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Subject: FAQ: comp.ai.genetic part 1/6 (A Guide to Frequently Asked Questions) Newsgroups: comp.ai.genetic,comp.answers,news.answers From: David.Beasley@cf.cm.ac.uk (David Beasley) Date: Fri, 18 Mar 94 15:18:38 GMT Archive-name: ai-faq/genetic/part1 Last-Modified: 3/20/94 Issue: 2.1 The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation (FAQ in comp.ai.genetic) edited by Joerg Heitkoetter c/o Systems Analysis Research Group, LSXI Department of Computer Science University of Dortmund D-44221 Dortmund, Germany <joke@ls11.informatik.uni-dortmund.de> or <joke@santafe.edu> and David Beasley c/o Department of Computing Mathematics University of Wales, College of Cardiff Cardiff, United Kingdom <david.beasley@cm.cf.ac.uk> PLEASE: Search this posting first if you have a question and If someone else asks a question which is answered in here DON'T POST THE ANSWER TO THE NEWSGROUP: POINT THE ASKER TO THE FAQ and DON'T PANIC FAQ /F-A-Q/ or /fak/ [USENET] n. 1. A Frequently Asked Question. 2. A compendium of accumulated lore, posted periodically to high-volume newsgroups in an attempt to forestall such questions. Some people prefer the term `FAQ list' or `FAQL' /fa'kl/, reserving `FAQ' for sense 1. RTFAQ /R-T-F-A-Q/ [USENET: primarily written, by analogy with RTFM] imp. Abbrev. for `Read the FAQ!', an exhortation that the person addressed ought to read the newsgroup's FAQ list before posting questions. RTFM /R-T-F-M/ [UNIX] imp. Acronym for `Read The Fucking Manual'. 1. Used by gurus to brush off questions they consider trivial or annoying. Compare Don't do that, then! 2. Used when reporting a problem to indicate that you aren't just asking out of randomness. "No, I can't figure out how to interface UNIX to my toaster, and yes, I have RTFM." Unlike sense 1, this use is considered polite. ... --- "The on-line hacker Jargon File, version 3.0, 29 July 1993", available via anon. ftp to ftp.gnu.ai.mit.edu as "/pub/gnu/jarg300.txt.gz" PREFACE This posting is intended to help, provide basic information, and serve as a "first straw" for INDIVIDUALs, i.e. uninitiated hitch- hikers, who are stranded in the mindboggling universe of Evolutionary Computation (EC); that in turn is only a small footpath to an even more mindboggling scientific universe, that, incorporating Fuzzy Systems, and Artificial Neural Networks, is sometimes referred to as Computational Intelligence (CI); that in turn is only part of an even more advanced scientific universe of mindparalysing complexity, that incorporating Artificial Life, Fractal Geometry, and other Complex Systems Sciences might someday be referred to as Natural Computation (NC). Over the course of the past years, GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION algorithms imitating certain principles of nature have proved their usefulness in various domains of applications. Especially worth copying are those principles where nature has found "stable islands" in a "turbulent ocean" of solution possibilities. Such phenomena can be found in annealing processes, central nervous systems and biological EVOLUTION, which in turn have lead to the following OPTIMIZATION methods: Simulated Annealing (SA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and the field of Evolutionary Computation (EC). EC may currently be characterized by the following pathways: Genetic Algorithms (GA), Evolutionary Programming (EP), Evolution Strategies (ES), Classifier Systems (CFS), Genetic Programming (GP), and several other problem solving strategies, that are based upon biological observations, that date back to Charles Darwin's discoveries in the 19th century: the means of natural selection and the survival of the fittest, i.e. the "theory of evolution." The inspired algorithms are thus termed Evolutionary Algorithms (EA). Moreover, this posting is intended to help those who are just beginning to read this newsgroup, and those who are new "on" USENET. It shall help to avoid lengthy discussions of questions that usually arise for beginners of one or the other kind, and which are boring to read again and again by comp.ai.genetic "old-timers." You will see this posting popping up periodically in the USENET newsgroup comp.ai.genetic (and also comp.answers, and news.answers, where it should be locatable at any time). CONTRIBUTIONS Contributions, additions, corrections, cash, etc. are always welcome. Send e-mail to the address above. DISCLAIMER This periodic posting is not meant to discuss any topic exhaustively, but should be thought of as a list of reference pointers, instead. This posting is provided on an "as is" basis, NO WARRANTY whatsoever is expressed or implied, especially, NO WARRANTY that the information contained herein is up-to-date, correct or useful in any way, although all this is intended. Moreover, please note that the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the editors' institutions or employers, neither as a whole, nor in part. They are just the amalgamation of the editors' collections of ideas, and contributions gleaned from other sources. NOTE: some portions of this otherwise rather dry guide are intended to be satirical. If you do not recognize it as such, consult your local doctor or a professional comedian. HITCH-HIKING THE FAQNIVERSE This guide is big. Really big. You just won't believe how hugely, vastly, mindbogglingly big it is. That's why it has been split into a "trilogy" -- which, like all successful trilogies, eventually ends up consisting of more than three parts. Searching for answers To find the answer of question number x, just search for the string "Qx:". (So the answer to question 42 is at "Q42:"!) What does, e.g. [ICGA85] mean? Some books are referenced again and again, that's why they have this kind of "tag", that an experienced hitch-hiker will search for in the list of books (see Q10: and Q12:) to dissolve the riddle. Why all this UPPERCASING in running text? Words written in all uppercase letters are cross-references to entries in the Glossary (see Q99). Here, they have a ":" sign appended, thus if you find, say EVOLUTION, you can search for the string "EVOLUTION:" in the Glossary. FTP and HTTP naming conventions A file available on an FTP server will be specified as: <ftp-site- name>:<the-complete-filename> So for example, the file bar.tar.gz in the directory /pub/foo on the ftp server ftp.certain.site would be specified as: ftp.certain.site:/pub/foo/bar.tar.gz A specification ending with a "/" is a reference to a whole directory, e.g. ftp.certain.site:/pub/foo/ HTML files are specified in a similar way, but with the prefix: http:// Referencing this Guide If you want to reference this guide (although I have currently no idea, why you should want to do this), we'd be insanely proud if it looks like: Heitkoetter, Joerg and Beasley, David, eds. (1994) "The Hitch- Hiker's Guide to EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION: A list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)", USENET: comp.ai.genetic. Available via anonymous FTP from rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/genetic/ About 90 pages. Or simply call it "the Guide", or "HHGTEC" for acronymaniacs. Obtaining copies of this guide This FAQ is available between postings on rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/genetic/ as the files: part?. The FAQ may also be retrieved by e-mail from <mail- server@rtfm.mit.edu>. Send a message to the mail-server with "help" and "index" in the body on separate lines for more information. A PostScript version is also available. This looks really crisp (using boldface, italics, etc.), and is available for those who prefer offline reading. Get the file from the SyS ftp-server: lumpi.informatik.uni-dortmund.de:/pub/EA/docs/hhgtec-*.ps.gz (129.217.36.140); or from within the US you might try: alife.santafe.edu:/pub/USER-AREA/EC/FAQ/hhgtec-*.ps.gz "As a net is made up of a series of ties, so everything in this world is connected by a series of ties. If anyone thinks that the mesh of a net is an independent, isolated thing, he is mistaken. It is called a net because it is made up of a series of interconnected meshes, and each mesh has its place and responsibility in relation to other meshes." --- Buddha The ZEN Puzzle For some weird reason this guide contains some puzzles which can only be solved by cautious readers who have (1) a certain amount of a certain kind of humor, (2) a certain amount of patience and time, (3) a certain amount of experience in ZEN NAVIGATION, and (4) a certain amount of books of a certain author. Usually, puzzles search either for certain answers (more often, ONE answer) to a question; or, for the real smartasses, sometimes an answer is presented, and a certain question is searched for. ZEN puzzles are even more challenging: you have to come up with an answer to a question, both of which are not explicitly, rather implicitly stated somewhere in this FAQ. Thus, you are expected to give an answer AND a question! To give an impression what this is all about, consider the following, submitted by Craig W. Reynolds. The correct question is: "Why is Fisher's `improbability quote' (cf EPILOGUE) included in this FAQ?", Craig's correct answer is: `This is a GREAT quotation, it sounds like something directly out of a turn of the century Douglas Adams: Natural SELECTION: the original "Infinite Improbability Drive"' Got the message? Well, this was easy and very obvious. The other puzzles are more challenging... However, all this is just for fun (mine and hopefully yours), there is nothing like the $100 price, some big shots in computer science, e.g. Don Knuth usually offer; all there is but a honorable mentioning of the ZEN navigator, including the puzzle s/he solved. It's thus like in real life: don't expect to make money from your time being a scientist, it's all just for the fun of it... Enjoy the trip! TABLE OF CONTENTS ai-faq/genetic/part1 Q0: How about an introduction to all this? Q0.1: What is comp.ai.genetic all about? Q0.2: How do I get started? What about USENET documentation? Q0.3: Where can I get further information about the internet? ai-faq/genetic/part2 Q1: What are Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)? Q1.1: What's a Genetic Algorithm (GA)? Q1.2: What's Evolutionary Programming (EP)? Q1.3: What's an Evolution Strategy (ES)? Q1.4: What's a Classifier System (CFS)? Q1.5: What's Genetic Programming (GP)? ai-faq/genetic/part3 Q2: What applications of EAs are there? Q3: Who is concerned with EAs? Q4: How many EAs exist? Which? Q4.1: What about Alife systems, like Tierra and VENUS? Q5: What about all this Optimization stuff? ai-faq/genetic/part4 Q10: What introductory material on EAs is there? Q10.1: Suitable background reading for beginners? Q10.2: Textbooks on EC? Q10.3: The Classics? Q10.4: Introductory Journal Articles? Q10.5: Introductory Technical Reports? Q10.6: Not-quite-so-introductory Literature? Q10.7: Biological Background Readings? Q10.8: On-line bibliography collections? Q10.9: Videos? Q10.10: CD-ROMs? Q10.11: How do I get a copy of a dissertation? Q11: What EC related journals and magazines are there? Q12: What are the important conferences/proceedings on EC? Q13: What Evolutionary Computation Associations exist? Q14: What Technical Reports are available? Q15: What other sources of information are there? Q15.1: What Electronic Digests are there? Q15.2: What Electronic Mailing Lists are there? Q15.3: Which Research Institutes can be accessed over the net? Q15.4: What relevant newsgroups and FAQs are there? Q15.5: What about all these Internet Services? ai-faq/genetic/part5 Q20: What EA software packages are available? Q20.1: Free software packages? Q20.2: Commercial software packages? Q20.3: Current research projects? ai-faq/genetic/part6 Q21: What are Gray codes, and why are they used? Q22: What test data is available? Q42: What is Life all about? Q42b: Is there a FAQ to this group? Q98: Are there any patents on EAs? Q99: A Glossary on EAs? ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: Q0: How about an introduction to all this? Certainly. See Q0.1, Q0.2 and Q0.3 below. ------------------------------ Subject: Q0.1: What is comp.ai.genetic all about? The newsgroup comp.ai.genetic is intended as a forum for people who want to use or explore the capabilities of Genetic Algorithms (GA), Evolutionary Programming (EP), Evolution Strategies (ES), Classifier Systems (CFS), Genetic Programming (GP), and some other, less well- known problem solving algorithms that are more or less loosely coupled to the field of Evolutionary Computation (EC). ------------------------------ Subject: Q0.2: How do I get started? What about USENET documentation? The following guidelines present the essentials of the USENET online documentation, that is posted each month to news.announce.newusers. If you are already familiar with "netiquette" you can skip to the end of this answer; if you don't know what the hell this is all about, proceed as follows: (1) carefully read the following paragraphs, (2) read all the documents in news.announce.newusers before posting any article to USENET. At least you should give the introductory stuff a try, i.e. files "news-answers/introduction" and "news-answers/news- newusers-intro". Both are survey articles, that provide a short and easy way to get an overview of the interesting parts of the online docs, and thus can help to prevent you from drowning in the megabytes to read. Both can be received either by subscribing to news.answers, or sending the following message to <mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu>: send usenet/news.answers/introduction send usenet/news.answers/news-newusers-intro quit Netiquette "Usenet is a convention, in every sense of the word." Although USENET is usually characterized as "an anarchy, with no laws and no one in charge" there have "emerged" several rules over the past years that shall facilitate life within newsgroups. Thus, you will probably find the following types of articles: 1. Requests Requests are articles of the form "I am looking for X" where X is something public like a book, an article, a piece of software. If multiple different answers can be expected, the person making the request should prepare to make a summary of the answers he/she got and announce to do so with a phrase like "Please e-mail, I'll summarize" at the end of the posting. The Subject line of the posting should then be something like "Request: X" 2. Questions As opposed to requests, questions are concerned with something so specific that general interest cannot readily be assumed. If the poster thinks that the topic is of some general interest, he/she should announce a summary (see above). The Subject line of the posting should be something like "Question: this-and-that" (Q: this-and-that) or have the form of a question (i.e., end with a question mark) 3. Answers These are reactions to questions or requests. As a rule of thumb articles of type "answer" should be rare. Ideally, in most cases either the answer is too specific to be of general interest (and should thus be e-mailed to the poster) or a summary was announced with the question or request (and answers should thus be e-mailed to the poster). The subject lines of answers are automatically adjusted by the news software. 4. Summaries In all cases of requests or questions the answers for which can be assumed to be of some general interest, the poster of the request or question shall summarize the answers he/she received. Such a summary should be announced in the original posting of the question or request with a phrase like "Please answer by e-mail, I'll summarize" In such a case answers should NOT be posted to the newsgroup but instead be mailed to the poster who collects and reviews them. After about 10 to 20 days from the original posting, its poster should make the summary of answers and post it to the net. Some care should be invested into a summary: a) simple concatenation of all the answers might not be enough; instead redundancies, irrelevances, verbosities and errors should be filtered out (as good as possible), b) the answers shall be separated clearly c) the contributors of the INDIVIDUAL answers shall be identifiable unless they requested to remain anonymous [eds note: yes, that happens]) d) the summary shall start with the "quintessence" of the answers, as seen by the original poster e) A summary should, when posted, clearly be indicated to be one by giving it a Subject line starting with "Summary:" Note that a good summary is pure gold for the rest of the newsgroup community, so summary work will be most appreciated by all of us. (Good summaries are more valuable than 5. Announcements Some articles never need any public reaction. These are called announcements (for instance for a workshop, conference or the availability of some technical report or software system). Announcements should be clearly indicated to be such by giving them a subject line of the form "Announcement: this-and-that", or "ust "A: this-and-that". Due to common practice, conference announcements usually carry a "CFP:" in their subject line, i.e. "call for papers" (or: "call for participation"). 6. Reports Sometimes people spontaneously want to report something to the newsgroup. This might be special experiences with some software, results of own experiments or conceptual work, or especially interesting information from somewhere else. Reports should be clearly indicated to be such by giving them a subject line of the form "Report: this-and-that" 7. Discussions An especially valuable possibility of USENET is of course that of discussing a certain topic with hundreds of potential participants. All traffic in the newsgroup that can not be subsumed under one of the above categories should belong to a discussion. If somebody explicitly wants to start a discussion, he/she can do so by giving the posting a subject line of the form "Start discussion: this-and-that" (People who react on this, please remove the "Start discussion: " label from the subject line of your replies) It is quite difficult to keep a discussion from drifting into chaos, but, unfortunately, as many other newsgroups show there seems to be no secure way to avoid this. On the other hand, comp.ai.genetic has not had many problems with this effect, yet, so let's just go and hope... Thanks in advance for your patience! ------------------------------ Subject: Q0.3: Where can I get further information about the internet? In 1993 the EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) announced a user guide for novices on all the Internet has to offer, called: The Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet The Guide is posted to "the 'net" in ASCII and Hypercard (Mac) formats (see comp.org.eff.news). It can also be downloaded by anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org:/pub/Net_info/Big_Dummy/ The ASCII version is in file big-dummys-guide.txt . The Hypercard stack is in file big-dummys-guide.sea.hqx . The Texinfo versions (PostScript, TeX DVI, HTML, GNU Info, ASCII) are in the sub-directory Other_versions/ . The hypertext (HTML) version can be browsed by using a WWW reader, such as mosaic, and opening a URL with the address: http://www.germany.eu.net:/books/bdgtti/bdgtti-intro.html More information on internet services is given in Q15.5. ------------------------------ End of ai-faq/genetic/part1 ***************************