Languages Around the World/LanguageWorld.iso/wrldfact/taiw_tuv.txt

Text File | 1996-01-10 | 141.3 KB | 4,675 lines

@Taiwan, Geography

Location:
  Eastern Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and
  the Philippines
Map references:
  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia
Area:
total area:
  35,980 sq km
land area:
  32,260 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined
note:
  includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  1,448 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
  Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands
  occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan;
  Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai)
  claimed by China and Taiwan
Climate:
  tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to
  August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Terrain:
  eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling
  plains in west
Natural resources:
  small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Land use:
arable land:
  24%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  5%
forest and woodland:
  55%
other:
  15%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  water pollution from industrial emissions, untreated sewage; air
  pollution; contamination of drinking water supplies
natural hazards:
  subject to earthquakes and typhoons
international agreements:
  signed, but not ratified - Marine Life Conservation

@Taiwan, People

Population:
  21,298,930 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.96% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  15.6 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.63 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  75.25 years
male:
  72.01 years
female:
  78.66 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.81 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Chinese
Ethnic divisions:
  Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
Religions:
  mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other
  2.5%
Languages:
  Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
total population:
  86%
male:
  93%
female:
  79%
Labor force:
  7.9 million
by occupation:
  industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil
  administration 7% (1989)

@Taiwan, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Taiwan
local long form:
  none
local short form:
  T'ai-wan
Digraph:
  TW
Type:
  multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized
  in March, 1989
Capital:
  Taipei
Administrative divisions:
  some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all
  China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative
  divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2
  municipalities* (shih, singular and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20
  offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu),
  Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the
  Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative
  divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, singular
  and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2
  special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,
  Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,
  Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung,
  T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,
  T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at
  Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un
note:
  Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization
National holiday:
  National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution)
Constitution:
  1 January 1947, amended in 1992, presently undergoing revision
Legal system:
  based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations
Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI
  Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990)
head of government:
  Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February
  1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh
  (since 23 February 1993) presidential election last held 21 March 1990
  (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President LI Teng-hui was
  reelected by the National Assembly; vice presidential election last
  held 21 March 1990 (next election will probably be a direct popular
  election and will be held NA March 1996); results - LI Yuan-zu was
  elected by the National Assembly
cabinet:
  Executive Yuan; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National Assembly
Legislative Yuan:
  elections last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of
  1995); results - KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats - (304
  total, 161 elected) KMT 96, DPP 50, independents 15
National Assembly:
  elections - first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a
  supplementary election in December 1986; second and present National
  Assembly elected in December 1991; seats - (403 total) KMT 318, DPP
  75, other 10; (next election to be held in 1997)
Judicial branch:
  Judicial Yuan
Political parties and leaders:
  Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic
  Progressive Party (DPP); Chinese New Party (CNP); Labor Party (LP)
Other political or pressure groups:
  Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups
note:
  debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the
  mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization
  and the increased representation of the opposition Democratic
  Progressive Party in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on
  the island's national identity; advocates of Taiwan independence, both
  within the DPP and the ruling Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's
  traditional stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland
  China; the aims of the Taiwan independence movement include
  establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other
  organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United
  Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation
  Building
Member of:
  expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October
  1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated
  subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980;
  seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT;
  suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over
  extensive atomic development, APEC, AsDB, BCIE, ICC, IOC, COCOM
  (cooperating), WCL
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of
  the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the
  Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with
  headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US
  cities
US diplomatic representation:
  unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan
  are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute
  in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsin Yi
  Road, Section 3, telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2
  Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and
  the American Trade Center at Room 3207 International Trade Building,
  Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548,
  telephone [886] (2) 720-1550
Flag:
  red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing
  a white sun with 12 triangular rays

@Taiwan, Economy

Overview:
  Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government
  guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government
  ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP
  has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export
  growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for
  industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GDP, down from
  35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading
  countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being
  replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.
  Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the
  Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of labor markets
  has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $224 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  6% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $10,600 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3.2% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  1.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $30.3 billion
expenditures:
  $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports:
  $85 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  electrical machinery 19.7%, electronic products 19.6%, textiles 10.9%,
  footwear 3.3%, foodstuffs 1.0%, plywood and wood products 0.9% (1993
  est.)
partners:
  US 27.6%, Hong Kong 21.7%, EC countries 15.2%, Japan 10.5% (1993 est.)
Imports:
  $77.1 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and equipment 15.7%, electronic products 15.6%, chemicals
  9.8%, iron and steel 8.5%, crude oil 3.9%, foodstuffs 2.1% (1993 est.)
partners:
  Japan 30.1%, US 21.7%, EC countries 17.6% (1993 est.)
External debt:
  $620 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 3.6% (1993 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  18,382,000 kW
production:
  98.5 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  4,718 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood,
  sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refining
Agriculture:
  accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time
  farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice,
  fruit, tea; livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient
  in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million
  metric tons in 1988
Illicit drugs:
  an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering
  center
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US)
  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million
Currency:
  1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 26.6 (1993), 25.4 (1992), 25.748 (1991),
  27.108 (1990), 26.407 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

@Taiwan, Communications

Railroads:
  about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and
  3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the
  1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25
  km South Link Line connection was completed in late 1991; common
  carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway
  Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines
  owned and operated by government enterprises
Highways:
total:
  20,041 km
paved:
  bituminous, concrete pavement 17,095 km
unpaved:
  crushed stone, gravel 2,371 km; graded earth 575 km
Pipelines:
  petroleum products 615 km; natural gas 97 km
Ports:
  Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung
Merchant marine:
  212 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,910,453 GRT/9,098,315 DWT,
  bulk 54, cargo 38, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 2, combination
  ore/oil 2, container 85, oil tanker 17, passenger-cargo 1,
  refrigerated cargo 11, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:
total:
  40
usable:
  38
with permanent-surface runways:
  36
with runways over 3,659 m:
  3
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  16
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  7
Telecommunications:
  best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;
  extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts;
  broadcast stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000
  radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite
  earth stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT;
  submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam,
  Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western
  Europe

@Taiwan, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense
  Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Military Police Command
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 6,205,707; fit for military service 4,806,456; reach
  military age (19) annually 192,083 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, 5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)


@Tajikistan, Geography

Location:
  Central Asia, between Uzbekistan and China
Map references:
  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,
  Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  143,100 sq km
land area:
  142,700 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Land boundaries:
  total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,
  Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  boundary with China in dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on
  northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's and other
  foreign support to Tajik rebels based in northern Afghanistan
Climate:
  midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar
  in Pamir Mountains
Terrain:
  Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in
  north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Natural resources:
  significant hydropower potential, some petroleum, uranium, mercury,
  brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten
Land use:
arable land:
  6%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  23%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  71%
Irrigated land:
  6,940 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
  inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity;
  industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; Tajikistan is part of the
  basin of the shrinking Aral Sea which suffers from severe
  overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated
  pollution
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  landlocked

@Tajikistan, People

Population:
  5,995,469 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.67% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  34.79 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.71 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  62 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  68.76 years
male:
  65.88 years
female:
  71.79 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  4.62 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tajik(s)
adjective:
  Tajik
Ethnic divisions:
  Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of
  emigration), other 6.6%
Religions:
  Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5%
Languages:
  Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Literacy:
  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
total population:
  100%
male:
  100%
female:
  99%
Labor force:
  1.95 million (1992)
by occupation:
  agriculture and forestry 43%, government and services 24%, industry
  14%, trade and communications 11%, construction 8% (1990)

@Tajikistan, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form:
  Tajikistan
local long form:
  Respublika i Tojikiston
local short form:
  none
former:
  Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
  TI
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Dushanbe
Administrative divisions:
  2 oblasts (viloyotho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast*
  (viloyati avtonomii); Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuni* (Khorugh -
  formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly
  Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobad (Khujand - formerly Leninabad)
note:
  the administrative center names are in parentheses
Independence:
  9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
  National Day, 9 September (1991)
Constitution:
  a referendum on new constitution planned for June 1994
Legal system:
  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Head of State and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMONOV (since NA
  November 1992); election last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA
  September 1994); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, Communist Party 60%;
  Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth Party and
  Rastokhoz Party 30%
head of government:
  Prime Minister Abdujalil SAMADOV (since 27 December 993)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers
note:
  the presidency was abolished in November 1992, when RAKHMANOV became
  head of state; a referendum on presidential or parliamentary system is
  planned for June 1994
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Supreme Soviet:
  elections last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA September
  1994); results - Communist Party 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total)
  Communist Party 227, other 3
Judicial branch:
  Prosecutor General
Political parties and leaders:
  Communist Party (Tajik Socialist Party - TSP), Shodi SHABDOLOV,
  chairman; Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Shodmon YUSUF; Islamic Revival
  Party (IRP), Mohammed Sharif HIMOTZODA, Davat OUSMAN; Rastokhez
  Movement, Tohir ABDUJABBAR; Lali Badakhshan Society, Atobek AMIRBEK
note:
  all the above-listed parties but the Communist Party were banned in
  June 1993
Other political or pressure groups:
  Tajikistan Opposition Movement based in northern Afghanistan
Member of:
  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IDB, IMF, INTELSAT
  (nonsignatory user), IOC, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, WHO,
  WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  NA
chancery:
  NA
telephone:
  NA
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO
embassy:
  Hotel October, 105A Rudaki Prospect, Dushanbe
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [7] [phone] and 21-03-60
Flag:
  three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and
  green; a crown surmounted by seven five-pointed stars is located in
  the center of the white stripe

@Tajikistan, Economy

Overview:
  Tajikistan had the lowest per capita GDP in the former USSR, the
  highest rate of population growth, and the lowest standard of living.
  Its economy at the start of 1994 is producing at roughly the 1989
  level and faces urgent reconstruction tasks from the 1992 civil war.
  Tajikistan's economy was severely disrupted by the breakup of the
  Soviet economy, which provided guaranteed trade relations and heavy
  subsidies and in which specialized tasks were assigned to each
  republic. Its economy is highly agricultural (43% of the work force);
  it has specialized in growing cotton for export and must import a
  large share of its food. Its industry (14% of the work force) produces
  aluminum, hydropower, machinery, and household appliances. Nearly all
  petroleum products must be imported. Constant political turmoil and
  continued dominance of former Communist officials have slowed the
  process of economic reform and brought near economic collapse while
  limiting foreign assistance. Tajikistan is in the midst of a prolonged
  monetary crisis in which it is attempting to continue to use the
  Russian ruble as its currency while its neighbors have switched to new
  independent currencies; Russia is unwilling to advance sufficient
  rubles without attaching stringent reform conditions.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.9 billion (1993 estimate from
  the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
  published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
  extrapolated to 1993 using official Tajik statistics, which are very
  uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
  -21% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,180 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  38% per month (1993 average)
Unemployment rate:
  1.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large
  numbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed people
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
  $263 million to outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
  cotton, aluminum, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
partners:
  Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Imports:
  $371 million from outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
  fuel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles,
  foodstuffs
partners:
  Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate -20% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
  4,585,000 kW
production:
  16.8 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  2,879 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable
  oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Agriculture:
  cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep and goats
Illicit drugs:
  illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS
  consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as
  transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western
  Europe and North America
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Russia reportedly provided substantial general assistance throughout
  1993 and continues to provide assistance in 1994; Western aid and
  credits promised through the end of 1993 were $700 million but
  disbursements were only $104 million; large scale development loans
  await IMF approval of a reform and stabilization plan
Currency:
  1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks; acquiring new Russian rubles as currency
  under December 1993 agreement
Exchange rates:
  NA
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Tajikistan, Communications

Railroads:
  480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
total:
  29,900 km
paved:
  21,400 km
unpaved:
  earth 8,500 km (1990)
Pipelines:
  natural gas 400 km (1992)
Ports:
  none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
  58
usable:
  30
with permanent-surface runways:
  12
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  4
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
  13
note:
  a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
  poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached
  by the national network; 303,000 telephone circuits (December 1991);
  telephone density about 55 per 1000 persons(1951); linked by cable and
  microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the
  Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by INTELSAT to
  international gateway switch in Ankara; satellite earth stations - 1
  Orbita and 2 INTELSAT (one INTELSAT earth station provides TV
  receive-only service from Turkey)

@Tajikistan, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and
  border troops)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,361,143; fit for military service 1,116,246; reach
  military age (18) annually 57,681 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Tanzania, Geography

Location:
  Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and
  Mozambique
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  945,090 sq km
land area:
  886,040 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than twice the size of California
note:
  includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
Land boundaries:
  total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km,
  Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
Coastline:
  1,424 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia
  tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is
  reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has
  been settled
Climate:
  varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Terrain:
  plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
Natural resources:
  hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds,
  gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Land use:
arable land:
  5%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  40%
forest and woodland:
  47%
other:
  7%
Irrigated land:
  1,530 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral
  reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal
  agriculture
natural hazards:
  the tsetse fly and lack of water limit agriculture; flooding on the
  central plateau during the rainy season
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
  Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -
  Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
  Mount Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa

@Tanzania, People

Population:
  27,985,660 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.5% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  45.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  19.42 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  109.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  43.25 years
male:
  41.52 years
female:
  45.03 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.2 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tanzanian(s)
adjective:
  Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions:
mainland:
  native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes)
  Asian, European, and Arab 1%
Zanzibar:
  NA
Religions:
mainland:
  Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20%
Zanzibar:
  Muslim 99% plus
Languages:
  Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for
  communication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education),
  English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, and
  higher education)
note:
  first language of most people is one of the local languages
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
total population:
  46%
male:
  62%
female:
  31%
Labor force:
  732,200 wage earners
by occupation:
  agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)

@Tanzania, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form:
  Tanzania
former:
  United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
Digraph:
  TZ
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Dar es Salaam
note:
  some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is
  planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s
Administrative divisions:
  25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma,
  Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba
  North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora,
  Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West,
  Ziwa Magharibi
Independence:
  26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN
  trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent
  19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April
  1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed
  United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
National holiday:
  Union Day, 26 April (1964)
Constitution:
  25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Legal system:
  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts
  limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice
  President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President
  and President of Zanzibar Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990)
  election last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995);
  results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition
head of government:
  Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Bunge):
  elections last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995);
  results - CCM was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM
  168
Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal, High Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI;
  Civic United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for
  Constitutional Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty
  Democracy (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo
  (CHADEMA), Edwin I. M. MTEI, chairman
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,
  ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,
  WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU
chancery:
  2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS
embassy:
  36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam
telephone:
  [255] (51) 66010 through 13
FAX:
  [255] (51) 66701
Flag:
  divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower
  hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the
  lower triangle is blue

@Tanzania, Economy

Overview:
  Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is
  heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP,
  provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
  accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing
  agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery
  program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in
  agricultural production and financial support for the program by
  bilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and
  bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's
  deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-93 featured a
  pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output
  of minerals led by gold.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $16.7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  3.2% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $600 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  21% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $495 million
expenditures:
  $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (1990
  est.)
Exports:
  $418 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal
partners:
  FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US
Imports:
  $1.51 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton
  piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
partners:
  FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark
External debt:
  $6.44 billion (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  405,000 kW
production:
  600 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  20 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
  twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement,
  textiles, wood products, fertilizer
Agriculture:
  accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit
  cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal,
  tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums),
  cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat,
  cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep,
  and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production
Illicit drugs:
  growing role in transshipment of Southwest Asian heroin destined for
  US and European markets
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $614 million
Currency:
  1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 486.75 (January 1994), 405.27
  (1993), 297.71 (1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 July-30 June

@Tanzania, Communications

Railroads:
  969 km total; all of 1.067-meter gauge; connects with Zambia railroad
  at Tazara
Highways:
total:
  81,900 km
paved:
  3,600 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone 5,600 km; improved, unimproved earth 72,700 km
Inland waterways:
  Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
Pipelines:
  crude oil 982 km
Ports:
  Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on
  Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports
Merchant marine:
  7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,145 GRT/39,186 DWT, cargo 3,
  oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:
total:
  109
usable:
  100
with permanent-surface runways:
  12
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  40
Telecommunications:
  fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and
  troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2
  TV; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Tanzania, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air
  Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 6,011,564; fit for military service 3,480,179
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Thailand, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and
  Cambodia
Map references:
  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  514,000 sq km
land area:
  511,770 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
Land boundaries:
  total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km,
  Malaysia 506 km
Coastline:
  3,219 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam;
  parts of border with Thailand in dispute; maritime boundary with
  Thailand not clearly defined
Climate:
  tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
  September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
  southern isthmus always hot and humid
Terrain:
  central plain; Khorat plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere
Natural resources:
  tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish,
  gypsum, lignite, fluorite
Land use:
arable land:
  34%
permanent crops:
  4%
meadows and pastures:
  1%
forest and woodland:
  30%
other:
  31%
Irrigated land:
  42,300 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  air pollution increasing from vehicle emissions; water pollution from
  organic and factory wastes; deforestation; wildlife populations
  threatened by illegal hunting
natural hazards:
  land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the
  water table
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservaiton, Nuclear Test
  Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified
  - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea
Note:
  controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

@Thailand, People

Population:
  59,510,471 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.3% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  19.43 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  37.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  68.35 years
male:
  64.99 years
female:
  71.87 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.1 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Thai (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Thai
Ethnic divisions:
  Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions:
  Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other
  0.6% (1991)
Languages:
  Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional
  dialects
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  93%
male:
  96%
female:
  90%
Labor force:
  30.87 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including
  government) 14% (1989 est.)

@Thailand, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Thailand
conventional short form:
  Thailand
Digraph:
  TH
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Bangkok
Administrative divisions:
  73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,
  Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang
  Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon
  Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,
  Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom,
  Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat,
  Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani,
  Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit,
  Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri,
  Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon,
  Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing
  Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin,
  Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani,
  Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
Independence:
  1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)
National holiday:
  Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
Constitution:
  new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June 1992
Legal system:
  based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23
  February 1991 military coup
Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown
  Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)
head of government:
  Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers
Privy Council:
  NA
Legislative branch:
  bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha)
Senate (Vuthisatha):
  consists of a 270-member appointed body
House of Representatives(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn):
  elections last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results
  - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP
  60, NAP 51, Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai
  Citizen's Party 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (Sarndika)
Political parties and leaders:
  Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai
  Party), Banhan SINLAPA-ACHA; National Development Party (NDP or Chat
  Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party (NAP), Gen.
  Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu
  ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal
  Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit URAIRAT; Solidarity Party
  (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem
  YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET;
  People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force Party
  (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON
Member of:
  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
  ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
  UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi
chancery:
  2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON
embassy:
  95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address:
  APO AP 96546
telephone:
  [66] (2) 252-5040
FAX:
  [66] (2) 254-2990
consulate(s) general:
  Chiang Mai
consulate(s):
  Udorn (Udon Thani)
Flag:
  five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white,
  and red

@Thailand, Economy

Overview:
  Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May
  1992 to post an impressive 7.5% growth rate for the year and 7.8% in
  1993. One of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, Thailand
  depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service
  sector to fuel the country's rapid growth. The trade and current
  account deficits fell in 1992; much of Thailand's recent imports have
  been for capital equipment suggesting that the export sector is poised
  for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is
  working to increase the generation of domestic capital. Prime Minister
  CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth government in less than two
  years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the
  return of a democratically elected government has improved business
  confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his
  ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development
  programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business
  investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college
  graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to
  continue its rapid economic development.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $323 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  7.8% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $5,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.1% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  3.1% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $21.36 billion
expenditures:
  $22.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.24 billion (1993
  est.)
Exports:
  $28.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%,
  fisheries products 5.9% (1992)
partners:
  US 22%, Japan 18%, Singapore 8%, Hong Kong 5%, Germany 4%, Netherlands
  4%, UK 4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992)
Imports:
  $37.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
  capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%,
  consumer goods 10.4%, oil 8.2%
partners:
  Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%,
  South Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992)
External debt:
  $33.4 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 9% (1992); accounts for about 26% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  10,000,000 kW
production:
  43.75 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  760 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and
  garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light
  manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components,
  integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest
  tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
Agriculture:
  accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and
  exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,
  sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in
  food
Illicit drugs:
  a minor producer of opium and marijuana; major illicit trafficker of
  heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, for the international drug
  market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis
  cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries;
  opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts; also
  a major drug money laundering center
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
Currency:
  1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates:
  baht (B) per US$1 - 25.446 (December 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517
  (1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 October-30 September

@Thailand, Communications

Railroads:
  3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
Highways:
total:
  77,697 km
paved:
  35,855 km (including 88 km of expressways)
unpaved:
  gravel, other stabilization 14,092 km; earth 27,750 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
  3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m
  or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
  shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines:
  petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Ports:
  Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
Merchant marine:
  198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 998,372 GRT/1,561,824 DWT, bulk
  14, cargo 105, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 2, container 13,
  liquefied gas 9, oil tanker 43, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1
Airports:
total:
  105
usable:
  96
with permanent-surface runways:
  51
with runways over 3,659 m:
  1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  14
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  28
Telecommunications:
  service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government
  activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay
  network; 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM,
  100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth
  stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT;
  domestic satellite system being developed

@Thailand, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps),
  Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 16,982,226; fit for military service 10,312,744; reach
  military age (18) annually 599,240 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 2.9% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)


@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Geography

Location:
  Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro and
  Greece
Map references:
  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
  World
Area:
total area:
  25,333 sq km
land area:
  24,856 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Vermont
Land boundaries:
  total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia
  and Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against
  Aegean Macedonia
Climate:
  hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
  snowfall
Terrain:
  mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are
  three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line
Natural resources:
  chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore,
  asbestos, sulphur, timber
Land use:
arable land:
  5%
permanent crops:
  5%
meadows and pastures:
  20%
forest and woodland:
  30%
other:
  40%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  air pollution from metallurgical plants
natural hazards:
  high seismic risks
international agreements:
  party to - Ozone Layer Protection
Note:
  landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central
  Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, People

Population:
  2,213,785 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.89% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  15.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.72 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  27.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  73.59 years
male:
  71.51 years
female:
  75.85 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.98 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Macedonian(s)
adjective:
  Macedonian
Ethnic divisions:
  Macedonian 65%, Albanian 22%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, Gypsies 3%, other
  4%
Religions:
  Eastern Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%
Languages:
  Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  507,324
by occupation:
  agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)

@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form:
  none
local long form:
  Republika Makedonija
local short form:
  Makedonija
Abbreviation:
  F.Y.R.O.M.
Digraph:
  MK
Type:
  emerging democracy
Capital:
  Skopje
Administrative divisions:
  34 counties (opstinas, singular - opstina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod,
  Debar, Delcevo, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani,
  Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Murgasevo, Negotino, Ohrid,
  Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair,
  Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga,
  Strumica, Sveti Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica
Independence:
  17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday:
  NA
Constitution:
  adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
Legal system:
  based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991); election last held 27
  January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was elected
  by the Assembly
head of government:
  Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 September 1992), Deputy
  Prime Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Risto IVANOV
  (since NA), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; elected by the majority vote of all the deputies
  in the Sobranje
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Assembly (Sobranje):
  elections last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to be
  held November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
  (120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 32, SDSM 29, PDPM 23, SRSM 19, SPM 4, DP 4, SJM
  2, others 7
Judicial branch:
  Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic
Political parties and leaders:
  Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist
  Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity
  (PDPM); National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI, president;
  Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia - Liberal Party (SRSM-LP),
  Stojan ANDOV, president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro
  POPOVSKI, president; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization -
  Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco
  GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan
  DURCINOV, president; Democratic Party (DP), Petal GOSEV, president
Other political or pressure groups:
  Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); Democratic Party of Serbs;
  Democratic Party of Turks; Party for Democratic Action (Slavic Muslim)
Member of:
  CE (guest), CSCE (observer), EBRD, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT
  (nonsignatory user), ITU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
  WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  the US recognized The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9
  February 1994
US diplomatic representation:
  the US recognized The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9
  February 1994
Flag:
  16-point gold sun (Vergina, Sun) centered on a red field

@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Economy

Overview:
  The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the poorest
  republic in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and
  energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. Its
  economic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or enlarged
  with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and
  Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil
  and gas and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political
  turmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any
  swift readjustments of trade patterns and economic programs. The
  country's industrial output and GDP are expected to decline further in
  1994. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's geographical
  isolation, technological backwardness, and potential political
  instability place it far down the list of countries of interest to
  Western investors. Resolution of the dispute with Greece and an
  internal commitment to economic reform would help to encourage foreign
  investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the worst
  scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its
  borders.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent -  $2.2 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -14.7% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  13% monthly average (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  27% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
  $889 million (1993)
commodities:
  manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%,
  miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food
  (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals
  4.7% (1990)
partners:
  principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav
  republics, Germany, Greece, Albania
Imports:
  $963 million (1993)
commodities:
  fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and
  transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%,
  raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages
  and tobacco 3.5% (1990)
partners:
  other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria
External debt:
  $840 million (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -14% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
  1,600,000 kW
production:
  6.3 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  2,900 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by
  distillation only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic
  chromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry produces basic
  textiles, wood products, and tobacco
Agriculture:
  provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic needs for food; principal
  crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are
  cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; The
  Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is one of the seven legal
  cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry,
  including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly
  labor intensive
Illicit drugs:
  limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point for Asian
  heroin
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance)
  EC promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package (1993)
Currency:
  the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature 26 April
  1992, was initially issued in the form of a coupon pegged to the
  German mark; subsequently repegged to a basket of seven currencies
Exchange rates:
  denar per US$1 - 865 (October 1992)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Communications

Railroads:
  NA
Highways:
total:
  10,591 km
paved:
  5,091 km
unpaved:
  gravel 1,404 km; earth 4,096 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
  NA km
Pipelines:
  none
Ports:
  none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
  16
usable:
  16
with permanent-surface runways:
  10
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  2
Telecommunications:
  125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;
  370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations -
  none

@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 604,257; fit for military service 489,746; reach
  military age (19) annually 19,539 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the
  military budget into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate
  could produce misleading results


@Togo, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and
  Ghana
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  56,790 sq km
land area:
  54,390 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
  total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline:
  56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  30 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:
  gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
  coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources:
  phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land:
  25%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  4%
forest and woodland:
  28%
other:
  42%
Irrigated land:
  70 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use
  of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculture
natural hazards:
  hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
  Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, but not
  ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Togo, People

Population:
  4,255,090 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.59% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  47.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  11.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  88.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  56.93 years
male:
  54.87 years
female:
  59.06 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.9 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
  37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye,
  European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
  French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two
  major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major
  African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African
  languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages
  in the north)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  43%
male:
  56%
female:
  31%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  agriculture 78%, industry 22%
note:
  about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private
  sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)

@Togo, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Togo
conventional short form:
  Togo
local long form:
  Republique Togolaise
local short form:
  none
former:
  French Togo
Digraph:
  TO
Type:
  republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
  Lome
Administrative divisions:
  23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription);
  Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo
  (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto
  (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango
  (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua,
  Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)
note:
  the 23 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -
  prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are
  included in parentheses
Independence:
  27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution:
  multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic
  1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Legal system:
  French-based court system
Suffrage:
  universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); election last
  held 25 August 1993 (next election to be held NA 1998); all major
  opposition parties boycotted the election; Gen. EYADEMA won 96.5% of
  the vote
head of government:
  Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and the prime
  minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly:
  elections last held on 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; SEATS - (81 total) RPT and
  allies (pro government) 38, CAR, UTD (the opposition) 40, still
  contested as of 3 May 1994
Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
pro-government:
  Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA;
  Coordination des Forces Nouvelles (CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOH
moderate:
  The Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem KODJO; The Action
  Committee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBOR
radical:
  The Union for Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; The
  Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radical
  parties: The Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA), Leopold
  GNININVI; The Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou AYEVA;
  The Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; The Union of
  Forces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile)
note:
  Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the
  only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12
  April 1991
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ,
  G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Charge d'Affaires Edem Frederic HEGBE
chancery:
  2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY (Ambassador Johnny YOUNG to replace
  Ambassador KIRBY during the summer of 1994)
embassy:
  Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address:
  B. P. 852, Lome
telephone:
  [228] 21-29-91
FAX:
  [228] 21-79-52
Flag:
  five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with
  yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the
  upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of
  Ethiopia

@Togo, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which
  accounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the
  labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and
  cotton, which together generate about 30% of total export earnings.
  Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal.
  In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important
  activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of World
  phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a
  regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long IMF
  and World Bank supported effort to implement economic reform measures
  to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with
  expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and
  public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the
  reform program and has disrupted vital economic activity.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA
National product per capita:
  $800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  0.5% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $284 million
expenditures:
  $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports:
  $558 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee
partners:
  EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)
Imports:
  $636 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products
partners:
  EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)
External debt:
  $1.3 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  179,000 kW
production:
  209 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  60 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
  textiles, beverages
Agriculture:
  accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food
  crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock
  production not significant; annual fish catch of 10,000-14,000 tons
Illicit drugs:
  increasingly used as transit hub by heroin traffickers
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $51 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
  (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
  (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12
  January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc
  from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Togo, Communications

Railroads:
  570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
Highways:
total:
  6,462 km
paved:
  1,762 km
unpaved:
  unimproved earth 4,700 km
Inland waterways:
  50 km Mono River
Ports:
  Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
Merchant marine:
  2 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118
  GRT/20,529 DWT
Airports:
total:
  9
usable:
  9
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by
  open wire lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV;
  satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE

@Togo, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 898,448; fit for military service 471,807
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)


@Tokelau

Header
Affiliation:
  (territory of New Zealand)

@Tokelau, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Polynesia, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South
  Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
  Oceania
Area:
total area:
  10 sq km
land area:
  10 sq km
comparative area:
  about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain:
  coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Natural resources:
  negligible
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to
  emigration to New Zealand
natural hazards:
  lies in Pacific typhoon belt
international agreements:
  NA

@Tokelau, People

Population:
  1,523 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  -1.35% (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tokelauan(s)
adjective:
  Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions:
  Polynesian
Religions:
  Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%
note:
  on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu,
  all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the
  Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages:
  Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  NA

@Tokelau, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Tokelau
Digraph:
  TL
Type:
  territory of New Zealand
Capital:
  none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions:
  none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence:
  none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday:
  Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established
  British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution:
  administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
Legal system:
  British and local statutes
Suffrage:
  NA
Executive branch:
Chief of State:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
Head of Government:
  Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990; appointed by the Minister
  of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand); Official Secretary Casimilo J.
  PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing
  Council will elect its first head of government
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
Judicial branch:
  High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
Political parties and leaders:
  NA
Member of:
  SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (territory of New Zealand)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag:
  the flag of New Zealand is used

@Tokelau, Economy

Overview:
  Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly
  restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the
  subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to
  maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than
  GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra,
  postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also
  remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $800 (1988 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $430,830
expenditures:
  $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)
Exports:
  $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
commodities:
  stamps, copra, handicrafts
partners:
  NZ
Imports:
  $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
partners:
  NZ
External debt:
  $0
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  200 kW
production:
  300,000 kWh
consumption per capita:
  180 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft
  goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Agriculture:
  coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya,
  bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-89), $24 million
Currency:
  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.7771 (January 1994), 1.8495
  (1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 April-31 March

@Tokelau, Communications

Highways:
total:
  NA
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
  none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
Telecommunications:
  radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa

@Tokelau, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of New Zealand


@Tonga, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Polynesia, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about
  two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  748 sq km
land area:
  718 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  419 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
  not specified
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool
  season (May to December)
Terrain:
  most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;
  others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Natural resources:
  fish, fertile soil
Land use:
arable land:
  25%
permanent crops:
  55%
meadows and pastures:
  6%
forest and woodland:
  12%
other:
  2%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation
natural hazards:
  subject to cyclones (October to April)
international agreements:
  party to - Marine Life Conservation
Note:
  archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)

@Tonga, People

Population:
  104,778 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.79% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  24.76 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  20.79 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  67.97 years
male:
  65.64 years
female:
  70.43 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.62 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tongan(s)
adjective:
  Tongan
Ethnic divisions:
  Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions:
  Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Languages:
  Tongan, English
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write simple message in Tongan or English
  (1976)
total population:
  57%
male:
  60%
female:
  60%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)

@Tonga, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form:
  Tonga
former:
  Friendly Islands
Digraph:
  TN
Type:
  hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Nuku'alofa
Administrative divisions:
  three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Independence:
  4 June 1970 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Constitution:
  4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Legal system:
  based on English law
Suffrage:
  all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime
  Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the king
Privy Council:
  consists of the king and the cabinet
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea):
  elections last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February
  1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6
  proreform, 3 traditionalist
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic
  Party, leader NA
Member of:
  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
  IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
  SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London
consulate(s) general:
  San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
  the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited
  to Tonga and makes periodic visits
Flag:
  red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side
  corner

@Tonga, Economy

Overview:
  The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the
  labor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla
  beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The
  country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New
  Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP.
  Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the
  island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to
  offset its trade deficit. The economy continued to grow in 1993
  largely because of a rise in squash exports, increased aid flows, and
  several large construction projects. The government is now turning its
  attention to further development of the private sector and the
  reduction of the budget deficit.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $200 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  4% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $2,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  9% (FY92)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $36.4 million
expenditures:
  $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)
commodities:
  vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil, squash
partners:
  Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)
Imports:
  $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)
commodities:
  food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,
  chemicals
partners:
  NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)
External debt:
  $47.5 million (FY91)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 1.5% (FY92); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  6,000 kW
production:
  8 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  80 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  tourism, fishing
Agriculture:
  accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana
  production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258
  million
Currency:
  1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
Exchange rates:
  pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3934 (November 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961
  (1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989),
Fiscal year:
  1 July-30 June

@Tonga, Communications

Highways:
total:
  366 km
paved:
  272 km (198 km on Tongatapu; 74 km on Vava'u)
unpaved:
  94 km (usable only in dry weather)
Ports:
  Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai
Merchant marine:
  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761 GRT/10,597 DWT, cargo 1,
  liquefied gas 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:
total:
  6
usable:
  6
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1
  AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Tonga, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines,
  Tongan Royal Guards, Police
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Trinidad and Tobago, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the
  coast of Venezuela
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
  of the World
Area:
total area:
  5,130 sq km
land area:
  5,130 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Delaware
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  362 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Terrain:
  mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Land use:
arable land:
  14%
permanent crops:
  17%
meadows and pastures:
  2%
forest and woodland:
  44%
other:
  23%
Irrigated land:
  220 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and
  untreated sewage; oil pollution of beaches; land degradation
natural hazards:
  outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
  Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
  Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change

@Trinidad and Tobago, People

Population:
  1,328,282 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.1% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  19.6 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -2.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  16.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  70.73 years
male:
  68.09 years
female:
  73.43 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.32 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective:
  Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Ethnic divisions:
  black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant
  14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%
Languages:
  English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
total population:
  95%
male:
  97%
female:
  93%
Labor force:
  463,900
by occupation:
  construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying
  14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)

@Trinidad and Tobago, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
conventional short form:
  Trinidad and Tobago
Digraph:
  TD
Type:
  parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Port-of-Spain
Administrative divisions:
  8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro,
  Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint
  Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
Independence:
  31 August 1962 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
Constitution:
  1 August 1976
Legal system:
  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in
  the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December
  1991)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; responsible to parliament
Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament
Senate:
  consists of a 31-member body appointed by the president
House of Representatives:
  elections last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December
  1996); results - PNM 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21,
  UNC 13, NAR 2
Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National
  Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction
  (NAR), Selby WILSON; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION),
  David ABDULLAH; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal
  DAAGA; Republic Party, Nello MITCHELL; National Development Party
  (NDP), Carson CHARLES
Member of:
  ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
  ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
  UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Corinne Averille McKNIGHT
chancery:
  1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Sally G. COWAL
embassy:
  15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone:
  [phone] through 6376, 6176
FAX:
  [phone]
Flag:
  red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side

@Trinidad and Tobago, Economy

Overview:
  Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy still enjoys a high per
  capita income by Latin American standards, even though output and
  living standards are substantially below the boom years of 1973-82.
  The country suffers from widespread unemployment, large foreign-debt
  payments, and periods of low international oil prices. Seven
  successive years of economic contraction were followed by small gains
  in output in 1990-91 of 1.2% and 0.9%, in turn followed by small
  declines in 1992-93 of roughly 1.0%. The government has begun to make
  progress in its efforts to diversify exports.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $10.4 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -1% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $8,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  9.5% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  18.5% (1991)
Budget:
revenues:
  $1.6 billion
expenditures:
  $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $158 million (1993
  est.)
Exports:
  $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products,
  fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers
partners:
  US 47%, CARICOM 13%, Latin America 9%, EC 5% (1992)
Imports:
  $900 million (f.o.b. , 1993)
commodities:
  machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live
  animals (1992)
partners:
  US 41%, Venezuela 10%, UK 8%, other EC 8%
External debt:
  $2 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 2.3% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
  1,176,000 kW
production:
  3.48 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  2,680 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage,
  cotton textiles
Agriculture:
  accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa,
  sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus,
  coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal
  protein; must import large share of food needs
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and
  Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518
  million
Currency:
  1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 5.8111 (January 1994),
  5.3511 (1993), 4.2500 (fixed rate 1989-1992); note - effective 13
  April 1993, the exchange rate of the TT dollar is market-determined as
  opposed to the prior fixed relationship to the US dollar
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Trinidad and Tobago, Communications

Railroads:
  minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando
Highways:
total:
  8,000 km
paved:
  4,000 km
unpaved:
  improved earth 1,000 km; unimproved earth 3,000 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 km
Ports:
  Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, Scarborough
Merchant marine:
  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWT
Airports:
total:
  6
usable:
  5
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to
  Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast
  Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 357,904; fit for military service 257,667
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1%-2% of GDP (1989 est.)


@Tromelin Island

Header
Affiliation:
  (possession of France)

@Tromelin Island, Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of
  Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion
Map references:
  World
Area:
total area:
  1 sq km
land area:
  1 sq km
comparative area:
  about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  3.7 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  12 nm
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles
Climate:
  tropical
Terrain:
  sandy
Natural resources:
  fish
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100% (scattered bushes)
Irrigated land:
  0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones; wildlife
  sanctuary

@Tromelin Island, People

Population:
  uninhabited

@Tromelin Island, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Tromelin Island
local long form:
  none
local short form:
  Ile Tromelin
Digraph:
  TE
Type:
  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic,
  resident in Reunion
Capital:
  none; administered by France from Reunion
Independence:
  none (possession of France)

@Tromelin Island, Economy

Overview:
  no economic activity

@Tromelin Island, Communications

Ports:
  none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  0
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  important meteorological station

@Tromelin Island, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of France


@Tunisia, Geography

Location:
  Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily,
  between Algeria and Libya
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  163,610 sq km
land area:
  155,360 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Georgia
Land boundaries:
  total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Coastline:
  1,148 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary dispute with
  Algeria settled in 1993
Climate:
  temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers;
  desert in south
Terrain:
  mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into
  the Sahara
Natural resources:
  petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Land use:
arable land:
  20%
permanent crops:
  10%
meadows and pastures:
  19%
forest and woodland:
  4%
other:
  47%
Irrigated land:
  2,750 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
  toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents human
  health risks; water pollution from untreated sewage; water scarcity;
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
  Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
  Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed,
  but not ratified - Marine Life Conservation
Note:
  strategic location in central Mediterranean

@Tunisia, People

Population:
  8,726,562 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.76% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  23.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  4.95 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  34.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  72.89 years
male:
  70.85 years
female:
  75.03 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.88 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tunisian(s)
adjective:
  Tunisian
Ethnic divisions:
  Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%
Religions:
  Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
Languages:
  Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French
  (commerce)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  65%
male:
  74%
female:
  56%
Labor force:
  2.25 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 32%
note:
  shortage of skilled labor

@Tunisia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form:
  Tunisia
local long form:
  Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form:
  Tunis
Digraph:
  TS
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Tunis
Administrative divisions:
  23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba,
  Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine,
  Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine,
  Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan
Independence:
  20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday:
  National Day, 20 March (1956)
Constitution:
  1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review
  of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987);
  election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA); results - Gen.
  Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition
head of government:
  Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab):
  elections last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994);
  results - RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other
  2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD 141
Judicial branch:
  Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
Political parties and leaders:
  Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI
  (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS),
  Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political parties are legal, including
  the Communist Party
Other political or pressure groups:
  the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed
Member of:
  ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM,
  OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAS (observer), OAU,
  OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU,
  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Ismail KHALIL
chancery:
  1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador John T. McCARTHY
embassy:
  144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [216] (1) 782-566
FAX:
  [216] (1) 789-719
Flag:
  red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
  encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
  traditional symbols of Islam

@Tunisia, Economy

Overview:
  Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining,
  energy, tourism and manufacturing sectors. The economy grew rapidly in
  the mid-1980s, GDP growth averaging 5.4% in 1983-85. Following a
  foreign exchange crisis caused by a sharp drop in agricultural output
  and tourism, combined with the oil price collapse in 1986, Tunisia
  inaugurated an IMF-sponsored economic rehabilitation scheme.
  Subsequent government structural reforms have helped liberalize and
  open the economy, and GDP growth has been positive since the start of
  the program. A sharp rebound in tourism from the downturn caused by
  the Gulf war and strong agricultural performance boosted real GDP
  growth to more than 8% in 1992; growth fell back to 2.6% in 1993.
  Further privatization and further improvements in government
  administrative efficiency are among the challenges for the future.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  2.6% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $4,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.5% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  16.2% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $4.3 billion
expenditures:
  $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA (1993 est.)
Exports:
  $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
  hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals
partners:
  EC countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%, US 1%
Imports:
  $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
  industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%,
  consumer goods
partners:
  EC countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%, Switzerland 1%,
  Algeria 1%
External debt:
  $7.7 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including
  petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
  1,545,000 kW
production:
  5,096 kWh
consumption per capita:
  600 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism,
  textiles, footwear, food, beverages
Agriculture:
  accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject
  to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops -
  olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets,
  wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $52
  million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89),  $410 million
Currency:
  1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
Exchange rates:
  Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 1.0514 (January 1994), 1.0037 (1993),
  0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Tunisia, Communications

Railroads:
  2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km
  1.000-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
  17,700 km
paved:
  bituminous 9,100 km
unpaved:
  improved, unimproved earth 8,600 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km
Ports:
  Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
Merchant marine:
  23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 152,683 GRT/199,273 DWT, bulk 6,
  cargo 6, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 1, oil tanker 1,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1
Airports:
total:
  31
usable:
  27
with permanent-surface runways:
  14
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  5
note:
  a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA
Telecommunications:
  the system is above the African average; facilities consist of
  open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers
  are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28
  telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV;
  5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
  INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable and
  microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya

@Tunisia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 2,229,362; fit for military service 1,281,015; reach
  military age (20) annually 91,941 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)


@Turkey, Geography

Location:
  Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is sometimes
  included with Europe), bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea,
  between Bulgaria and Iran
Map references:
  Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  780,580 sq km
land area:
  770,760 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
  Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline:
  7,200 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the
  former USSR
territorial sea:
  6 nm in the Aegean Sea,
  12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea
International disputes:
  complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in
  Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing
  dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water
  development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Climate:
  temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in
  interior
Terrain:
  mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau
  (Anatolia)
Natural resources:
  antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
  30%
permanent crops:
  4%
meadows and pastures:
  12%
forest and woodland:
  26%
other:
  28%
Irrigated land:
  22,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air
  pollution; deforestation
natural hazards:
  subject to very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey,
  along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
international agreements:
  party to - Air Pollution, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
  Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Environmental
  Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Note:
  strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of
  Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

@Turkey, People

Population:
  62,153,898 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.02% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  25.98 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  48.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  70.94 years
male:
  68.61 years
female:
  73.38 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.21 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Turk(s)
adjective:
  Turkish
Ethnic divisions:
  Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions:
  Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)
Languages:
  Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  81%
male:
  90%
female:
  71%
Labor force:
  20.8 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 48%, services 32%, industry 20%
note:
  about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1993)

@Turkey, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Turkey
conventional short form:
  Turkey
local long form:
  Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form:
  Turkiye
Digraph:
  TU
Type:
  republican parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Ankara
Administrative divisions:
  73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri,
  Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman,
  Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale,
  Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan,
  Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay,
  Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars,
  Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya,
  Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu,
  Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas,
  Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence:
  29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
  Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)
Constitution:
  7 November 1982
Legal system:
  derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993)
National Security Council:
  advisory body to the President and the Cabinet
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on nomination of the
  prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Turkish Grand National Assembly:
  (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) elections last held 20 October 1991
  (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%,
  SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats
  - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5
note:
  seats held by various parties are subject to change due to defections,
  creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies;
  present seats by party are as follows: DYP 178, ANAP 101, SHP 55, RP
  39, CHP 18, MHP 13, DEP 13, BBP 7, DSP 3, YP 3, MP 2, independents 10,
  vacant 8
Judicial branch:
  Court of Cassation
Political parties and leaders:
  Correct Way Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut
  YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Murat KARAYALCIN;
  Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP),
  Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Action Party (MHP), Alparslan TURKES;
  Democracy Party (DEP), Hatip DICLE; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Sadun
  AREN; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL; Republican People's Party
  (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Labor Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party
  (MP), Aykut EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Aydin MENDERES; Grand Unity
  Party (BBP), Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan Celal
  GUZEL; People's Democracy Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party
  (ANAYOL), Gurcan BASER; Democratic Target Party, Abdul Kadir Yasar
  TURK
Other political or pressure groups:
  Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Bayram MERAL
Member of:
  AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE,
  ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD,
  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),
  ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
chancery:
  1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY
embassy:
  110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
mailing address:
  PSC 93, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823
telephone:
  [90] [phone] through 6128
FAX:
  [90] [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Istanbul
consulate(s):
  Adana
Flag:
  red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the
  hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the
  crescent opening

@Turkey, Economy

Overview:
  In early 1994, after an impressive economic performance through most
  of the 1980s, Turkey faces its most damaging economic crisis in the
  last 15 years. Sparked by the downgrading in mid-January of Turkey's
  international credit rating by two US credit rating agencies, the
  crisis stems from two years of loose fiscal and monetary policies that
  have exacerbated inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply,
  and current account deficit to explode. Under Prime Minister CILLER,
  Ankara has followed seriously flawed policies that have destroyed
  public confidence in the government's ability to manage the economy.
  Inflation is now running at an annual rate of 107% and the public
  sector deficit is equivalent to 16% of GDP. Turkish firms have been
  hurt by high interest rates and a dramatic drop in consumer demand.
  Three Turkish banks have folded and the stock market has fallen 48%
  since the beginning of the year. Economic growth may drop to between
  0% and 2% in 1994, compared to 7.3% in 1993. Moreover, the government
  is facing a severe cash crunch. In March 1994, the treasury came close
  to defaulting on a loan, and official foreign currency reserves are
  equal to less than two months' worth of imports. The unprecedented
  effort by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to raise the economic
  costs of its insurgency against the Turkish state is adding to
  Turkey's economic problems. Attacks against the tourism industry have
  cut tourist revenues, which account for about 3% of GDP, while
  economic activity in southeastern Turkey, where most of the violence
  occurs, has dropped considerably. To cope with the economic crisis and
  instill domestic and international investor confidence in the fragile
  coalition government, CILLER has asked the IMF to endorse a
  stabilization package she introduced in early April 1994. Negotiations
  are underway for a standby agreement, which would give Turkey access
  to $450 million this year and enable her cash-starved government to
  return to the foreign capital markets.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $312.4 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
  7.3% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $5,100 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  65% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  12.2% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
  $36.5 billion
expenditures:
  $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5 billion (1994)
Exports:
  $14.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  manufactured products 72%, foodstuffs 23%, mining products 4%
partners:
  EC countries 53%, US 6%, Russia 4%, Saudi Arabia 3%
Imports:
  $22.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
  manufactured products 68%, fuels 17%, foodstuffs 4%
partners:
  EC countries 44%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Russia 5%
External debt:
  $59.4 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 4.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  14,400,000 kW
production:
  44 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  750 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron
  minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Agriculture:
  accounts for 16% of GDP and employs about half of working force;
  products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus
  fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
Illicit drugs:
  major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western
  Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish,
  Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out
  of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into
  heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul;
  government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy
  cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion
note:
  aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1
  billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency:
  1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates:
  Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 15,196.1 (January 1994), 10,983.3
  (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Turkey, Communications

Railroads:
  8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)
Highways:
total:
  320,611 km
paved:
  27,000 km (including 138 km of expressways)
unpaved:
  gravel 18,500 km; earth 275,111 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
  about 1,200 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Ports:
  Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
Merchant marine:
  390 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,664,205 GRT/8,163,379 DWT,
  bulk 103, cargo 195, chemical tanker 10, combination bulk 5,
  combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas 4, livestock
  carrier 1, oil tanker 41, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 2,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 2
Airports:
total:
  113
usable:
  105
with permanent-surface runways:
  69
with runways over 3,659 m:
  3
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  32
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  27
Telecommunications:
  fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave
  network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating
  in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1
  submarine cable

@Turkey, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force,
  Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 16,112,783; fit for military service 9,828,853; reach
  military age (20) annually 614,252 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $14 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1994 est.)


@Turkmenistan, Geography

Location:
  Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan
Map references:
  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,
  Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  488,100 sq km
land area:
  488,100 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
  total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,
  Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
  0 km
note:
  Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
  landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan,
  Kazakhstan, and Iran are under negotiations
International disputes:
  Russia may dispute current de facto maritime border to midpoint of
  Caspian Sea from shore
Climate:
  subtropical desert
Terrain:
  flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the
  south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in
  west
Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt
Land use:
arable land:
  3%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  69%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  28%
Irrigated land:
  12,450 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
  contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,
  pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation
  methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow
  of the Amu Darya river into irrigation contributes to that river's
  inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Ozone Layer Protection
Note:
  landlocked

@Turkmenistan, People

Population:
  3,995,122 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.01% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  30.42 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  7.44 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  65.14 years
male:
  61.63 years
female:
  68.82 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.77 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Turkmen(s)
adjective:
  Turkmen
Ethnic divisions:
  Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.9%
Religions:
  Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%
Languages:
  Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
total population:
  100%
male:
  100%
female:
  100%
Labor force:
  1.573 million
by occupation:
  agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 20%, other 36%
  (1992)

@Turkmenistan, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Turkmenistan
local long form:
  Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy
local short form:
  Turkmenistan
former:
  Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
  TX
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Ashgabat
Administrative divisions:
  5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan
  Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap
  Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty
note:
  names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from
  welayat name
Independence:
  27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution:
  adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system:
  based on civil law system
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990); election last
  held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad
  NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum
  extended NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99%
  approval)
head of government:
  Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Batyr SARDJAEV, Valery
  G. OCHERTSOV, Orazgeldi AIDOGDIEV, Djourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Rejep
  SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV, Abad RIZAEVA, Yagmur OVEZOV (since NA)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
  under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a
  unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100
  members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly
  (Majlis)
Assembly (Majlis):
  elections last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held late 1994 or early
  1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total)
  elections not officially by party, but Communist Party members won
  nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced to 50 at next election
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party:
  Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant
opposition:
  Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUKHAMMED, chairman;
  Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV,
  cochairman
note:
  formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition
  movements exist
Member of:
  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Khalil UGUR
chancery:
  1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC, 20005
telephone:
  NA
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III
embassy:
  Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [7] 36320 24-49-25 or 24-49-26
Flag:
  green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a
  claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and
  orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs)
  associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white
  stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls

@Turkmenistan, Economy

Overview:
  Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising,
  intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil
  resources. Half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; it is the
  world's tenth largest producer. It also is the world's fourth largest
  producer of natural gas and has the fifth largest reserves.
  Furthermore, Turkmenistan has substantial oil resources; its two oil
  refineries make it an exporter of refined products. Profiting from the
  move toward market prices for its oil and gas resources, Turkmenistan
  has suffered the least economic decline of the 15 states of the former
  USSR. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a
  tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious
  approach to questions of economic reform, using the profits from its
  gas and cotton exports to sustain a generally inefficient economy.
  Economic restructuring and privatization have just begun, and price
  liberalization and price increases have been accompanied by generous
  wage hikes and subsidies. At the same time, Turkmenistan faces serious
  constraints on its gas and oil earnings because of the inability of
  its traditional regional customers to pay for the current level of
  purchases and the lack of pipeline access to hard currency markets.
  Faced with financial shortfalls, rampant inflation, and the desire to
  ensure a stable currency, the regime has become more receptive to
  market reforms yet still seeks to offer widespread social benefits to
  its population and to retain state domination over the economy.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $13 billion (1993 estimate from
  the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
  published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
  extrapolated to 1993 using official Turkmen statistics, which are very
  uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
  7.8% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $3,330 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  45% per month (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  2.9% (1992 est.); includes only officially registered unemployed; also
  large number of underemployed
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
  $1.2 billion to states outside the FSU (1993)
commodities:
  natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, textiles, carpets
partners:
  Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Eastern Europe,
  Turkey, Argentina
Imports:
  $490 million from states outside the FSU (1993)
commodities:
  machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumer
  durables, textiles
partners:
  Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey
External debt:
  NEGL
Industrial production:
  growth rate 5.3% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
  2,920,000 kW
production:
  13.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,079 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Agriculture:
  cotton, grain, animal husbandry
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption;
  limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points
  for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Turkmenistan has received about $200 million in bilateral aid credits
Currency:
  Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on 1
  November 1993
Exchange rates:
  NA
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Turkmenistan, Communications

Railroads:
  2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
total:
  23,000 km
paved and gravel:
  18,300 km
unpaved:
  earth 4,700 km (1990)
Pipelines:
  crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ports:
  inland - Krasnowodsk (Caspian Sea)
Airports:
total:
  7
usable:
  7
with permanent-surface runways:
  4
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  4
Telecommunications:
  poorly developed; only 7.5 telephone circuits per 100 persons (1991);
  linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other
  countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway
  switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been
  established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic
  through Turkey via INTELSAT; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1
  INTELSAT

@Turkmenistan, Defense Forces

Branches:
  National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops),
  Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea
  Flotilla, Air, and Air Defense)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 962,987; fit for military service 787,991; reach
  military age (18) annually 40,079 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Turks and Caicos Islands

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the
  Dominican Republic and southeast of The Bahamas
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
  430 sq km
land area:
  430 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  389 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Terrain:
  low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
Natural resources:
  spiny lobster, conch
Land use:
arable land:
  2%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  98%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  freshwater scarcity, private cisterns collect rainwater
natural hazards:
  subject to frequent hurricanes
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  30 islands (eight inhabited)

@Turks and Caicos Islands, People

Population:
  13,552 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.69% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  14.14 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  17.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  75.34 years
male:
  73.41 years
female:
  77.02 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.05 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  none
adjective:
  none
Ethnic divisions:
  African
Religions:
  Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist
  1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)
Languages:
  English (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over who have ever attended school (1970)
total population:
  98%
male:
  99%
female:
  98%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence
  agriculture

@Turks and Caicos Islands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Turks and Caicos Islands
Digraph:
  TK
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  Grand Turk
Administrative divisions:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
  Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Constitution:
  introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, restored and revised 5
  March 1988
Legal system:
  based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from
  Jamaica and The Bahamas
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor
  Martin BOURKE (since NA February 1993)
head of government:
  Chief Minister Washington MISSICK (since NA March 1991)
cabinet:
  Executive Council; consists of three ex-officio members and five
  appointed by the governor from the Legislative Council
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Council:
  elections last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM
  5
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSICK; People's
  Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic
  Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK
Member of:
  CARICOM (associate), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
  colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is
  yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

@Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only
  subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the
  Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must
  be imported.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $80.8 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -1.5% (1992)
National product per capita:
  $6,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  12% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
  $20.3 million
expenditures:
  $44 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 million (1989
  est.)
Exports:
  $6.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells
partners:
  US, UK
Imports:
  $42.8 million (1992)
commodities:
  food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction
  materials
partners:
  US, UK
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  9,050 kW
production:
  11.1 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  860 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
Agriculture:
  subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more
  important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-89), $110 million
Currency:
  1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  US currency is used
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications

Highways:
total:
  121 km (including 24 km tarmac)
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
Airports:
total:
  7
usable:
  7
with permanent-surface runways:
  4
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  4
Telecommunications:
  fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations -
  3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
  earth station

@Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@Tuvalu, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Polynesia, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South
  Pacific Ocean
Map references:
  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  26 sq km
land area:
  26 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  24 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November);
  westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Terrain:
  very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
Natural resources:
  fish
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable,
  all water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage
  facilities
natural hazards:
  severe tropical storms are rare
international agreements:
  party to - Climate Change, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution;
  signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

@Tuvalu, People

Population:
  9,831 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.66% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  25.73 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.15 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  27.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  63.03 years
male:
  61.57 years
female:
  64.08 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.11 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Tuvaluans(s)
adjective:
  Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions:
  Polynesian 96%
Religions:
  Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%,
  Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%
Languages:
  Tuvaluan, English
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  NA

@Tuvalu, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Tuvalu
former:
  Ellice Islands
Digraph:
  TV
Type:
  democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected
  in 1993
Capital:
  Funafuti
Administrative divisions:
  none
Independence:
  1 October 1978 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Constitution:
  1 October 1978
Legal system:
  NA
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  General Tomu Malaefono SIONE (since NA 1993)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December 1993); Deputy Prime
  Minister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December 1993)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on recommendation of the
  prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Parliament (Palamene):
  elections last held 25 November 1993 (next to be held by NA 1997);
  results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)
Judicial branch:
  High Court
Political parties and leaders:
  none
Member of:
  ACP, AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), ITU,
  SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  Tuvalu has no mission in the US
US diplomatic representation:
  none
Flag:
  light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;
  the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine
  yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

@Tuvalu, Economy

Overview:
  Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor
  soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports.
  Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities.
  The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist
  industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and
  coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually
  from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ,
  and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.
National product:
  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 million (1990)
National product real growth rate:
  4% (1990 est.)
National product per capita:
  $700 (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.9% (1989)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $4.3 million
expenditures:
  $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
Exports:
  $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)
commodities:
  copra
partners:
  Fiji, Australia, NZ
Imports:
  $4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989)
commodities:
  food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
partners:
  Fiji, Australia, NZ
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  2,600 kW
production:
  3 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  330 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  fishing, tourism, copra
Agriculture:
  coconuts and fish
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),  $101
  million
Currency:
  1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364
  (January 1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799
  (1990), 1.2618 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  NA

@Tuvalu, Communications

Highways:
total:
  8 km
unpaved:
  gravel 8 km
Ports:
  Funafuti, Nukufetau
Merchant marine:
  7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,067 GRT/102,037 DWT, chemical
  tanker 4, oil tanker 2, passenger-cargo 1
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  0
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000
  radios; 108 telephones

@Tuvalu, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Police Force
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GNP