllleeeeaaaarrrr
          Erase the complete line.

     CCCClllleeeeaaaarrrrSSSSccccrrrreeeeeeeennnn
          Clears the complete  screen.   This  function  is  only
          available under OOOOSSSS////2222.

     DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrryyyy
          Display the  file  name  list  matching  the  partially
          entered  file name under the cursor.  If no matches are
          found the bell is rung.  To display  the  whole  direc-
          tory,  enter  the directory name followed by a slash ////.
          After the directory listing  has  been  displayed,  the
          entered command line is redisplayed.

     DDDDeeeelllleeeetttteeeeLLLLeeeefffftttt
          Delete the character to the left of the cursor.

     RRRReeeettttuuuurrrrnnnn
          Execute the command line, unless the first character of
          the  command is a !!!!, in which case the appropriate his-
          tory processing  is  done.   _T_h_i_s  _i_s  _t_h_e  _a_c_t_u_a_l  _k_e_y
          _p_r_e_s_s_e_d  _a_n_d  _c_a_n_n_o_t  _b_e _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_d _b_y _t_h_e _i_n_i_t_i_a_l_i_s_a_t_i_o_n
          _f_i_l_e.

     JJJJoooobbbbssss Print a list of the child processes of the shell.  This
          function is only available under OOOOSSSS////2222.

     TTTTrrrraaaannnnssssppppoooosssseeee
          Transpose the two characters under the cursor.

     QQQQuuuuooootttteeee
          Disable any special processing for the next keystroke.

  IIIInnnn----lllliiiinnnneeee EEEEddddiiiittttiiiinnnngggg OOOOppppttttiiiioooonnnnssss
     Normally, each command line entered from a  terminal  device
     is  simply  typed  followed by a new-line (`RETURN' or `LINE
     FEED'), see previous section.  If the vvvviiii option  is  active,
     the user can edit the command line.  To be in this edit mode
     sssseeeetttt the vvvviiii  option.   An  editing  option  is  automatically
     selected each time the VVVVIIIISSSSUUUUAAAALLLL or EEEEDDDDIIIITTTTOOOORRRR variable is assigned
     a value ending in either of these option names.




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     The editing mode implements a  concept  where  the  user  is
     looking  through  a  window at the current line.  The window
     width is the value of CCCCOOOOLLLLUUUUMMMMNNNNSSSS if it  is  defined,  otherwise
     _8_0.   If the line is longer than the window width minus two,
     a mark is displayed at the end of the window to  notify  the
     user.  As the cursor moves and reaches the window boundaries
     the window will be centered about the cursor.  The mark is a
     >>>>  (<<<<,  ****)  if  the  line  extends on the right (left, both)
     side(s) of the window.

     The search commands in each edit mode provide access to  the
     history  file.   Only  strings  are  matched,  not patterns,
     although a leading ^^^^ in the string restricts  the  match  to
     begin at the first character in the line.

  VVVViiii EEEEddddiiiittttiiiinnnngggg MMMMooooddddeeee
     There are two typing modes.  Initially,  when  you  enter  a
     command you are in the input mode.  To edit, the user enters
     control mode by typing ESC (\\\\000033333333) and moves  the  cursor  to
     the  point  needing  correction  and then inserts or deletes
     characters or words as needed.  Most control commands accept
     an optional repeat count prior to the command.

     In edit mode, the key mappings defined in the initialisation
     file are mapped onto the appropriate vvvviiii edit command.

     IIIInnnnppppuuuutttt EEEEddddiiiitttt CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss

     By default the editor is in input mode.

          _b_a_c_k_s_p_a_c_e
               Deletes previous character.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----WWWW
               Deletes the previous blank separated word.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----DDDD
               Terminates the shell.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----VVVV
               Escapes the next  character.   Editing  characters
               can  be  entered  in a command line or in a search
               string  if  preceded  by  a  CCCCttttrrrrllll----VVVV.   The  CCCCttttrrrrllll----VVVV
               removes  the next character's editing features (if
               any).

          \\\\    Escapes the next _e_d_i_t_i_n_g character.

     MMMMoooottttiiiioooonnnn EEEEddddiiiitttt CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss

     These commands move the cursor:




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          [_C_o_u_n_t]llll
               Moves the cursor forward (right) one character.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]wwww
               Moves the cursor forward one alphanumeric word.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]WWWW
               Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next word
               that follows a blank.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]eeee
               Moves the cursor to end of the current word.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]EEEE
               Moves the cursor to  end  of  the  current  blank-
               separated word.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]hhhh
               Moves the cursor backward (left) one character.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]bbbb
               Moves the cursor backward one word.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]BBBB
               Moves the cursor to the  previous  blank-separated
               word.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]||||
               Moves the cursor to the column  specified  by  the
               _c_o_u_n_t parameter.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]ffffcccc
               Finds the next character _c in the current line.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]FFFFcccc
               Finds the previous  character  _c  in  the  current
               line.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]ttttcccc
               Equivalent to ffff followed by hhhh.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]TTTTcccc
               Equivalent to FFFF followed by llll.

          [_C_o_u_n_t];;;;
               Repeats for the number of times specified  by  the
               _c_o_u_n_t  parameter  the  last  single-character find
               command: ffff, FFFF, tttt, or TTTT.

          [_C_o_u_n_t],,,,
               Reverses the last  single-character  find  command
               the   number  of  times  specified  by  the  _c_o_u_n_t



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               parameter.

          0000    Moves the cursor to start of line.

          ^^^^    Moves the cursor to first  nonblank  character  in
               line.

          $$$$    Moves the cursor to end of line.

     SSSSeeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh EEEEddddiiiitttt CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss

     These commands access your command history:

          [_C_o_u_n_t]kkkk
               Fetches the previous  command.   Each  time  kkkk  is
               entered, the previous command is accessed.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]----
               Equivalent to kkkk.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]jjjj
               Fetches the next command.  Each time jjjj is entered,
               the next command is accessed.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]++++
               Equivalent to jjjj.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]GGGG
               Fetches the command whose number is  specified  by
               the  _c_o_u_n_t  parameter.   The  default is the least
               recent history command.

          ////_S_t_r_i_n_g
               Searches backward through history for  a  previous
               command  containing  the  specified  _s_t_r_i_n_g.   The
               _s_t_r_i_n_g is terminated by a RETURN or new-line char-
               acter.  If the specified string is preceded by a ^^^^
               (caret), the matched line must begin with  _s_t_r_i_n_g.
               If  the value of the _s_t_r_i_n_g parameter is null, the
               previous string is used.

          ????_S_t_r_i_n_g
               Same as ////_S_t_r_i_n_g except that the search is  in  the
               forward direction.

          nnnn    Searches for the next match of the last pattern to
               //// or ???? commands.

          NNNN    Searches for the next match of the last pattern to
               ////  or  ????  commands, but in the opposite direction.
               Searches history for the  _s_t_r_i_n_g  entered  by  the
               previous //// command.



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     TTTTeeeexxxxtttt MMMMooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn EEEEddddiiiitttt CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss

     These commands modify the line:

          aaaa    Enters the input mode and enters  text  after  the
               current character.

          AAAA    Appends text to the end of the  line.   Equivalent
               to $$$$aaaa.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]cccc_M_o_t_i_o_n
          cccc[_C_o_u_n_t]_M_o_t_i_o_n
               Deletes the current character through the  charac-
               ter  to  which  the  _m_o_t_i_o_n parameter specifies to
               move the cursor, and enters input  mode.   If  the
               value  of  the  _m_o_t_i_o_n  parameter is cccc, the entire
               line is deleted and the input mode is entered.

          CCCC    Deletes the current character through the  end  of
               the line and enters input mode.  Equivalent to cccc$$$$.

          SSSS    Equivalent to cccccccc.

          DDDD    Deletes the current character through the  end  of
               line.  Equivalent to dddd$$$$.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]dddd_M_o_t_i_o_n
          dddd[_C_o_u_n_t]_M_o_t_i_o_n
               Deletes the current character up to and  including
               the  character  specified by the _m_o_t_i_o_n parameter.
               If _m_o_t_i_o_n is dddd, the entire line is deleted.

          iiii    Enters the input mode and inserts text before  the
               current character.

          IIII    Inserts text before the  beginning  of  the  line.
               Equivalent to 0000iiii.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]PPPP
               Places the previous text modification  before  the
               cursor.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]pppp
               Places the previous text  modification  after  the
               cursor.

          RRRR    Enters the input mode and types over  the  charac-
               ters on the screen.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]rrrr_c
               Replaces the number of characters specified by the
               _c_o_u_n_t  parameter,  starting  at the current cursor



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               position, with the characters specified by  the  _c
               variable.   Advances  the cursor after the charac-
               ters are replaced.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]xxxx
               Deletes the current character.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]XXXX
               Deletes the preceding character.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]....
               Repeats the previous text modification command.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]~~~~
               Inverts the  case  of  the  number  of  characters
               specified  by the _c_o_u_n_t parameter, starting at the
               current cursor position, and advances the cursor.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]____
               Causes the word specified by the  _c_o_u_n_t  parameter
               word  of  the previous command to be appended, and
               enters input mode.  The last word is used  if  the
               _c_o_u_n_t parameter is omitted.

          ****    Appends an **** (asterisk) to the  current  word  and
               attempts  filename  substitution.   If no match is
               found, it rings the bell.  Otherwise, the word  is
               replaced by the matching pattern and input mode is
               entered.

          \\\\    File-name completion.  Replaces the  current  word
               with  the  longest common prefix of all file names
               matching  the  current  word  with   an   asterisk
               appended.   If the match is unique, a //// (slash) is
               appended if the file is a directory and a space is
               appended if the file is not a directory.

     OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr EEEEddddiiiitttt CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss

     Other miscellaneous edit commands include:

          [_C_o_u_n_t]yyyy_M_o_t_i_o_n
          yyyy[_C_o_u_n_t]_M_o_t_i_o_n
               Yanks the current character through the  character
               to  which  the  _m_o_t_i_o_n parameter specifies to move
               the cursor and  puts  these  characters  into  the
               delete buffer.  The text and cursor are unchanged.

          YYYY    Yanks from the current position to the end of  the
               line.  Equivalent to yyyy$$$$.

          uuuu    Undoes the last text-modifying command.



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          UUUU    Undoes all the text-modifying  commands  performed
               on the line.

          [_C_o_u_n_t]vvvv
               Returns the command ffffcccc ----eeee $$$${{{{VVVVIIIISSSSUUUUAAAALLLL::::----$$$${{{{EEEEDDDDIIIITTTTOOOORRRR::::----vvvviiii}}}}}}}}
               _c_o_u_n_t in the input buffer.  If the _c_o_u_n_t parameter
               is omitted, then the current line is used.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----LLLL
               Line-feeds  and  prints  the  current  line.   Has
               effect only in control mode.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----JJJJ
               (New line) Executes the current  line,  regardless
               of the mode.

          CCCCttttrrrrllll----MMMM
               (Return) Executes the current line, regardless  of
               the mode.

          ####    Sends the line after inserting a #### (hash sign)  in
               front of the line.  Useful for causing the current
               line to be inserted in the history  without  being
               executed.

          ====    Lists the file names that match the  current  word
               as if an asterisk were appended to it.

          @@@@LLLLeeeetttttttteeeerrrr
               Searches  the  alias  list  for  an  alias   named
               _Letter.  If an alias of this name is defined, its
               value is placed into the input queue for  process-
               ing.

  EEEEMMMMAAAACCCCSSSS EEEEddddiiiittttiiiinnnngggg MMMMooooddddeeee
     When the eeeemmmmaaaaccccssss option is set, interactive input line editing
     is  enabled.  This mode is slightly different from the emacs
     mode in AT&T's KornShell.  In this mode various _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _c_o_m_-
     _m_a_n_d_s  (typically  bound  to one or more control characters)
     cause immediate actions  without  waiting  for  a  new-line.
     Several  _e_d_i_t_i_n_g  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s  are  bound to particular control
     characters when the shell is invoked; these bindings can  be
     changed using the bbbbiiiinnnndddd command.

     The following _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s are available, where a  caret
     indicates  the  control  character,  and ^[ is the ASCII ESC
     character.  Note that _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _c_o_m_m_a_n_d names  are  used  only
     with  the bbbbiiiinnnndddd command.  The default bindings were chosen to
     resemble corresponding EMACS key bindings.

     ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
     Editing command           Default                  Function
     ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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     pppprrrreeeeffffiiiixxxx----3333                  0xE0
                                                        Introduces a 2-character command sequence.  This  prefix
                                                        allows  the  user to map PC function keys onto commands.
                                                        The second character is the IBM scan code value  of  the
                                                        function key to be assigned.  For example: _F_1 has a scan
                                                        code of ;;;;; _C_t_r_l-_F_1 has a scan code of ^^^^; _S_h_i_f_t-_F_1 has  a
                                                        scan code of TTTT; _A_l_t-_F_1 has a scan code of hhhh.
     bbbbeeeeggggiiiinnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg----ooooffff----lllliiiinnnneeee         Ctrl-A                   Moves the cursor to start of line.
     bbbbaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd----cccchhhhaaaarrrr             Ctrl-B                   Moves the cursor backward (left) one character.
     eeeeooootttt----oooorrrr----ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee             Ctrl-D
                                                        Acts as  _e_n_d-_o_f-_f_i_l_e  if  alone  on  a  line;  otherwise
                                                        deletes current character.
     eeeennnndddd----ooooffff----lllliiiinnnneeee               Ctrl-E                   Moves the cursor to end of line.
     ffffoooorrrrwwwwaaaarrrrdddd----cccchhhhaaaarrrr              Ctrl-F                   Moves the cursor forward one position.
     aaaabbbboooorrrrtttt                     Ctrl-G
                                                        Useful as a response to a request for  a  sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy
                                                        pattern in order to abort the search.
     ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrr----bbbbaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd      Ctrl-H
                                                        Deletes the previous character.
     nnnneeeewwwwlllliiiinnnneeee
                               Ctrl-M
                               Ctrl-J                   Executes the current line.

     kkkkiiiillllllll----ttttoooo----eeeeoooollll               Ctrl-K
                                                        Deletes from the cursor to the end of the line.  If pre-
                                                        ceded  by a numerical parameter whose value is less than
                                                        the  current  cursor  position,  this  editing   command
                                                        deletes  from  the  given position up to the cursor.  If
                                                        preceded by a numerical parameter whose value is greater
                                                        than  the  current cursor position, this editing command
                                                        deletes from the cursor up to given cursor position.
     rrrreeeeddddrrrraaaawwww                    Ctrl-L                   Linefeeds and print the current line.
     ddddoooowwwwnnnn----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy              Ctrl-N
                                                        Fetches the next command  line.   Each  time  Ctrl-N  is
                                                        entered,  the  next  command  line  forward  in  time is
                                                        accessed.
     ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeee                   Ctrl-O
                                                        Executes the current line  and  fetches  the  next  line
                                                        relative to the current line from the history file.
     uuuupppp----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy                Ctrl-P
                                                        Fetches the  previous  command.   Each  time  CCCCttttrrrrllll----PPPP  is
                                                        entered,  the previous command back in time is accessed.
                                                        Moves back one line when not on the first line of a mul-
                                                        tiple line command.
     sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy            Ctrl-R _S_t_r_i_n_g
                                                        Reverses search history for a previous command line con-
                                                        taining  the  string  specified by the SSSSttttrrrriiiinnnngggg parameter.
                                                        If a value of zero is given, the search is forward.  The
                                                        specified  ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg  is terminated by an _E_n_t_e_r or _n_e_w-_l_i_n_e
                                                        character.  If the ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg is  preceded  by  a  ^^^^  (caret
                                                        character), the matched line must begin with SSSSttttrrrriiiinnnngggg.  If
                                                        the SSSSttttrrrriiiinnnngggg parameter is omitted, then the  next  command
                                                        line  containing the most recent SSSSttttrrrriiiinnnngggg is accessed.  In
                                                        this case, a value of zero reverses the direction of the
                                                        search.
     ttttrrrraaaannnnssssppppoooosssseeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrrssss           Ctrl-T
                                                        Transposes the current character with the next character
                                                        in  eeeemmmmaaaaccccssss  mode.  Transposes the two previous characters
                                                        in ggggmmmmaaaaccccssss mode.
     kkkkiiiillllllll----lllliiiinnnneeee                 Ctrl-U                   Deletes the entire input line.
     kkkkiiiillllllll----rrrreeeeggggiiiioooonnnn               Ctrl-W                   Kills from the cursor to the mark.
     pppprrrreeeeffffiiiixxxx----2222                  Ctrl-X
                                                        Introduces a 2-character command sequence.





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     ppppoooopppp----tttteeeexxxxtttt                  Ctrl-Y
                                                        Restores the last item removed from  line.   (Yanks  the
                                                        item back to the line.)
     sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----cccchhhhaaaarrrr----ffffoooorrrrwwwwaaaarrrrdddd       Ctrl-] _c
                                                        Moves the cursor forward on  the  current  line  to  the
                                                        indicated character.
     sssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh----cccchhhhaaaarrrr----bbbbaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 Ctrl-] _c
                                                        Search backwards in the current line for the  next  key-
                                                        board  character.   Moves  the  cursor  backword  on the
                                                        current line to the indicated character.
     qqqquuuuooootttteeee
                               Ctrl-^
                               \
                                                        Escapes the next character.  Editing characters  can  be
                                                        entered  in a command line or in a search string if pre-
                                                        ceded by a _q_u_o_t_e command.  The escape removes  the  next
                                                        character's editing features, if any.
     eeeeooootttt                       Ctrl-_                   Acts as an end-of-file.
     ccccoooommmmmmmmeeeennnntttt----eeeexxxxeeeeccccuuuutttteeee           _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 #
                                                        Inserts a #### (pound sign) at the beginning  of  the  line
                                                        and  then execute the line.  This causes a comment to be
                                                        inserted in the history file.
     ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee----lllliiiisssstttt             _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 *
                                                        Attempts file name substitution on the current word.  An
                                                        asterisk  is appended if the word doesn't match any file
                                                        or contain any special pattern characters.

     pppprrrreeeevvvv----hhhhiiiisssstttt----wwwwoooorrrrdddd
     ccccooooppppyyyy----llllaaaasssstttt----aaaarrrrgggg
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 .
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 _
                                                        Inserts on the line the last word of the  previous  com-
                                                        mand.   If preceded by a numeric parameter, the value of
                                                        this parameter determines which word  to  insert  rather
                                                        than  the last word.  Note I/O redirections do not count
                                                        as words of the command.
     bbbbeeeeggggiiiinnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg----ooooffff----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy      _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 <
                                                        Fetches the least recent (oldest) history line.
     lllliiiisssstttt                      _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 =
                                                        Prints a sorted, columnated list of file names (if  any)
                                                        that  can  complete the partial word containing the cur-
                                                        sor.  Directory names have ////  postpended  to  them,  and
                                                        executable file names are followed by ****.
     eeeennnndddd----ooooffff----hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy            _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 >
                                                        Fetches the most recent (youngest) history line.
     bbbbaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd----wwwwoooorrrrdddd             _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 B
                                                        Moves the cursor backward one word.
     ccccaaaappppiiiittttaaaalllliiiisssseeee----wwwwoooorrrrdddd           _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 C
                                                        Capitalises the current word.
     ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee----wwwwoooorrrrdddd----bbbbaaaacccckkkkwwwwaaaarrrrdddd
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 Ctrl-H
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 H
                                                        Deletes the previous word.

     ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee----wwwwoooorrrrdddd----ffffoooorrrrwwwwaaaarrrrdddd       _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 D
                                                        Deletes the current word.
     pppprrrreeeeffffiiiixxxx----1111                  ESC
                                                        Introduces a 2-character command sequence.  Three intro-
                                                        ducers are available.
     ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee                  _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 ESC
                                                        File-name completion.  Replaces the  current  word  with
                                                        the  longest  common prefix of all file names that match
                                                        the current word with  an  asterisk  appended.   If  the
                                                        match  is unique, a //// (slash) is appended if the file is
                                                        a directory and a space is appended if the file is not a
                                                        directory.
     ffffoooorrrrwwwwaaaarrrrdddd----wwwwoooorrrrdddd              _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 F
                                                        Moves the cursor forward one word (a string  of  charac-
                                                        ters  consisting  of  only  letters,  digits, and under-
                                                        scores).
     ddddoooowwwwnnnnccccaaaasssseeee----wwwwoooorrrrdddd             _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 L
                                                        Changes the current word to lowercase.
     mmmmuuuullllttttiiiippppllllyyyy                  _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 M
                                                        Multiplies the parameter of the next command by 4.
     uuuuppppccccaaaasssseeee----wwwwoooorrrrdddd               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 U
                                                        Change the current word to upper-case.







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                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 DDDDiiiiggggiiiittttssss
                                                        Defines the numeric parameter.  The ddddiiiiggggiiiittttssss are taken  as
                                                        a  parameter  to  the  next  command.  The commands that
                                                        accept  a  parameter  are  _f_o_r_w_a_r_d-_c_h_a_r,  _b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d-_c_h_a_r,
                                                        _b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d-_w_o_r_d,     _f_o_r_w_a_r_d-_w_o_r_d,    _d_e_l_e_t_e-_w_o_r_d-_f_o_r_w_a_r_d,
                                                        _d_e_l_e_t_e-_c_h_a_r-_f_o_r_w_a_r_d, _d_e_l_e_t_e-_w_o_r_d-_b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d,  _d_e_l_e_t_e-_c_h_a_r-
                                                        _b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d,   _p_r_e_v-_h_i_s_t-_w_o_r_d,  _c_o_p_y-_l_a_s_t-_a_r_g,  _u_p-_h_i_s_t_o_r_y,
                                                        _d_o_w_n-_h_i_s_t_o_r_y,  _s_e_a_r_c_h-_h_i_s_t_o_r_y,  _u_p_c_a_s_e-_w_o_r_d,   _d_o_w_n_c_a_s_e-
                                                        _w_o_r_d,   _c_a_p_i_t_a_l_i_s_e-_w_o_r_d,   _u_p_c_a_s_e-_c_h_a_r,   _d_o_w_n_c_a_s_e-_c_h_a_r,
                                                        _c_a_p_i_t_a_l_i_s_e-_c_h_a_r,  _k_i_l_l-_t_o-_e_o_l,  _s_e_a_r_c_h-_c_h_a_r-_f_o_r_w_a_r_d  and
                                                        _s_e_a_r_c_h-_c_h_a_r-_b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d.
     ccccaaaappppiiiittttaaaalllliiiisssseeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrr           _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 c
                                                        Capitalises the current character.
     ddddoooowwwwnnnnccccaaaasssseeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrr             _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 l
                                                        Change the character under the cursor to lower case.
     ppppuuuusssshhhh----tttteeeexxxxtttt                 _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 p
                                                        Pushes the region from the cursor to  the  mark  on  the
                                                        stack.
     sssseeeetttt----mmmmaaaarrrrkkkk                  _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 space           Sets a mark.
     uuuuppppccccaaaasssseeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrr               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 u
                                                        Change the character under the cursor to upper case.
     yyyyaaaannnnkkkk----ppppoooopppp                  _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 y
                                                        Immediately after a yyyyaaaannnnkkkk,  replaces  the  inserted  text
                                                        string with the next previous killed text string.
     eeeexxxxcccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee----ppppooooiiiinnnntttt----aaaannnndddd----mmmmaaaarrrrkkkk
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_2 Ctrl-X
                                                        Interchanges the cursor and the mark.
     jjjjoooobbbbssss                      _P_r_e_f_i_x-_2 j
                                                        Print a list of the current jobs (OS/2 only).
     aaaauuuuttttoooo----iiiinnnnsssseeeerrrrtttt
                                                        Simply causes the character to appear as literal  input.
                                                        (Most ordinary characters are bound to this.)
     ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee----cccchhhhaaaarrrr----ffffoooorrrrwwwwaaaarrrrdddd
                                                        Deletes the character after the cursor.
     nnnnoooo----oooopppp
                                                        Does nothing.
     cccclllleeeeaaaarrrr----ssssccccrrrreeeeeeeennnn                                       Clear the screen and print the current line.
     rrrreeeesssseeeetttt                                              Reset input, clearing the current line and yank buffers.
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 Ctrl-] LLLLeeeetttttttteeeerrrr
                                                        Search the alias list for an alias named __L_e_t_t_e_r.  If an
                                                        alias  of this name is defined, its value is placed into
                                                        the input queue.
                               _P_r_e_f_i_x-_1 LLLLeeeetttttttteeeerrrr
                                                        Search the alias list for an alias named __L_e_t_t_e_r.  If an
                                                        alias  of this name is defined, its value is placed into
                                                        the input queue.  The LLLLeeeetttttttteeeerrrr parameter must not  specify
                                                        one of the escape functions.

  IIIInnnniiiittttiiiiaaaalllliiiissssaaaattttiiiioooonnnn FFFFiiiilllleeee
     When the shell is run in interactive mode, the Command  Line
     Editing  keys  and  other  user configuration parameters are
     read from the initialisation file _s_h._i_n_i.  This shell  looks
     for  this  file  in  the same directory as the sssshhhh executable
     which is running.  It does not  use  the  SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL  environment
     variable  or  search the directories in the PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH environment
     variable.  At present, there are two types of entry in  this
     file: keyboard configuration; and others.  The entry is con-
     tained in a single line and consists of a keyword (in  upper
     or  lower case), white space, an equals symbols, white space
     and one or two numeric values (see _s_t_r_t_o_l(_3) for valid  for-
     mats  where  _b_a_s_e  parameter is zero), followed by an end of
     line character.

     For the keyboard entries, the numeric values give the  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS
     Function  8  (Console  Input without Echo) return values for
     that  entry.   Note  that  extended  codes  (function  keys)



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     require  two calls to this function.  The first call returns
     zero and the second the extended code.  In the configuration
     file,  a  first  numeric  value of zero indicates a extended
     code and must be followed by a second value.  The shell also
     supports  the use of the AAAALLLLTTTT _k_e_y _i_n _c_o_m_b_i_n_a_t_i_o_n _w_i_t_h _a_n_o_t_h_e_r
     _k_e_y.  _I_n _t_h_i_s _c_a_s_e, _t_h_e  _f_i_r_s_t  _v_a_l_u_e  _c_o_n_t_a_i_n_s  0000xxxxffffffff,  that
     selects AAAALLLLTTTT key, and the second key contains the appropriate
     scan code for the key required.  The program sssshhhhoooowwwwkkkkeeeeyyyy can  be
     used to determine the scan codes required.

     A non-zero first numeric value must not be followed by  any-
     thing else on the line.

     Other entries must only have  one  numeric  value.   A  zero
     value disables the function and a non-zero value enables the
     function.  At present, there are two other functions:

     BBBBeeeellllllll Enable/disable warning bells

     HHHHaaaallllffffHHHHeeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt
          Use full or halfheight block cursor to indicate  Insert
          mode

     IIIInnnnsssseeeerrrrttttMMMMooooddddeeee
          Set the default insert mode on or off

     IIIInnnnsssseeeerrrrttttCCCCuuuurrrrssssoooorrrr
          Enable/disable the insert mode cursor.

     RRRRoooooooottttDDDDrrrriiiivvvveeee
          Determines  the  root  drive   from   which   to   read
          /_e_t_c/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e.

     EEEEOOOOFFFFKKKKeeeeyyyy
          Determines the End-of-File key.

     Invalid lines or lines beginning with a #### are ignored.

     The following table gives the list  of  valid  keywords  and
     their default values:















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     _________________________________________________________________________
      Keyword            First numeric   Second numeric   Actual Key
     _________________________________________________________________________
      KEYBOARD ENTRIES
      ScanBackward       0               0x49             PAGE UP
      ScanForeward       0               0x51             PAGE DOWN
      Previous           0               0x48             UP ARROW
      Next               0               0x50             DOWN ARROW
      Left               0               0x4b             LEFT ARROW
      Right              0               0x4d             RIGHT ARROW
      WordRight          0               0x74             Control RIGHT ARROW
      WordLeft           0               0x73             Control LEFT ARROW
      Start              0               0x47             HOME
      Clear              0               0x76             Control PAGE DOWN
      Flush              0               0x75             Control END
      End                0               0x4f             END
      Insert             0               0x52             INSERT
      DeleteRight        0               0x53             DELETE
      DeleteLeft         0x08                             BACKSPACE
      Complete           0               0x77             Control HOME
      Directory          0               0x0f             Shift TAB
      ClearScreen        0               0x84             Control PAGE UP
      Jobs               0               0x68             ALT F1
      Transpose          0x14                             Control T
      Quote              0x11                             Control Q
     _________________________________________________________________________
      OTHER FUNCTIONS
      Bell               0
      HalfHeight         0
      InsertMode         0
      InsertCursor       1
      RootDrive          3
      EOFKey             0x1a
     _________________________________________________________________________

  EEEExxxxeeeeccccuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn
     Each time a command is executed, the above substitutions are
     carried out.  If the command name matches one of the _S_p_e_c_i_a_l
     _C_o_m_m_a_n_d_s listed below, it is executed in the shell  process.
     If  the  command  name does not match a _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_o_m_m_a_n_d, but
     matches the name of a defined function, the function is exe-
     cuted  in  the shell process (note how this differs from the
     execution of shell procedures).  The  positional  parameters
     $$$$1111,  $$$$2222, ....  are set to the arguments of the function.  If
     the command name matches neither a _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_o_m_m_a_n_d  nor  the
     name  of a defined function, a new process is created and an
     attempt is made to execute the command via _e_x_e_c(2).

     The shell parameter PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH defines the  search  path  for  the
     directory  containing  the  command.   Alternative directory
     names are separated by a semi-colon (;;;;).  The  default  path
     is  ....;;;;cccc::::////bbbbiiiinnnn;;;;cccc::::////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn  (specifying  the current directory,
     cccc::::////bbbbiiiinnnn, and cccc::::////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn,  in  that  order).   Note  that  the
     current  directory  is  specified by a null path name, which



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     can appear immediately after the equal sign or  between  the
     semi-colon  delimiters  anywhere  else in the path list.  If
     the command name contains a //// or starts with xxxx:::: (where x  is
     a  drive  letter) the search path is not used; such commands
     will not be executed by the  restricted  shell.   Otherwise,
     each  directory  in  the  path is searched for an executable
     file.  Executable files are indicated  by  a  .exe  or  .com
     extension.   This extension is automatically supplied by the
     shell and not have to be entered by the user.

     If the file with a .com or .exe extension cannot be found in
     the  directory,  the file is opened and first 512 characters
     are read.  If there are no characters in the  block  with  a
     value  in  the  range  0  to  7, the file is assumed to be a
     script file containing shell commands.  Note that the  shell
     will  check  the  file and if that file does not exist or is
     not a script, it will try the file with an extension of  ....sssshhhh
     or  ....kkkksssshhhh.  If a ((((ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL) is
     spawned to read it.

     If the script file starts with the a line  of  the  form  #!
     _i_n_t_e_r_p_r_e_t_e_r  [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s], the interpreter is invoked instead
     of the shell to process the script.  Optional arguments  can
     be  supplied  in the script file which are passed before the
     name of the script file.  Thus, if the file  _d_e_m_o  contained
     the following string as the first line

          #! perl -sP

     Entering _d_e_m_o _n_a_m_e would be equivalent to entering the  _p_e_r_l
     -_s_P _n_a_m_e at the command prompt.  Note that no other process-
     ing of the first line other that the  separation  (by  white
     space) into arguments is done.  Note that if the iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrpppprrrreeeetttteeeerrrr
     is either /_b_i_n/_s_h  or  /_b_i_n/_k_s_h,  the  value  of  the  SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL
     environment variable is used to execute the script.

     If none of the above conditions for a  executable  file  are
     detected  and  a  file  with  a .bat extension exists in the
     directory,  the  command  processor  given  by  the  CCCCOOOOMMMMSSSSPPPPEEEECCCC
     environment  variable  is spawned to process the file.  This
     is normally the standard MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS _c_o_m_m_a_n_d._c_o_m or  OOOOSSSS////2222  _c_m_d._e_x_e
     processor.

     A parenthesized command is also executed in a sub-shell.

  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd LLLLiiiinnnneeee BBBBuuuuiiiillllddddiiiinnnngggg
     The file pointed to by the EEEEXXXXTTTTEEEENNNNDDDDEEEEDDDD____LLLLIIIINNNNEEEE parameter  contains
     information  which  instructs the shell on how to create the
     command line for a particular program from  the  information
     entered  to  the shell.  If the program name is not found in
     this file, the standard MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS or OOOOSSSS////2222  mechanisms  are  used
     with no special processing.



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     The file is scanned prior to the execution  of  an  external
     command.   An  entry  in  this file is contained in a single
     line and consists of a  program  name  (in  upper  or  lower
     case),  white  space,  an equals symbol, white space and the
     program type followed by up to four  optional  values,  fol-
     lowed  by  an  end  of  line character.  The vvvvaaaalllluuuueeee tells the
     shell how to build the command line and the optional  values
     provide additional information.  The valid pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ttttyyyyppppeeeessss are
     (note that invalid entries cause a line to be ignored) given
     below.   These  pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ttttyyyyppppeeeessss must appear as the first value
     following the _e_q_u_a_l_s.   Otherwise,  they  are  ignored.   An
     empty  pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ttttyyyyppppeeeessss may be empty to only select one or more
     of the optional values.

     Under OOOOSSSS////2222, by default the shell generates the command  line
     using  the  format specified by Eberhard Mattes's EMX inter-
     face.  This is makes no difference to programs which do  not
     support the interface.

          uuuunnnniiiixxxx This program can process the  command  line  using
               the  indirect  command  file  character @@@@.  When a
               program, which can process this  format,  finds  a
               command  line  parameter  starting with a @@@@ in the
               command line, it treats the rest of the  parameter
               as  a  file  and reads the command line parameters
               from that file (one per  line,  the  end  of  line
               characters can be escaped by preceeding with a \\\\).
               Examples of this functionality include  the  Stan-
               dard LLLLiiiinnnnkkkkeeeerrrr and LLLLiiiibbbbrrrraaaarrrriiiiaaaannnn.

               The file name is set up in UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX format (using //// as
               the directory separators).

               This functionality allows the user  to  get  round
               the  127  byte command line length limit of MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS.
               A sample version of the code to process wild cards
               and  indirect  command  files is included with the
               source of the shell in the file _s_t_d_a_r_g_v._c.

          ddddoooossss  This program can process the  command  line  using
               the  indirect  command file character @@@@.  The file
               name is set up in DOS  format  (using  \\\\s  as  the
               directory separators).

          eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnn
               The command line is passed to the external program
               in the environment variable specified by the first
               optional value.  The optional second  value  which
               is  numeric, gives the parameter separator charac-
               ter to be used (see _s_t_r_t_o_l(_3)  for  valid  formats
               where  _b_a_s_e  parameter  is  zero).  If this second
               value is missing or evaluates to  zero,  space  is



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               used.

     The following optional values described below  may  be  used
     after either uuuunnnniiiixxxx or ddddoooossss or by themselves:

          sssswwwwiiiittttcccchhhh
               The  optional  value  sssswwwwiiiittttcccchhhh  causes  the  program
               parameters  to  be  converted  from UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX format to
               MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS format.  This means that  parameters  begin-
               ning  with an ---- have it converted to a ////.  For all
               other parameters, ////s are converted  to  \\\\s.   This
               option  is  not  applied  to  quoted parameters or
               escaped characters.

               This functionality allows ease of entry  of  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS
               commands  which  expect MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS directory separators
               which the shell interpretes as the escape  charac-
               ter (not that the underlying MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS really cares).

          eeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt
               The  optional  value  eeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt  causes  the   marked
               environment  variables  to  be converted from UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX
               format to MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS format.   This  is  equivalent  to
               setting the -m flag for this program only.

          nnnnooooeeeexxxxppppaaaannnndddd
               The optional value  nnnnooooeeeexxxxppppaaaannnndddd  disables  file  name
               generation  when  building  the command line (also
               see sssseeeetttt command).

          nnnnoooosssswwwwaaaapppp
               The optional value nnnnoooosssswwwwaaaapppp  disables  swapping  for
               the  command.   This may speed up the execution of
               small commands.

          nnnnooooqqqquuuuooootttteeee
               The optional value nnnnooooqqqquuuuooootttteeee stops  the  shell  from
               escaping  double quotes in the command line before
               they are passed to  the  command.   Double  quotes
               processed by some programs.

  FFFFuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss
     The ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn keyword,  described  in  the  CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss  section
     above,  is  used to define shell functions.  Shell functions
     are read in and stored internally.  Alias names are resolved
     when the function is read.  Functions are executed like com-
     mands with the arguments passed  as  positional  parameters.
     (See EEEExxxxeeeeccccuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn above).

     Functions execute in the same  process  as  the  caller  and
     share  all  files  and  present  working  directory with the
     caller.  Traps caught by  the  caller  are  reset  to  their



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     default  action  inside the function.  A trap condition that
     is not caught or ignored by the function causes the function
     to  terminate  and  the  condition  to  be  passed on to the
     caller.  A trap set on EXIT inside a  function  is  executed
     after the function completes.

     Ordinarily, variables are shared between the calling program
     and the function.  However, the ttttyyyyppppeeeesssseeeetttt special command used
     within  a  function  defines  local  variables  whose  scope
     includes the current function and all functions it calls.

     The special command rrrreeeettttuuuurrrrnnnn is used to return  from  function
     calls.   Errors  within  functions  return  control  to  the
     caller.

     Function identifiers can be listed with the ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn special
     command.   The text of functions will also be listed.  Func-
     tion can be undefined with the uuuunnnnffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn special command.

     Ordinarily, functions are unset when the  shell  executes  a
     shell  script.   Functions  that  need  to be defined across
     separate invocations of the shell should be  placed  in  the
     EEEENNNNVVVV file.

  JJJJoooobbbbssss
     Under OOOOSSSS////2222, an interactive shell associates a _j_o_b with  each
     pipeline.   It keeps a table of current jobs, printed by the
     jjjjoooobbbbssss command, and assigns them small integer numbers.   When
     a  job  is started asynchronously with &&&&, the shell prints a
     line that looks like:

          [1] 1234

     indicating job number 1 was started asynchronously  and  had
     one (top-level) process whose process ID was 1234.

     There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.  A job
     can  be  referred to by the process id of any process in the
     job or by one of the following:

          %_n_u_m_b_e_r
               The job with the given number.

          %_s_t_r_i_n_g
               Any job whose command line begins with string.

          %?_s_t_r_i_n_g
               Any job whose command line contains string.

          %%   Current job.

          %+   Equivalent to %%.



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          %-   Previous job.

     The shell learns when a process changes state.   It  informs
     the  user  when  a  job  terminates, but only just before it
     prints a prompt.

     If you try to leave the shell  while  jobs  are  running  or
     stopped,  you  are warned, _Y_o_u _h_a_v_e _r_u_n_n_i_n_g _j_o_b_s_f_R.  _Y_o_u _m_a_y
     _u_s_e _t_h_e jjjjoooobbbbssss command to identify them.  If  you  immediately
     try  to  exit  again,  the  shell will not warn you a second
     time.

  SSSSppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnnddddssss
     Input/output redirection is permitted  for  these  commands.
     File descriptor 1 is the default output location.

     ::::    No effect; the command does nothing.  A zero exit  code
          is returned.

     _l_e_t_t_e_r::::
          Select the drive specified by _l_e_t_t_e_r.

     .... _f_i_l_e
          Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e  and  return.   The
          search  path  specified  by  PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH  is  used to find the
          directory containing _f_i_l_e.

     aaaalllliiiiaaaassss [ ----tttt ] [ _n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e ] ... ]
          AAAAlllliiiiaaaassss with no arguments prints the list of  aliases  in
          the  form  _n_a_m_e=vvvvaaaalllluuuueeee  on standard output.  An alias is
          defined for each _n_a_m_e whose _v_a_l_u_e is given.  A trailing
          space  in  _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for
          alias substitution.  The ----tttt flag is  used  to  set  and
          list  tracked aliases.  The _v_a_l_u_e of a tracked alias is
          the full pathname corresponding to the given name.  The
          _v_a_l_u_e becomes undefined when the _v_a_l_u_e of PATH is reset
          but the aliases remained tracked.  Without the ----tttt flag,
          for  each  _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e
          is given, the _n_a_m_e and _v_a_l_u_e of the alias  is  printed.
          Alias  returns zero unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no
          alias has been defined.

     bbbbiiiinnnndddd -m [ _s_t_r_i_n_g ] = [ _e_d_i_t_i_n_g-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d ]
          BBBBiiiinnnndddd with no arguments prints the  list  of  EMACS  key
          bindings in the form _n_a_m_e=vvvvaaaalllluuuueeee on standard output. The
          specified _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is bound to the given _s_t_r_i_n_g,
          which  should consist of a control character (which may
          be written using  ``caret  notation''  ^^^^_x),  optionally
          preceded  by  one of the two prefix characters.  Future
          input of the _s_t_r_i_n_g will cause the _e_d_i_t_i_n_g  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  to
          be  immediately invoked.  Three prefix characters (nor-
          mal ESC and ^X) are  supported.   If  the  -_m  flag  is



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          supplied, the specified input _s_t_r_i_n_g will afterwards be
          immediately  replaced  by  the  given   _e_d_i_t_i_n_g-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
          string, which may contain _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s.

     bbbbrrrreeeeaaaakkkk [ _n ]
          Exit from the enclosing ffffoooorrrr or wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee loop, if any.   If
          _n is specified, break _n levels.

     bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn [ _a_r_g_s ... ]
          Force the selection of the bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn version  of  a  com-
          mand.   The builtin shell command selected by the first
          _a_r_g_s value is executed with the parameters  defined  by
          the remaining _a_r_g_ss.  If no arguments are given, a list
          of all _b_u_i_l_t_i_n commands is printed.

          If the first argument is one of the following, the pro-
          cessing  of  the builtin command in the following argu-
          ments are changed as indicated:

          ----aaaa   Set the following builtin commands to use  builtin
               version  in preference to any function or external
               versions.

          ----dddd   Set the following  builtin  commands  to  use  the
               function  or external version in preference to the
               builtin version.

          ----ssss   Display the current status of the following  buil-
               tin commands.

     ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeee [ _n ]
          Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffffoooorrrr or wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee
          loop.   If _n is specified, resume at the _n-th enclosing
          loop.

     ccccdddd [ ----LLLLPPPP ] [ _a_r_g ]
     ccccdddd   _s_e_a_r_c_h _r_e_p_l_a_c_e This command can be  in  either  of  two
          forms.  In the first form it changes the current direc-
          tory to _a_r_g.  The shell parameter HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE is  the  default
          _a_r_g.   The  shell  parameter  CCCCDDDDPPPPAAAATTTTHHHH defines the search
          path for the  directory  containing  _a_r_g.   Alternative
          directory names are separated by a semi-colon (;;;;).  The
          default path is <<<<nnnnuuuullllllll>>>> (specifying the  current  direc-
          tory).  Note that the current directory is specified by
          a null path name, which can  appear  immediately  after
          the  equal  sign  or  between the semi-colon delimiters
          anywhere else in the path list.  If _a_r_g begins with a ////
          or  xxxx::::  (where x is a drive letter), the search path is
          not used.  Otherwise, each directory  in  the  path  is
          searched  for  _a_r_g.  The _c_d command may not be executed
          by _r_s_h.




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          The -_L option (default) preserves logical  naming  when
          treating  substituted  drives (see SSSSUUUUBBBBSSSSTTTT((((1111))))).  ccccdddd ----LLLL ........
          moves the current directory one path  component  closer
          to  the  root  directory.   The ----PPPP option preserves the
          physical path when treating substituted drives.  ccccdddd  ----PPPP
          ........  changes  the working directory to the parent direc-
          tory of the current directory.  These options are  only
          available under the MSDOS 16 bit version.

          In the second form, ccccdddd substitutes the  string  _r_e_p_l_a_c_e
          for  the  string  _s_e_a_r_c_h in the current directory name,
          PPPPWWWWDDDD and tries to change to this new directory.

          Note that the name cccchhhhddddiiiirrrr is an builtin alternative name
          for  ccccdddd, allowing the user to set up aliases for ccccdddd and
          still have access to the change  directory  functional-
          ity.

     ddddeeeettttaaaacccchhhh _p_r_o_g_r_a_m [ _a_r_g_s ]
          This command  (which  is  only  available  under  OOOOSSSS////2222)
          starts and simultaneously detaches an OOOOSSSS////2222 _p_r_o_g_r_a_m from
          the shell.  Any _p_r_o_g_r_a_m that  is  started  with  ddddeeeettttaaaacccchhhh
          command  must  be able to process independently outside
          the control of the shell.  Builtin shell  commands  and
          functions cannot be detached.

     eeeecccchhhhoooo [ _a_r_g ... ]
          Echo arguments. EEEEcccchhhhoooo writes its arguments separated  by
          blanks  and  terminated  by  a new-line on the standard
          output.  It also understands C-like escape conventions;
          beware of conflicts with the shell's use of \\\\:

          \\\\bbbb   backspace
          \\\\cccc   print line without new-line
          \\\\ffff   form-feed
          \\\\nnnn   new-line
          \\\\rrrr   carriage return
          \\\\tttt   tab
          \\\\vvvv   vertical tab
          \\\\\\\\   backslash
          \\\\_n   the 8-bit character whose ASCII code is the 1-, 2-
               or 3-digit octal number _n, which must start with a
               zero.

               _E_c_h_o is useful for producing diagnostics  in  com-
               mand files and for sending known data into a pipe.

     eeeevvvvaaaallll [ _a_r_g ... ]
          The arguments are read as input to the  shell  and  the
          resulting command(s) executed.

     eeeexxxxeeeecccc [ _a_r_g ... ]



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          The command specified by the arguments is  executed  in
          place  of  this  shell  without creating a new process.
          Input/output arguments may  appear  and,  if  no  other
          arguments are given, cause the shell input/output to be
          modified.

     eeeexxxxiiiitttt [ _n ]
          Causes a shell to exit with the exit  status  specified
          by  _n.   If _n is omitted the exit status is that of the
          last command executed (an end-of-file will  also  cause
          the shell to exit.)

     eeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt [ _n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... ]
          The given _n_a_m_es are marked for automatic export to  the
          _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t  of  subsequently-executed commands.  If no
          arguments are given, a  list  of  all  names  that  are
          exported  in this shell is printed.  Function names may
          _n_o_t be exported.

     ffffaaaallllsssseeee
          No effect; the command does nothing.  A  non-zero  exit
          code is returned.

     ffffcccc [ ----eeee _E_d_i_t_o_r_N_a_m_e ] [ ----nnnnllllrrrr ] [ _F_i_r_s_t [ _L_a_s_t ] ]
     ffffcccc ----eeee ---- [ _O_l_d=_N_e_w ] [ _C_o_m_m_a_n_d ]
          In the first form, a range of commands  from  _F_i_r_s_t  to
          _L_a_s_t  is  selected from the last 100 commands that were
          typed at the terminal.  The _F_i_r_s_t and  _L_a_s_t  parameters
          can  be specified as a number or as a string.  A string
          locates the most recent command starting with the given
          string.   A negative number is used as an offset to the
          current command number.  If _L_a_s_t is not specified, then
          it  is  set  to  _F_i_r_s_t.  If _F_i_r_s_t is not specified, the
          default is the previous command for editing and -16 for
          listing.

          ----llll   Lists the commands to standard output.

          ----rrrr   Reverses the order of the commands in the list.

          ----nnnn   Suppresses command numbers when listing.

          If the ----llll flag is not  specified,  the  editor  program
          specified by _E_d_i_t_o_r_N_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
          these key-board commands.  If _E_d_i_t_o_r_N_a_m_e  is  not  sup-
          plied,  then  the value of the FFFFCCCCEEEEDDDDIIIITTTT parameter is used
          as the editor.  When editing is  complete,  the  edited
          command(s) is executed.

          In the second form, the specified  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  is  carried
          out again after the _O_l_d=_N_e_w substitution is performed.




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     ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss [ _n_a_m_e ... ]
          The functions given by _n_a_m_es are printed.  If no  argu-
          ments are given, a all the functions are displayed.

     ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [ _a_r_g ... ]
          Checks _a_r_g for legal options.  If _a_r_g is  omitted,  the
          positional  parameters  are  used.   An option argument
          begins with a ++++ or a ----.  An option not beginning with ++++
          or  ----  or  the argument -------- ends the options.  _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g
          contains the letters that  ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss  recognizes.   If  a
          letter  is  followed by a ::::, that option is expected to
          have an argument.  The options can  be  separated  from
          the argument by blanks.

          ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss places the next option letter it  finds  inside
          variable  _n_a_m_e  eeeeaaaacccchhhh  ttttiiiimmmmeeee  iiiitttt  iiiissss  iiiinnnnvvvvooookkkkeeeedddd,,,,  wwwwiiiitttthhhh  aaaa ++++
          prepended when _a_r_g begins with a ++++.  The index  of  the
          next  arg is stored in OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIINNNNDDDD.  The option argument, if
          any, gets stored in OOOOPPPPTTTTAAAARRRRGGGG,

          A leading :::: in _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g causes ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss  to  store  the
          letter  of an invalid option in OOOOPPPPTTTTAAAARRRRGGGG, and to set _n_a_m_e
          to ???? for an unknown option and to  ::::  when  a  required
          option  is missing.  Otherwise, ggggeeeettttooooppppttttssss prints an error
          message.  The exit status is non-zero when there are no
          more options.

     hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy [ ----ddddeeeeiiiillllssss ]
          The hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy command, with no arguments, will print  all
          the  commands  that  are currently saved in the shell's
          history buffers.  As new  commands  are  executed,  and
          space  in  the  buffers  runs out, old commands will be
          deleted.  The hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy commands prints  out  the  stored
          commands with sequence numbers.  Negative numbered com-
          mands, through command number zero, are  commands  that
          were  retrieved  from the saved history file.  Commands
          starting at one were entered during the  current  login
          session.   If  a  saved  command contains embedded new-
          lines, these will be printed out as the sequence \\\\nnnn, so
          that individual command stay on one line.

          The arguments changes the way the shell processes  his-
          tory information as follows:

          ----dddd   Disable the saving  of  commands  in  the  history
               file.

          ----eeee   Enable the saving of commands in the history file.

          ----iiii   Initialise the history file.

          ----llll   Load the  history  from  the  file  given  by  the



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               HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTFFFFIIIILLLLEEEE environment variable.

          ----ssss   Save the history to the file given by the HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTFFFFIIIILLLLEEEE
               environment variable.

     jjjjoooobbbbssss [ ----llllpppp | [ ----PPPP _j_o_b ] ]
          This command (which is only available under OOOOSSSS////2222) lists
          the  active jobs; or all active jobs if job is omitted.
          The ----llll options lists process id's in  addition  to  the
          normal  information.   The  ----pppp flag lists all the child
          processes of the current shell, displaying  their  pro-
          cess  ID  and thread count.  The ----PPPP iiiidddd option lists all
          the child processes of the specified  process  or  job.
          See JJJJoooobbbbssss for a description of the format of job.

     kkkkiiiillllllll [ ----ssssiiiigggg ] [ _p_r_o_c_e_s_s | %%%%_j_o_b_i_d ] ...
          This command (which is only available under OOOOSSSS////2222) sends
          either  the  TTTTEEEERRRRMMMM  (terminate)  signal or the specified
          signal to the specified _p_r_o_c_e_s_s_e_s.  Signals  are  given
          by name, which are listed by ''''kkkkiiiillllllll ----llll''''.  If the _p_r_o_c_e_s_s
          number begins with a %%%%, the signal is sent to  the  job
          referenced.   See  JJJJoooobbbbssss for a description of the format
          of a _j_o_b.

     lllleeeetttt [ _a_r_g ... ]
          Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to  be  evaluated.
          All calculations are done as long integers and no check
          for overflow is performed.  See  AAAArrrriiiitttthhhhmmmmeeeettttiiiicccc  EEEEvvvvaaaalllluuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
          above for a description of arithmetic expressions..

          The return code is 0 if the value of the  last  expres-
          sion is non-zero, and 1 otherwise.

     mmmmssssddddoooossss [ _n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... ]
          The given _n_a_m_es are marked _m_s_d_o_s format and if  the  ----mmmm
          flag is set, the values of the these _n_a_m_es are exported
          to child  processes  with  any  slashes  in  the  value
          replaced  by  \\\\s.  If no arguments are given, a list of
          all _m_s_d_o_s names is printed.

     pppprrrriiiinnnntttt [ ----RRRRnnnnpppprrrrssss ] [ ----uuuu uuuunnnniiiitttt ] [ _a_r_g_s ... ]
          The shell output mechanism.  With no flags or with flag
          -  or  --  the  _a_r_g_s  are printed on standard output as
          described by the eeeecccchhhhoooo command.

          ----RRRR   Prints in the raw mode, in which the  escape  con-
               ventions  of the eeeecccchhhhoooo command are ignored.  The -_R
               option prints  all  subsequent  _a_r_g_s  and  options
               other than -_n.

          ----nnnn   Prevents a new-line from being added to  the  out-
               put.



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          ----pppp   ----pppp flag has not effect and is defined for compata-
               bility.

          ----rrrr   Prints in the raw mode, in which the  escape  con-
               ventions of the eeeecccchhhhoooo command are ignored.

          ----ssss   Writes the _a_r_g_s to the history file instead of  to
               standard output.

          ----uuuu uuuunnnniiiitttt
               Specifies a one digit file descriptor uuuunnnniiiitttt  number
               on which the output is placed.  The default is 1.

     ppppwwwwdddd [ ----LLLLPPPP ] [ _d_r_i_v_e ... ]
          Print the  current  working  directory.   If  _d_r_i_v_e  is
          present,  the  current working directory on each of the
          drives is printed.  _d_r_i_v_e contains a  string  of  drive
          letters, no colons are required.

          The -_L option (default) preserves the  logical  meaning
          of  the current directory and -_P preserves the physical
          meaning of the current directory if it is on a  substi-
          tuted drive (see ccccdddd and SSSSUUUUBBBBSSSSTTTT((((1111))))).  This option is only
          available under the MSDOS 16bit version.

     rrrreeeeaaaadddd [ ----pppprrrrssss ] [ ----uuuu uuuunnnniiiitttt ] [ _n_a_m_e?_p_r_o_m_p_t ] [ _n_a_m_e ... ]
          The shell input mechanism.  One line  is  read  and  is
          broken  up  into  words  using the characters in IIIIFFFFSSSS as
          separators.  In raw mode, ----rrrr, a \\\\ at the end of a  line
          does  not signify line continuation.  The first word is
          assigned to the first _n_a_m_e,  the  second  word  to  the
          second  _n_a_m_e, etc., with leftover words assigned to the
          last _n_a_m_e.  If the ----ssss flag is present, the  input  will
          be saved as a command in the history file.  The ----pppp flag
          has not effect and is defined for  compatability.   The
          flag  ----uuuu  can  be  used  to  specify  a  one digit file
          descriptor uuuunnnniiiitttt to read from.  The file descriptor  can
          be  opened  with the eeeexxxxeeeecccc special command.  The default
          value of uuuunnnniiiitttt is 0.  If _n_a_m_e is omitted then  RRRREEEEPPPPLLLLYYYY  is
          used  as  the default name.  If the first argument con-
          tains a ????, the remainder of this  word  is  used  as  a
          prompt  when  the  shell  is interactive.  If the given
          file descriptor is open for writing and is  a  terminal
          device  then the prompt is placed on this unit.  Other-
          wise the prompt is issued on file  descriptor  2.   The
          return code is 0 unless an end-of-file is encountered.

     rrrreeeeaaaaddddoooonnnnllllyyyy [ _n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... ]
          The given _n_a_m_es are marked _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y and the  values  of
          the  these  _n_a_m_es  may  not  be  changed  by subsequent
          assignment.  If no arguments are given, a list  of  all
          _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y names is printed.



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     rrrreeeettttuuuurrrrnnnn [ _n ]
          Causes a function to exit with the return value  speci-
          fied  by _n.  If _n is omitted, the return status is that
          of the last command executed.

     sssseeeetttt [ [----||||++++]aaaaeeeeffffkkkkmmmmnnnnttttuuuuvvvvxxxx ] [ ----oooo ooooppppttttiiiioooonnnn ] [ _a_r_g ... ]

          ----aaaa   Mark variables which are modified or  created  for
               export.

          ----eeee   Exit immediately if a command exits  with  a  non-
               zero exit status.

          ----ffff   Disable file name generation

          ----hhhh   Each command becomes a tracked  alias  when  first
               encountered.

          ----kkkk   All keyword arguments are placed in  the  environ-
               ment  for  a  command, not just those that precede
               the command name.

          ----mmmm   Background jobs will run  in  a  separate  process
               group  and a line will print upon completion.  The
               exit status of background jobs is  reported  in  a
               completion  message.  This  only  applies to OOOOSSSS////2222.
               The programs are detached from the current process
               group.

          ----nnnn   Read commands but do not execute them.

          ----oooo ooooppppttttiiiioooonnnn
               The argument that follows this option can  be  one
               of the following option names:

               aaaalllllllleeeexxxxppppoooorrrrtttt
                    Same as ----aaaa....

               bbbbeeeellllllll Enable alarm bell on errors

               bbbbrrrreeeeaaaakkkk
                    Enable  the  extended  SIGINT  checking  (see
                    BBBBRRRREEEEAAAAKKKK  [ OOOONNNN |||| OOOOFFFFFFFF ] under _C_O_M_M_A_N_D._C_O_M).  This
                    option is only available under MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS.

               eeeemmmmaaaaccccssss
                    Select emacs-like command line editing mode.

               eeeerrrrrrrreeeexxxxiiiitttt
                    Same as ----eeee....

               ggggmmmmaaaaccccssss



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                    Select gmacs-like command line editing mode.

               hhhhaaaallllffffhhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt
                    Set cursor to halfheight when in insert mode.
                    If off, a full height cursor is used.

               iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeeeccccaaaasssseeee
                    Under OOOOSSSS////2222, on non-FAT  (ie  case  retentive)
                    file systems, the shell will match file names
                    ignoring case.   Normally,  the  matches  are
                    case sensitive even though the file system is
                    only case retentive.

               iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeeeeeeeooooffff
                    The shell will not exit on end-of-file.   The
                    command exit must be used.

               iiiinnnnsssseeeerrrrttttmmmmooooddddeeee
                    Set the default edit mode  to  insert  rather
                    than overwrite.

               kkkkeeeeyyyywwwwoooorrrrdddd
                    Same as ----kkkk....

               mmmmaaaarrrrkkkkddddiiiirrrrssss
                    Appends a / (slash) to  all  directory  names
                    that  are a result of file name substitution.
                    mmmmssssddddoooossss Same as ----MMMM....

               nnnnoooocccclllloooobbbbbbbbeeeerrrr
                    Prevents redirection >>>> from truncating exist-
                    ing  files.   A  vertical bar must follow the
                    redirection symbol ((((>>>>||||)))) to  truncate  a  file
                    when this option is turned on.

               nnnnooooeeeexxxxeeeecccc
                    Same as ----nnnn....

               nnnnoooogggglllloooobbbb
                    Same as ----ffff....

               nnnnoooouuuunnnnsssseeeetttt
                    Same as ----uuuu....

               pppprrrriiiivvvviiiilllleeeeggggeeeedddd
                    Same as ----pppp....

               rrrreeeeaaaallllppppiiiippppeeeessss
                    Under OOOOSSSS////2222, the shell will use OOOOSSSS////2222 pipes and
                    not temporary files to handle pipelines.  See
                    LLLLIIIIMMMMIIIITTTTAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS.




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               ttttrrrraaaacccckkkkaaaallllllll
                    Same as ----hhhh....

               vvvveeeerrrrbbbboooosssseeee
                    Same as ----vvvv....

               vvvveeeerrrriiiiffffyyyy
                    Same as ----VVVV....

               vvvviiii   Select vi-like command line editing mode.

               xxxxttttrrrraaaacccceeee
                    Same as ----xxxx....

          ----pppp   Not supported.

          ----tttt   Exit after reading and executing one command.

          ----uuuu   Treat unset variables as an error when  substitut-
               ing.

          ----vvvv   Print shell input lines as they are read.

          ----wwww   Disable shell warning messages.

          ----xxxx   Print commands and their  arguments  as  they  are
               executed.

          ----MMMM   For those variables marked as mmmmssssddddoooossss variables, the
               values  are  exported  to child processes with the
               slashes replaced by \\\\s.  Most MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  utilities  do
               not care if a file name contains a slash or \\\\ as a
               directory  separator.   However,  some  like   the
               _l_i_n_k_e_r  require  \\\\s  in the value of the LLLLIIIIBBBB vari-
               able.

          ----VVVV   Enable the File write verification option  in  the
               operation  system  (see  VVVVEEEERRRRIIIIFFFFYYYY [ OOOONNNN |||| OOOOFFFFFFFF ] under
               _C_O_M_M_A_N_D._C_O_M or _C_M_D._E_X_E).

          --------   Do not change any of the flags; useful in  setting
               $$$$1111 to ----.

               Using ++++ rather than ---- causes  these  flags  to  be
               turned  off.   These  flags  can also be used upon
               invocation of the shell.  The current set of flags
               may  be  found in $$$$----.  The remaining arguments are
               positional parameters and are assigned, in  order,
               to  $$$$1111,  $$$$2222,  ....   If no arguments are given the
               values of all names are printed.

     sssshhhhiiiifffftttt [ _n ]



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          The positional parameters from $$$$nnnn++++1111 ...  are renamed $$$$1111
          ....  If _n is not given, it is assumed to be 1.

[ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m _a_r_g_s...]] [ ----AAAA sssseeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnIIIIdddd ]
     ssssttttaaaarrrrtttt [[ ----ddddffffWWWWPPPPFFFFiiiiCCCCIIIISSSS ] [ ----cccc [ vvvviiiillllssssnnnn ]] [ ----tttt ttttiiiittttlllleeee ] [ ----
          eeee ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg  ]
          This command  (which  is  only  available  under  OOOOSSSS////2222)
          starts  an  OOOOSSSS////2222 (or MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS under OOOOSSSS////2222 2.x) _p_r_o_g_r_a_m in a
          new session.  If no _p_r_o_g_r_a_m  and  _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s  parameters
          are  entered, the shell is started unless the -C option
          has been used to select  the  OOOOSSSS////2222  command  processor.
          Also see DDDDoooossssSSSSttttaaaarrrrttttSSSSeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn((((2222)))).

          The arguments changes the way the shell starts the ses-
          sion as follows:

          ----dddd   Normally, command  are  started  by  invoking  the
               shell in the new session.  This option invokes the
               command directly.

          ----SSSS   Invoke the shell to started the command in the new
               session.

          ----ffff   The program becomes  the  foreground  session.  If
               this  parameter  is  not  specified,  the  program
               becomes a background session.

          ----iiii   The new session will inherit the original environ-
               ment  of the shell instead of the current environ-
               ment.

          ----IIII   The new session will independent  of  the  current
               process.  Normally, the session is a child session
               of the current process.  Independent sessions  are
               not  terminated when the shell terminates.  Start-
               ing a child session prevents any child session  or
               process from also starting new sessions.

          ----tttt ttttiiiittttlllleeee
               Sets the _t_i_t_l_e of the new session.

          ----FFFF   This application is a full-screen application that
               must  run  in  a  separate  session independent of
               Presentation Manager.

          ----WWWW   This is an OOOOSSSS////2222 application  that  runs  within  a
               Presentation Manager window.

          ----PPPP   This application  is  started  as  a  Presentation
               Manager application.

          ----CCCC   Use the OOOOSSSS////2222  command  processor  instead  of  the



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               shell.

          ----eeee ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg
               This option can be used multiple times on the com-
               mand  line  and  allows  the  user  to  excplicily
               specify the environment to be passed  to  the  new
               process.   When  this  option  is used, only those
               environment variables set up by the ----eeee options are
               set  in  the  new session's environment.  Only one
               environment  variable  can  be  assigned  per   ----eeee
               switch.   The  ssssttttrrrriiiinnnnggggs are in standard environment
               format (_n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e).  This may of  particular  use
               under OOOOSSSS////2222 2.x when starting MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS programs.

          ----cccc [ _v_i_l_s_n_a ]
               This option allows the user to configure the  size
               of  the  window  created  for the new session: _v -
               visible; _i - invisible; _l - maximise; _s  -  minim-
               ise; _n - no autoclose; or _a - autoclose.  Multiple
               selections can be made on one option.  Any  selec-
               tion removes any inappropriate previous selections
               (ie. _m_a_x_i_m_i_s_e removes any previous selected _m_i_n_i_m_-
               _i_s_e).  Multiple ----cccc options are not cummulative and
               only take the  values  selected  by  the  last  ----cccc
               option.  The default is window configuration is _n_o
               _a_u_t_o_c_l_o_s_e.

          ----AAAA sssseeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnIIIIdddd
               This option cannot be used with any  other  option
               and  allows the user to switch to another session,
               given by _s_e_s_s_i_o_n_I_D, which must be a child  session
               of the current session.

     sssswwwwaaaapppp [ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s ]
          This command (which is only  available  on  the  16-bit
          MS-DOS version) defines how the shell will handle swap-
          ping itself to reduce its  memory  requirements  whilst
          other programs execute.  The options are

          ooooffffffff  Disable swapping.  The  shell  remains  in  memory
               whilst the child is running and reduces the avail-
               able memory by about 200K (depending on  the  size
               of the environment and history).

          oooonnnn   Enable all devices.  The shell will  swap  out  to
               either  expanded  or  extended  memory or to disk,
               execute  the  command  and  then  swap  back   in.
               Whilest  swapped,  the shell reduces the available
               memory by about 3K.

          eeeexxxxppppaaaannnndddd
               Enable  swapping  to  Expanded  Memory.   The  EMS



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               driver must exist on your system for this to work.

          eeeexxxxtttteeeennnndddd [ _s_t_a_r_t _a_d_d_r_e_s_s ]
               Enable swapping to Extended Memory.  If  you  have
               an  XMS  driver on your system, the shell will use
               the XMS driver.  Otherwise, the BIOS Interrupt  15
               interface  is  used.   The  optional start address
               defines the based address in the  Extended  Memory
               at which point the shell writes its swap area when
               the BIOS interface is used.  The default  location
               is _0_x_1_0_0_0_0_0.

          ddddiiiisssskkkk Enable swapping to disk.  The shell creates a tem-
               porary  file  and  saves itself in it.  On comple-
               tion, the file is deleted.  This  is  the  slowest
               method of swapping.

               With no options, the current swapping options  are
               displayed.
     tttteeeesssstttt _e_x_p_r
     [[[[ _e_x_p_r ]]]]
          Evaluate conditional expressions.  TTTTeeeesssstttt  evaluates  the
          expression  _e_x_p_r  and,  if its value is true, returns a
          zero (true) exit status; otherwise, a non-zero  (false)
          exit  status  is returned; tttteeeesssstttt also returns a non-zero
          exit status if there are no arguments.  The  primitives
          are  the  same  as  for  the  [[[[[[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]]]]]] command,
          except that -_a and -_o are not primitives, but are  used
          to  combine operators (see tttteeeesssstttt ((((1111))))).  -_a is the binary
          aaaannnndddd operator and -_o is the binary oooorrrr operator.

          Notice that all the operators and  flags  are  separate
          arguments  to  tttteeeesssstttt.   Notice also that parentheses are
          meaningful  to  the  shell  and,  therefore,  must   be
          escaped.

     ttttrrrraaaapppp [ -_l ] _a_r_g ] [ _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r ] ...
          The command _a_r_g is to be read  and  executed  when  the
          shell  receives signal(s) _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r.  (Note that _a_r_g
          is scanned once when the trap is set and once when  the
          trap is taken.)  Trap commands are executed in order of
          signal number.  Any attempt to set a trap on  a  signal
          that was ignored on entry to the current shell is inef-
          fective.

          If _a_r_g is absent all trap(s) _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r are reset  to
          their  original values.  If _a_r_g is the null string this
          signal is ignored by the shell and by the  commands  it
          invokes.

          A potential point of  confusion  is  that  UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX  signal
          numbers  are  different  from  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  and  OOOOSSSS////2222  signal



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          numbers.   MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS  and  OOOOSSSS////2222  signal  numbers  sometimes
          appear to differ between compilers.  If a numeric value
          is used, it is assumed to be a UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX signal  number  and
          this  is  mapped  to  the appropriate MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS/OOOOSSSS////2222 signal
          number.  If there is no mapping, a warning  message  is
          displayed.   If  the signal number is a signal name, it
          is translated into the  appropriate  MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS/OOOOSSSS////2222  signal
          number.   The  list  of valid signal names is displayed
          using the -_l flag.

          If _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r is DDDDEEEEBBBBUUUUGGGG  then  _a_r_g  will  be  executed
          after  each  command.  If _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r is EEEERRRRRRRR, _a_r_g will
          be executed whenever a  command  has  a  non-zero  exit
          code.

          If _S_i_g_n_a_l_N_u_m_b_e_r is 0 or EEEEXXXXIIIITTTT and the trap statement  is
          executed inside the body of a function, the command _a_r_g
          is executed after the function completes.   If  _S_i_g_n_a_l_-
          _N_u_m_b_e_r  is  0  or EEEEXXXXIIIITTTT for a trap set outside any func-
          tion, the command _a_r_g is  executed  on  exit  from  the
          shell.

          The ttttrrrraaaapppp command with no arguments  prints  a  list  of
          commands associated with each signal number.

     ttttrrrruuuueeee No effect; the command does nothing.  A zero exit  code
          is returned.

     ttttyyyyppppeeeesssseeeetttt [ ----HHHHLLLLRRRRZZZZffffiiiillllpppprrrrttttuuuuxxxx[nnnn] [ nnnnaaaammmmeeee[ ====vvvvaaaalllluuuueeee ] ] ... ]
          When invoked inside a function, a new instance  of  the
          parameter  name  is  created.   The parameter value and
          type are restored when  the  function  completes.   The
          following list of attributes may be specified:

          ----HHHH   This flag provides UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX to host-name file  mapping
               on non-UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX machines (see mmmmssssddddoooossss command).

          ----LLLL   Left justify and remove leading blanks from value.
               If  nnnn  is  non-zero  it  defines  the width of the
               field, otherwise it is determined by the width  of
               the value of first assignment.  When the parameter
               is assigned to, it is filled  on  the  right  with
               blanks or truncated, if necessary, to fit into the
               field.  Leading zeros are removed if the  ----ZZZZ  flag
               is also set.  The ----RRRR flag is turned off.

          ----RRRR   Right justify and fill with leading blanks.  If  nnnn
               is  non-zero,  it  defines the width of the field,
               otherwise it is determined by  the  width  of  the
               value  of  first  assignment.   The  field is left
               filled with blanks or truncated from  the  end  if
               the  parameter  is  reassigned.   The  ----LLLL  flag is



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               turned off.

          ----ZZZZ   Right justify and fill with leading zeros  if  the
               first  non-blank  character  is a digit and the ----LLLL
               flag has not been  set.   If  nnnn  is  non-zero,  it
               defines  the  width  of the field, otherwise it is
               determined by the width  of  the  value  of  first
               assignment.

          ----ffff   The names refer  to  function  names  rather  than
               parameter  names.   No assignments can be made and
               the only other valid flags are ----tttt, which turns  on
               execution  tracing  for  this  function and ----xxxx, to
               allow the function  to  remain  in  effect  across
               shell  procedures  executed  in  the  same process
               environment.

          ----iiii   Parameter is an integer.   This  makes  arithmetic
               faster.   If  nnnn  is non-zero it defines the output
               arithmetic base, otherwise  the  first  assignment
               determines the output base.

          ----llll   All upper-case characters converted to lower-case.
               The upper-case flag, ----uuuu is turned off.

          ----pppp   The output of this command,  if  any,  is  written
               onto  the two-way pipe.  TTTThhhhiiiissss ooooppppttttiiiioooonnnn hhhhaaaassss nnnnoooo eeeeffffffffeeeecccctttt
               iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee SSSShhhheeeellllllll.

          ----rrrr   The given names  are  marked  readonly  and  these
               names cannot be changed by subsequent assignment.

          ----tttt   Tags the named parameters. Tags are user definable
               and have no special meaning to the shell.

          ----uuuu   All lower-case characters are converted to  upper-
               case  characters.   The  lower-case  flag,  ----llll  is
               turned off.

          ----xxxx   The given names are marked for automatic export to
               the environment of subsequently-executed commands.

          Using + rather than - causes these flags to  be  turned
          off.   If  no  name  arguments  are given but flags are
          specified, a list of names (and optionally the  values)
          of  the  parameters  which  have  these  flags  set  is
          printed.  (Using + rather than - keeps the values to be
          printed.)   If  no names and flags are given, the names
          and attributes of all parameters are printed.

     uuuummmmaaaasssskkkk [ _n_n_n ]
          The  user  file-creation  mask  is  set  to  _n_n_n   (see



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          _u_m_a_s_k(2)).  If _n_n_n is omitted, the current value of the
          mask is printed.

     uuuunnnnaaaalllliiiiaaaassss _n_a_m_e ...
          The aliases given by the list of _n_a_m_es are removed from
          the alias list.

     uuuunnnnffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn _n_a_m_e ...
          For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding function.

     uuuunnnnsssseeeetttt [ ----ffff ] _n_a_m_e ...
          The parameters given by the list  of  _n_a_m_es  are  unas-
          signed  (their  values and attributes are erased).  The
          following variables, as well as those with a  read-only
          attribute cannot be unset: PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH, PPPPSSSS1111, PPPPSSSS2222, and IIIIFFFFSSSS.  If
          the -f flag is set, then the names  refer  to  function
          names and the functions are removed.

          Unsetting LLLLIIIINNNNEEEENNNNOOOO, MMMMAAAAIIIILLLLCCCCHHHHEEEECCCCKKKK,  OOOOPPPPTTTTAAAARRRRGGGG,  OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIINNNNDDDD,  RRRRAAAANNNNDDDDOOOOMMMM,
          SSSSEEEECCCCOOOONNNNDDDDSSSS,  and  ____  removes their special meaning even if
          they are subsequently assigned to.

     vvvveeeerrrr  Display the current version of the shell.

     wwwwaaaaiiiitttt [ jjjjoooobbbb ]
          This command (which is only available under OOOOSSSS////2222) waits
          for  the  specified  _j_o_b  to  terminate  and report its
          status.  This status becomes the return  code  for  the
          wwwwaaaaiiiitttt  command.  If _j_o_b is not given, wwwwaaaaiiiitttt waits for all
          currently active child  processes  to  terminate.   The
          termination  status  returned  is that of the last pro-
          cess.  See JJJJoooobbbbssss for a description of the  format  of  a
          _j_o_b.

     wwwwhhhheeeennnncccceeee [ ----ppppvvvv ] [ _n_a_m_e ... ]
     ttttyyyyppppeeee [ ----pppp ] [ _n_a_m_e ... ]
          For each _n_a_m_e  specified,  indicate  how  it  would  be
          interpreted  if used as a command name.  Note that ttttyyyyppppeeee
          is a shorthand for wwwwhhhheeeennnncccceeee ----vvvv.

          ----pppp   Does a path search for _n_a_m_e even if the name is an
               alias, a function, or a reserved word.

          ----vvvv   Produces a more verbose report.

  IIIInnnnvvvvooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
     If the shell is invoked through _e_x_e_c(2) and the first  char-
     acter of argument zero is ---- or the ----0000(zero) switch is in the
     invokation  line,   commands   are   initially   read   from
     ////eeeettttcccc////pppprrrrooooffffiiiilllleeee  (the  extensions  ....sssshhhh or ....kkkksssshhhh may be used) and
     from $$$$HHHHOOOOMMMMEEEE////pppprrrrooooffffiiiilllleeee (the extensions rrrreeeeaaaadddd ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee ffffiiiilllleeee  nnnnaaaammmmeeeedddd
     bbbbyyyy  ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg  ppppaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr  ssssuuuubbbbssssttttiiiittttuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn  oooonnnn tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaalllluuuueeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee



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     eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt ppppaaaarrrraaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr EEEENNNNVVVV if the file  exists.   Thereafter,
     commands are read as described below, which is also the case
     when the shell is invoked as ////bbbbiiiinnnn////sssshhhh.  The flags  below  are
     interpreted  by  the  shell  on  invocation  only; Note that
     unless the ----cccc or ----ssss flag is specified, the first argument is
     assumed  to  be  the name of a file containing commands, and
     the remaining arguments are passed as positional  parameters
     to that command file:

     ----cccc string If the ----cccc flag is present commands are  read  from
               _s_t_r_i_n_g.

     ----ssss        If the ----ssss flag  is  present  or  if  no  arguments
               remain  commands are read from the standard input.
               Any remaining  arguments  specify  the  positional
               parameters.  Shell output (except for _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_o_m_-
               _m_a_n_d_s) is written to file descriptor 2.

     ----iiii        If the ----iiii flag is present or if  the  shell  input
               and  output are attached to a terminal, this shell
               is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e.  In this case, the TERMINATE  sig-
               nal  is ignored and the INTERRUPT signal is caught
               and ignored.  In all cases,  the  QUIT  signal  is
               ignored by the shell.

     ----rrrr        If the ----rrrr flag is present, the  shell  is  a  res-
               tricted shell.

     ----0000(zero)  If the ----0000(zero) flag is present, this has the same
               effect  as starting the shell with the first char-
               acter of argument zero as a ---- (see above).

     ----PPPP        This option enables real pipes  under  OOOOSSSS////2222.   See
               LLLLIIIIMMMMIIIITTTTAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS.

     ----RRRR        If the ----RRRR flag is present, the shell is  the  _r_o_o_t
               shell  and cannot be terminated using exit.  Under
               MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS, the system must be re-booted.  Under  OOOOSSSS////2222,
               the  shell  must be killed by an external program.
               In addition, the initialisation file is  not  read
               until  just before the first keyboard input.  This
               allows the location of the file to be  changed  by
               changing  the value of the SHELL environment vari-
               able.

     The remaining flags and arguments are  described  under  the
     sssseeeetttt command above.

  RRRRsssshhhh OOOOnnnnllllyyyy
     _R_s_h is used to set up login names and execution environments
     whose  capabilities  are  more  controlled than those of the
     standard shell.  The actions of _r_s_h are identical  to  those



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     of _s_h, except that the following are disallowed:

          Changing directory (see _c_d(1)),
          Setting the value of SSSSHHHHEEEELLLLLLLL, EEEENNNNVVVV, or $$$$PPPPAAAATTTTHHHH,
          Specifying path or command names containing ////,
          Redirecting output (>>>> and >>>>>>>>).

     The restrictions above are enforced after  pppprrrrooooffffiiiilllleeee  and  the
     EEEENNNNVVVV files are interpreted.

     When a command to be executed is found to be  a  shell  pro-
     cedure,  _r_s_h invokes _s_h to execute it.  Thus, it is possible
     to provide to the end-user shell procedures that have access
     to  the  full  power of the standard shell, while imposing a
     limited menu of commands; this scheme assumes that the  end-
     user does not have write and execute permissions in the same
     directory.

     The net effect of these rules is that the writer of the pppprrrroooo----
     ffffiiiilllleeee  has  complete control over user actions, by performing
     guaranteed  setup  actions  and  leaving  the  user  in   an
     appropriate directory (probably _n_o_t the login directory).

     The system administrator often sets up a directory  of  com-
     mands  (i.e.,  ////uuuussssrrrr////rrrrbbbbiiiinnnn) that can be safely invoked by _r_s_h.
     Some systems also provide a restricted editor _r_e_d.

EEEEXXXXIIIITTTT SSSSTTTTAAAATTTTUUUUSSSS
     Errors detected by the shell, such as syntax  errors,  cause
     the shell to return a non-zero exit status.  If the shell is
     being used non-interactively execution of the shell file  is
     abandoned.   Otherwise, the shell returns the exit status of
     the last command executed (see also the eeeexxxxiiiitttt command above).

FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
     /etc/profile
     $HOME/profile
     $HOME/history.sh.
     $TMP/sh*.tmp
     ??/sh.ini

CCCCRRRRIIIITTTTIIIICCCCAAAALLLL EEEERRRRRRRROOOORRRRSSSS
     The Shell provide a Critical Error  Handler  (Interrupt  24)
     similar  to  the standard MMMMSSSSDDDDOOOOSSSS handler.  In addition to the
     standard message, the handler  also  displays  the  Extended
     Error Code information in hexadecimal.

LLLLIIIIMMMMIIIITTTTAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS
     Under MS-DOS, any TSR  (Terminate  Stay  Resident)  programs
     must be loaded before loading _S_h as the shell will overwrite
     the TSR when it reloads itself after swapping out.




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     The shell checks for valid DOS filenames (single dot, not at
     the beginning).  Invalid dots are converted to ~~~~.  A warning
     message is displayed if the shell detects  an  invalid  file
     name.

     Under OOOOSSSS////2222, asynchronous commands are supported to a degree.
     However,  this  is very limited because of the nature of the
     forking commands under OOOOSSSS////2222 which does not  match  the  UUUUNNNNIIIIXXXX
     model.   This  difference  has  also meant that pipes (as in
     MS-DOS) are implemented as files and not  OOOOSSSS////2222  pipes.   For
     more details, see the source code.

     However, real OOOOSSSS////2222 pipes can be used with  care  for  simple
     pipelines  which  do  not create sub-shells or assume that a
     real child shell is  created  because  the  shell  does  not
     create  child,  it simulates their creating in the same pro-
     cess.  This is because there is no fork under OOOOSSSS////2222.  See the
     sssseeeetttt command on how to enable/disable real pipes.

SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
     cd(1), test(1), umask(1),
     exec(2),  pipe(2),  signal(2),  umask(2),  strtol(3),   pro-
     file(4),  environ(5) in the _U_N_I_X _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_e_r _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
     _M_a_n_u_a_l.
     COMMAND(1) and SUBST(1) in the _M_S_D_O_S _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _G_u_i_d_e.
     CMD(1) in the _O_S/_2 Reference Guide.
     DosStartSession(2) in the  _O_S/_2  _C_o_n_t_r_o_l  _P_r_o_g_r_a_m  _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
     _M_a_n_u_a_l.

AAAACCCCKKKKNNNNOOOOWWWWLLLLEEEEDDDDGGGGEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTTSSSS
     This program is based  on  ideas,  code  or  parts  of  code
     developed by:

     David Korn and Steve Bourne (the original ideas)
     Charles Forsyth (the original source  for  the  MINIX  Shell
     program)
     Erik Baalbergen (the code for the test function)
     Paul Falstad (the code for the maths functions)
     Simon J. Gerraty (the code for the new lexical analyser  and
     the VI/EMACS edit functions).

     In addition, a very large number of people (too many to men-
     tion)  who  have  been involved in testing and debugging the
     program.











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