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GNU Info File
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1995-09-11
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47.7 KB
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1,234 lines
This is Info file ../info/emacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the
input file emacs.texi.
File: emacs, Node: Rmail Sorting, Next: Rmail Display, Prev: Rmail Summary, Up: Rmail
Sorting the Rmail File
======================
`M-x rmail-sort-by-date'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by date.
`M-x rmail-sort-by-subject'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by subject.
`M-x rmail-sort-by-author'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by author's name.
`M-x rmail-sort-by-recipient'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by recipient's names.
`M-x rmail-sort-by-correspondent'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by the name of the other
correspondent.
`M-x rmail-sort-by-lines'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by size (number of lines).
`M-x rmail-sort-by-keywords RET LABELS RET'
Sort messages of current Rmail file by labels. The argument
LABELS should be a comma-separated list of labels. The order of
these labels specifies the order of messages; messages with the
first label come first, messages with the second label come
second, and so on. Messages which have none of these labels come
last.
The Rmail sort commands perform a *stable sort*: if there is no
reason to prefer either one of two messages, their order remains
unchanged. You can use this to sort by more than one criterion. For
example, if you use `rmail-sort-by-date' and then
`rmail-sort-by-author', messages from the same author appear in order
by date.
With a numeric argument, all these commands reverse the order of
comparison. This means they sort messages from newest to oldest, from
biggest to smallest, or in reverse alphabetical order.
File: emacs, Node: Rmail Display, Next: Rmail Editing, Prev: Rmail Sorting, Up: Rmail
Display of Messages
===================
Rmail reformats the header of each message before displaying it for
the first time. Reformatting hides uninteresting header fields to
reduce clutter. You can use the `t' command to show the entire header
or to repeat the header reformatting operation.
`t'
Toggle display of complete header (`rmail-toggle-headers').
Reformatting the header involves deleting most header fields, on the
grounds that they are not interesting. The variable
`rmail-ignored-headers' holds a regular expression that specifies which
header fields to hide in this way--if it matches the beginning of a
header field, that whole field is hidden.
Rmail saves the complete original header before reformatting; to see
it, use the `t' command (`rmail-toggle-headers'). This discards the
reformatted headers of the current message and displays it with the
original header. Repeating `t' reformats the message again. Selecting
the message again also reformats.
One consequence of this is that if you edit the reformatted header
(using `e'; *note Rmail Editing::.), subsequent use of `t' will discard
your edits. On the other hand, if you use `e' after `t', to edit the
original (unreformatted) header, those changes are permanent.
When used with a window system that supports multiple fonts, Rmail
highlights certain header fields that are especially interesting--by
default, the `From' and `Subject' fields. The variable
`rmail-highlighted-headers' holds a regular expression that specifies
the header fields to highlight; if it matches the beginning of a header
field, that whole field is highlighted.
If you specify unusual colors for your text foreground and
background, the colors used for highlighting may not go well with them.
If so, specify different colors for the `highlight' face. That is
worth doing because the `highlight' face is used for other kinds of
highlighting as well. *Note Faces::, for how to do this.
To turn off highlighting entirely in Rmail, set
`rmail-highlighted-headers' to `nil'.
File: emacs, Node: Rmail Editing, Next: Rmail Digest, Prev: Rmail Display, Up: Rmail
Editing Within a Message
========================
Most of the usual Emacs commands are available in Rmail mode, though
a few, such as `C-M-n' and `C-M-h', are redefined by Rmail for other
purposes. However, the Rmail buffer is normally read only, and most of
the letters are redefined as Rmail commands. If you want to edit the
text of a message, you must use the Rmail command `e'.
`e'
Edit the current message as ordinary text.
The `e' command (`rmail-edit-current-message') switches from Rmail
mode into Rmail Edit mode, another major mode which is nearly the same
as Text mode. The mode line indicates this change.
In Rmail Edit mode, letters insert themselves as usual and the Rmail
commands are not available. When you are finished editing the message
and are ready to go back to Rmail, type `C-c C-c', which switches back
to Rmail mode. Alternatively, you can return to Rmail mode but cancel
all the editing that you have done, by typing `C-c C-]'.
Entering Rmail Edit mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook'; then it
runs the hook `rmail-edit-mode-hook' (*note Hooks::.). It adds the
attribute `edited' to the message.
File: emacs, Node: Rmail Digest, Next: Out of Rmail, Prev: Rmail Editing, Up: Rmail
Digest Messages
===============
A "digest message" is a message which exists to contain and carry
several other messages. Digests are used on some moderated mailing
lists; all the messages that arrive for the list during a period of time
such as one day are put inside a single digest which is then sent to the
subscribers. Transmitting the single digest uses much less computer
time than transmitting the individual messages even though the total
size is the same, because the per-message overhead in network mail
transmission is considerable.
When you receive a digest message, the most convenient way to read
it is to "undigestify" it: to turn it back into many individual
messages. Then you can read and delete the individual messages as it
suits you.
To do this, select the digest message and type the command `M-x
undigestify-rmail-message'. This extracts the submessages as separate
Rmail messages, and inserts them following the digest. The digest
message itself is flagged as deleted.
File: emacs, Node: Out of Rmail, Next: Rmail Rot13, Prev: Rmail Digest, Up: Rmail
Converting an Rmail File to Inbox Format
========================================
The command `M-x unrmail' converts a file in Rmail format to inbox
format (also known as the system mailbox format), so that you can use it
with other mail-editing tools. You must specify two arguments, the name
of the Rmail file and the name to use for the converted file. `M-x
unrmail' does not alter the Rmail file itself.
File: emacs, Node: Rmail Rot13, Prev: Out of Rmail, Up: Rmail
Reading Rot13 Messages
======================
Mailing list messages that might offend some readers are sometimes
encoded in a simple code called "rot13"--so named because it rotates
the alphabet by 13 letters. This code is not for secrecy, as it
provides none; rather, it enables those who might be offended to avoid
ever seeing the real text of the message.
To view a buffer using the rot13 code, use the command `M-x
rot13-other-window'. This displays the current buffer in another window
which applies the code when displaying the text.
File: emacs, Node: Dired, Next: Calendar/Diary, Prev: Rmail, Up: Top
Dired, the Directory Editor
***************************
Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal
Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
to operate on the files listed.
* Menu:
* Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
* Commands: Dired Commands. Commands in the Dired buffer.
* Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
* Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
* Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired.
* Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
* Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
either one file or several files.
* Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
* Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
* Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
* Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
* Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
File: emacs, Node: Dired Enter, Next: Dired Commands, Up: Dired
Entering Dired
==============
To invoke Dired, do `C-x d' or `M-x dired'. The command reads a
directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
to specify which files to list. Where `dired' differs from
`list-directory' is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that the
special commands of Dired are available.
The variable `dired-listing-switches' specifies the options to give
to `ls' for listing directory; this string *must* contain `-l'. If you
use a numeric prefix argument with the `dired' command, you can specify
the `ls' switches with the minibuffer after you finish entering the
directory specification.
To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
selected window, use `C-x 4 d' (`dired-other-window)' instead of `C-x
d'. `C-x 5 d' (`dired-other-frame') uses a separate frame to display
the Dired buffer.
File: emacs, Node: Dired Commands, Next: Dired Deletion, Prev: Dired Enter, Up: Dired
Commands in the Dired Buffer
============================
The Dired buffer is "read-only", and inserting text in it is not
useful, so ordinary printing characters such as `d' and `x' are used
for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands "mark" or "flag" the
"current file" (that is, the file on the current line); other commands
operate on the marked files or on the flagged files.
All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
buffers. Some special purpose cursor motion commands are also
provided. The keys `C-n' and `C-p' are redefined to put the cursor at
the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the
beginning of the line.
For extra convenience, SPC and `n' in Dired are equivalent to `C-n'.
`p' is equivalent to `C-p'. (Moving by lines is so common in Dired
that it deserves to be easy to type.) DEL (move up and unflag) is
often useful simply for moving up.
File: emacs, Node: Dired Deletion, Next: Flagging Many Files, Prev: Dired Commands, Up: Dired
Deleting Files with Dired
=========================
The primary use of Dired is to "flag" files for deletion and then
delete the files previously flagged.
`d'
Flag this file for deletion.
`u'
Remove deletion flag on this line.
`DEL'
Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that
line.
`x'
Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the
file and typing `d'. The deletion flag is visible as a `D' at the
beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, so
that repeated `d' commands flag successive files. A numeric argument
serves as a repeat count.
The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to
reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct
Dired to expunge the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using
the commands `u' and DEL. `u' works just like `d', but removes flags
rather than making flags. DEL moves upward, removing flags; it is like
`u' with numeric argument automatically negated.
To delete the flagged files, type `x' (`dired-expunge'). This
command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for
deletion, and requests confirmation with `yes'. If you confirm, Dired
deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text of
the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected.
If you answer `no' or quit with `C-g' when asked to confirm, you
return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
File: emacs, Node: Flagging Many Files, Next: Dired Visiting, Prev: Dired Deletion, Up: Dired
Flagging Many Files
===================
`#'
Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with `#')
for deletion (*note Auto Save::.).
`~'
Flag all backup files (files whose names end with `~') for deletion
(*note Backup::.).
`. (Period)'
Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and
newest few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle
ones are flagged.
`% d REGEXP RET'
Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular
expression REGEXP (`dired-flag-files-regexp').
The `#', `~' and `.' commands flag many files for deletion, based on
their file names. These commands are useful precisely because they do
not actually delete any files; you can remove the deletion flags from
any flagged files that you really wish to keep.
`#' flags for deletion all files whose names look like auto-save
files (*note Auto Save::.)--that is, files whose names begin and end
with `#'. `~' flags for deletion all files whose names say they are
backup files (*note Backup::.)--that is, whose names end in `~'.
`.' (Period) flags just some of the backup files for deletion: all
but the oldest few and newest few backups of any one file. Normally
`dired-kept-versions' (*not* `kept-new-versions'; that applies only
when saving) specifies the number of newest versions of each file to
keep, and `kept-old-versions' specifies the number of oldest versions
to keep.
Period with a positive numeric argument, as in `C-u 3 .', specifies
the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
`dired-kept-versions'. A negative numeric argument overrides
`kept-old-versions', using minus the value of the argument to specify
the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
The `% d' command flags all files whose names match a specified
regular expression (`dired-flag-files-regexp'). Only the non-directory
part of the file name is used in matching. You can use `^' and `$' to
anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories by hiding them (*note
Hiding Subdirectories::.).
File: emacs, Node: Dired Visiting, Next: Marks vs Flags, Prev: Flagging Many Files, Up: Dired
Visiting Files in Dired
=======================
There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's
file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
`f'
Visit the file described on the current line, like typing `C-x C-f'
and supplying that file name (`dired-find-file'). *Note
Visiting::.
`RET'
Equivalent to `f'.
`o'
Like `f', but uses another window to display the file's buffer
(`dired-find-file-other-window'). The Dired buffer remains visible
in the first window. This is like using `C-x 4 C-f' to visit the
file. *Note Windows::.
`C-o'
Visit the file described on the current line, and display the
buffer in another window, but do not select that window
(`dired-display-file').
`Mouse-2'
Visit the file named by the line you click on
(`dired-mouse-find-file-other-window'). This uses another window
to display the file, like the `o' command.
`v'
View the file described on the current line, using `M-x view-file'
(`dired-view-file').
Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving
around in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the
file. *Note View File: Misc File Ops.
File: emacs, Node: Marks vs Flags, Next: Operating on Files, Prev: Dired Visiting, Up: Dired
Dired Marks vs. Flags
=====================
Instead of flagging a file with `D', you can "mark" the file with
some other character (usually `*'). Most Dired commands to operate on
files, aside from "expunge" (`x'), look for files marked with `*'.
Here are some commands for marking with `*' (and also for
unmarking). (*Note Dired Deletion::, for commands to flag and unflag
files.)
`m'
Mark the current file with `*' (`dired-mark'). With a numeric
argument N, mark the next N files starting with the current file.
(If N is negative, mark the previous -N files.)
`*'
Mark all executable files with `*' (`dired-mark-executables').
With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
`@'
Mark all symbolic links with `*' (`dired-mark-symlinks'). With a
numeric argument, unmark all those files.
`/'
Mark with `*' all files which are actually directories, except for
`.' and `..' (`dired-mark-directories'). With a numeric argument,
unmark all those files.
`M-DEL MARKCHAR'
Remove all marks that use the character MARKCHAR
(`dired-unmark-all-files'). If you specify RET as MARKCHAR, this
command removes all marks, no matter what the marker character is.
With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked
file, asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer `y'
meaning yes, `n' meaning no, `!' to remove the marks from the
remaining files without asking about them.
`c OLD NEW'
Replace all marks that use the character OLD with marks that use
the character NEW (`dired-change-marks'). This command is the
primary way to create or use marks other than `*' or `D'. The
arguments are single characters--do not use RET to terminate them.
You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of
this command, to distinguish various classes of files. If OLD is a
space (` '), then the command operates on all unmarked files; if
NEW is a space, then the command unmarks the files it acts on.
To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put `*'
marks on all the files that are unmarked, while unmarking all
those that have `*' marks:
c * t c SPC * c t SPC
`% m REGEXP RET'
Mark (with `*') all files whose names match the regular expression
REGEXP (`dired-mark-files-regexp'). `% m' is like `% d', except
that it marks files with `*' instead of flagging with `D'. *Note
Flagging Many Files::.
Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.
Use `^' and `$' to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by
hiding them (*note Hiding Subdirectories::.).
File: emacs, Node: Operating on Files, Next: Shell Commands in Dired, Prev: Marks vs Flags, Up: Dired
Operating on Files
==================
This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one
file or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all
of them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
confirmation, before they act. All use the following convention to
decide which files to manipulate:
* If you give the command a numeric prefix argument N, it operates
on the next N files, starting with the current file. (If N is
negative, the command operates on the -N files preceding the
current line.)
* Otherwise, if some files are marked with `*', the command operates
on all those files.
* Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this
way. (Some other Dired commands, such as `!' and the `%' commands,
also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.)
`C NEW RET'
Copy the specified files (`dired-do-copy'). The argument NEW is
the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
name.
If `dired-copy-preserve-time' is non-`nil', then copying with this
command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same
as that of the old file.
`R NEW RET'
Rename the specified files (`dired-do-rename'). The argument NEW
is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single file)
the new name.
Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers
associated with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
`H NEW RET'
Make hard links to the specified files (`dired-do-hardlink'). The
argument NEW is the directory to make the links in, or (if making
just one link) the name to give the link.
`S NEW RET'
Make symbolic links to the specified files (`dired-do-symlink').
The argument NEW is the directory to make the links in, or (if
making just one link) the name to give the link.
`M MODESPEC RET'
Change the mode (also called "permission bits") of the specified
files (`dired-do-chmod'). This uses the `chmod' program, so
MODESPEC can be any argument that `chmod' can handle.
`G NEWGROUP RET'
Change the group of the specified files to NEWGROUP
(`dired-do-chgrp').
`O NEWOWNER RET'
Change the owner of the specified files to NEWOWNER
(`dired-do-chown'). (On most systems, only the superuser can do
this.)
The variable `dired-chown-program' specifies the name of the
program to use to do the work (different systems put `chown' in
different places).
`P COMMAND RET'
Print the specified files (`dired-do-print'). You must specify the
command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
suitable guess made using the variables `lpr-command' and
`lpr-switches' (the same variables that `lpr-file' uses; *note
Hardcopy::.).
`Z'
Compress or uncompress the specified files (`dired-do-compress').
If the file appears to be a compressed file, it is uncompressed;
otherwise, it is compressed.
`L'
Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (`dired-do-load'). *Note Lisp
Libraries::.
`B'
Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
(`dired-do-byte-compile'). *Note Byte Compilation: (elisp)Byte
Compilation.
`A REGEXP RET'
Search all the specified files for the regular expression REGEXP
(`dired-do-search').
This command is a variant of `tags-search'. The search stops at
the first match it finds; use `M-,' to resume the search and find
the next match. *Note Tags Search::.
`Q FROM RET TO RET'
Perform `query-replace-regexp' on each of the specified files,
replacing matches for FROM (a regular expression) with the string
TO (`dired-do-query-replace').
This command is a variant of `tags-query-replace'. If you exit the
query replace loop, you can use `M-,' to resume the scan and
replace more matches. *Note Tags Search::.
One special file-operation command is `+'
(`dired-create-directory'). This command reads a directory name and
creates the directory if it does not already exist.
File: emacs, Node: Shell Commands in Dired, Next: Transforming File Names, Prev: Operating on Files, Up: Dired
Shell Commands in Dired
=======================
The dired command `!' (`dired-do-shell-command') reads a shell
command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the
specified files. There are two ways of applying a shell command to
multiple files:
* If you use `*' in the shell command, then it runs just once, with
the list of file names substituted for the `*'. The order of file
names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer.
Thus, `! tar cf foo.tar * RET' runs `tar' on the entire list of
file names, putting them into one tar file `foo.tar'.
* If the command string doesn't contain `*', then it runs once *for
each file*, with the file name added at the end.
For example, `! uudecode RET' runs `uudecode' on each file.
What if you want to run the shell command once for each file but with
the file name inserted in the middle? Or if you want to use the file
names in a more complicated fashion? Use a shell loop. For example,
this shell command would run `uuencode' on each of the specified files,
writing the output into a corresponding `.uu' file:
for file in *; uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done
The working directory for the shell command is the top level
directory of the Dired buffer.
The `!' command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show
new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell
commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use
the `g' command to update the Dired buffer (*note Dired Updating::.).
File: emacs, Node: Transforming File Names, Next: Comparison in Dired, Prev: Shell Commands in Dired, Up: Dired
Transforming File Names in Dired
================================
Here are commands that alter file names in a systematic way:
`% u'
Rename each of the selected files to an upper case name
(`dired-upcase'). If the old file names are `Foo' and `bar', the
new names are `FOO' and `BAR'.
`% l'
Rename each of the selected files to a lower case name
(`dired-downcase'). If the old file names are `Foo' and `bar',
the new names are `foo' and `bar'.
`% R FROM RET TO RET'
`% C FROM RET TO RET'
`% H FROM RET TO RET'
`% S FROM RET TO RET'
These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft
links, in each case computing the new name by regular expression
substitution from the name of the old file.
The four regular expression substitution commands effectively perform
a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
They read two arguments: a regular expression FROM, and a substitution
pattern TO.
The commands match each "old" file name against the regular
expression FROM, and then replace the matching part with TO. You can
use `\&' and `\DIGIT' in TO to refer to all or part of what the pattern
matched in the old file name, as in `query-replace-regexp' (*note Query
Replace::.). If the regular expression matches more than once in a
file name, only the first match is replaced.
For example, `% R ^.*$ RET x-\& RET' renames each selected file by
prepending `x-' to its name. The inverse of this, removing `x-' from
the front of each file name, is also possible: one method is `% R
^x-\(.*\)$ RET \1 RET'; another is `% R ^x- RET RET'. (Use `^' and `$'
to anchor matches that should span the whole filename.)
Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If
you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
entire absolute file name including directory name.
Often you will want to apply the command to all files matching the
same REGEXP that you use in the command. To do this, mark those files
with `% m REGEXP RET', then use the same regular expression in the
command to operate on the files. To make this easier, the `%' commands
to operate on files use the last regular expression specified in any
`%' command as a default.
File: emacs, Node: Comparison in Dired, Next: Subdirectories in Dired, Prev: Transforming File Names, Up: Dired
File Comparison with Dired
==========================
Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
`diff'.
`='
Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file
(the file at the mark) using the `diff' program (`dired-diff').
The file at the mark is the first argument of `diff', and the file
at point is the second argument.
`M-='
Compare the current file with its latest backup file
(`dired-backup-diff'). If the current file is itself a backup,
compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can
compare a file with any backup version of your choice.
The backup file is the first file given to `diff'.
File: emacs, Node: Subdirectories in Dired, Next: Subdirectory Motion, Prev: Comparison in Dired, Up: Dired
Subdirectories in Dired
=======================
A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; but
you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer
is to specify the options `-lR' for running `ls'. (If you give a
numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing
all subdirectories at all levels.
But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will
prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with
the `i' command:
`i'
Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
Use the `i' (`dired-maybe-insert-subdir') command on a line that
describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of that
directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted
subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
buffer, just as they do in `ls -lR' output.
If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
`i' command just moves to it.
In either case, `i' sets the Emacs mark before moving, so `C-u
C-SPC' takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
describing that subdirectory).
Use the `l' command (`dired-do-redisplay') to update the
subdirectory's contents. Use `k' to delete the subdirectory. *Note
Dired Updating::.
File: emacs, Node: Subdirectory Motion, Next: Hiding Subdirectories, Prev: Subdirectories in Dired, Up: Dired
Moving Over Subdirectories
==========================
When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
commands `C-x [' and `C-x ]' to move by entire directories.
The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
directories within one Dired buffer. They move to "directory header
lines", which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
beginning of the directory's contents.
`C-M-n'
Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
(`dired-next-subdir').
`C-M-p'
Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
(`dired-prev-subdir').
`C-M-u'
Go up to the parent directory's header line (`dired-tree-up').
`C-M-d'
Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header
line (`dired-tree-down').
File: emacs, Node: Hiding Subdirectories, Next: Dired Updating, Prev: Subdirectory Motion, Up: Dired
Hiding Subdirectories
=====================
"Hiding" a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
header line, via selective display (*note Selective Display::.).
`$'
Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point
to the next subdirectory (`dired-hide-subdir'). A numeric
argument serves as a repeat count.
`M-$'
Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their
header lines (`dired-hide-all'). Or, if any subdirectory is
currently hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can
use this command to get an overview in very deep directory trees
or to move quickly to subdirectories far away.
Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files
ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you
can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
without having to remove the markers.
The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was
visible, and show what was hidden.
File: emacs, Node: Dired Updating, Next: Dired and Find, Prev: Hiding Subdirectories, Up: Dired
Updating the Dired Buffer
=========================
This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
part of the Dired buffer.
`g'
Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (`revert-buffer').
`l'
Update the specified files (`dired-do-redisplay').
`k'
Delete the specified *file lines*--not the files, just the lines
(`dired-do-kill-lines').
`s'
Toggle between sorting by file name and sorting by date/time
(`dired-sort-toggle-or-edit').
`C-u s SWITCHES RET'
Refresh the Dired buffer using SWITCHES as
`dired-listing-switches'.
Type `g' (`revert-buffer') to update the contents of the Dired
buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. This
preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
To update only some of the files, type `l' (`dired-do-redisplay').
This command applies to the next N files, or to the marked files if
any, or to the current file. Updating them means reading their current
status from the file system and changing the buffer to reflect it
properly.
If you use `l' on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
To delete the specified *file lines*--not the files, just the
lines--type `k' (`dired-do-kill-lines'). This command applies to the
next N files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file.
If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's
contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing `C-u k' on the
header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory
from the Dired buffer.
The `g' command brings back any individual lines that you have
killed in this way, but not subdirectories--you must use `i' to
reinsert each subdirectory.
The files in a Dired buffers are normally in listed alphabetical
order by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time.
The Dired command `s' (`dired-sort-toggle-or-edit') switches between
these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer indicates
which way it is currently sorted--by name, or by date.
`C-u s SWITCHES RET' lets you specify a new value for
`dired-listing-switches'.
File: emacs, Node: Dired and Find, Prev: Dired Updating, Up: Dired
Dired and `find'
================
You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
flexibly by using the `find' utility to choose the files.
To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use `M-x
find-name-dired'. It reads arguments DIRECTORY and PATTERN, and
chooses all the files in DIRECTORY or its subdirectories whose
individual names match PATTERN.
The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
ordinary Dired commands are available.
If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
use `M-x find-grep-dired'. This command reads two minibuffer
arguments, DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it chooses all the files in DIRECTORY
or its subdirectories that contain a match for REGEXP. It works by
running the programs `find' and `grep'.
The most general command in this series is `M-x find-dired', which
lets you specify any condition that `find' can test. It takes two
minibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' in
DIRECTORY, passing FIND-ARGS to tell `find' what condition to test. To
use this command, you need to know how to use `find'.
The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
variable `find-ls-option', whose default value specifies using options
`-ldi' for `ls'. If your listings are corrupted, you may need to
change the value of this variable.
File: emacs, Node: Calendar/Diary, Next: GNUS, Prev: Dired, Up: Top
The Calendar and the Diary
**************************
Emacs provides the functions of a desk calendar, with a diary of
planned or past events. To enter the calendar, type `M-x calendar';
this displays a three-month calendar centered on the current month, with
point on the current date. With a numeric argument, as in `C-u M-x
calendar', it prompts you for the month and year to be the center of the
three-month calendar. The calendar uses its own buffer, whose major
mode is Calendar mode.
`Mouse-2' in the calendar brings up a menu of operations on a
particular date; `C-Mouse-3' brings up a menu of commonly used calendar
features that are independent of any particular date. To exit the
calendar, type `q'. *Note Customizing the Calendar and Diary:
(elisp)Calendar, for customization information about the calendar and
diary.
* Menu:
* Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
* Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
* Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
File: emacs, Node: Calendar Motion, Next: Scroll Calendar, Up: Calendar/Diary
Movement in the Calendar
========================
Calendar mode lets you move through the calendar in logical units of
time such as days, weeks, months, and years. If you move outside the
three months originally displayed, the calendar display "scrolls"
automatically through time to make the selected date visible. Moving to
a date lets you view its holidays or diary entries, convert it to other
calendars; moving longer time periods is also useful simply to scroll
the calendar.
* Menu:
* Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
* Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
specific date.
File: emacs, Node: Calendar Unit Motion, Next: Move to Beginning or End, Up: Calendar Motion
Motion by Standard Lengths of Time
----------------------------------
The commands for movement in the calendar buffer parallel the
commands for movement in text. You can move forward and backward by
days, weeks, months, and years.
`C-f'
Move point one day forward (`calendar-forward-day').
`C-b'
Move point one day backward (`calendar-backward-day').
`C-n'
Move point one week forward (`calendar-forward-week').
`C-p'
Move point one week backward (`calendar-backward-week').
`M-}'
Move point one month forward (`calendar-forward-month').
`M-{'
Move point one month backward (`calendar-backward-month').
`C-x ]'
Move point one year forward (`calendar-forward-year').
`C-x ['
Move point one year backward (`calendar-forward-year').
The day and week commands are natural analogues of the usual Emacs
commands for moving by characters and by lines. Just as `C-n' usually
moves to the same column in the following line, in Calendar mode it
moves to the same day in the following week. And `C-p' moves to the
same day in the previous week.
The arrow keys are equivalent to `C-f', `C-b', `C-n' and `C-p', just
as they normally are in other modes.
The commands for motion by months and years work like those for
weeks, but move a larger distance. The month commands `M-}' and `M-{'
move forward or backward by an entire month's time. The year commands
`C-x ]' and `C-x [' move forward or backward a whole year.
The easiest way to remember these commands is to consider months and
years analogous to paragraphs and pages of text, respectively. But the
commands themselves are not quite analogous. The ordinary Emacs
paragraph commands move to the beginning or end of a paragraph, whereas
these month and year commands move by an entire month or an entire
year, which usually involves skipping across the end of a month or year.
All these commands accept a numeric argument as a repeat count. For
convenience, the digit keys and the minus sign specify numeric
arguments in Calendar mode even without the Meta modifier. For example,
`100 C-f' moves point 100 days forward from its present location.
File: emacs, Node: Move to Beginning or End, Next: Specified Dates, Prev: Calendar Unit Motion, Up: Calendar Motion
Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year
---------------------------------------
A week (or month, or year) is not just a quantity of days; we think
of weeks (months, years) as starting on particular dates. So Calendar
mode provides commands to move to the beginning or end of a week, month
or year:
`C-a'
Move point to start of week (`calendar-beginning-of-week').
`C-e'
Move point to end of week (`calendar-end-of-week').
`M-a'
Move point to start of month (`calendar-beginning-of-month').
`M-e'
Move point to end of month (`calendar-end-of-month').
`M-<'
Move point to start of year (`calendar-beginning-of-year').
`M->'
Move point to end of year (`calendar-end-of-year').
These commands also take numeric arguments as repeat counts, with the
repeat count indicating how many weeks, months, or years to move
backward or forward.
By default, weeks begin on Sunday. To make them begin on Monday
instead, set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.
File: emacs, Node: Specified Dates, Prev: Move to Beginning or End, Up: Calendar Motion
Specified Dates
---------------
Calendar mode provides commands for moving to a particular date
specified in various ways.
`g d'
Move point to specified date (`calendar-goto-date').
`o'
Center calendar around specified month (`calendar-other-month').
`.'
Move point to today's date (`calendar-goto-today').
`g d' (`calendar-goto-date') prompts for a year, a month, and a day
of the month, and then moves to that date. Because the calendar
includes all dates from the beginning of the current era, you must type
the year in its entirety; that is, type `1990', not `90'.
`o' (`calendar-other-month') prompts for a month and year, then
centers the three-month calendar around that month.
You can return to today's date with `.' (`calendar-goto-today').
File: emacs, Node: Scroll Calendar, Next: Counting Days, Prev: Calendar Motion, Up: Calendar/Diary
Scrolling in the Calendar
=========================
The calendar display scrolls automatically through time when you
move out of the visible portion. You can also scroll it manually.
Imagine that the calendar window contains a long strip of paper with
the months on it. Scrolling it means moving the strip so that new
months become visible in the window.
`C-x <'
Scroll calendar one month forward (`scroll-calendar-left').
`C-x >'
Scroll calendar one month backward (`scroll-calendar-right').
`C-v'
`NEXT'
Scroll calendar three months forward
(`scroll-calendar-left-three-months').
`M-v'
`PRIOR'
Scroll calendar three months backward
(`scroll-calendar-right-three-months').
The most basic calendar scroll commands scroll by one month at a
time. This means that there are two months of overlap between the
display before the command and the display after. `C-x <' scrolls the
calendar contents one month to the left; that is, it moves the display
forward in time. `C-x >' scrolls the contents to the right, which
moves backwards in time.
The commands `C-v' and `M-v' scroll the calendar by an entire
"screenful"--three months--in analogy with the usual meaning of these
commands. `C-v' makes later dates visible and `M-v' makes earlier
dates visible. These commands take a numeric argument as a repeat
count; in particular, since `C-u' multiplies the next command by four,
typing `C-u C-v' scrolls the calendar forward by a year and typing `C-u
M-v' scrolls the calendar backward by a year.
The function keys NEXT and PRIOR are equivalent to `C-v' and `M-v',
just as they are in other modes.
File: emacs, Node: Counting Days, Next: General Calendar, Prev: Scroll Calendar, Up: Calendar/Diary
Counting Days
=============
`M-='
Display the number of days in the current region
(`calendar-count-days-region').
To determine the number of days in the region, type `M-='
(`calendar-count-days-region'). The numbers of days printed is
*inclusive*; that is, it includes the days specified by mark and point.
File: emacs, Node: General Calendar, Next: Holidays, Prev: Counting Days, Up: Calendar/Diary
Miscellaneous Calendar Commands
===============================
`p d'
Display day-in-year (`calendar-print-day-of-year').
`C-c C-l'
Regenerate the calendar window (`redraw-calendar').
`SPC'
Scroll the next window (`scroll-other-window').
`q'
Exit from calendar (`exit-calendar').
To print the number of days elapsed since the start of the year, or
the number of days remaining in the year, type the `p d' command
(`calendar-print-day-of-year'). This displays both of those numbers in
the echo area. The number of days elapsed includes the selected date.
The number of days remaining does not include that date.
If the calendar window text gets corrupted, type `C-c C-l'
(`redraw-calendar') to redraw it. (This can only happen if you use
non-Calendar-mode editing commands.)
In Calendar mode, you can use `SPC' (`scroll-other-window') to
scroll the other window. This is handy when you display a list of
holidays or diary entries in another window.
To exit from the calendar, type `q' (`exit-calendar'). This buries
all buffers related to the calendar, selecting other buffers. (If a
frame contains a dedicated calendar window, exiting from the calendar
iconifies that frame.)
File: emacs, Node: Holidays, Next: Sunrise/Sunset, Prev: General Calendar, Up: Calendar/Diary
Holidays
========
The Emacs calendar knows about all major and many minor holidays,
and can display them.
`h'
Display holidays for the selected date
(`calendar-cursor-holidays').
`Mouse-2 Holidays'
Display any diary entries for the date you click on.
`x'
Mark holidays in the calendar window (`mark-calendar-holidays').
`u'
Unmark calendar window (`calendar-unmark').
`a'
List all holidays for the displayed three months in another window
(`list-calendar-holidays').
`M-x holidays'
List all holidays for three months around today's date in another
window.
To see if any holidays fall on a given date, position point on that
date in the calendar window and use the `h' command. Alternatively,
click on that date with `Mouse-2' and then choose `Holidays' from the
menu that appears. Either way, this displays the holidays for that
date, in the echo area if they fit there, otherwise in a separate
window.
To view the distribution of holidays for all the dates shown in the
calendar, use the `x' command. This displays the dates that are
holidays in a different face (or places a `*' after these dates, if
display with multiple faces is not available). The command applies both
to the currently visible months and to other months that subsequently
become visible by scrolling. To turn marking off and erase the current
marks, type `u', which also erases any diary marks (*note Diary::.).
To get even more detailed information, use the `a' command, which
displays a separate buffer containing a list of all holidays in the
current three-month range. You can use SPC in the calendar window to
scroll that list.
The command `M-x holidays' displays the list of holidays for the
current month and the preceding and succeeding months; this works even
if you don't have a calendar window. If you want the list of holidays
centered around a different month, use `C-u M-x holidays', which
prompts for the month and year.
The holidays known to Emacs include American holidays and the major
Christian, Jewish, and Islamic holidays; also the solstices and
equinoxes.
The dates used by Emacs for holidays are based on *current
practice*, not historical fact. Historically, for instance, the start
of daylight savings time and even its existence have varied from year to
year, but present American law mandates that daylight savings time
begins on the first Sunday in April. In an American locale, Emacs
always uses this definition, even though it is wrong for some prior
years.