Languages Around the World/LanguageWorld.iso/wrldfact/rwa_solo.txt

Text File | 1996-01-10 | 142KB | 4,722 lines

@Rwanda, Geography

Location:
  Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  26,340 sq km
land area:
  24,950 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
  total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire
  217 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
  mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain:
  mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
Natural resources:
  gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
  hydropower
Land use:
arable land:
  29%
permanent crops:
  11%
meadows and pastures:
  18%
forest and woodland:
  10%
other:
  32%
Irrigated land:
  40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion
natural hazards:
  periodic droughts
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
  ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
  landlocked; predominantly rural population

@Rwanda, People

Population:
  8,373,963 (July 1994 est.)
note:
  the demographic estimates were prepared before civil strife, starting
  in April 1994, set in motion substantial and continuing population
  changes
Population growth rate:
  2.78% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  49.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  21.35 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  118.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  40.25 years
male:
  39.33 years
female:
  41.21 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  8.19 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Rwandan(s)
adjective:
  Rwandan
Ethnic divisions:
  Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and
  other 25%
Languages:
  Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in
  commercial centers
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  50%
male:
  64%
female:
  37%
Labor force:
  3.6 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%
note:
  49% of population of working age (1985)

@Rwanda, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form:
  Rwanda
local long form:
  Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form:
  Rwanda
Digraph:
  RW
Type:
  republic; presidential system
note:
  a new, interim government formed in August 1992 to last until peace
  accord; political parties are working to form a multiethical
  broad-based transitonal government to lead them to elections in 1995
Capital:
  Kigali
Administrative divisions:
  10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural -
  NA, singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu,
  Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri
Independence:
  1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution:
  18 June 1991
Legal system:
  based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
  judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Interim President Dr. Theodore SINDIKUBWABO (since 8 April 1994,
  following the death of President Juvenal HABYARIMANA on 6 April 1994)
  the last election was held 19 December 1988 (next planned for 1995);
  results - the late President Juvenal HABYARIMANA was reelected
head of government:
  Prime Minister Jean KAMBANDA, appointed by President SINDIKUBWABWO 8
  April 1994 following the assassination of Agatha UWILINGIYIMANA on 7
  April 1994
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Development Council:
  (Conseil National de Developpement) elections last held 19 December
  1988 (new elections to be held in 1995); results - MRND was the only
  party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70
Judicial branch:
  Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the
  Council of State in joint session)
Political parties and leaders:
  Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND);
  significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican
  Movement (MDR); Liberal Party (PL); Democratic and Socialist Party
  (PSD); Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR); Party for
  Democracy in Rwanda (PADER); Christian Democratic Party (PDL)
note:
  formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in
  mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have
  registered
Other political or pressure groups:
  Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), Alexis KANYARENGWE, Chairman (since
  1990); Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), the RPF military wing, Maj. Gen.
  Paul KAGAME, commander
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
  NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA
chancery:
  1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant)
embassy:
  Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address:
  B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone:
  [250] 75601 through 75603
FAX:
  [250] 72128
note:
  embassy closed on 10 April 1994 and personnel withdrawn because of
  severe civil strife and consequent danger for foreign nationals
Flag:
  three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with
  a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
  pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which
  has a plain yellow band

@Rwanda, Economy

Overview:
  Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea
  make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is
  limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created
  problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only
  17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of
  agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on
  coffee/tea exports and foreign aid. Weak international prices since
  1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to
  decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in
  October 1990. Ethnic-based insurgency in 1990-93 devastated wide areas
  of the north and displaced hundreds of thousands of people. A peace
  accord in mid-1993 temporarily ended most of the fighting, but massive
  resumption of civil warfare in April 1994 in the capital city Kigali
  has been taking thousands of lives and severely damaging short-term
  economic prospects
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  1.3% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  9.5% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $350 million
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
  $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  coffee 63%, tea, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners:
  Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
Imports:
  $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,
  petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners:
  US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan
External debt:
  $845 million (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -2.2% (1991); accounts for 17% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  30,000 kW
production:
  130 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  15 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin,
  cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production,
  soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
Agriculture:
  accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash
  crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums);
  main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising;
  self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm
  production fails to keep up with a 2.8% annual growth in population
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $58 million
note:
  in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program with
  the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and the US
  $25 million in support of this program (1993)
Currency:
  1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 145.45 (December 1993), 133.35 (1992),
  125.14 (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Rwanda, Communications

Highways:
total:
  4,885 km
paved:
  460 km
unpaved:
  gravel, improved earth 1,725 km; unimproved earth 2,700 km
Inland waterways:
  Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
Airports:
total:
  8
usable:
  7
with permanent-surface runways:
  3
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  2
Telecommunications:
  telephone system does not provide service to the general public but is
  intended for business and government use; the capital, Kigali, is
  connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay;
  the remainder of the network depends on wire and high frequency radio;
  international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring
  countries and satellite communications to more distant countries;
  satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
  station in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service); broadcast
  stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV

@Rwanda, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie
note:
  Rwanda plans to demobilize and reorganize with RPF elements during
  1994
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,733,246; fit for military service 883,291
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)


@Saint Helena

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@Saint Helena, Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola,
  about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa
Map references:
  Africa
Area:
total area:
  410 sq km
land area:
  410 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
note:
  includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale
  Island, and Tristan da Cunha
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  60 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
Terrain:
  rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
Natural resources:
  fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns,
  no minerals
Land use:
arable land:
  7%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  7%
forest and woodland:
  3%
other:
  83%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial (the remains were taken
  to Paris in 1840); harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown
  anywhere else in the world

@Saint Helena, People

Population:
  6,741 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.31% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  9.64 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.55 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  37.24 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  74.75 years
male:
  72.68 years
female:
  76.58 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.14 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Saint Helenian(s)
adjective:
  Saint Helenian
Ethnic divisions:
  NA
Religions:
  Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic
Languages:
  English
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
total population:
  98%
male:
  97%
female:
  98%
Labor force:
  2,516
by occupation:
  professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial,
  administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer,
  fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%,
  others 50.3% (1987)

@Saint Helena, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Saint Helena
Digraph:
  SH
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  Jamestown
Administrative divisions:
  1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena,
  Tristan da Cunha*
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second
  Saturday in June)
Constitution:
  1 January 1989
Legal system:
  NA
Suffrage:
  NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government:
  Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA)
cabinet:
  Executive Council
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Council:
  elections last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of
  seats by party NA
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party
note:
  both political parties inactive since 1976
Member of:
  ICFTU
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
  Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the
  shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship

@Saint Helena, Economy

Overview:
  The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The
  local population earns some income from fishing, the raising of
  livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a
  large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment
  overseas.
National product:
  GDP $NA
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -1.1% (1986)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $3.2 million
expenditures:
  $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1984 est.)
Exports:
  $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984)
commodities:
  fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
partners:
  South Africa, UK
Imports:
  $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)
commodities:
  food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials,
  motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
partners:
  UK, South Africa
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  9,800 kW
production:
  10 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,390 kWh (1989)
Industries:
  crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing
Agriculture:
  maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed;
  crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1992-93), $13.5 million
Currency:
  1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence
Exchange rates:
  Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6699 (January 1994), 0.6033
  (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989);
  note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Saint Helena, Communications

Highways:
total:
  NA (mainland 107 km, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
paved:
  169.7 km (mainland 87 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha 2.70 km)
unpaved:
  NA (mainland 20 km earth roads, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
Ports:
  Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550
  telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then
  into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial
  submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at
  Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

@Saint Helena, Defense Forces
Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way
  between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  269 sq km
land area:
  269 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  135 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal
  temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Terrain:
  volcanic with mountainous interiors
Natural resources:
  negligible
Land use:
arable land:
  22%
permanent crops:
  17%
meadows and pastures:
  3%
forest and woodland:
  17%
other:
  41%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  subject to hurricanes (July to October)
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
  Protection

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, People

Population:
  40,671 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.72% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  23.7 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -6.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  19.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  66.11 years
male:
  63.14 years
female:
  69.27 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.6 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s)
adjective:
  Kittsian, Nevisian
Ethnic divisions:
  black African
Religions:
  Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
Languages:
  English
Literacy:
  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
total population:
  98%
male:
  98%
female:
  98%
Labor force:
  20,000 (1981)

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
conventional short form:
  Saint Kitts and Nevis
former:
  Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Digraph:
  SC
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Basseterre
Administrative divisions:
  14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint
  George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward,
  Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint
  Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint
  Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
Independence:
  19 September 1983 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
Constitution:
  19 September 1983
Legal system:
  based on English common law
Suffrage:
  universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983,
  previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November
  1981)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,
  previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980);
  Deputy Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the governor general in consultation with the
  prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
House of Assembly:
  elections last held 29 November 1993 (next to be held by 21 March
  1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11
  elected) PAM 4, SKNLP 4, NRP 1, CCM 2
Judicial branch:
  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and
  Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party
  (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY
Member of:
  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
  INTERPOL, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge
  d'Affaires ad interim Aubrey Eric HART
chancery:
  Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
  no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint
  John's (Antigua and Barbuda)
Flag:
  divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
  bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in
  yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy

Overview:
  The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of
  sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years,
  tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $163 million (1992)
National product real growth rate:
  4.1% (1992)
National product per capita:
  $4,000 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.9% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  12.2% (1990)
Budget:
revenues:
  $85.7 million
expenditures:
  $85.8 million, including capital expenditures of $42.4 million (1993
  est.)
Exports:
  $32.4 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps
partners:
  US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)
Imports:
  $100 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels
partners:
  US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4%
  (1988)
External debt:
  $43.3 million (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  15,800 kW
production:
  45 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,120 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,
  beverages
Agriculture:
  accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops -
  rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully
  exploited; most food imported
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67
  million
Currency:
  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications

Railroads:
  58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane
Highways:
total:
  300 km
paved:
  125 km
unpaved:
  otherwise improved 125 km; unimproved earth 50 km
Ports:
  Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
Airports:
total:
  2
usable:
  2
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link
  via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Saint Lucia, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way
  between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
  of the World
Area:
total area:
  620 sq km
land area:
  610 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  158 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January
  to April, rainy season from May to August
Terrain:
  volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
Natural resources:
  forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal
  potential
Land use:
arable land:
  8%
permanent crops:
  20%
meadows and pastures:
  5%
forest and woodland:
  13%
other:
  54%
Irrigated land:
  10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion
natural hazards:
  subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification,
  Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
  Protection, Whaling

@Saint Lucia, People

Population:
  145,090 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.52% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  23.12 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -12.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  69.36 years
male:
  67.06 years
female:
  71.83 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.5 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Saint Lucian(s)
adjective:
  Saint Lucian
Ethnic divisions:
  African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%
Languages:
  English (official), French patois
Literacy:
  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980)
total population:
  67%
male:
  65%
female:
  69%
Labor force:
  43,800
by occupation:
  agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983
  est.)

@Saint Lucia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Saint Lucia
Digraph:
  ST
Type:
  parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Castries
Administrative divisions:
  11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros
  Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort
Independence:
  22 February 1979 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
Constitution:
  22 February 1979
Legal system:
  based on English common law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)
head of government:
  Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982); Vice
  President George MALLET (since NA)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the prime
  minister
Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament
Senate:
  consists of an 11-member body, 6 appointed on the advice of the prime
  minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 2 after
  consultation with religious, economic, and social groups
House of Assembly:
  elections last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP
  6
Judicial branch:
  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party
  (SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM
Member of:
  ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory
  user), INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
  UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS
chancery:
  Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037
telephone:
  [phone] or 7379
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
  no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown
  (Barbados)
Flag:
  blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper
  edges of the arrowhead have a white border

@Saint Lucia, Economy

Overview:
  Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth
  rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors.
  Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by
  foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as data
  processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the
  important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production, which
  is subject to periodic droughts and tropical storms. The economy
  exhibited relatively strong growth in 1992-93 based on a recovery of
  the agricultural and manufacturing sectors and continued growth in
  construction and tourism.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $433 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  6.6% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $3,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  5.1% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $121 million
expenditures:
  $127 million, including capital expenditures of $104 million (1992
  est.)
Exports:
  $122.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  bananas 60%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil
partners:
  UK 56%, US 22%, CARICOM 19% (1991)
Imports:
  $276 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%,
  food and live animals, chemicals, fuels
partners:
  US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% (1991)
External debt:
  $96.4 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  32,500 kW
production:
  112 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  740 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated
  cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
Agriculture:
  accounts for 14% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas,
  coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food
  for the tourist industry
Illicit drugs:
  transit country for South American drugs destined for the US and
  Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-89), $120 million
Currency:
  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

@Saint Lucia, Communications

Highways:
total:
  760 km
paved:
  500 km
unpaved:
  otherwise improved  260 km
Ports:
  Castries, Vieux Fort
Airports:
total:
  3
usable:
  3
with permanent-surface runways:
  3
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave
  link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland
  troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
  (cable)

@Saint Lucia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Header
Affiliation:
  (territorial collectivity of France)

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography

Location:
  Northern North America, in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of
  Newfoundland (Canada)
Map references:
  North America
Area:
total area:
  242 sq km
land area:
  242 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
note:
  includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon
  groups
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  120 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France
Climate:
  cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
Terrain:
  mostly barren rock
Natural resources:
  fish, deepwater ports
Land use:
arable land:
  13%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  4%
other:
  83%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  vegetation scanty

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People

Population:
  6,704 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.78% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  13.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  11.72 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  75.6 years
male:
  73.99 years
female:
  77.55 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.7 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective:
  French
Ethnic divisions:
  Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 98%
Languages:
  French
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
total population:
  99%
male:
  99%
female:
  99%
Labor force:
  2,850 (1988)
by occupation:
  NA

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
conventional short form:
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon
local long form:
  Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
local short form:
  Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Digraph:
  SB
Type:
  territorial collectivity of France
Capital:
  Saint-Pierre
Administrative divisions:
  none (territorial collectivity of France)
Independence:
  none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French
  control since 1763)
National holiday:
  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July
Constitution:
  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system:
  French law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
head of government:
  Commissioner of the Republic Yves HENRY (since NA December 1993);
  President of the General Council Marc PLANTE-GENEST (since NA)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
General Council:
  elections last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA
  September 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19
  total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing
  parties 6
French Senate:
  elections last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September
  1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1
French National Assembly:
  elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June
  1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF 1;
  note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French
  Senate and the French National Assembly who are voting members
Judicial branch:
  Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
Political parties and leaders:
  Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy
  (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON
Member of:
  FZ, WFTU
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (territorial collectivity of France)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (territorial collectivity of France)
Flag:
  the flag of France is used

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy

Overview:
  The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing
  and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
  Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the
  number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the
  years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish
  quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and
  Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a
  longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a
  halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come
  primarily from Canada and France.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $65 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $10,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  9.6% (1990)
Budget:
revenues:
  $18.3 million
expenditures:
  $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989
  est.)
Exports:
  $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts
partners:
  US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal (1990)
Imports:
  $82 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building
  materials
partners:
  Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  10,000 kW
production:
  25 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,840 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
Agriculture:
  vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of
  20,500 metric tons (1989)
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-89), $500 million
Currency:
  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),
  5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications

Highways:
total:
  120 km
paved:
  60 km
unpaved:
  earth 60 km (1985)
Ports:
  Saint Pierre
Airports:
total:
  2
usable:
  2
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio
  communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in
  French domestic satellite system

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of France


@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way
  between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
  of the World
Area:
total area:
  340 sq km
land area:
  340 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  84 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to
  November)
Terrain:
  volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint
  Vincent
Natural resources:
  negligible
Land use:
arable land:
  38%
permanent crops:
  12%
meadows and pastures:
  6%
forest and woodland:
  41%
other:
  3%
Irrigated land:
  10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure
  yachts and other effluents
natural hazards:
  subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat
international agreements:
  party to - Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution, Whaling
Note:
  some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People

Population:
  115,437 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.77% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  20.27 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -7.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  72.28 years
male:
  70.77 years
female:
  73.84 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.08 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)
adjective:
  Saint Vincentian or Vincentian
Ethnic divisions:
  black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian
Religions:
  Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
Languages:
  English, French patois
Literacy:
  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
total population:
  96%
male:
  96%
female:
  96%
Labor force:
  67,000 (1984 est.)
by occupation:
  NA

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Digraph:
  VC
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Kingstown
Administrative divisions:
  6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint
  George, Saint Patrick
Independence:
  27 October 1979 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
Constitution:
  27 October 1979
Legal system:
  based on English common law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  General David JACK (since 29 September 1989)
head of government:
  Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984); Deputy Prime
  Minister Allan C. CRUICKSHANK (since NA); note - governor general
  appoints leader of the majority party to position of prime minister
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime
  minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
House of Assembly:
  elections last held 21 February 1994 (next to be held NA July 1999);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected
  representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 10, MNU 2, SVLP 3
Judicial branch:
  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor
  Party (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian
  SAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National
  Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL
Member of:
  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
  IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
  LORCS, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
  WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Kingsley C.A. LAYNE
chancery:
  1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
  [phone] or 7846
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
  no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown
  (Barbados)
Flag:
  three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
  green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V
  pattern

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy

Overview:
  Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important
  sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing
  tourist industry, is also important. The government has been
  relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and high
  unemployment rates of 35%-40% continue.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $215 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  6.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $2,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3.3% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  35%-40% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $62 million
expenditures:
  $67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1990 est.)
Exports:
  $77.5 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets
partners:
  UK 54%, CARICOM 34%, US 10%
Imports:
  $118.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers,
  minerals and fuels
partners:
  US 36%, CARICOM 21%, UK 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%
External debt:
  $62.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  16,600 kW
production:
  64 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  555 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch
Agriculture:
  accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of
  exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small
  numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and
  Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81
  million
Currency:
  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications

Highways:
total:
  1,000 km
paved:
  300 km
unpaved:
  improved earth 400 km; unimproved earth 300 km
Ports:
  Kingstown
Merchant marine:
  555 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,575,652 GRT/9,262,250 DWT,
  bulk 96, cargo 280, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 12,
  combination ore/oil 2, container 31, liquefied gas 7, livestock
  carrier 1, multi-function large load carrier 1, oil tanker 56,
  passenger 2, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 26, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker
  1, vehicle carrier 1
note:
  China owns 5 ships, Croatia owns 58, Russia owns 16; a flag of
  convenience registry
Airports:
total:
  6
usable:
  6
with permanent-surface runways:
  5
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF
  interisland links from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
  Grenadines and Barbados; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia;
  broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@San Marino, Geography

Location:
  Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Map references:
  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  60 sq km
land area:
  60 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  total 39 km, Italy 39 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain:
  rugged mountains
Natural resources:
  building stone
Land use:
arable land:
  17%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  83%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
international agreements:
  NA
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
  landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See
  and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines

@San Marino, People

Population:
  24,091 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.96% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  11.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  5.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  81.23 years
male:
  77.17 years
female:
  85.28 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.53 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Sammarinese
Ethnic divisions:
  Sammarinese, Italian
Religions:
  Roman Catholic
Languages:
  Italian
Literacy:
  age 14 and over can read and write (1976)
total population:
  96%
male:
  96%
female:
  95%
Labor force:
  4,300 (est.)
by occupation:
  NA

@San Marino, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of San Marino
conventional short form:
  San Marino
local long form:
  Repubblica di San Marino
local short form:
  San Marino
Digraph:
  SM
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  San Marino
Administrative divisions:
  9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo
  Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino,
  San Marino, Serravalle
Independence:
  301 AD (by tradition)
National holiday:
  Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
Constitution:
  8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of
  a constitution
Legal system:
  based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
co-chiefs of state:
  Captain Regent Alberto CECCHETTI and Captain Regent Fausto MULARONI
  (for the period 1 April 1994-30 September 1994) real executive power
  is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
  secretary of state for internal affairs
head of government:
  Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
cabinet:
  Congress of State;  elected by the Council for the duration of its
  term
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Great and General Council:
  (Consiglio Grande e Generale) elections last held 30 May 1993 (next
  to be held by NA May 1998); results - DCS 41.4%, PSS 23.7%, PDP 18.6%,
  ADP 7.7%, MD 5.3%, RC 3.3%; seats - (60 total) DCS 26, PSS 14, PDP 11,
  ADP 4, MD 3, RC 2
Judicial branch:
  Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Pier Marino MENICUCCI, Luigi
  LONFERNINI; Democratic Progressive Party (PDP) formerly San Marino
  Communist Party (PSS), Stefano MACINA; San Marino Socialist Party
  (PSS), Dr. Emma ROSSI, Antonio Lazzaro VOLPINARI; Democratic Movement
  (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; Popular Democratic Alliance (ADP); Communist
  Refoundation (RC), Guiseppe AMICHI, Renato FABBRI
Member of:
  CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
  NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
honorary consulate(s) general:
  Washington and New York
honorary consulate(s):
  Detroit
US diplomatic representation:
  no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy)
  is accredited to San Marino
Flag:
  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
  national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has
  a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath,
  below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)

@San Marino, Economy

Overview:
  The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 more than 3.1
  million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were
  Italians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and
  ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per
  capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those
  of Italy.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $370 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $16,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6.2% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  3% (1991)
Budget:
revenues:
  $275 million
expenditures:
  $275 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
  trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade
  consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood,
  chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide
  variety of consumer manufactures
Imports:
  see exports
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce
Electricity:
  supplied by Italy
Industries:
  wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism
Agriculture:
  employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives,
  meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on
  Italy for food imports
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its own coins
Exchange rates:
  Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,700.2 (January 1994), 1,573.7 (1993),
  1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@San Marino, Communications

Highways:
total:
  104 km
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Telecommunications:
  automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system;
  11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable
  links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities

@San Marino, Defense Forces

Branches:
  public security or police force
Defense expenditures:
  $3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP


@Sao Tome and Principe, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon
  straddling the equator
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  960 sq km
land area:
  960 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  209 km
Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Terrain:
  volcanic, mountainous
Natural resources:
  fish
Land use:
arable land:
  1%
permanent crops:
  20%
meadows and pastures:
  1%
forest and woodland:
  75%
other:
  3%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea; signed, but not
  ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Sao Tome and Principe, People

Population:
  136,780 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.63% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  35.2 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  8.88 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  63.33 years
male:
  61.48 years
female:
  65.24 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  4.52 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Sao Tomean(s)
adjective:
  Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions:
  mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros
  (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from
  Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais
  born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions:
  Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Languages:
  Portuguese (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
total population:
  57%
male:
  73%
female:
  42%
Labor force:
  21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture
  and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
  56% of population of working age (1983)

@Sao Tome and Principe, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
conventional short form:
  Sao Tome and Principe
local long form:
  Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
local short form:
  Sao Tome e Principe
Digraph:
  TP
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Sao Tome
Administrative divisions:
  2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
Independence:
  12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Constitution:
  new constitution approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Legal system:
  based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); election last held 3
  March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADA
  was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty
  presidential election
head of government:
  Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the proposal of
  the prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National People's Assembly:
  (Assembleia Popular Nacional) elections last held 20 January 1991
  (next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP
  30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33,
  MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in Sao
  Tome and Principe
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel
  Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation
  of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian
  Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition
  Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small parties
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
  IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU,
  LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  Sao Tome and Principe has no embassy in the US, but does have a
  Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos
  AUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New
  York, NY 10168, telephone [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
  ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a
  nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
Flag:
  three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
  green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the
  center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the
  hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

@Sao Tome and Principe, Economy

Overview:
  The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained
  independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
  production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
  mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
  its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
  created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
  important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also
  declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a
  ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other
  food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It
  also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the
  years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which
  amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential
  exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has
  taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also
  implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the
  economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation
  with the International Development Association and Western lenders.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $50 million (1990)
National product real growth rate:
  1.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $450 (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  27% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $10.2 million
expenditures:
  $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989
  est.)
Exports:
  $5.4 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oil
partners:
  Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal
Imports:
  $31.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products 18%, petroleum
  11%
partners:
  Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, Angola
External debt:
  $163.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  5,000 kW
production:
  10 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  80 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Agriculture:
  accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy, primary source of
  exports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee;
  food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not
  self-sufficient in food grain and meat
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89
  million
Currency:
  1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates:
  dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0
  (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Sao Tome and Principe, Communications

Highways:
total:
  300 km
paved:
  200 km
unpaved:
  100 km
note:
  roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair
Ports:
  Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
Merchant marine:
  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT
Airports:
total:
  2
usable:
  2
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  2
Telecommunications:
  minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic
  Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 32,560; fit for military service 17,136
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Saudi Arabia, Geography

Location:
  Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
Map references:
  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  1,960,582 sq km
land area:
  1,960,582 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries:
  total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676
  km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline:
  2,640 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  18 nm
continental shelf:
  not specified
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary
  with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim
  islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
Climate:
  harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain:
  mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:
arable land:
  1%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  39%
forest and woodland:
  1%
other:
  59%
Irrigated land:
  4,350 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of
  perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the
  development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal
  pollution from oil spills
natural hazards:
  frequent sand and dust storms
international agreements:
  party to - Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not
  ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
  extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
  leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and
  Suez Canal

@Saudi Arabia, People

Population:
  18,196,783 (July 1994 est.)
note:
  the population figure is consistent with a 3.24% growth rate; a 1992
  census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number
  of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459
Population growth rate:
  3.24% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  38.25 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.83 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  67.91 years
male:
  66.25 years
female:
  69.65 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.67 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Saudi(s)
adjective:
  Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions:
  Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:
  Muslim 100%
Languages:
  Arabic
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  62%
male:
  73%
female:
  48%
Labor force:
  5 million-6 million
by occupation:
  government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%

@Saudi Arabia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form:
  Saudi Arabia
local long form:
  Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form:
  Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Digraph:
  SA
Type:
  monarchy
Capital:
  Riyadh
Administrative divisions:
  14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash
  Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash
  Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence:
  23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday:
  Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution:
  none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)
Legal system:
  based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;
  commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June
  1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd
  al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the
  throne 13 June 1982)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; mostly made up of the royal family appointed by
  the king
Legislative branch:
  a consultative council comprised of 60 members and a chairman who are
  appointed by the King for a term of four years
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders:
  none allowed
Member of:
  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA,
  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer),
  OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
  WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saud
chancery:
  601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch
embassy:
  Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address:
  American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box
  94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307
telephone:
  [966] (1) 488-3800
FAX:
  [966] (1) 482-4364
consulate(s) general:
  Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag:
  green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There
  is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white
  horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
  traditional color of Islam

@Saudi Arabia, Economy

Overview:
  The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35%
  of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest
  reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of
  petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the
  government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit
  since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic
  activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role
  in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For
  about a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have
  outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign
  assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $194 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $11,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  6.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $39 billion
expenditures:
  $50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (1993
  est.)
Exports:
  $42.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products 92%
partners:
  US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%
Imports:
  $26 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motor vehicles,
  textiles
partners:
  US 18%, UK 12%, Japan 10%, Germany 5%, France 5%
External debt:
  $18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-term trade credits)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 46% of GDP, including
  petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
  28,554,000 kW
production:
  63 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,690 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,
  cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer,
  plastics
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by
  government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus
  fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in
  food
Illicit drugs:
  death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin and
  cocaine
Economic aid:
donor:
  pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100 million
  in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon
Currency:
  1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates:
  Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986),
  3.7033 (1986)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Saudi Arabia, Communications

Railroads:
  1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked
Highways:
total:
  74,000 km
paved:
  35,000 km
unpaved:
  gravel, improved earth 39,000 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km
  (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports:
  Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu' al Bahr,
  Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:
  74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 865,343 GRT/1,240,874 DWT, bulk
  1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 4, container 3, liquefied gas 1,
  livestock carrier 5, oil tanker 23, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 1
Airports:
total:
  215
usable:
  195
with permanent-surface runways:
  71
with runways over 3,659 m:
  14
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  105
Telecommunications:
  modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic
  cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13
  FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar,
  UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine
  cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic
  Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT

@Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard,
  Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security
  Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 5,682,036; fit for military service 3,140,464; reach
  military age (17) annually 147,420 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)


@Senegal, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between
  Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  196,190 sq km
land area:
  192,000 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:
  total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338
  km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:
  531 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; Senegal
  and Guinea-Bissau signed an agreement resolving their maritime
  boundary in 1993; boundary with Mauritania
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong
  southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
  harmattan wind
Terrain:
  generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Natural resources:
  fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
  27%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  30%
forest and woodland:
  31%
other:
  12%
Irrigated land:
  1,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
  overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards:
  lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
  Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
  Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change, Marine Dumping
Note:
  The Gambia is almost an enclave

@Senegal, People

Population:
  8,730,508 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.11% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  43.15 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  12.01 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  75.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  56.58 years
male:
  55.12 years
female:
  58.09 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.09 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Senegalese
Ethnic divisions:
  Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo
  9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions:
  Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman
  Catholic)
Languages:
  French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  38%
male:
  52%
female:
  25%
Labor force:
  2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage
  earners)
by occupation:
  private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%
note:
  52% of population of working age (1985)

@Senegal, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Senegal
conventional short form:
  Senegal
local long form:
  Republique du Senegal
local short form:
  Senegal
Digraph:
  SG
Type:
  republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
  Dakar
Administrative divisions:
  10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,
  Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence:
  20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an
  agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose
  confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was
  dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution:
  3 March 1963, last revised in 1991
Legal system:
  based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
  in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting
  office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); election last held 21
  February 1993 (next to be held February 2000); results - Abdou DIOUF
  (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%
head of government:
  Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister in consultation
  with the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
  elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results
  - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT
  3, Let Us Unite Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
  Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic
  Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement
  (LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY; Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath
  DANSOKHO; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou
  Puritain FALL; other small uninfluential parties
Other political or pressure groups:
  students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT,
  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC,
  PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMUR, UNTAC, UPU,
  WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery:
  2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone] or 0541
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Mark JOHNSON
embassy:
  Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address:
  B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone:
  [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24
FAX:
  [221] 22-29-91
Flag:
  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with
  a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
  popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

@Senegal, Economy

Overview:
  After 14 years of mixed compliance with IMF and World Bank economic
  reform programs, Senegal finds its economy remains hostage to negative
  economic forces. Declining terms of trade, weather-related setbacks,
  and relentless growth in population have held back overall growth and
  left per capita incomes stagnant, if not diminished. The economy
  continues to rely on exports of fish, peanuts, and phosphates for hard
  currency earnings. A 50% devaluation of the African franc in January
  1994 is likely to lead to substantial increases in local currency
  prices for producers that may spur improved production. A sheltered
  import-substitution sector, comprising textiles, shoes, and other
  light manufacturing, will remain plagued, however, by high labor,
  transportation, and energy costs. Public finances face a decade-long
  trend in declining tax revenues, making the government increasingly
  dependent on official development assistance from bilateral donors.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $11.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  1.2% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,400 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -1.8% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $1.2 billion
expenditures:
  $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $269 million (1992
  est.)
Exports:
  $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  fish, ground nuts, petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
partners:
  France, other EC members, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports:
  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods, petroleum
partners:
  France, other EC, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, China, Japan
External debt:
  $2.9 billion (1990)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 1.9% (1991); accounts for 15% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  215,000 kW
production:
  760 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  100 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum
  refining, building materials
Agriculture:
  accounts for 20% of GDP; major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet,
  corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated
  two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tons
  in 1990
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Europe and
  North America
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $295 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
  (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
  (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12
  January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc
  from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Senegal, Communications

Railroads:
  1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track
  Dakar to Thies
Highways:
total:
  14,007 km
paved:
  3,777 km
unpaved:
  crushed stone, improved earth 10,230 km
Inland waterways:
  897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum
Ports:
  Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:
  1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT
Airports:
total:
  26
usable:
  20
with permanent-surface runways:
  10
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  16
Telecommunications:
  above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast
  stations - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
  INTELSAT earth station

@Senegal, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,951,370; fit for military service 1,018,802; reach
  military age (18) annually 94,973 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)


@Serbia and Montenegro

Header
Note:
  Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint
  independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as
  a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic
  of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor
  republics represents its continuation

@Serbia and Montenegro, Geography

Location:
  Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
  Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria
Map references:
  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
  World
Area:
total area:
  102,350 sq km
land area:
  102,136 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Kentucky
note:
  Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it
  slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq
  km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than
  Connecticut
Land boundaries:
  total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with
  Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km
  with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia
  (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
  Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
note:
  the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline:
  199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
  Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and
  Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo
  seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Climate:
  in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers
  with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and
  Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,
  hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
  snowfall inland
Terrain:
  extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
  limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and
  hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off
  the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
Natural resources:
  oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,
  chrome
Land use:
arable land:
  30%
permanent crops:
  5%
meadows and pastures:
  20%
forest and woodland:
  25%
other:
  20%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in
  tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
  other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped
  into the Sava which flows into the Danube
natural hazards:
  subject to destructive earthquakes
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
  and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

@Serbia and Montenegro, People

Population:
total:
  10,759,897 (July 1994 est.)
Montenegro:
  666,583 (July 1994 est.)
Serbia:
  10,093,314 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
Montenegro:
  0.79% (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  0.54% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
Montenegro:
  13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
Montenegro:
  5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
Montenegro:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Montenegro:
  10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Montenegro:
  *** No data for this item ***
total population:
  79.44 years
male:
  76.57 years
female:
  82.5 years (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  *** No data for this item ***
total population:
  73.39 years
male:
  70.9 years
female:
  76.07 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Montenegro:
  1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
  Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic divisions:
  Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions:
  Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Languages:
  Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  2,640,909
by occupation:
  industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)

@Serbia and Montenegro, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Serbia and Montenegro
local long form:
  none
local short form:
  Srbija-Crna Gora
Digraph:
Serbia:
  SR
Montenegro:
  MW
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Belgrade
Administrative divisions:
  2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous
  provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:
  11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
  self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
  Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday:
  NA
Constitution:
  27 April 1992
Legal system:
  based on civil law system
Suffrage:
  16 years of age, if employed;  18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is
  president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is
  president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly
  elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
head of government:
  Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime
  Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA
  March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)
cabinet:
  Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch:
  bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics:
  elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20
  Montenegrin)
Chamber of Citizens:
  elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
  percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30
  Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents
  2, vacant 3
Judicial branch:
  Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan
  MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian
  Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party
  (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA;
  Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president;
  People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance
  of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina
  Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for
  Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo
  (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president
Other political or pressure groups:
  Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)
Diplomatic representation in US:
  US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic
  relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of
  Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
embassy:
  address NA, Belgrade
mailing address:
  American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070
telephone:
  [38] (11) 645-655
FAX:
  [38] (1) 645-221
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

@Serbia and Montenegro, Economy

Overview:
  The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by
  bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and
  the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and
  Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply,
  particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics,
  it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs,
  energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral
  resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate
  this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating
  much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup
  of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial
  plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical
  assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
  difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic
  situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a
  communist government that is primarily interested in political and
  military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the
  imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  hyperinflation (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  more than 60% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
  $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,
  miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and
  live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages
  and tobacco 1%
partners:
  prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade
  partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy,
  Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US
Imports:
  $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,
  manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,
  miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking
  coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils
  1.5%
partners:
  prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the
  trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics;
  the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East
  European countries, US
External debt:
  $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -42% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
  8,850,000 kW
production:
  42 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,950 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles
  and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy
  (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
  cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone),
  consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances),
  electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Agriculture:
  the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production
  of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and
  chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive
  beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a
  well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit,
  grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and
  cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables,
  tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of
  Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has
  only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a
  Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes,
  and rice
Illicit drugs:
  NA
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates:
  Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230
  (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176
  (1987)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Serbia and Montenegro, Communications

Railroads:
  NA
Highways:
total:
  46,019 km
paved:
  26,949 km
unpaved:
  gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
  NA km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports:
  coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade
Merchant marine:
  bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbination
  tanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1
Montenegro:
  total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT
  (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
Serbia:
  total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT
  (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)
note:
  most under Maltese flag, all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the
  Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
Airports:
total:
  55
usable:
  51
with permanent-surface runways:
  18
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  11
Telecommunications:
  700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000
  radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
  INTELSAT

@Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces

Branches:
  People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval
  Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial
  Defense Force, Civil Defense
Manpower availability:
Montenegro:
  males age 15-49 179,868; fit for military service 146,158; reach
  military age (19) annually 5,399 (1994 est.)
Serbia:
  males age 15-49 2,546,717; fit for military service 2,048,921; reach
  military age (19) annually 80,937 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of
  defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange
  rate could produce misleading results


@Seychelles, Geography

Location:
  Eastern Africa in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  455 sq km
land area:
  455 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  491 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
  200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  claims Tromelin Island
Climate:
  tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late
  May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to
  May)
Terrain:
  Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are
  coral, flat, elevated reefs
Natural resources:
  fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Land use:
arable land:
  4%
permanent crops:
  18%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  18%
other:
  60%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  no fresh water, catchments collect rain water
natural hazards:
  lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short
  droughts possible
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
  Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
Note:
  40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands

@Seychelles, People

Population:
  72,113 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.84% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  21.88 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.93 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -6.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  69.67 years
male:
  66.05 years
female:
  73.39 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.23 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Seychelles
Ethnic divisions:
  Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Languages:
  English (official), French (official), Creole
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1971)
total population:
  58%
male:
  56%
female:
  60%
Labor force:
  27,700 (1985)
by occupation:
  industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture,
  forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)
note:
  57% of population of working age (1983)

@Seychelles, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form:
  Seychelles
Digraph:
  SE
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Victoria
Administrative divisions:
  23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile,
  Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon,
  Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island),
  Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont
  Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis,
  Takamaka
Independence:
  29 June 1976 (from UK)
National holiday:
  National Day, 18 June (1993) ( adoption of new constitution)
Constitution:
  18 June 1993
Legal system:
  based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Suffrage:
  17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); election last held
  20- 23 July 1993; results - President France Albert RENE reelected by
  59.5% of votes, MANCHAM (PS party) 36.72%
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple):
  elections last held 20-23 July 1993; results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO
  3%; seats - (33 total, 22 elected) SPPF 22
Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France
  Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; United
  Opposition (UO) is a coalition of the following parties: Seychelles
  Party (PS), Wavel RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD),
  Jacques HONDOUL; Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS;;
Other political or pressure groups:
  trade unions; Roman Catholic Church
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
  IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
  (correspondent), NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
  WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Marc Michael Rogers MARENGO
chancery:
  (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017
telephone:
  [phone] or 9767
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY
embassy:
  4th Floor, Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe
mailing address:
  Box 148, Unit 62501, Victoria, Seychelles; APO AE 09815-2501
telephone:
  (248) 25256
FAX:
  (248) 25189
Flag:
  three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the
  white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest

@Seychelles, Economy

Overview:
  In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry
  employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of
  hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged
  foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At
  the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high dependence
  on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and
  small-scale manufacturing.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $407 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  4% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $5,900 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3.3% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  9% (1987)
Budget:
revenues:
  $172 million
expenditures:
  $181 million, including capital expenditures of $48 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $47 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (re-exports)
partners:
  UK 54% France 23%, Reunion 14%, (1991)
Imports:
  $192 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  manufactured goods, food, petroleum products, tobacco, beverages,
  machinery and transportation equipment
partners:
  South Africa 13%, Singapore 12%, UK 12% (1991)
External debt:
  $201 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 1.3% (1991); accounts for 12% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  30,000 kW
production:
  80 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,160 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope
  factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage
Agriculture:
  accounts for 5% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops -
  coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava,
  bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported;
  expansion of tuna fishing under way
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315
  million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries
  (1970-89), $60 million
Currency:
  1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2681 (January 1994), 5.1815
  (1993), 5.1220 (1992), 5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Seychelles, Communications

Highways:
total:
  260 km
paved:
  160 km
unpaved:
  crushed stone, earth 100 km
Ports:
  Victoria
Merchant marine:
  1 refrigerated cargo (over 1,000 GRT) totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT
Airports:
total:
  14
usable:
  14
with permanent-surface runways:
  8
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal
  countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV;
  1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station

@Seychelles, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection
  Unit, Police Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 19,399; fit for military service 9,900
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)


@Sierra Leone, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and
  Liberia
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  71,740 sq km
land area:
  71,620 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
  total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
Coastline:
  402 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  200 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter
  dry season (December to April)
Terrain:
  coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,
  mountains in east
Natural resources:
  diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Land use:
arable land:
  25%
permanent crops:
  2%
meadows and pastures:
  31%
forest and woodland:
  29%
other:
  13%
Irrigated land:
  340 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of
  timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture
  have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war
  depleting natural resources
natural hazards:
  dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (November to May)
international agreements:
  party to - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
  ratified - Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

@Sierra Leone, People

Population:
  4,630,037 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.62% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  45.06 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  18.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  46.4 years
male:
  43.58 years
female:
  49.3 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.96 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective:
  Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions:
  13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%),
  Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%
Religions:
  Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%
Languages:
  English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende
  principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the
  north, Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the
  Freetown area and is lingua franca
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic
  (1990 est.)
total population:
  21%
male:
  31%
female:
  11%
Labor force:
  1.369 million (1981 est.)
by occupation:
  agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.)
note:
  only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working
  age

@Sierra Leone, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form:
  Sierra Leone
Digraph:
  SL
Type:
  military government
Capital:
  Freetown
Administrative divisions:
  3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*
Independence:
  27 April 1961 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Republic Day, 27 April (1961)
Constitution:
  1 October 1991; suspended following 19 April 1992 coup
Legal system:
  based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes;
  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M.
  STRASSER (since 29 April 1992)
cabinet:
  Council of Secretaries; responsible to the NPRC
Legislative branch:
  unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April
  1992); Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party elections sometime in
  1995
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)
Political parties and leaders:
  status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April
  1992 coup
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory
  user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNIDO, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Thomas Kahota KARGBO
chancery:
  1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS
embassy:
  Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [232] (22) 226-481
FAX:
  [232] (22) 225-471
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light
  blue

@Sierra Leone, Economy

Overview:
  The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed.
  Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about
  one-third of GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working
  population. Manufacturing, which accounts for roughly 10% of GDP,
  consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light
  manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining provides an
  important source of hard currency. In 1990-93, the government, with
  the support of the IMF and the World Bank, has made substantial
  progress toward structural reform and better fiscal management. The
  government readily met all IMF/WB targets in December 1993. The budget
  deficit had been dramatically reduced; the government workforce had
  been cut by 25%; large amounts of domestic debt had been retired;
  arrears to the IMF, World Bank, and other creditors had been reduced.
  On the negative side, continued incursions by the Liberian rebels,
  bandits, and army deserters in southern and eastern Sierra Leone have
  severely strained the economy and threaten economically critical
  regions of the country.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (FY93 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA
National product per capita:
  $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  35% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $68 million
expenditures:
  $118 million, including capital expenditures of $28 million (1992
  est.)
Exports:
  $149 million (f.o.b., FY92)
commodities:
  rutile 51%, bauxite 19%, diamonds 15%, coffee 5%
partners:
  US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe
Imports:
  $131 million (c.i.f., FY92)
commodities:
  foodstuffs 33%, machinery and equipment 19%, fuels 16%
partners:
  US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria
External debt:
  $633 million (FY92 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -1.2% (FY91); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  85,000 kW
production:
  185 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  45 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing
  (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery
Agriculture:
  accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force;
  largely subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels;
  harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish
  catch averages 53,000 metric tons
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848
  million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $101 million
Currency:
  1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  leones (Le) per US$1 - 578.17 (January 1994), 567.46 (1993), 499.44
  (1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

@Sierra Leone, Communications

Railroads:
  84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis
  because the mine at Marampa is closed
Highways:
total:
  7,400 km
paved:
  1,150 km
unpaved:
  crushed stone, gravel 490 km; improved earth 5,760 km
Inland waterways:
  800 km; 600 km navigable year round
Ports:
  Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe
Merchant marine:
  1 cargo ship (over 1,000 GRT) totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT
Airports:
total:
  11
usable:
  7
with permanent-surface runways:
  3
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  3
Telecommunications:
  marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio
  relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Sierra Leone, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,006,280; fit for military service 487,158
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)


@Singapore, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, between Malaysia and Indonesia
Map references:
  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  632.6 sq km
land area:
  622.6 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  193 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  12 nm
territorial sea:
  3 nm
International disputes:
  two islands in dispute with Malaysia
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons;
  thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
Terrain:
  lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment
  area and nature preserve
Natural resources:
  fish, deepwater ports
Land use:
arable land:
  4%
permanent crops:
  7%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  5%
other:
  84%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  industrial pollution; limited water supply; limited land availability
  presents waste disposal problems
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
  Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
  Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
  focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

@Singapore, People

Population:
  2,859,142 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.12% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  16.52 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.3 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  75.95 years
male:
  73.17 years
female:
  78.94 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.88 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Singaporean(s)
adjective:
  Singapore
Ethnic divisions:
  Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%
Religions:
  Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist,
  Confucianist
Languages:
  Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official),
  English (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  88%
male:
  93%
female:
  84%
Labor force:
  1,485,800
by occupation:
  financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%,
  commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)

@Singapore, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Singapore
conventional short form:
  Singapore
Digraph:
  SN
Type:
  republic within Commonwealth
Capital:
  Singapore
Administrative divisions:
  none
Independence:
  9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
National holiday:
  National Day, 9 August (1965)
Constitution:
  3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore
  Constitution
Legal system:
  based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President ONG Teng Cheong (since 1 September 1993) election last held
  28 August 1993 (next to be held NA August 1997); results - President
  ONG was elected with 59% of the vote in the country's first popular
  election for president
head of government:
  Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime
  Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president, responsible to parliament
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Parliament:
  elections last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP
  3, WP 1
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
government:
  People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary general
opposition:
  Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party
  (SDP), CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA;
  Barisan Sosialis (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA
Member of:
  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, COCOM (cooperating), CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT,
  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNIKOM,
  UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Sellapan Rama NATHAN
chancery:
  1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant)
embassy:
  30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617
mailing address:
  FPO AP 96534
telephone:
  [65] 338-0251
FAX:
  [65] 338-5010
Flag:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side
  of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion
  is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed
  stars arranged in a circle

@Singapore, Economy

Overview:
  Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and
  manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links
  derived from its entrepot history. The economy registered nearly 10%
  growth in 1993 while stemming inflation. The construction and
  financial services industries and manufacturers of computer-related
  components have led economic growth. Rising labor costs continue to be
  a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications
  that productivity is keeping up. In applied technology, per capita
  output, investment, and labor discipline, Singapore has key attributes
  of a developed country.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $42.4 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
  9.9% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $15,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.4% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  2.7% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
  $11.9 billion
expenditures:
  $10.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.9 billion (1994
  est.)
Exports:
  $61.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products,
  telecommunications equipment
partners:
  US 21%, Malaysia 12%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 8%, Thailand 6% (1992)
Imports:
  $66.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs
partners:
  Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Saudi Arabia 5%, Taiwan 4%
External debt:
  $0; Singapore is a net creditor
Industrial production:
  growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  4,860,000 kW
production:
  18 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  6,420 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber
  processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship
  repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology
Agriculture:
  occupies a position of minor importance in the economy;
  self-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food;
  major crops - rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables
Illicit drugs:
  transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western
  Europe, and the Third World; also a major money-laundering center
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1
  billion
Currency:
  1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6032 (January 1994), 1.6158
  (1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Singapore, Communications

Railroads:
  38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
  2,644 km (1985)
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  Singapore
Merchant marine:
  533 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,656,067 GRT/17,009,400 DWT,
  bulk 87, cargo 125, chemical tanker 14, combination bulk 3,
  combination ore/oil 8, container 80, liquefied gas 4, livestock
  carrier 1, oil tanker 179, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 3,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 20
note:
  many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned
Airports:
total:
  10
usable:
  10
with permanent-surface runways:
  10
with runways over 3,659 m:
  2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  3
Telecommunications:
  good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and
  television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia
  (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
  satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean
  INTELSAT

@Singapore, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 857,824; fit for military service 630,055
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, 6% of GDP (1993 est.)


@Slovakia, Geography

Location:
  Central Europe, between Hungary and Poland
Map references:
  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
  World
Area:
total area:
  48,845 sq km
land area:
  48,800 sq km
comparative area:
  about twice the size of New Hampshire
Land boundaries:
  total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km,
  Poland 444 km, Ukraine 90 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues with
  Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal
  property
Climate:
  temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain:
  rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the
  south
Natural resources:
  brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and
  manganese ore; salt
Land use:
arable land:
  NA%
permanent crops:
  NA%
meadows and pastures:
  NA%
forest and woodland:
  NA%
other:
  NA%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  acid rain damaging forests
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
  Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Modification,
  Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
  Protection; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental
  Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
  landlocked

@Slovakia, People

Population:
  5,403,505 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.53% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  14.55 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  72.81 years
male:
  68.66 years
female:
  77.2 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.96 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Slovak(s)
adjective:
  Slovak
Ethnic divisions:
  Slovak 85.6%, Hungarian 10.8%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures
  underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or
  more), Czech 1.1%, Ruthenian 15,000, Ukrainian 13,000, Moravian 6,000,
  German 5,000, Polish 3,000
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%,
  other 17.5%
Languages:
  Slovak (official), Hungarian
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  2.484 million
by occupation:
  industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication
  and other 44.3% (1990)

@Slovakia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Slovak Republic
conventional short form:
  Slovakia
local long form:
  Slovenska Republika
local short form:
  Slovensko
Digraph:
  LO
Type:
  parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Bratislava
Administrative divisions:
  4 departments (kraje, singular - Kraj) Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky,
  Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky
Independence:
  1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)
National holiday:
  Anniversary of Slovak National Uprising, August 29 (1944)
Constitution:
  ratified 1 September 1992; fully effective 1 January 1993
Legal system:
  civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the
  obligations of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
  and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993); election last held 8
  February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Michal KOVAC
  elected by the National Council
head of government:
  Prime Minister Jozef MORAVCIK (since 16 March 1994)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime
  minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Council (Narodni Rada):
  elections last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held 31
  September-1October 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats
  - (150 total) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia 55, Party of the
  Democratic Left 28, Christian Democratic Movement 18, Slovak National
  Party 9, National Democratic Party 5, Hungarian Christian Democratic
  Movement/Coexistence 14, Democratic Union of Slovakia 16, independents
  5
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman; Party
  of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman; Christian Democratic
  Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Slovak National Party, Jan SLOTA, chairman;
  Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Vojtech BUGAR; National
  Democratic Party - New Alternative, Ludovit CERNAK, chairman;
  Democratic Union of Slovakia, Jozef MORAVCIK, chairman; Coexistence
  Movement, Miklos DURAY, chairman
Other political or pressure groups:
  Green Party; Social Democratic Party in Slovakia; Freedom Party;
  Slovak Christian Union; Hungarian Civic Party
Member of:
  BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, COCOM (cooperating), CSCE, EBRD, ECE,
  FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
  INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
  LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD,
  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador-designate Bravislav LICHARDUS
chancery:
  (temporary) Suite 330, 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassdor Theodore RUSSELL
embassy:
  Hviezdoslavovo Namesite 4, 81102 Bratislava
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [42] (7) 330-861
FAX:
  [42] (7) 335-439
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
  superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist
  side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue

@Slovakia, Economy

Overview:
  The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the
  Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the
  task of moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old
  Czechoslovakia, even though highly industrialized by East European
  standards, suffered from an aging capital plant, lagging technology,
  and a deficiency in energy and many raw materials. In January 1991,
  approximately one year after the end of communist control of Eastern
  Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic launched a sweeping
  program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and controlled
  economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in
  privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and
  the setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost
  in inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a
  whole inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992
  in Slovakia, inflation slowed to an estimated 8.7% and the estimated
  fall in GDP was a more moderate 7%. In 1993 GDP fell roughly 5%, with
  the disruptions from the separation from the Czech lands probably
  accounting for half the decline; exports to the Czech Republic fell
  about 35%. Bratislava adopted an austerity program in June and
  devalued its currency 10% in July. In 1993, inflation rose an
  estimated 23%, unemployment topped 14%, and the budget deficit
  exceeded the IMF target of $485 million by over $200 million. By
  yearend 1993 Bratislava estimated that 29% of GDP was being produced
  in the private sector. The forecast for 1994 is gloomy; Bratislava
  optimistically projects no growth in GDP, 17% unemployment, a $425
  million budget deficit, and 12% inflation. At best, if Slovakia stays
  on track with the IMF, GDP could fall by only 2-3% in 1994 and
  unemployment could be held under 18%, but a currency devaluation will
  likely drive inflation above 15%.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -5% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $5,800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  23% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  14.4% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $4.5 billion
expenditures:
  $5.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)
Exports:
  $5.13 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and
  metals; agricultural products
partners:
  Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary,
  Italy, France, US, UK
Imports:
  $5.95 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured
  goods; raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products
partners:
  Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland,
  Hungary, UK, Italy
External debt:
  $3.2 billion hard currency indebtedness (31 December 1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -13.5% (December 1993 over December 1992)
Electricity:
capacity:
  6,800,000 kW
production:
  24 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  4,550 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  brown coal mining, chemicals, metal-working, consumer appliances,
  fertilizer, plastics, armaments
Agriculture:
  largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and
  livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops,
  fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western
  Europe
Economic aid:
donor:
  the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid
  to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)
Currency:
  1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov
Exchange rates:
  koruny (Sk) per US$1 - 32.9 (December 1993), 28.59 (December 1992),
  28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989); note - values
  before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rate
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Slovakia, Communications

Railroads:
  3,669 km total (1990)
Highways:
total:
  17,650 km (1990)
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Inland waterways:
  NA km
Pipelines:
  petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
Ports:
  maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia
  (Rijeka), Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal
  river ports are Komarno on the Danube and Bratislava on the Danube
Merchant marine:
  total 19 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 309,502 GRT/521,997 DWT, bulk
  13, cargo 6
note:
  most under the flag of Saint Vincent
Airports:
total:
  46
usable:
  32
with permanent-surface runways:
  7
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  6
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
  18
note:
  a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
  NA

@Slovakia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,426,290; fit for military service 1,095,604; reach
  military age (18) annually 48,695 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  8.2 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of
  defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate
  could produce misleading results