Languages Around the World/LanguageWorld.iso/wrldfact/mex_neth.txt

Text File | 1996-01-10 | 126KB | 4,151 lines

@Mexico, Geography

Location:
  Middle America, between Guatemala and the US
Map references:
  North America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  1,972,550 sq km
land area:
  1,923,040 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km
Coastline:
  9,330 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  claims Clipperton Island (French possession)
Climate:
  varies from tropical to desert
Terrain:
  high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert
Natural resources:
  petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Land use:
arable land:
  12%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  39%
forest and woodland:
  24%
other:
  24%
Irrigated land:
  51,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and
  poor quality in center and extreme southeast; untreated sewage and
  industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation;
  widespread erosion; desertification; serious air pollution in the
  national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border
natural hazards:
  subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast, destructive earthquakes
  in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf and Caribbean
  coasts
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous
  Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
  Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
  Whaling
Note:
  strategic location on southern border of US

@Mexico, People

Population:
  92,202,199 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.94% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  27.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  4.73 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  27.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  72.94 years
male:
  69.36 years
female:
  76.7 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.17 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Mexican(s)
adjective:
  Mexican
Ethnic divisions:
  mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian
  30%, Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1%
Religions:
  nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%
Languages:
  Spanish, various Mayan dialects
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
  87%
male:
  90%
female:
  85%
Labor force:
  26.2 million (1990)
by occupation:
  services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%,
  commerce 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation
  4.7%, mining and quarrying 1.5%

@Mexico, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  United Mexican States
conventional short form:
  Mexico
local long form:
  Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form:
  Mexico
Digraph:
  MX
Type:
  federal republic operating under a centralized government
Capital:
  Mexico
Administrative divisions:
  31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*
  (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California
  Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito
  Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico,
  Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro,
  Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas,
  Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
Independence:
  16 September 1810 (from Spain)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
Constitution:
  5 February 1917
Legal system:
  mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial
  review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988); election
  last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held 21 August 1994); results -
  Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano
  (FDN) 31.06%, Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note -
  several of the smaller parties ran a common candidate under a
  coalition called the National Democratic Front (FDN)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union)
Senate (Camara de Senadores):
  elections last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held 21 August
  1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate -
  (64 total; Senate will expand to 128 seats following next election)
  PRI 62, PRD 1, PAN 1
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados):
  elections last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held 21 August
  1994); results - PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS
  (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41,
  PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Political parties and leaders:
  (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Ignacio
  Pichardo PAGAZA; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular
  Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic
  Revolutionary Party (PRD), Porfirio MUNOZ Ledo; Cardenist Front for
  the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes;
  Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Rosa Maria MARTINEZ
  Denagri; Democratic Forum Party (PFD), Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican
  Green Ecologist Party (PVEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres
Other political or pressure groups:
  Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM);
  Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of
  National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant
  Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary
  Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC); Regional Confederation
  of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of Employers of the Mexican
  Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of Transformation Industries
  (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations
  (COECE); Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services (FESEBES)
Member of:
  AG (observer), BCIE, CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC,
  FAO, G-3, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
  IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS,
  OECD, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
  WFTI, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez
chancery:
  1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los Angeles,
  Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco,
  San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s):
  Albuquerque, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico
  (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Eagle Pass
  (Texas), Fresno (California), Loredo, Mc Allen (Texas), Midland
  (Texas), Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), Philadelphia
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador James JONES
embassy:
  Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, D.F.
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087
telephone:
  [52] (5) 211-0042
FAX:
  [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373
consulate(s) general:
  Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana
consulate(s):
  Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nuevo Laredo
Flag:
  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the
  coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak)
  is centered in the white band

@Mexico, Economy

Overview:
  Mexico's economy, made up predominantly of private manufacturing and
  services and both large-scale and traditional agriculture, is
  beginning to rebound from the economic difficulties of the 1980s but
  still faces key challenges. During the 1980s, the accumulation of
  large external debts, falling world petroleum prices, rapid population
  growth, and mounting inflation and unemployment plagued the economy.
  In recent years, the government has responded by implementing sweeping
  economic reforms. Strict fiscal and monetary discipline have brought
  inflation under control, reduced the internal debt, and produced
  budgetary surpluses in 1992 and 1993. The tight money policies,
  however, have restricted growth: barely 0.4% in 1993 after a rise of
  2.6% in 1992 and 3.6% in 1991. Another aspect of the reform has been
  the privatization of more than 80% of Mexico's businesses, including
  all of the commercial banks. Seeking out increased trade and
  investment opportunities, the government negotiated the North American
  Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Canada, which
  entered into force on 1 January 1994. Within Latin America, Mexico has
  completed bilateral free trade agreements with Chile and Costa Rica,
  and is continuing negotiations with Colombia and Venezuela for a
  trilateral deal in addition to holding trade discussions with various
  other nations. In January of 1993, Mexico replaced its old peso at the
  rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso. Despite its hard-won economic
  progress and the prospects of long-term gains under NAFTA, Mexico
  still faces difficult problems, including sluggish growth,
  unemployment, continuing social inequalities, serious pollution, and
  the prospect of increased competition with the opening of trade.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $740 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  0.4% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $8,200 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  10.7% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $58.1 billion
expenditures:
  $53 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.4 billion (1992
  est.)
Exports:
  $50.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.), includes in-bond industries
commodities:
  crude oil, oil products, coffee, silver, engines, motor vehicles,
  cotton, consumer electronics
partners:
  US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.)
Imports:
  $65.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.), includes in-bond industries
commodities:
  metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery,
  electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor
  vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts
partners:
  US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992)
External debt:
  $125 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 2.8% (1992 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  27,000,000 kW
production:
  120.725 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,300 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum,
  mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
Agriculture:
  accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of
  small farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat,
  rice, beans; cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes
Illicit drugs:
  illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of
  active government eradication program; major supplier to the US
  market; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound
  cocaine and marijuana from South America
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7
  billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million
Currency:
  1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
  market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.3556 (March 1994),
  3,094.9 (1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989)
note:
  the new peso replaced the old peso on 1 January 1993; 1 new peso =
  1,000 old pesos
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Mexico, Communications

Railroads:
  24,500 km total
Highways:
total:
  242,300 km
paved:
  84,800 km (including 3,166 km of expressways)
unpaved:
  gravel and earth 157,500 km
Inland waterways:
  2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines:
  crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254
  km; petrochemical 1,400 km
Ports:
  Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo,
  Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan,
  Veracruz
Merchant marine:
  58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 853,161 GRT/1,269,018 DWT, cargo
  3, chemical tanker 4, container 4, liquefied gas 7, oil tanker 32,
  refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 4
Airports:
total:
  1,993
usable:
  1,585
with permanent-surface runways:
  202
with runways over 3,659 m:
  3
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  35
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  286
Telecommunications:
  highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links;
  privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave
  System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238
  TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4
  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; launched
  Solidarity I satellite in November 1993

@Mexico, Defense Forces

Branches:
  National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including
  Marines)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 22,779,635; fit for military service 16,619,809; reach
  military age (18) annually 1,053,025 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Micronesia, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters
  of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia
Map references:
  Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  702 sq km
land area:
  702 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
note:
  includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  6,112 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern
  islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional
  severe damage
Terrain:
  islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral
  atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
Natural resources:
  forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Land use:
arable land:
  NA%
permanent crops:
  NA%
meadows and pastures:
  NA%
forest and woodland:
  NA%
other:
  NA%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  subject to typhoons (June to December)
international agreements:
  party to - Climate Change, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified -
  Biodiversity
Note:
  four major island groups totaling 607 islands

@Micronesia, Federated States of, People

Population:
  120,347 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.36% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  28.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  37.24 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  67.63 years
male:
  65.67 years
female:
  69.62 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  4.01 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Micronesian(s)
adjective:
  Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese
Ethnic divisions:
  nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
Religions:
  Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other
  churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day
  Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith)
Languages:
  English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese,
  Kosrean
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
total population:
  90%
male:
  90%
female:
  85%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  two-thirds are government employees
note:
  45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65

@Micronesia, Federated States of, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Federated States of Micronesia
conventional short form:
  none
former:
  Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the
  Pacific Islands)
Abbreviation:
  FSM
Digraph:
  FM
Type:
  constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact
  of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Capital:
  Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei)
note:
  a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir
  valley
Administrative divisions:
  4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap
Independence:
  3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)
National holiday:
  Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)
Constitution:
  10 May 1979
Legal system:
  based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature,
  municipal, common, and customary laws
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA
  (since 21 May 1991); election last held ll May 1991 (next to be held
  March 1995); results - President Bailey OLTER elected president;
  Vice-President Jacob NENA
cabinet:
  Cabinet
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Congress:
  elections last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993);
  results - percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total)
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  no formal parties
Member of:
  AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN,
  UNCTAD, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU
chancery:
  1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Honolulu and Tamuning (Guam)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Aurelia E. BRAZEAL
embassy:
  address NA, Kolonia
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941
telephone:
  691-320-2187
FAX:
  691-320-2186
Flag:
  light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are
  arranged in a diamond pattern

@Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy

Overview:
  Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and
  fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting,
  except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry
  exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate
  facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the
  primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in
  the islands in the l990s. Geographical isolation and a poorly
  developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.
National product:
  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.)
note:
  GNP numbers reflect US spending
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $1,500 (1989 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  27% (1989)
Budget:
revenues:
  $165 million
expenditures:
  $115 million, including capital expenditures of $20 million (1988
  est.)
Exports:
  $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
  copra
partners:
  NA
Imports:
  $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
  NA
partners:
  NA
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  18,000 kW
production:
  40 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  380 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood,
  and pearls
Agriculture:
  mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and
  vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
Economic aid:
recipient:
  under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide
  $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
Currency:
  1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  US currency is used
Fiscal year:
  1 October - 30 September

@Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications

Highways:
total:
  226 km
paved:
  39 km (on major islands)
unpaved:
  stone, coral, laterite 187 km
Ports:
  Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae)
Airports:
total:
  6
usable:
  5
with permanent-surface runways:
  4
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  4
Telecommunications:
  telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk;
  islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government
  purposes); 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987);
  broadcast stations - 5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean
  INTELSAT earth stations

@Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the US


@Midway Islands

Header
Affiliation:
  (territory of the US)

@Midway Islands, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Polynesia, in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km
  west-northwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way between
  Honolulu and Tokyo
Map references:
  Oceania
Area:
total area:
  5.2 sq km
land area:
  5.2 sq km
comparative area:
  about 9 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
note:
  includes Eastern Island and Sand Island
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  15 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Terrain:
  low, nearly level
Natural resources:
  fish, wildlife
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  a coral atoll; closed to the public

@Midway Islands, People

Population:
  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel

@Midway Islands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Midway Islands
Digraph:
  MQ
Type:
  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under
  Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific Division. This facility
  has been operationally closed since 10 September 1993 and is currently
  being transferred from Pacific Fleet to Naval Facilities Engineering
  Command via a Memorandum of Understanding.
Capital:
  none; administered from Washington, DC
Flag:
  the US flag is used

@Midway Islands, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is based on providing support services for US naval
  operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods
  must be imported.
Electricity:
  supplied by US Military

@Midway Islands, Communications

Highways:
total:
  32 km
paved:
  NA
Pipelines:
  7.8 km
Ports:
  Sand Island
Airports:
total:
  3
usable:
  2
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1

@Midway Islands, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the US


@Moldova, Geography

Location:
  Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Romania
Map references:
  Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  33,700 sq km
land area:
  33,700 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
Land boundaries:
  total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  no official territorial claims by either Moldova or Romania, but
  nationalists in Romania seek the merger of Moldova into Romania;
  potential future dispute by Moldova and Romania against Ukraine over
  former southern and northern Bessarabian areas and Northern Bukovina
  ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR
Climate:
  moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain:
  rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Natural resources:
  lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
Land use:
arable land:
  50%
permanent crops:
  13%
meadows and pastures:
  9%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  28%
Irrigated land:
  2,920 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
  heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such
  as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion
  from poor farming methods
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
  landlocked

@Moldova, People

Population:
  4,473,033 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.38% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  16.02 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  10.02 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  30.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  68.07 years
male:
  64.65 years
female:
  71.67 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.18 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Moldovan(s)
adjective:
  Moldovan
Ethnic divisions:
  Moldavian/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%,
  Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures)
note:
  internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester
  region and Gagauz Turks in the south
Religions:
  Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000
  members) (1991)
note:
  the large majority of churchgoers are ethnic Moldavian
Languages:
  Moldovan (official; virtually the same as the Romanian language),
  Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Literacy:
  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
total population:
  100%
male:
  100%
female:
  99%
Labor force:
  2.05 million (1992)
by occupation:
  agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)

@Moldova, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Moldova
conventional short form:
  Moldova
local long form:
  Republica Moldoveneasca
local short form:
  none
former:
  Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Digraph:
  MD
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Chisinau
Administrative divisions:
  previously divided into 40 rayons; new districts possible under new
  constitution in 1994
Independence:
  27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 August 1991
Constitution:
  old Soviet constitution (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has
  been heavily amended during the past few years; a new constitution is
  expected in 1994
Legal system:
  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts;
  does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and
  CSCE documents
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990); election last held 8
  December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR ran
  unopposed and won 98.17% of vote; note - President SNEGUR was named
  executive president by the Supreme Soviet on 3 September 1990 and was
  confirmed by popular election on 8 December 1991
head of government:
  Prime Minister Andrei SANGHALI (since 1 July 1992; reappointed 5 April
  1994 after elections for new legislature)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on recommendation of
  the prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Parliament:
  elections last held 27 February 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);
  results - percent by party NA; seats - (104 total) Agrarian-Democratic
  Party 56, Socialist/Yedinstvo Bloc 28, Peasants and Intellectual Bloc
  11, Christian Democratic Popular Front 9
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front),
  Iurie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman;
  Social Democratic Party, Oazu NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen;
  Agrarian-Democratic Party, Dumitru MOTPAN, chairman; Democratic Party,
  Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI,
  chairman; Reform Party, Anatol SELARU; Republican Party, Victor
  PUSCAS; Socialist Party, Valeriu SENIC, chairman; Communist Party,
  Vladimir VORONIN
Other political or pressure groups:
  United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman;
  Congress of Intellectuals, Alexandru MOSANU; The Ecology Movement of
  Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic League
  of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian
  Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The
  Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The
  Democratic Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The
  Alliance of Working People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president;
  Christian Alliance for Greater Romania; Stefan the Great Movement;
  Liberal Convention of Moldova; Association of Victims of Repression;
  Christian Democratic Youth League
Member of:
  BSEC, CE (guest), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT
  (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
  WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Nicolae TIU
chancery:
  1511 K Street NW, Room 329, Washington, DC
telephone:
  [phone] or -2807
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON
embassy:
  Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  373 (2) 23-37-72 or 23-34-76
FAX:
  7-0422-23-30-44
Flag:
  same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist
  side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle
  of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow
  cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a
  yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided
  horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and
  crescent all in black-outlined yellow

@Moldova, Economy

Overview:
  Moldova has pushed ahead boldly on economic reform since gaining its
  independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. It introduced a
  convertible currency - the leu - in late 1993 that has remained stable
  against the dollar, removed price controls on most products,
  eliminated licenses and quotas on most imports and exports, and freed
  interest rates. In 1994, Moldova aims to privatize at least one-third
  of state enterprises, lower inflation to 1% per month, and reduce the
  budget deficit to 3.5% of GDP. Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and
  good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result,
  Moldova's economy is primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits,
  vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova, however, must import all of
  its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, and energy shortages have
  contributed to sharp production declines since the break-up of the
  Soviet Union. Activities by separatist groups in the Dniester region
  have held back economic development in that area. Foreign economic
  assistance has been a tangible plus for Moldova, whereas direct
  foreign investment has been lacking.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $16.3 billion (1993 estimate from
  the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
  published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
  extrapolated to 1993 using official Moldovan statistics, which are
  very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
  -4% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $3,650 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  30% per month (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  less than 1% (includes only officially registered unemployed; large
  numbers of underemployed workers)
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
note:
  budget deficit for 1993 approximately 6% of GDP
Exports:
  $108 million to outside the FSU countries (January-September 1993);
  over 70% of exports go to FSU countries
commodities:
  foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals
  (1991)
partners:
  Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania, Germany
Imports:
  $145 million from outside the FSU countries (January-September 1993);
  over 70% of imports are from FSU countries
commodities:
  oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other
  consumer durables
partners:
  Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania, Germany
External debt:
  $325 million (end of 1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -10% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
  3,115,000 kW
production:
  11.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  2,491 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  key products are canned food, agricultural machinery, foundry
  equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery,
  refined sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
Agriculture:
  Moldova's principal economic activity; products are vegetables,
  fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, meat, milk, tobacco
Illicit drugs:
  illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostly for CIS
  consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Joint EC-US loan (1993), $127 million; IMF STF credit (1993), $64
  million; IMF stand-by loan (1993), $72 million; US commitments
  (1992-93), $61 million in humanitarian aid, $11 million in technical
  assistance; World Bank loan (1993), $60 million; Russia (1993), 50
  billion ruble credit; Romania (1993), 20 billion lei credit
Currency:
  the leu (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993
Exchange rates:
  NA
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Moldova, Communications

Railroads:
  1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
total:
  20,000 km
paved or gravelled:
  13,900 km
unpaved:
  earth 6,100 km (1990)
Pipelines:
  natural gas 310 km (1992)
Ports:
  none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
  26
usable:
  15
with permanent-surface runways:
  6
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  5
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
  8
note:
  a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
  The telecommunication system of Moldova is not well developed; number
  of telephone subscribers 577,000 (1991); number of subscribers per
  1,000 persons 134 (1991); number of unsuccessful requests for
  telephone service 215,000 (1991); international connections to the
  other former Soviet republics by land line and microwave radio relay
  through Ukraine, and to other countries by leased connections to the
  Moscow international gateway switch; 2 satellite earth stations - 1
  EUTELSAT and 1 INTELSAT; broadcast services NA

@Moldova, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal
  and border troops)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,098,156; fit for military service 869,866; reach
  military age (18) annually 35,814 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Monaco, Geography

Location:
  Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France
  near the border with Italy
Map references:
  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  1.9 sq km
land area:
  1.9 sq km
comparative area:
  about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km
Coastline:
  4.1 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain:
  hilly, rugged, rocky
Natural resources:
  none
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
  Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but
  not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
  second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See); almost
  entirely urban

@Monaco, People

Population:
  31,278 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.81% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  10.71 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  12.21 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  9.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  77.69 years
male:
  73.94 years
female:
  81.64 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.7 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)
adjective:
  Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions:
  French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 95%
Languages:
  French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  NA

@Monaco, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Principality of Monaco
conventional short form:
  Monaco
local long form:
  Principaute de Monaco
local short form:
  Monaco
Digraph:
  MN
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Monaco
Administrative divisions:
  4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La
  Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence:
  1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday:
  National Day, 19 November
Constitution:
  17 December 1962
Legal system:
  based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  25 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince
  ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
head of government:
  Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA 1991)
cabinet:
  Council of Government; under the authority of the Prince
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Council (Conseil National):
  elections last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held NA); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
  National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD);
  Monaco Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Member of:
  ACCT, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
  INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US:
honorary consulate(s) general:
  Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco,
  San Juan (Puerto Rico)
honorary consulate(s):
  Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington
US diplomatic representation:
  no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France,
  is accredited to Monaco
Flag:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag
  of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white
  (top) and red

@Monaco, Economy

Overview:
  Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular
  resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The
  Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and
  small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no
  income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for
  individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies
  that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual
  revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the
  industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living
  standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous
  French metropolitan suburbs.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $16,000 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  NEGL%
Budget:
revenues:
  $424 million
expenditures:
  $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports:
  $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
  Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system through
  customs union with France
Imports:
  $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
  Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system through
  customs union with France
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  10,000 kW standby; power imported from France
production:
  NA
consumption per capita:
  NA (1992)
Agriculture:
  none
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),
  5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Monaco, Communications

Railroads:
  1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways:
  none; city streets
Ports:
  Monaco
Merchant marine:
  1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
Airports:
  1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications:
  served by cable into the French communications system; automatic
  telephone system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM,
  5 TV; no communication satellite earth stations

@Monaco, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of France


@Mongolia, Geography

Location:
  Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Map references:
  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  1.565 million sq km
land area:
  1.565 million sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
  total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain:
  vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest;
  Gobi Desert in southeast
Natural resources:
  oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel,
  zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
arable land:
  1%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  79%
forest and woodland:
  10%
other:
  10%
Irrigated land:
  770 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
  limited water resources; policies of the former communist regime
  promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised
  concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning
  of soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have
  severely polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting
  of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion
  from wind and rain; desertification
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification,
  Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
  landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

@Mongolia, People

Population:
  2,429,762 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.61% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  33.04 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  43.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  66.16 years
male:
  63.9 years
female:
  68.52 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  4.33 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Mongolian(s)
adjective:
  Mongolian
Ethnic divisions:
  Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions:
  predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
note:
  previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages:
  Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  primarily herding/agricultural
note:
  over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a
  large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

@Mongolia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Mongolia
local long form:
  none
local short form:
  Mongol Uls
former:
  Outer Mongolia
Digraph:
  MG
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
  18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities*
  (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan,
  Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay,
  Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,
  Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence:
  13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday:
  National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution:
  adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system:
  blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no
  constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has
  not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); election
  last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results -
  Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of
  the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime
  Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
State Great Hural:
  elections first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party
  4, MSDP 1
note:
  the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial
  courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Political parties and leaders:
  Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin
  DASH-YONDON, secretary general; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP),
  Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party
  (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social
  Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders;
  Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party of
  Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian National
  Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; Mongolian Social
  Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; Mongolian Conservative
  Party, O. ZOYA; Mongolian Green Party (MGP), M. GANBAT
note:
  opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
Member of:
  AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
  INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM
  (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV
chancery:
  2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy:
  address NA, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address:
  Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Ring
  Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone:
  [976] (1) 329095 through 329606
FAX:
  [976] (1) 320-776
Flag:
  three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red,
  centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem
  ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
  representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
  symbol)

@Mongolia, Economy

Overview:
  Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
  unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic
  activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding
  of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person
  in the world. In past years extensive mineral resources had been
  developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height
  amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper,
  molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of
  industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors.
  The Mongolian leadership is trying to make the transition from
  Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through
  privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from
  international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy,
  however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the
  country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -1.3% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,200 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  325% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $NA
expenditures:
  $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
note:
  deficit of $67 million
Exports:
  $355 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar,
  other nonferrous metals
partners:
  former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports:
  $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer
  goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners:
  USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
External debt:
  $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
Industrial production:
  growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  1,248,000 kW
production:
  3,740 kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,622 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
  beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of
  the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and
  goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley,
  potatoes, forage
Economic aid:
  NA
Currency:
  1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates:
  tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 150 (1 January 1993), 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991),
  5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
note:
  the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was
  in force to the end of 1992
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Mongolia, Communications

Railroads:
  1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
Highways:
total:
  46,700 km
paved:
  1,000 km
unpaved:
  45,700 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
  397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports:
  none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
  81
usable:
  31
with permanent-surface runways:
  11
with runways over 3,659 m:
  fewer than 5
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  fewer than 20
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  12
Telecommunications:
  63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with
  18 provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000
  radios; at least 1 earth station

@Mongolia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and
  Frontier Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 587,113; fit for military service 382,633; reach
  military age (18) annually 25,261 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)


@Montserrat

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@Montserrat, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of
  Puerto Rico
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
  100 sq km
land area:
  100 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  40 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  3 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
  volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Natural resources:
  negligible
Land use:
arable land:
  20%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  10%
forest and woodland:
  40%
other:
  30%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  subject to severe hurricanes (June to November)
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea

@Montserrat, People

Population:
  12,701 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.33% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  15.93 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.79 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -2.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  75.73 years
male:
  73.96 years
female:
  77.53 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.05 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Montserratian(s)
adjective:
  Montserratian
Ethnic divisions:
  black, Europeans
Religions:
  Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day
  Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages:
  English
Literacy:
  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
total population:
  97%
male:
  97%
female:
  97%
Labor force:
  5,100
by occupation:
  community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%,
  trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%,
  agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)

@Montserrat, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Montserrat
Digraph:
  MH
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  Plymouth
Administrative divisions:
  3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)
Constitution:
  present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Legal system:
  English common law and statute law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  Frank SAVAGE (since NA February 1993)
head of government:
  Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)
cabinet:
  Executive Council; consists of the governor, the chief minister, three
  other ministries, the attorney-general, and the finance secretary
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Council:
  elections last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by
  party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1,
  independent 1
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation
  Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand
  OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE
Member of:
  CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), OECS,
  WCL
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
  Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the
  coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her
  arm around a black cross

@Montserrat, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on
  tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and
  accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about
  4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on
  imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports
  consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $53.7 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  4.3% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $4,300 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.8% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  3% (1987)
Budget:
revenues:
  $12.1 million
expenditures:
  $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988
  est.)
Exports:
  $2.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants,
  cattle
partners:
  NA
Imports:
  $80.6 million (f.o.b.,1992)
commodities:
  machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured
  goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
partners:
  NA
External debt:
  $2.05 million (1987)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  5,271 kW
production:
  12 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  950 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Agriculture:
  accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes,
  onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock
  products
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-89), $90 million
Currency:
  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Montserrat, Communications

Highways:
total:
  280 km
paved:
  200 km
unpaved:
  gravel, earth 80 km
Ports:
  Plymouth
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV

@Montserrat, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Police Force
Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@Morocco, Geography

Location:
  Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean
  Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  446,550 sq km
land area:
  446,300 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
  total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
Coastline:
  1,835 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved;
  the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered
  cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain
  controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off
  the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which
  Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon
  de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Climate:
  Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain:
  mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
Natural resources:
  phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Land use:
arable land:
  18%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  28%
forest and woodland:
  12%
other:
  41%
Irrigated land:
  12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming
  of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water
  supplies contaminated by untreated sewage; siltation of reservoirs;
  oil pollution of coastal waters
natural hazards:
  northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship
  Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
  Protection
Note:
  strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

@Morocco, People

Population:
  28,558,635 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.12% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  28.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.26 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  49.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  68.23 years
male:
  66.36 years
female:
  70.2 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.83 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Moroccan(s)
adjective:
  Moroccan
Ethnic divisions:
  Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions:
  Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages:
  Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of
  business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  50%
male:
  61%
female:
  38%
Labor force:
  7.4 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)

@Morocco, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form:
  Morocco
local long form:
  Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form:
  Al Maghrib
Digraph:
  MO
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Rabat
Administrative divisions:
  37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya);
  Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,
  Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia,
  Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset,
  Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes,
  Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi
  Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,
  Tiznit
Independence:
  2 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday:
  National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's
  accession to the throne)
Constitution:
  10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992
Legal system:
  based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial
  review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May 1994)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the King
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab):
  elections last held 15 June 1993 (direct popular vote) and 17
  September 1993 (indirect special interest vote); next to be held NA
  1999; results - seats (333 total), direct popular vote (222 seats)
  USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS 6, PDI 3,
  SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect special interest vote (111 seats) UC 27,
  MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura and Istiqlal 6,
  USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
opposition:
  Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), leader NA; Istiqlal Party
  (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali
  YATA; Organization of Democratic and Popular Action (OADP), leader NA
pro-government:
  Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular Movement (MP),
  Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane
  EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement, Mahjoubi AHARDANE
independents:
  National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Democracy and
  Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA), leader NA;
  Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NA
labor unions and community organizations (indirect
elections:
  Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), leader NA; General Union of
  Moroccan Workers (UGTM), leader NA; Moroccan Union of Workers (UTM),
  leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA
Member of:
  ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA,
  FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
  LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
  UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA
chancery:
  1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;
telephone:
  [phone] through 7982
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG
embassy:
  2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
mailing address:
  PSC 74, Box 003 APO AE 09718
telephone:
  [212] (7) 76-22-65
FAX:
  [212] (7) 76-56-61
consulate(s) general:
  Casablanca
Flag:
  red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as
  Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional
  color of Islam

@Morocco, Economy

Overview:
  Morocco faces the typical problems of developing
  countries--restraining government spending, reducing constraints on
  private activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation within
  bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has pursued an economic
  program toward these objectives with the support of the IMF, the World
  Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantial
  assets to draw on: the world's largest phosphate reserves, diverse
  agricultural and fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, a
  growing manufacturing sector, and large remittances from Moroccans
  working abroad. However, a severe drought in 1992-93 has depressed
  economic activity and held down experts. Real GDP contracted by 2.9%
  in 1992, and growth for 1993 is estimated at only 2%. Despite these
  setbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the
  banking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993.
  Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability to
  external economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $70.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  2% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $2,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.5% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  16% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $7.5 billion
expenditures:
  $7.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992
  est.)
Exports:
  $5.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,
  phosphates 17%
partners:
  EC 64%, India 6%, Japan 4%, US 3%
Imports:
  $8.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
  capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel
  and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%
partners:
  EC 63%, US 6%, Saudi Arabia 4%, FSU 4%, Japan 1%
External debt:
  $21.3 billion (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 0.1% (year NA); accounts for 31% of GDP (1991)
Electricity:
capacity:
  2,384,000 kW
production:
  8.864 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  317 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,
  textiles, construction, tourism
Agriculture:
  accounts for 14% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value;
  not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising
  predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both
  domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly
  directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from
  South America destined for Western Europe.
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; US
  commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $123.6 million; Western (non-US)
  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion;
  OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries
  (1970-89), $2.5 billion
note:
  $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby
  agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)
Currency:
  1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.669 (January 1994), 9.299 (1993),
  8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Morocco, Communications

Railroads:
  1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km
  electrified)
Highways:
total:
  59,198 km
paved:
  27,740 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, unimproved earth 31,458 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas
  241 km
Ports:
  Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,
  Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
Merchant marine:
  47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 226,369 GRT/335,089 DWT, cargo
  9, chemical tanker 11, container 3, oil tanker 4, refrigerated cargo
  12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea passenger 2
Airports:
total:
  73
usable:
  64
with permanent-surface runways:
  26
with runways over 3,659 m:
  2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  13
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  25
Telecommunications:
  good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay
  links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers
  are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones
  (10.5 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM,
  26 TV and 26 repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations -
  2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to
  Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to
  Algeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt,
  Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

@Morocco, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force,
  Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 7,076,261; fit for military service 4,494,641; reach
  military age (18) annually 317,093 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)


@Mozambique, Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa
  and Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  801,590 sq km
land area:
  784,090 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
  total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105
  km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline:
  2,470 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical to subtropical
Terrain:
  mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in
  northwest, mountains in west
Natural resources:
  coal, titanium
Land use:
arable land:
  4%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  56%
forest and woodland:
  20%
other:
  20%
Irrigated land:
  1,150 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  civil strife in the hinterlands has resulted in increased migration to
  urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
  desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters
natural hazards:
  severe drought and floods occur in central and southern provinces
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species; signed, but not ratified -
  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea

@Mozambique, People

Population:
  17,346,280 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  5.87% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  44.97 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  16.33 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  30.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  128.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  48.49 years
male:
  46.63 years
female:
  50.41 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.25 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Mozambican(s)
adjective:
  Mozambican
Ethnic divisions:
  indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans
  35,000, Indians 15,000
Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
  Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  33%
male:
  45%
female:
  21%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  90% engaged in agriculture

@Mozambique, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form:
  Mozambique
local long form:
  Republica Popular de Mocambique
local short form:
  Mocambique
Digraph:
  MZ
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Maputo
Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,
  Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence:
  25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Constitution:
  30 November 1990
Legal system:
  based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)
cabinet:
  Cabinet
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica); draft
  electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly
  elections
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto
  CHISSANO, chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to
  the USSR; FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990,
  when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty
  system
note:
  under the terms of the 1992 peace accords multiparty elections are
  scheduled for October 1994; 11 parties, including the Mozambique
  National Resistance (RENAMO), Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president, are
  registered to participate
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
  ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
  OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO
chancery:
  Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Dennis JETT
embassy:
  Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone:
  [258] (1) 49-27-97
FAX:
  [258] (1) 49-01-14
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a
  red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is
  edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star
  bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white
  book

@Mozambique, Economy

Overview:
  One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit
  the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and
  transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and
  investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of
  internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a
  growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an
  economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic
  growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989.
  Agricultural output is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to
  be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy
  depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accords
  signed in October 1992 improved chances of foreign investment, aided
  IMF-supported economic reforms, and supported continued economic
  recovery.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $9.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  4.1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $600 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  40% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  50% (1989 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $252 million
expenditures:
  $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
  $164.4 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%
partners:
  US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan
Imports:
  $1.03 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
  food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum
partners:
  US, Western Europe, USSR
External debt:
  $5 billion (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
  2,270,000 kW
production:
  1.745 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  115 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum
  products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,
  asbestos), tobacco
Agriculture:
  accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton,
  cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn,
  rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $890 million
Currency:
  1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
  meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 4,941.3 (October 1993), 2,550.40 (1992),
  1,763.99 (1991), 1,053.09 (1990), 844.34 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Mozambique, Communications

Railroads:
  3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow
  gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are
  subject to closure because of insurgency
Highways:
total:
  26,498 km
paved:
  4,593 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 829 km; unimproved earth
  21,076 km
Inland waterways:
  about 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines:
  crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
Ports:
  Maputo, Beira, Nacala
Merchant marine:
  4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT
Airports:
total:
  194
usable:
  134
with permanent-surface runways:
  24
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  5
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  28
Telecommunications:
  fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay;
  broadcast stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic
  Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT

@Mozambique, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia
note:
  as of early 1994, Mozambique was demobilizing and reorganizing its
  defence forces
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 3,890,532; fit for military service 2,233,824
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993)


@Namibia, Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and
  South Africa
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  825,418 sq km
land area:
  825,418 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than half the size of Alaska
Land boundaries:
  total 3,824 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 855
  km, Zambia 233 km
Coastline:
  1,572 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; quadripoint
  with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; dispute with
  South Africa over Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands has been resolved
  and these territories were transferred to Namibian sovereignty on 1
  March 1994
Climate:
  desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Terrain:
  mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
Natural resources:
  diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc,
  salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural
  gas, coal, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
  1%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  64%
forest and woodland:
  22%
other:
  13%
Irrigated land:
  40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  very limited natural water resources; desertification
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection;
  signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Namibia, People

Population:
  1,595,567 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.45% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  43.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  8.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  61.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  61.65 years
male:
  58.97 years
female:
  64.4 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.4 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Namibian(s)
adjective:
  Namibian
Ethnic divisions:
  black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%
note:
  about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the
  Kavangos tribe
Religions:
  Christian
Languages:
  English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the
  population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,
  indigenous languages
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1960)
total population:
  38%
male:
  45%
female:
  31%
Labor force:
  500,000
by occupation:
  agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government
  7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)

@Namibia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Namibia
conventional short form:
  Namibia
Digraph:
  WA
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Windhoek
Administrative divisions:
  13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi,
  Ohanguena, Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa
Independence:
  21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 21 March (1990)
Constitution:
  ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
Legal system:
  based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); election last held 16
  February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam NUJOMA was
  elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National
  Assembly)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
  bicameral legislature
National Council:
  elections last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by
  December 1998); seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1
National Assembly:
  elections last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November
  1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO
  41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of
  Namibia (formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance) (DTA), Mishake
  MUYONGO; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action
  Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front
  (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans
  DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO
Other political or pressure groups:
  NA
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD,
  IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM
  (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
  UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH
chancery:
  1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Howard F. JETER
embassy:
  Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000
telephone:
  [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680
FAX:
  [264] (61) 229-792
Flag:
  a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left
  section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right
  section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
  contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

@Namibia, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and
  process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP.
  Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa
  and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond
  deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary
  source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large
  quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half
  the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence
  agriculture) for its livelihood.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.85 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  3.5% (1992)
National product per capita:
  $2,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  17.9% (1992) in urban area
Unemployment rate:
  30% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
  $941 million
expenditures:
  $1.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $157 million
  (FY93/94)
Exports:
  $1.289 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish,
  karakul skins
partners:
  Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan
Imports:
  $1.178 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment
partners:
  South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland
External debt:
  about $220 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining
Electricity:
capacity:
  490,000 kW
production:
  1.29 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  850 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead,
  zinc, diamond, uranium)
Agriculture:
  accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising
  major source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish
  catch potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled,
  1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in
  food
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
  (1970-87), $47.2 million
Currency:
  1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.4096 (January 1994), 3.2678
  (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Namibia, Communications

Railroads:
  2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
Highways:
total:
  54,500 km
paved:
  4,080 km
unpaved:
  gravel 2,540 km; earth 47,880 km (roads and tracks)
Ports:
  Luderitz; Walvis Bay
Airports:
total:
  136
usable:
  109
with permanent-surface runways:
  21
with runways over 3,659 m:
  1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  64
Telecommunications:
  good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns,
  wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast
  stations - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV

@Namibia, Defense Forces

Branches:
  National Defense Force (Army), Police
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 336,145; fit for military service 199,337
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92)


@Nauru, Geography

Location:
  Oceania, Micronesia, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea
Map references:
  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  21 sq km
land area:
  21 sq km
comparative area:
  about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  30 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
Terrain:
  sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with
  phosphate plateau in center
Natural resources:
  phosphates
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  limited water resources, roof storage tanks collect rainwater;
  phosphate mining threatens limited remaining land resources
natural hazards:
  rainfall is erratic
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Marine Dumping; signed, but
  not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
  Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific
  Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea
  in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator

@Nauru, People

Population:
  10,019 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.33% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  18.03 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  66.68 years
male:
  64.3 years
female:
  69.18 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.08 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Nauruan(s)
adjective:
  Nauruan
Ethnic divisions:
  Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
Religions:
  Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)
Languages:
  Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely
  understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial
  purposes
Literacy:
total population:
  NA%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
by occupation:
  NA

@Nauru, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Nauru
conventional short form:
  Nauru
former:
  Pleasant Island
Digraph:
  NR
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Administrative divisions:
  14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada,
  Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
Independence:
  31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and
  UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
Constitution:
  29 January 1968
Legal system:
  own Acts of Parliament and British common law
Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989); election last
  held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -
  Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president from the parliament
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Parliament:
  elections last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
  1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents
  18
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  none
Member of:
  AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user),
  INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU
Diplomatic representation in US:
consulate(s):
  Agana (Guam)
US diplomatic representation:
  the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru
Flag:
  blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a
  large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the
  star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the
  yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of
  Nauru

@Nauru, Economy

Overview:
  Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are
  expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given
  Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World -
  $10,000 annually. Few other resources exist, so most necessities must
  be imported, including fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation
  of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are
  serious long-term problems. Substantial amounts of phosphate income
  are invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition.
National product:
  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA%
National product per capita:
  $10,000 (1989 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%
Unemployment rate:
  0%
Budget:
revenues:
  $69.7 million
expenditures:
  $51.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.)
Exports:
  $93 million (f.o.b., 1984)
commodities:
  phosphates
partners:
  Australia, NZ
Imports:
  $73 million (c.i.f., 1984)
commodities:
  food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
partners:
  Australia, UK, NZ, Japan
External debt:
  $33.3 million
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  14,000 kW
production:
  50 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  5,430 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products
Agriculture:
  coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completely
  dependent on imports for food and water
Economic aid:
recipient:
  Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million
Currency:
  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364 (January 1994), 1.4704
  (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

@Nauru, Communications

Railroads:
  3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to
  processing facilities on the southwest coast
Highways:
total:
  27 km
paved:
  21 km
unpaved:
  improved earth 6 km
Ports:
  Nauru
Merchant marine:
  1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  adequate local and international radio communications provided via
  Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast
  stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Nauru, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Directorate of the Nauru Police Force
note:
  no regular armed forces
Defense expenditures:
  $NA - no formal defense structure


@Navassa Island

Header
Affiliation:
  (territory of the US)

@Navassa Island, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at
  Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
  5.2 sq km
land area:
  5.2 sq km
comparative area:
  about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  8 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  claimed by Haiti
Climate:
  marine, tropical
Terrain:
  raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by
  vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)
Natural resources:
  guano
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  10%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  90%
Irrigated land:
  0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo
  Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat
  herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus

@Navassa Island, People

Population:
  uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the
  island

@Navassa Island, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Navassa Island
Digraph:
  BQ
Type:
  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard
Capital:
  none; administered from Washington, DC

@Navassa Island, Economy

Overview:
  no economic activity

@Navassa Island, Communications

Ports:
  none; offshore anchorage only

@Navassa Island, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the US


@Nepal, Geography

Location:
  Southern Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India
Map references:
  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  140,800 sq km
land area:
  136,800 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Arkansas
Land boundaries:
  total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical
  summers and mild winters in south
Terrain:
  Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region,
  rugged Himalayas in north
Natural resources:
  quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, small
  deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
  17%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  13%
forest and woodland:
  33%
other:
  37%
Irrigated land:
  9,430 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
  the almost total dependence on wood for fuel and cutting down trees to
  expand agricultural land without replanting has resulted in widespread
  deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution (use of contaminated
  water presents human health risks)
natural hazards:
  vulnerable to severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and
  famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer
  monsoons
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban,
  Tropical Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change,
  Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
Note:
  landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight
  of world's 10 highest peaks

@Nepal, People

Population:
  21,041,527 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.44% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  37.63 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  13.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  83.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  52.53 years
male:
  52.35 years
female:
  52.73 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.24 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Nepalese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Nepalese
Ethnic divisions:
  Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais,
  Limbus, Sherpas
Religions:
  Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981)
note:
  only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction
  between many Hindu and Buddhist groups
Languages:
  Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialects
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  26%
male:
  38%
female:
  13%
Labor force:
  8.5 million (1991 est.)
by occupation:
  agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%
note:
  severe lack of skilled labor

@Nepal, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Nepal
conventional short form:
  Nepal
Digraph:
  NP
Type:
  parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991
Capital:
  Kathmandu
Administrative divisions:
  14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri,
  Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani,
  Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti
Independence:
  1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)
National holiday:
  Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)
Constitution:
  9 November 1990
Legal system:
  based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
head of government:
  Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)
chief of state:
  King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King
  24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah
  Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the king on recommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament
National Council:
  consists of a 60-member body, 50 appointed by House of Representatives
  and 10 by the King
House of Representatives:
  elections last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results
  - NCP 38%, CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai
  Rights Sadbhavana Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%,
  independents 4%, other 7%; seats - (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69,
  UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN
  (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note - the new
  Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy
  system for the first time in 32 years
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)
Political parties and leaders:
  Nepali Congress Party (NCP), president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, Prime
  Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Supreme Leader Ganesh Man SINGH; The
  Conservative National Democratic Party (NDP/Thapa), Surya Bahadur
  THAPA; Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML),
  Man Mohan ADHIKARI; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, Gajendra
  Narayan SINGH; United People's Front (UPF), Lila Mani POKHREL; Nepal
  Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP), Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE; National
  Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; Rohit
  Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; Communist Party of Nepal
  (Democratic-Manandhar), B. B. MANANDHAR
Other political or pressure groups:
  numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several
  small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups
Member of:
  AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
  IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM,
  SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU,
  WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  (vacant)
chancery:
  2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Sandra VOGELGESANG
embassy:
  Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu
mailing address:
  use embassy street address
telephone:
  [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411613, 413890
FAX:
  [977] (1) 419963
Flag:
  red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping
  right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized
  moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun

@Nepal, Economy

Overview:
  Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world.
  Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for
  over 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial
  activity is limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural
  produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles
  and carpets has expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign
  exchange earnings in FY94. Apart from agricultural land and forests,
  exploitable natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism.
  Agricultural production in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as
  compared with annual population growth of 2.6%. More than 40% of the
  population is undernourished. Since May 1991, the government has been
  encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by eliminating
  business licenses and registration requirements in order to simplify
  domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been cutting
  public expenditures by reducing subsidies, privatizing state
  industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade
  and investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small
  size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness,
  and susceptibility to natural disaster. Nepal experienced severe
  flooding in August 1993 which caused at least $50 million in damage to
  the country's infrastructure.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $20.5 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  2.9% (FY93)
National product per capita:
  $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  9% (September 1993)
Unemployment rate:
  5%; underemployment estimated at 25%-40% (1987)
Budget:
revenues:
  $457 million
expenditures:
  $725 million, including capital expenditures of $427 million (FY93
  est.)
Exports:
  $369 million (f.o.b., FY93) but does not include unrecorded border
  trade with India
commodities:
  carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain
partners:
  US, Germany, India, UK
Imports:
  $789 million (c.i.f., FY93 est.)
commodities:
  petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%
partners:
  India, Singapore, Japan, Germany
External debt:
  $2 billion (FY93 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  300,000 kW
production:
  1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  50 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile,
  carpet, cement, and brick production; tourism
Agriculture:
  accounts for 60% of GDP and 93% of work force; farm products - rice,
  corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not
  self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug
  markets; transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the West
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2.23
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $286 million
Currency:
  1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa
Exchange rates:
  Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 49.240 (January 1994), 48.607 (1993),
  42.742 (1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  16 July - 15 July

@Nepal, Communications

Railroads:
  52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to
  Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned
Highways:
total:
  7,080 km
paved:
  2,898 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone 1,660 km; seasonally motorable tracks 2,522 km
  (1990)
Airports:
total:
  37
usable:
  37
with permanent-surface runways:
  5
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  8
Telecommunications:
  poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and
  broadcast service; international radio communication service is poor;
  50,000 telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1
  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Nepal, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police
  Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 5,003,661; fit for military service 2,598,507; reach
  military age (17) annually 241,405 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92)


@Netherlands,


@Netherlands, Geography

Location:
  Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany
Map references:
  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  37,330 sq km
land area:
  33,920 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
Land boundaries:
  total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km
Coastline:
  451 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
  not specified
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Terrain:
  mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in
  southeast
Natural resources:
  natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil
Land use:
arable land:
  26%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  32%
forest and woodland:
  9%
other:
  32%
Irrigated land:
  5,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and
  nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles
  and refining activities; acid rain
natural hazards:
  the extensive system of dikes and dams, protects nearly one-half of
  the total area from being flooded
international agreements:
  party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
  Pollution-Sulphur, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
  Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,
  Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
  Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
  Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling;
  signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Note:
  located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or
  Meuse, Schelde)

@Netherlands, People

Population:
  15,367,928 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.58% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  12.62 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  8.5 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  77.75 years
male:
  74.69 years
female:
  80.97 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.58 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective:
  Dutch
Ethnic divisions:
  Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 34%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 3%, other 2%, unaffiliated
  36% (1991)
Languages:
  Dutch
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.)
total population:
  99%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  6.7 million (1991)
by occupation:
  services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government
  15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986)

@Netherlands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form:
  Netherlands
local long form:
  Koninkrijk de Nederlanden
local short form:
  Nederland
Digraph:
  NL
Type:
  constitutional monarchy
Capital:
  Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
Administrative divisions:
  12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland,
  Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant,
  Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland
Dependent areas:
  Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
Independence:
  1579 (from Spain)
National holiday:
  Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
Constitution:
  17 February 1983
Legal system:
  civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in
  the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of
  the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent
  WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27
  April 1967)
head of government:
  Prime Minister RUDOLPHUS (Ruud) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982);
  Vice Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 2 November 1989) -
  resigned after 3 May 1994 parliamentary elections; no new government
  has been formed to date
cabinet:
  Ministry of General Affairs; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch:
  bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal)
First Chamber (Eerste Kamer):
  elections last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995);
  results - elected by the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75
  total) percent of seats by party NA
Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer):
  elections last held on 3 May 1994 (next to be held in May 1999);
  results - PvdA 24.3%, CDA 22.3%, VVD 20.4%, D'66 16.5%, other 16.5%;
  seats - (150 total) PvdA 37, CDA 34, VVD 31, D'66 24, other 24
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)
Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Elco BRINKMAN; Labor (PvdA), Wim
  KOK; Liberal (VVD), Frits BOLKESTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van
  MIERLO; a host of minor parties
Other political or pressure groups:
  large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union
  Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
  Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant
  Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of
  Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch Peace Council (IKV)
Member of:
  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE,
  CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10,
  GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
  IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
  MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA,
  UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UNTAC,
  UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Adriaan Pieter Roetert JACOBOVITS DE SZEGED
chancery:
  4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila (Trust Territories of the
  Pacific Islands), New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Kirk Terry DORNBUSH
embassy:
  Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ The Hague
mailing address:
  PSC 71, Box 1000, the Hague; APO AE 09715
telephone:
  [31] (70) 310-9209
FAX:
  [31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general:
  Amsterdam
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to
  the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer

@Netherlands, Economy

Overview:
  This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private
  enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however, through
  many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting
  most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial services
  sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity provides about
  25% of GDP and is led by the food-processing, oil-refining, and
  metalworking industries. The highly mechanized agricultural sector
  employs only 5% of the labor force, but provides large surpluses for
  export and the domestic food-processing industry. Rising unemployment
  and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most serious economic
  problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will reflect the
  course of European economic integration.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $262.8 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
  -0.2% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $17,200 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3.5% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  9.1% (March 1994)
Budget:
revenues:
  $109.9 billion
expenditures:
  $122.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
  $139 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  metal products, chemicals, processed food and tobacco, agricultural
  products
partners:
  EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), US 4% (1991)
Imports:
  $130.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods,
  transportation equipment, crude oil, food products
partners:
  EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991)
External debt:
  $0
Industrial production:
  growth rate -1.5% (1993 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  22,216,000 kW
production:
  63.5 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  4,200 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery
  and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction,
  microelectronics
Agriculture:
  accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops -
  grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain,
  fats, and oils
Illicit drugs:
  gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; European
  producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs
Economic aid:
donor:
  ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion
Currency:
  1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.9508
  (January 1994), 1.8573 (1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209
  (1990), 2.1207 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Netherlands, Communications

Railroads:
  2,828 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways
  (NS) (includes 1,957 km electrified and 1,800 km double track)
Highways:
total:
  104,590 km
paved:
  92,525 km (including 2,185 km of expressway)
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone 12,065 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
  6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity
  or larger
Pipelines:
  crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km
Ports:
  coastal - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven,
  Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29
  ports
Merchant marine:
  324 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,507,112 GRT/3,208,838 DWT,
  bulk 3, cargo 180, chemical tanker 21, combination bulk 3, container
  32, liquefied gas 12, livestock carrier 1, multifunction large-load
  carrier 4, oil tanker 27, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 20,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 2
note:
  many Dutch-owned ships are also registered on the captive Netherlands
  Antilles register
Airports:
total:
  28
usable:
  28
with permanent-surface runways:
  19
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  10
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  7
Telecommunications:
  highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant
  system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay
  microwave links; 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3
  relays) AM, 12 (39 repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine
  cables; 1 communication satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT
  (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems;
  nationwide mobile phone system

@Netherlands, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air
  Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal
  Constabulary
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 4,180,745; fit for military service 3,667,212; reach
  military age (20) annually 98,479 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $6.8 billion, 2.3% of GDP (1993)