Languages Around the World/LanguageWorld.iso/wrldfact/bou_chad.txt

Text File | 1996-01-10 | 151KB | 4,892 lines

@Bouvet Island

Header
Affiliation:
  (territory of Norway)

@Bouvet Island, Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, in the South Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest
  of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)
Map references:
  Antarctic Region
Area:
total area:
  58 sq km
land area:
  58 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  29.6 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  4 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  antarctic
Terrain:
  volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly
  inaccessible
Natural resources:
  none
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100% (all ice)
Irrigated land:
  0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  covered by glacial ice

@Bouvet Island, People

Population:
  uninhabited

@Bouvet Island, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Bouvet Island
Digraph:
  BV
Type:
  territory of Norway
Capital:
  none; administered from Oslo, Norway
Independence:
  none (territory of Norway)

@Bouvet Island, Economy

Overview:
  no economic activity

@Bouvet Island, Communications

Ports:
  none; offshore anchorage only
Telecommunications:
  automatic meteorological station

@Bouvet Island, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of Norway


@Brazil, Geography

Location:
  Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Map references:
  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  8,511,965 sq km
land area:
  8,456,510 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than the US
note:
  includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da
  Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
Land boundaries:
  total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643
  km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru
  1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Coastline:
  7,491 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  short section of the boundary with Paraguay, just west of Salto das
  Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, is in dispute; two short
  sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arroio Invernada
  (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the
  islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River
Climate:
  mostly tropical, but temperate in south
Terrain:
  mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,
  mountains, and narrow coastal belt
Natural resources:
  iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin,
  hydropower, gold, platinum, petroleum, timber
Land use:
arable land:
  7%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  19%
forest and woodland:
  67%
other:
  6%
Irrigated land:
  27,000 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation in Amazon Basin; air and water pollution in Rio de
  Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation
  and water pollution caused by improper mining activities
natural hazards:
  recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
international agreements:
  party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
  Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
  Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
  Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental
  Protocol, Tropical Timber
Note:
  largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every
  South American country except Chile and Ecuador

@Brazil, People

Population:
  158,739,257 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.28% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  21.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  59.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  62.25 years
male:
  57.41 years
female:
  67.32 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.44 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Brazilian(s)
adjective:
  Brazilian
Ethnic divisions:
  Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white
  55%, mixed 38%, other 1%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic (nominal) 70%
Languages:
  Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  81%
male:
  82%
female:
  80%
Labor force:
  57 million (1989 est.)
by occupation:
  services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%

@Brazil, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form:
  Brazil
local long form:
  Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form:
  Brasil
Digraph:
  BR
Type:
  federal republic
Capital:
  Brasilia
Administrative divisions:
  26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*
  (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara,
  Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato
  Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui,
  Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia,
  Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
Independence:
  7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
Constitution:
  5 October 1988
Legal system:
  based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over
  18 and under 70 years of age
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992); election last held
  15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held
  October 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio
  LULA da Silva 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election
  since 1960; Fernando COLLOR de Mello was impeached in December 1992
  and succeeded by former Vice President Itamar FRANCO
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional)
Federal Senate (Senado Federal):
  election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994);
  results - percent of vote by party PMBD 33%, PFL 16%, PSDB 12%, PDS
  4%, PDT 6%, PT 1%, other 28%; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991)
  PMDB 27, PFL 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16
Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados):
  election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994);
  results - PMDB 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%,
  other 23.1%; seats - (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL
  87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, PTB 35, PT 35, other 109
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Federal Tribunal
Political parties and leaders:
  National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president;
  Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Luiz HENRIQUE da Silveira,
  president; Liberal Front Party (PFL), Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president;
  Workers' Party (PT), Luis Inacio LULA da Silva, president; Brazilian
  Workers' Party (PTB), Rodrigues PALMA, president; Democratic Workers'
  Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president; Progressive Renewal Party
  (PPR), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian Social Democracy Party
  (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular Socialist Party (PPS),
  Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao
  AMAZONAS, secretary general; Liberal Party (PL), Flavio ROCHA,
  president
Other political or pressure groups:
  left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist
  Workers' Party are critical of government's social and economic
  policies
Member of:
  AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,
  GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
  IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
  LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA,
  RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR,
  UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Paulo Tarso FLECHA de LIMA
chancery:
  3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Boston, Chicago, Hong Kong (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands),
  Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s):
  Houston and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Melvyn LEVITSKY
embassy:
  Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal
mailing address:
  APO AA 34030
telephone:
  [55] (61) 321-7272
FAX:
  [55] (61) 225-9136
consulate(s) general:
  Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s):
  Porto Alegre, Recife
Flag:
  green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue
  celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state
  and district) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over
  Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E
  PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

@Brazil, Economy

Overview:
  The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors,
  entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an
  unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy
  direction. In addition, the economy remained highly regulated,
  inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and investment
  barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining facilities is
  divided among private interests - including several multinationals -
  and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are private, with
  the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts between
  large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent
  violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990,
  launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and
  reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the
  economy, and opening it to increased foreign competition. The
  government also obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and
  reached agreements with commercial bankers on the repayment of
  interest arrears and on the reduction of debt and debt service
  payments. Galloping inflation (the rate doubled in 1992 and by March
  1994 had risen to 42% per month) continues to undermine economic
  stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed the presidency following
  President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992, was out of step with
  COLLOR'S reform agenda; initiatives to redress fiscal problems,
  privatize state enterprises, and liberalize trade and investment
  policies have lost momentum. Brazil's natural resources remain a
  major, long-term economic strength
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $785 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  5% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $5,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2,709% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  4.9% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
  $113 billion
expenditures:
  $109 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 billion (1992)
Exports:
  $38.8 billion (f.o.b. 1993)
commodities:
  iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle
  parts
partners:
  EC 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993)
Imports:
  $25.7 billion (f.o.b. 1993)
commodities:
  crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal
partners:
  US 23.3%, EC 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America 11.8%, Japan 6.5%
  (1993)
External debt:
  $119 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 9.5% (1993); accounts for 39% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  63,765,000 kW
production:
  242.184 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  1,531 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber,
  iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital
  goods, tin
Agriculture:
  accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of
  coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest exporter of
  soybeans; other products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef;
  self-sufficient in food, except for wheat
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic
  consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control
  cannabis and coca cultivation; important transshipment country for
  Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2
  million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist
  countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion
Currency:
  1 cruzeiro real (CR$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
  CR$ per US$1 - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993), 4.513 (1992),
  0.407 (1991), 0.068 (1990), 0.003 (1989)
note:
  on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real, equal to 1,000 cruzeiros, was
  introduced; another new currency, the real, will be introduced on 1
  July 1994
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Brazil, Communications

Railroads:
  30,133 km total; 24,690 km 1.000-meter gauge, 5,120 km 1.600-meter
  gauge, 310 km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge;
  2,150 km electrified
Highways:
total:
  1,670,148 km
paved:
  161,503 km
unpaved:
  gravel/earth  1,508,645 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
  50,000 km navigable
Pipelines:
  crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km
Ports:
  Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio
  de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos
Merchant marine:
  220 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,139,176 GRT/8,695,682 DWT,
  bulk 53, cargo 40, chemical tanker 14, combination ore/oil 12,
  container 11, liquified gas 11, oil tanker 62, passenger-cargo 5,
  refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11
note:
  in addition, 1 naval tanker is sometimes used commercially
Airports:
total:
  3,581
usable:
  3,024
with permanent-surface runways:
  436
with runways over 3,659 m:
  2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  22
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  598
Telecommunications:
  good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million
  telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151
  shortwave; 3 coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
  stations and 64 domestic satellite earth stations

@Brazil, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air
  Force, Military Police (paramilitary)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 43,489,704; fit for military service 29,286,530; reach
  military age (18) annually 1,674,930 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)


@British Indian Ocean Territory

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography

Location:
  Southern Asia, in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway
  between Africa and Indonesia
Map references:
  Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  60 sq km
land area:
  60 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
note:
  includes the island of Diego Garcia
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  698 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  3 nm
International disputes:
  the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius
Climate:
  tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
Terrain:
  flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)
Natural resources:
  coconuts, fish
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  0%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  100%
Irrigated land:
  0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost
  island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is
  site of joint US-UK military facility

@British Indian Ocean Territory, People

Population:
  no indigenous inhabitants
note:
  there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the
  Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military
  facilities

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form:
  none
Abbreviation:
  BIOT
Digraph:
  IO
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  none
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government:
  Commissioner Thomas GEORGE (since September 1991); Administrator Mr.
  R. G. WELLS (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UK
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six
  blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown
  centered on the outer half of the flag

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy

Overview:
  All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego
  Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction
  projects and various services needed to support the military
  installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK,
  Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or
  agricultural activities on the islands.
Electricity:
  provided by the US military

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications

Highways:
total:
  NA
paved:
  short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  Diego Garcia
Airports:
total:
  1
usable:
  1
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  1 on Diego Garcia
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,229-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1
  FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@British Virgin Islands

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@British Virgin Islands, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto
  Rico
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
  150 sq km
land area:
  150 sq km
comparative area:
  about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC
note:
  includes the island of Anegada
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  80 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  3 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
Terrain:
  coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly
Natural resources:
  negligible
Land use:
arable land:
  20%
permanent crops:
  7%
meadows and pastures:
  33%
forest and woodland:
  7%
other:
  33%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

@British Virgin Islands, People

Population:
  12,864 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.24% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  20.31 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  6.09 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  19.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  72.67 years
male:
  70.83 years
female:
  74.65 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.27 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  British Virgin Islander(s)
adjective:
  British Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions:
  black 90%, white, Asian
Religions:
  Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%,
  Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other
  2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)
Languages:
  English (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)
total population:
  98%
male:
  98%
female:
  98%
Labor force:
  4,911 (1980)
by occupation:
  NA

@British Virgin Islands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  British Virgin Islands
Abbreviation:
  BVI
Digraph:
  VI
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  Road Town
Administrative divisions:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
  Territory Day, 1 July
Constitution:
  1 June 1977
Legal system:
  English law
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  Peter Alfred PENFOLD (since 14 October 1991)
head of government:
  Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA September 1986)
cabinet:
  Executive Council; appointed by the governor
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Council:
  election last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November
  1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6,
  IPM 1, independents 2
Judicial branch:
  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H.
  Lavity STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), E. Walwyln
  BREWLEY
Member of:
  CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau),
  IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
  Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag;
  the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical
  column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE
  (Be Watchful)

@British Virgin Islands, Economy

Overview:
  The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is
  highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of
  the national income. In 1985 the government offered offshore
  registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and,
  in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million in 1987.
  The economy slowed in 1991 because of the poor performances of the
  tourist sector and tight commercial bank credit. Livestock raising is
  the most significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops,
  limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991)
National product real growth rate:
  2% (1991)
National product per capita:
  $10,600 (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.5% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NEGL% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
  $51 million
expenditures:
  $88 million, including capital expenditures of $38 million (1991)
Exports:
  $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
  rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals
partners:
  Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
Imports:
  $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
  building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery
partners:
  Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
External debt:
  $4.5 million (1985)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 4% (1985)
Electricity:
capacity:
  10,500 kW
production:
  43 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,510 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore
  financial center
Agriculture:
  livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  US currency is used
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@British Virgin Islands, Communications

Highways:
total:
  106 km (1983)
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  Road Town
Airports:
total:
  3
usable:
  3
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine
  cable communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no
  FM, 1 TV

@British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces

Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@Brunei, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely
  surrounded by Malaysia
Map references:
  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  5,770 sq km
land area:
  5,270 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Delaware
Land boundaries:
  total 381 km, Malysia 381 km
Coastline:
  161 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country;
  all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam;
  parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984,
  Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa
  Reef, but has not publicly claimed the island
Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Terrain:
  flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west
Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, timber
Land use:
arable land:
  1%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  1%
forest and woodland:
  79%
other:
  18%
Irrigated land:
  10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not
  ratified - Law of the Sea
natural hazards:
  typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare
Note:
  close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and
  Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an
  enclave of Malaysia

@Brunei, People

Population:
  284,653 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.7% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  26.18 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  5.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  25.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  71.1 years
male:
  69.46 years
female:
  72.78 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.43 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Bruneian(s)
adjective:
  Bruneian
Ethnic divisions:
  Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%
Religions:
  Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs
  and other 15% (1981)
Languages:
  Malay (official), English, Chinese
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
total population:
  77%
male:
  85%
female:
  69%
Labor force:
  89,000 (includes members of the Army)
by occupation:
  government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and
  construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)
note:
  33% of labor force is foreign (1988)

@Brunei, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Negara Brunei Darussalam
conventional short form:
  Brunei
Digraph:
  BX
Type:
  constitutional sultanate
Capital:
  Bandar Seri Begawan
Administrative divisions:
  4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and
  Muara, Temburong, Tutong
Independence:
  1 January 1984 (from UK)
National holiday:
  National Day 23 February (1984)
Constitution:
  29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
  Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January
  1984)
Legal system:
  based on Islamic law
Suffrage:
  none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji
  HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)
cabinet:
  Council of Cabinet Ministers; composed chiefly of members of the royal
  family
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri):
  elections last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to
  an appointive body by decree of the sultan; an elected legislative
  Council is being considered as part of constitution reform, but
  elections are unlikely for several years
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman;
  Brunei National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and
  now banned), leader NA
Member of:
  APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTELSAT
  (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM,
  OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, UNTAC, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador JAYA bin Abdul Latif
chancery:
  2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Theresa A. TULL
embassy:
  Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan
mailing address:
  American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440
telephone:
  [673] (2) 229-670
FAX:
  [673] (2) 225-293
Flag:
  yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and
  black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red
  is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed
  flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a
  scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

@Brunei, Economy

Overview:
  The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship,
  government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It
  is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas,
  with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50%
  of GDP. Per capita GDP is among the highest in the Third World, and
  substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic
  production. The government provides for all medical services and
  subsidizes food and housing.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  1% (1991)
National product per capita:
  $9,000 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  3.7% (1989)
Budget:
revenues:
  $1.3 billion
expenditures:
  $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $255 million (1989
  est.)
Exports:
  $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products
partners:
  Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990)
Imports:
  $2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals
partners:
  Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990)
External debt:
  $0
Industrial production:
  growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  310,000 kW
production:
  890 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  3,300 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction
Agriculture:
  imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock
  include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),  $153
  million
Currency:
  1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6032 (January 1994), 1.6158 (1993),
  1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989); note - the
  Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Brunei, Communications

Railroads:
  13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line
Highways:
total:
  1,090 km
paved:
  bituminous 370 km (with another 52 km under construction)
unpaved:
  gravel or earth 720 km
Inland waterways:
  209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Pipelines:
  crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km
Ports:
  Kuala Belait, Muara
Merchant marine:
  7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476
  GRT/340,635 DWT
Airports:
total:
  2
usable:
  2
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runway over 3,659 m:
  1
with runway 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runway 1,220-2,439 m:
  1
Telecommunications:
  service throughout country is adequate for present needs;
  international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast
  coverage good; 33,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM,
  1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1
  Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

@Brunei, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Land Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 79,486; fit for military service 46,258; reach
  military age (18) annually 2,756 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990)


@Bulgaria, Geography

Location:
  Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between
  Romania and Turkey
Map references:
  Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle
  East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  110,910 sq km
land area:
  110,550 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Tennessee
Land boundaries:
  total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
  Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km (all
  with Serbia), Turkey 240 km
Coastline:
  354 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Terrain:
  mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south
Natural resources:
  bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Land use:
arable land:
  34%
permanent crops:
  3%
meadows and pastures:
  18%
forest and woodland:
  35%
other:
  10%
Irrigated land:
  10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw
  sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from
  air pollution; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical
  plants and industrial wastes
natural hazards:
  subject to earthquakes, landslides
international agreements:
  party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
  Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species, Environmental
  Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
  Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile
  Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity,
  Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
  strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from
  Europe to Middle East and Asia

@Bulgaria, People

Population:
  8,799,986 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  -0.32% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  11.71 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  11.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  12 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  73.24 years
male:
  69.99 years
female:
  76.67 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.71 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Bulgarian(s)
adjective:
  Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions:
  Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian
  0.3%, Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%
Religions:
  Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%,
  Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5%
Languages:
  Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
total population:
  93%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  4.3 million
by occupation:
  industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)

@Bulgaria, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form:
  Bulgaria
Digraph:
  BU
Type:
  emerging democracy
Capital:
  Sofia
Administrative divisions:
  9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya,
  Khaskovo, Lovech, Montana, Plovdiv, Ruse, Sofiya, Varna
Independence:
  22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
  Independence Day 3 March (1878)
Constitution:
  adopted 12 July 1991
Legal system:
  based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President
  (vacant); election last held January 1992; results - Zhelyu ZHELEV was
  elected by popular vote
head of government:
  Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov
  BEROV (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairman of the Council of
  Ministers (Deputy Prime Minister) Evgeniy MATINCHEV (since 30 December
  1992)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie):
  last held 13 October 1991; results - UDF (and breakaway factions) 34%,
  BSP 33%, MRF 7.5%; seats - (240 total) UDF 110, BSP 106, Movement for
  Rights and Freedoms 24
note:
  the UDF split in March 1993 to form the New Union for Democracy (NUD)
  with 18 seats, and the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) with 92 seats
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, an
  alliance of approximately 20 pro-Democratic parties including United
  Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party,
  Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party,
  Republican Party, Civic Initiative Movement, and about a dozen other
  groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (mainly ethnic Turkish party)
  (MRF), Ahmed DOGAN, chairman; Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan
  VIDENOV, chairman; New Union for Democracy (NUD), Dimitar LUDZHEV,
  chairman
Other political or pressure groups:
  Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union;
  Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union);
  Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB);
  Nationwide Committee for Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth
  League; Bulgarian Agrarian National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian
  Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" Bulgarian Agrarian National Union;
  Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Union of Macedonian
  Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest
  groups with various agendas
Member of:
  ACCT (observer), BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (participating), CSCE, EBRD,
  ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),
  ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV
chancery:
  1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador William D. MONTGOMERY
embassy:
  1 Saborna Street, Sofia
mailing address:
  Unit  25402, Sofia; APO AE 09213
telephone:
  [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05
FAX:
  [359] (2) 80-19-77
Flag:
  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the
  national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has
  been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat
  ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the
  dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation
  from Nazi control)

@Bulgaria, Economy

Overview:
  The Bulgarian economy continued its painful adjustment in 1993 from
  the misdirected development undertaken during four decades of
  Communist rule. Many aspects of a market economy have been put in
  place and have begun to function, but much of the economy, especially
  the industrial sector, has yet to re-establish market links lost with
  the collapse of other centrally planned Eastern European economies.
  The prices of many imported industrial inputs, especially energy
  products, have risen markedly, and falling real wages have not
  sufficed to restore competitiveness. The trade deficit, exacerbated by
  UN trade sanctions against neighboring Serbia, grew in late 1993,
  accelerating the depreciation of the lev. These difficulties in
  adjusting to the challenges of a more open system, together with a
  severe drought, caused nonagricultural output to fall by perhaps 8% in
  1993. The government plans more extensive privatization in 1994 to
  improve the management of state enterprises and to encourage foreign
  investment in ailing state firms. Bulgaria resumed payments on its $10
  billion in commercial debt in 1993 following the negotiation of a 50%
  write-off. An IMF program and second agreement with official creditors
  on Bulgaria's smaller amount of official debt are required to close
  the debt deal.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $33.9 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -4% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $3,800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  64% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  16% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
  $14 billion
expenditures:
  $17.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $610 million (1993
  est.)
Exports:
  $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured
  consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals
  10.5%; other 12.7% (1991)
partners:
  former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia
  0.9%); developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less
  developed countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991)
Imports:
  $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment
  15.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%;
  other 5.9%
partners:
  former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%);
  developed countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed
  countries 16.2% (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%)
External debt:
  $12 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -10% (1993 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990)
Electricity:
capacity:
  11,500,000 kW
production:
  45 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  5,070 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals,
  textiles, building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals
Agriculture:
  climate and soil conditions support livestock raising and the growing
  of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco;
  more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's
  fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producer
Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan
  route
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki
Exchange rates:
  leva (Lv) per US$1 - 32.00 (January 1994), 24.56 (January 1993), 17.18
  (January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84
  (1989); note - floating exchange rate since February 1991
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Bulgaria, Communications

Railroads:
  4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter
  standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km
  electrified
Highways:
total:
  36,930 km
paved:
  33,902 km (including 276 km expressways)
unpaved:
  earth 3,028 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
  470 km (1987)
Pipelines:
  crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km
  (1992)
Ports:
  coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on
  the Danube
Merchant marine:
  111 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,225,996 GRT/1,829,642 DWT,
  bulk 48, cargo 30, chemical carrier 4, container 2, oil tanker 16,
  passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6,
  short-sea passenger 2
note:
  Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717 DWT operating
  under Liberian registry
Airports:
total:
  487
usable:
  85
with permanent-surface runways:
  32
with runways over 3659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  21
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
  36
note:
  a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
  extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and
  microwave radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36
  countries; phone density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost
  two-thirds of the lines are residential; 67% of Sofia households have
  phones (November 1988); telephone service is available in most
  villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet
  TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets (1990); 92% of country
  receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 satellite ground
  station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a Greek earth
  station

@Bulgaria, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal
  Troops
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 2,175,921; fit for military service 1,816,484; reach
  military age (19) annually 70,306 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of
  defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate
  could produce misleading results


@Burkina, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, between Ghana and Mali
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  274,200 sq km
land area:
  273,800 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Colorado
Land boundaries:
  total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali
  1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was
  submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983
  and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides
  agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary
  demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger
Climate:
  tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Terrain:
  mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and
  southeast
Natural resources:
  manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony,
  copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
Land use:
arable land:
  10%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  37%
forest and woodland:
  26%
other:
  27%
Irrigated land:
  160 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural
  activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing;
  soil degradation; deforestation
natural hazards:
  recurring droughts
international agreements:
  party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Marine
  Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not
  ratified - Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Note:
  landlocked

@Burkina, People

Population:
  10,134,661 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.81% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  48.42 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  18.2 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -2.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  118.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  47.03 years
male:
  46.18 years
female:
  47.9 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.94 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Burkinabe (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Burkinabe
Ethnic divisions:
  Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani
Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
  10%
Languages:
  French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken
  by 90% of the population
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  18%
male:
  28%
female:
  9%
Labor force:
  NA (most adults are employed in subsistance agriculture; 52% of
  population is 15 years of age or older)
by occupation:
  agriculture 80%, industry 15%, commerce, services, and government 5%
note:
  20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for
  seasonal employment (1984)

@Burkina, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Burkina Faso
conventional short form:
  Burkina
former:
  Upper Volta
Digraph:
  UV
Type:
  parliamentary
Capital:
  Ouagadougou
Administrative divisions:
  30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde,
  Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi,
  Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore,
  Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa,
  Yatenga, Zoundweogo
Independence:
  5 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday:
  Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)
Constitution:
  2 June 1991
Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and customary law
Suffrage:
  none
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987); election
  last held December 1991
head of government:
  Prime Minister Roch KABORE (since March 1994)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers;  appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Assembly of People's Deputies:
  elections last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD
  12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7
note:
  the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which
  had not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992
Judicial branch:
  Appeals Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Organization for People's Democracy- Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling
  party, Simon COMPAORE, Secretary General; National Convention of
  Progressive Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Moussa BOLY;
  African Democratic Rally (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for
  Democracy and Federation (ADF), Amadou Michel NANA
Other political or pressure groups:
  committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political
  action groups throughout the country in both organizations and
  communities
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT,
  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
  INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas Yara KAMBOU
chancery:
  2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone] or 6895
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Donald J. McCONNELL
embassy:
  Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou
mailing address:
  01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou
telephone:
  [226] 30-67- 23 through 25
FAX:
  [226] 31-23-68
Flag:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow
  five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors
  of Ethiopia

@Burkina, Economy

Overview:
  One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high
  population density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile
  soil. Economic development is hindered by a poor communications
  network within a landlocked country. Agriculture provides about 40% of
  GDP and is entirely of a subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by
  unprofitable government-controlled corporations, accounts for about
  15% of GDP.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  0.7% (1992)
National product per capita:
  $700 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -0.8% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $483 million
expenditures:
  $548 million, including capital expenditures of $189 million (1992)
Exports:
  $300 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  cotton, gold, animal products
partners:
  EC 42%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, Taiwan 15%
Imports:
  $685 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
  machinery, food products, petroleum
partners:
  EC 49%, Africa 24%, Japan 6%
External debt:
  $865 million (December 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 6.7% (1992); accounts for about 15% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  120,000 kW
production:
  320 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  40 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes,
  textiles, gold mining and extraction
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts,
  sesame, cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock;
  not self-sufficient in food grains
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9
  billion; Communist countries (1970-89),  $113 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05 (January 1994), 283.16 (1993),
  264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per
  French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Burkina, Communications

Railroads:
  620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km
  Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track
Highways:
total:
  16,500 km
paved:
  1,300 km
unpaved:
  improved earth 7,400 km; unimproved earth 7,800 km (1985)
Airports:
total:
  48
usable:
  38
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  8
Telecommunications:
  all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio
  communication stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV;
  1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Burkina, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's
  Militia
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 2,013,763; fit for military service 1,029,960
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Burma, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and
  Thailand
Map references:
  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  678,500 sq km
land area:
  657,740 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,
  Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline:
  1,930 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200 nm or to the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
  monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
  temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
  December to April)
Terrain:
  central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Natural resources:
  petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal,
  some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas
Land use:
arable land:
  15%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  1%
forest and woodland:
  49%
other:
  34%
Irrigated land:
  10,180 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation
natural hazards:
  subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and
  landslides common during rainy season (June to September)
international agreements:
  party to - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
  Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
  strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

@Burma, People

Population:
  44,277,014 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.86% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  28.45 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  63.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  59.98 years
male:
  57.94 years
female:
  62.15 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.64 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective:
  Burmese
Ethnic divisions:
  Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian
  2%, other 5%
Religions:
  Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%,
  animist beliefs 1%, other 2%
Languages:
  Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  81%
male:
  89%
female:
  72%
Labor force:
  16.007 million (1992)
by occupation:
  agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other
  4.1% (FY89 est.)

@Burma, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Union of Burma
conventional short form:
  Burma
local long form:
  Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as
  Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)
local short form:
  Myanma Naingngandaw
former:
  Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Digraph:
  BM
Type:
  military regime
Capital:
  Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)
Administrative divisions:
  7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya,
  singular - pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State,
  Kayah State, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State,
  Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tenasserim*
Independence:
  4 January 1948 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
Constitution:
  3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National
  Convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a
  new constitution
Legal system:
  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
  Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE
  (since 23 April 1992)
State Law and Order Restoration Council:
  military junta which assumed power 18 September 1988
Legislative branch:
People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw):
  last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%;
  seats - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79; was
  dissolved after the coup of 18 September 1988
Judicial branch:
  none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18
  September 1988
Political parties and leaders:
  Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA), leader NA;
  National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for
  Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE
Other political or pressure groups:
  National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB), headed by
  the elected prime minister SEIN WIN (consists of individuals
  legitimately elected to Parliament but not recognized by the military
  regime; the group fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in
  December 1990 to form a parallel government; Kachin Independence Army
  (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National Union (KNU);
  several Shan factions, including the Mong Tai Army (MTA); All Burma
  Student Democratic Front (ABSDF)
Member of:
  AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
  LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador U THAUNG
chancery:
  2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone] or 9045
consulate(s) general:
  New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P.
  HUDDLE, Jr.
embassy:
  581 Merchant Street, Rangoon
mailing address:
  American Embassy, Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone:
  [95] (1) 82055, 82181
FAX:
  [95] (1) 80409
Flag:
  red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all
  in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a
  stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions

@Burma, Economy

Overview:
  Burma has a mixed economy with about 70% private activity, mainly in
  agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with about 30%
  state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and
  foreign trade. Government policy in the last five years, 1989-93, has
  aimed at revitalizing the economy after four decades of tight central
  planning. Thus, private activity has markedly increased; foreign
  investment has been encouraged, so far with moderate success; and
  efforts continue to increase the efficiency of state enterprises.
  Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated
  because of the volume of black market trade. A major ongoing problem
  is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Inflation has
  been running at 25% to 30% annually. Good weather helped boost GDP by
  perhaps 5% in 1993. Although Burma remains a poor Asian country, its
  rich resources furnish the potential for substantial long-term
  increases in income, exports, and living standards.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $41 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  5% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $950 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  30% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $8.1 billion
expenditures:
  $11.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)
Exports:
  $613.4 million (FY93)
commodities:
  pulses and beans, teak, rice, hardwood
partners:
  Singapore, China, Thailand, India, Hong Kong
Imports:
  $1.02 billion (FY93)
commodities:
  machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products
partners:
  Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia
External debt:
  $4 billion (1992)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 4.9% (FY93 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  1,100,000 kW
production:
  2.8 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  65 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood
  products; petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron;
  construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
Agriculture:
  accounts for 40% of GDP and 66% of employment (including fish and
  forestry); self-sufficient in food; principal crops - paddy rice,
  corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; world's largest stand of hardwood
  trees; rice and timber account for 55% of export revenues
Illicit drugs:
  world's largest illicit producer of opium (2,575 metric tons in 1993)
  and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; opium
  production has doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic
  programs
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9
  billion; Communist countries (1970-89),  $424 million
Currency:
  1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
Exchange rates:
  kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.2301 (December 1993), 6.1570 (1993), 6.1045
  (1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), 6.7049 (1989); unofficial - 105
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Burma, Communications

Railroads:
  3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113
  km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track
Highways:
total:
  27,000 km
paved:
  bituminous 3,200 km
unpaved:
  gravel, improved earth 17,700 km; unimproved earth 6,100 km
Inland waterways:
  12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines:
  crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Ports:
  Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein
Merchant marine:
  47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 665,628 GRT/941,512 DWT, bulk
  15, cargo 15, chemical 1, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 1,
  container 2, oil tanker 2, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 5,
  vehicle carrier 2
Airports:
total:
  83
usable:
  78
with permanent-surface runways:
  24
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  38
Telecommunications:
  meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for
  business and government; international service is good; 53,000
  telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most
  populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian
  Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Burma, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 11,199,531; females age 15-49 11,273,643; males fit
  for military service 5,979,710; females fit for military service
  6,034,810; males reach military age (18) annually 445,933 (1994 est.);
  females reach military age (18) annually 430,738 (1994 est.); both
  sexes liable for military service
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Burundi, Geography

Location:
  Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  27,830 sq km
land area:
  25,650 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Maryland
Land boundaries:
  total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands
Terrain:
  mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains
Natural resources:
  nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not
  yet exploited), vanadium
Land use:
arable land:
  43%
permanent crops:
  8%
meadows and pastures:
  35%
forest and woodland:
  2%
other:
  12%
Irrigated land:
  720 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  soil exhaustion and erosion; deforestation; habitat loss threatening
  wildlife populations
natural hazards:
  NA
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species; signed, but not ratified -
  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Note:
  landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed
Population:
  6,124,747 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.26% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  44.02 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  21.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  113.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  40.3 years
male:
  38.31 years
female:
  42.35 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.69 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Burundian(s)
adjective:
  Burundi
Ethnic divisions:
Africans:
  Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans
  include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians)
non-Africans:
  Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Religions:
  Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs
  32%, Muslim 1%
Languages:
  Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika
  and in the Bujumbura area)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  50%
male:
  61%
female:
  40%
Labor force:
  1.9 million (1983 est.)
by occupation:
  agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%,
  services 1.5%
note:
  52% of population of working age (1985)

@Burundi, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Burundi
conventional short form:
  Burundi
local long form:
  Republika y'u Burundi
local short form:
  Burundi
Digraph:
  BY
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Bujumbura
Administrative divisions:
  15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega,
  Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana,
  Ruyigi
Independence:
  1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution:
  13 March 1992; provides for establishment of a plural political system
Legal system:
  based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Interim President Sylvestre NTIBANTUNGANYA, Speaker of the National
  Assembly, succeeded deceased President NTARYAMIRA in early April 1994
  with a mandate for at least 90 days; on 11 July 1994 the mandate was
  extended by the Constitutional Court for three more months at the
  request of 12 political parties locked in negotiations on a new
  broad-based government; elections will be held later in 1994
note:
  President Melchior NDADAYE died in the military coup of 21 October
  1993 and was succeeded on 5 February 1994 by President Cyprien
  NTARYAMIRA, who was killed in a mysterious airplane explosion on 6
  April 1994
head of government:
  Prime Minister Anatole KANYENKIKO (since 7 February 1994); chosen by
  the president
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers ; appointed by prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
  elections last held 29 June 1993 (next to be held NA): results -
  FRODEBU 71%, UPRONA 21.4%; seats - (81 total) FRODIBU 65, UPRONA 16;
  other parties won too small shares of the vote to win seats in the
  assembly
note:
  The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for constitutional
  government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February 1991
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
  Unity for National Progress (UPRONA); Burundi Democratic Front
  (FRODEBU); Organization of the People of Burundi (RBP); Socialist
  Party of Burundi (PSB); People's Reconciliation Party (PRP)
Other political or pressure groups:
  opposition parties legalized in March 1992; Burundi African Alliance
  for the Salvation (ABASA); Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social
  Development (RADDES)
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, ITU,
  LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Jacques BACAMURWANKO, designated (January 1994)
chancery:
  Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Leonard J. LANGE
embassy:
  Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
mailing address:
  B. P. 34, 1720, Bujumbura
telephone:
  [257] (223) 454
FAX:
  [257] (222) 926
Flag:
  divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and
  green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk
  superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars
  outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two
  stars below)

@Burundi, Economy

Overview:
  A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic
  development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few
  basic industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop,
  which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to
  pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of
  the climate and the international coffee market. As part of its
  economic reform agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World
  Bank support, Burundi is trying to diversify its agricultural exports
  and attract foreign investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee
  companies were privatized via public auction in September 1991.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.4 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -3.8% (1991)
National product per capita:
  $700 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  4.7% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $318 million
expenditures:
  $326 million, including capital expenditures of $150 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $40.8 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  coffee 81%, tea, cotton, hides, and skins
partners:
  EC 57%, US 19%, Asia 1%
Imports:
  $188 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods
partners:
  EC 45%, Asia 29%, US 2%
External debt:
  $970 million (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 11% (1991 est.); accounts for about 15% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  55,000 kW
production:
  105 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  20 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of
  imported components; public works construction; food processing
Agriculture:
  accounts for 50% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence
  farming; marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops -
  coffee, cotton, tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes,
  bananas, manioc; livestock - meat, milk, hides and skins
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $175 million
Currency:
  1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 247.94 (November 1993), 208.30 (1992),
  181.51 (1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Burundi, Communications

Highways:
total:
  6,285 km
paved:
  1,099 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone 2,500 km; improved, unimproved earth 2,686 km
  (1990)
Inland waterways:
  Lake Tanganyika
Ports:
  Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania
  and Zaire
Airports:
total:
  5
usable:
  3
with permanent-surface runways:
  1
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  0
Telecommunications:
  sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave
  radio relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM,
  1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Burundi, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,315,660; fit for military service 687,474; reach
  military age (16) annually 67,949 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989)


@Cambodia, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand
  and Vietnam
Map references:
  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  181,040 sq km
land area:
  176,520 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries:
  total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Coastline:
  443 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
  24 nm
continental shelf:
  200 nm
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in
  dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined; parts of border
  with Thailand in dispute; maritime boundary with Thailand not clearly
  defined
Climate:
  tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December
  to March); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
  mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Natural resources:
  timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower
  potential
Land use:
arable land:
  16%
permanent crops:
  1%
meadows and pastures:
  3%
forest and woodland:
  76%
other:
  4%
Irrigated land:
  920 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation resulting in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in
  particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural
  fisheries)
natural hazards:
  monsoonal rains (June to November)
international agreements:
  party to - Marine Life Conservation; signed, but not ratified -
  Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Note:
  a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle
  Sap

@Cambodia, People

Population:
  10,264,628 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.87% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  45.09 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  16.36 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  110.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  49.26 years
male:
  47.8 years
female:
  50.8 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.81 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Cambodian(s)
adjective:
  Cambodian
Ethnic divisions:
  Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Religions:
  Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%
Languages:
  Khmer (official), French
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  35%
male:
  48%
female:
  22%
Labor force:
  2.5 million to 3 million
by occupation:
  agriculture 80% (1988 est.)

@Cambodia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form:
  Cambodia
local long form:
  Reacheanachak Kampuchea
local short form:
  Kampuchea
Digraph:
  CB
Type:
  multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy
  established in September 1993
Capital:
  Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions:
  20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey,
  Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum,
  Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh,
  Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar
  Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
Independence:
  9 November 1949 (from France)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 9 November 1949
Constitution:
  promulgated September 1993
Legal system:
  currently being defined
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated NA September 1993)
head of government:
  power shared between First Prime Minister Prince Norodom RANARIDDH and
  Second Prime Minister HUN SEN
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
  unicameral; a 120-member constituent assembly based on proportional
  representation within each province was establised following the
  UN-supervised election in May 1993; the constituent assembly was
  transformed into a legislature in September 1993 after delegates
  promulgated the constitution
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court established under the constitution has not yet been
  established and the future judicial system is yet to be defined by law
Political parties and leaders:
  National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and
  Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH;
  Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under
  CHEA SIM; Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party under SON SANN; Democratic
  Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU SAMPHAN
Member of:
  ACCT (observer), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
  IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, ITU,
  LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
  Ambassador SISOWATH SIRIRATH represents Cambodia at the United Nations
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Charles H. TWINING
embassy:
  27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh
mailing address:
  Box P, APO AP 96546
telephone:
  (855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438
FAX:
  (855) 23-26437
Flag:
  horizontal band of red separates two equal horizontal bands of blue
  with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat in the
  center

@Cambodia, Economy

Overview:
  The Cambodian economy - virtually destroyed by decades of war - is
  slowly recovering. Government leaders are moving toward restoring
  fiscal and monetary discipline and have established good working
  relations with international financial institutions. Despite such
  positive developments, the reconstruction effort faces many tough
  challenges. Rural Cambodia, where 90% of almost ten million Khmer
  live, remains mired in poverty. The almost total lack of basic
  infrastructure in the countryside will hinder development and will
  contribute to a growing imbalance in growth between urban and rural
  areas over the near term. Moreover, the new government's lack of
  experience in administering economic and technical assistance
  programs, and rampant corruption among officials, will slow the growth
  of critical public sector investment. Inflation for 1993 as a whole
  was 60%, less than a quarter of the 1992 rate, and was declining
  during the year. The government hoped the rate would fall to 10% in
  early 1994.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent -  $6 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  7.5% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
  $600 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  60% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $350 million
expenditures:
  $350 million, including capital expenditures of $133 million (1994
  est.)
Exports:
  $70 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  natural rubber, rice, pepper, raw timber
partners:
  Thailand, Japan, India, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Vietnam
Imports:
  $360 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
  international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery
partners:
  Japan, India, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam
External debt:
  total outstanding bilateral official debt to OECD members $248 million
  (yearend 1991), plus 840 million ruble debt to former CEMA countries
Industrial production:
  growth rate 15.6% (year NA); accounts for 10% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  35,000 kW
production:
  70 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  9 kWh (1990)
Industries:
  rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem
  mining
Agriculture:
  accounts for 50% of GDP; mainly subsistence farming except for rubber
  plantations; main crops - rice, rubber, corn; food shortages - rice,
  meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Illicit drugs:
  secondary transshipment country for heroin produced in the Golden
  Triangle
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western
  (non-US countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries
  (1970-89), $1.8 billion; donor countries and multilateral institutions
  pledged $880 million in assistance in 1992
Currency:
  1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen
Exchange rates:
  riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,390 (December 1993), 2,800 (September 1992),
  500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Cambodia, Communications

Railroads:
  612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned
Highways:
total:
  13,351 km (some roads in serious disrepair)
paved:
  bituminous 2,622 km
unpaved:
  crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth 7,105 km; unimproved earth
  3,624 km
Inland waterways:
  3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
  navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
Ports:
  Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh
Airports:
total:
  20
usable:
  13
with permanent-surface runways:
  6
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  8
Telecommunications:
  service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually
  nonexistent for general public; international service limited to
  Vietnam and other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no
  FM, 1 TV

@Cambodia, Defense Forces

Branches:
Khmer Royal Armed Forces (KRAF):
  created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces
  and the two non-Communist resistance armies; note - the KRAF is also
  known as the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF)
Resistance forces:
  National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 2,182,912; fit for military service 1,217,357; reach
  military age (18) annually 67,463 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Cameroon, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial
  Guinea and Nigeria
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  475,440 sq km
land area:
  469,440 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
  total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo
  523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km
Coastline:
  402 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
  50 nm
International disputes:
  demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of
  which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and
  awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary
  commission, created with Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and
  maritime boundaries in the vicinity of the Bakasi Peninsula, has not
  yet convened, but a commission was formed in January 1994 to study a
  flare-up of the dispute
Climate:
  varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in
  north
Terrain:
  diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center,
  mountains in west, plains in north
Natural resources:
  petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land:
  13%
permanent crops:
  2%
meadows and pastures:
  18%
forest and woodland:
  54%
other:
  13%
Irrigated land:
  280 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; overgrazing;
  desertification; poaching
natural hazards:
  recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
  Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change, Nuclear Test Ban
Note:
  sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa

@Cameroon, People

Population:
  13,132,191 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.91% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  40.53 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  77.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  57.07 years
male:
  55.03 years
female:
  59.17 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.84 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Cameroonian(s)
adjective:
  Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions:
  Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%,
  Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%,
  non-African less than 1%
Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%
Languages:
  24 major African language groups, English (official), French
  (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
  55%
male:
  66%
female:
  45%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2%
  (1983)
note:
  50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)

@Cameroon, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Cameroon
conventional short form:
  Cameroon
former:
  French Cameroon
Digraph:
  CM
Type:
  unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties
  legalized 1990)
Capital:
  Yaounde
Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord,
  Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest
Independence:
  1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)
National holiday:
  National Day, 20 May (1972)
Constitution:
  20 May 1972
Legal system:
  based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982); election last held 11
  October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with about 40%
  of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate John
  FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got
  19% of the vote
head of government:
  Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992)
cabinet:
  Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
  elections last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997);
  results - (180 seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is
  government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition
  parties were legalized in 1990
major opposition parties:
  National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP); Social Democratic
  Front (SDF); Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian
  Populations (UPC)
Other political or pressure groups:
  NA
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, GATT,
  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA,
  UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA
chancery:
  2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone] through 8794
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Harriet ISOM
embassy:
  Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
mailing address:
  B. P. 817, Yaounde
telephone:
  [237] 23-40-14 and 23-05-12
FAX:
  [237] 23-07-53
consulate(s):
  none  (Douala closed July 1993)
Flag:
  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with
  a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
  pan-African colors of Ethiopia

@Cameroon, Economy

Overview:
  Because of its offshore oil resources and favorable agricultural
  conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed, most diversified
  primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, it faces
  many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped countries,
  such as political instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a
  generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise. The development
  of the oil sector led rapid economic growth between 1970 and 1985.
  Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986, precipitated by steep declines
  in the prices of major exports: coffee, cocoa, and petroleum. Export
  earnings were cut by almost one-third, and inefficiencies in fiscal
  management were exposed. In 1990-93, with support from the IMF and
  World Bank, the government began to introduce reforms designed to spur
  business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, and
  recapitalize the nation's banks. Political instability following
  suspect elections in 1992 brought IMF/WB structural adjustment to a
  halt. Although the 50% devaluation of the currency in January 1994
  improves the potential for export growth, mismanagement remains and is
  the main barrier to economic improvement.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $19.1 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  NA
National product per capita:
  $1,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  25% (1990 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
  $1.7 billion
expenditures:
  $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $422 million (FY90
  est.)
Exports:
  $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products,
  timber
partners:
  EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countries
Imports:
  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
  machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport
  equipment
partners:
  EC about 60% (France 41%, Germany 9%), African countries, Japan, US 4%
External debt:
  $6 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  755,000 kW
production:
  2.19 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  190 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer
  goods, textiles, sawmills
Agriculture:
  the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the
  majority of the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and
  providing a high degree of self-sufficiency in staple foods;
  commercial and food crops include coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton,
  rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, root starches
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $125 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
  (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
  (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per
  French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

@Cameroon, Communications

Railroads:
  1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
  65,000 km
paved:
  2,682 km
unpaved:
  gravel, improved earth 32,318 km; unimproved earth 30,000 km
Inland waterways:
  2,090 km; of decreasing importance
Ports:
  Douala
Merchant marine:
  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT
Airports:
total:
  61
usable:
  49
with permanent-surface runways:
  11
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  21
Telecommunications:
  good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio
  relay; 26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available
  only to business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1
  TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

@Cameroon, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National
  Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 2,939,761; fit for military service 1,481,750; reach
  military age (18) annually 137,020 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990
  est.)


@Canada, Geography

Location:
  Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North
  Pacific Ocean north of the US
Map references:
  Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  9,976,140 sq km
land area:
  9,220,970 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than US
Land boundaries:
  total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
Coastline:
  243,791 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
  200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is
  focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France
Climate:
  varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain:
  mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
Natural resources:
  nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish,
  timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas
Land use:
arable land:
  5%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  3%
forest and woodland:
  35%
other:
  57%
Irrigated land:
  8,400 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal
  smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on
  agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming
  contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry
  activities
natural hazards:
  continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development
international agreements:
  party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
  Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
  Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
  Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
  Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air
  Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
  Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note:
  second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location
  between Russia and US via north polar route; nearly 90% of the
  population is concentrated in the region near the US/Canada border

@Canada, People

Population:
  28,113,997 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  1.18% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  14.1 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  78.13 years
male:
  74.73 years
female:
  81.71 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.84 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Canadian(s)
adjective:
  Canadian
Ethnic divisions:
  British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%,
  indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%
Religions:
  Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28%
Languages:
  English (official), French (official)
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1986)
total population:
  97%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  13.38 million
by occupation:
  services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%,
  other 4% (1988)

@Canada, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Canada
Digraph:
  CA
Type:
  confederation with parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Ottawa
Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba,
  New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia,
  Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
Independence:
  1 July 1867 (from UK)
National holiday:
  Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Constitution:
  amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April
  1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Legal system:
  based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system
  based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
  with reservations
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
  General Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November 1993) was elected on 25
  October 1993, replacing Kim CAMBELL; Deputy Prime Minister Sheila
  COPPS
cabinet:
  Federal Ministry; chosen by the prime minister from members of his own
  party sitting in Parliament
Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament (Parlement)
Senate (Senat):
  consisting of a body whose members are appointed to serve until 75
  years of age by the governor general and selected on the advice of the
  prime minister; its normal limit 104 senators
House of Commons (Chambre des Communes):
  elections last held 25 October 1993 (next to be held by NA October
  1998); results - number of votes by percent NA; seats - (295 total)
  Liberal Party 178, Bloc Quebecois 54, Reform Party 52, New Democratic
  Party 8, Progressive Conservative Party 2, independents 1
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
  Liberal Party, Jean CHRETIEN; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD; Reform
  Party, Preston MANNING; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN;
  Progressive Conservative Party, Jean CHAREST
Member of:
  ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC,
  CDB (non-regional), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating
  state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
  IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
  IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
  NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO,
  UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO,
  UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Raymond CHRETIEN
chancery:
  501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles,
  Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, and Seattle
consulate(s):
  Cincinnati, Cleveland, Miami, Pittsburg, Princeton, San Diego, San
  Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador James Johnston BLANCHARD
embassy:
  100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa
mailing address:
  P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430
telephone:
  [phone] or 4470
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver
Flag:
  three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width,
  square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band

@Canada, Economy

Overview:
  As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely
  resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic
  system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the impressive
  growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has
  transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily
  industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada registered one of the
  highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging about
  3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and
  modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects,
  although the country still faces high unemployment and a growing debt.
  Moreover, the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and
  French-speaking areas has observers discussing a possible split in the
  confederation; foreign investors have become edgy.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $617.7 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
  2.4% (1993)
National product per capita:
  $22,200 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.9% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
  11% (December 1993)
Budget:
revenues:
  $92.34 billion (Federal)
expenditures:
  $123.04 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY93 est.)
Exports:
  $133.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
  newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas,
  aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment
partners:
  US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China
Imports:
  $125.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
  crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer
  goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts
partners:
  US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea
External debt:
  $435 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 3.5% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
  109,340,000 kW
production:
  493 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
  17,900 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper
  products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products,
  petroleum and natural gas
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and
  exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural
  imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area;
  commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons,
  of which 75% is exported
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of
  hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of
  high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for
  heroin and cocaine entering the US market
Economic aid:
donor:
  ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion
Currency:
  1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.3174 (January 1994), 1.2901
  (1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Canada, Communications

Railroads:
  146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems -
  Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway;
  passenger service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified
Highways:
total:
  884,272 km
paved:
  250,023 km
unpaved:
  gravel 462,913 km; earth 171,336 km
Inland waterways:
  3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway
Pipelines:
  crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
Ports:
  Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's
  (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver
Merchant marine:
  59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 448,357 GRT/639,319 DWT, bulk 9,
  cargo 8, chemical tanker 4, container 1, oil tanker 22, passenger 1,
  passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6,
  short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 2
note:
  does not include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes
Airports:
total:
  1,356
usable:
  1,107
with permanent-surface runways:
  458
with runways over 3,659 m:
  4
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  29
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  326
Telecommunications:
  excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones;
  broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial
  submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT
  (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems

@Canada, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime
  Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal
  Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 7,508,590; fit for military service 6,482,267; reach
  military age (17) annually 191,850 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $10.3 billion, 1.9% of GDP (FY93/94)


@Cape Verde, Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west
  of Senegal in Western Africa
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  4,030 sq km
land area:
  4,030 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly larger than Rhode Island
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  965 km
Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic
Terrain:
  steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
Natural resources:
  salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish
Land use:
arable land:
  9%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  6%
forest and woodland:
  0%
other:
  85%
Irrigated land:
  20 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  deforestation; overgrazing; desertification
natural hazards:
  subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility;
  volcanically and seismically active
international agreements:
  party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
  Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
  Change
Note:
  strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major
  north-south sea routes; important communications station; important
  sea and air refueling site

@Cape Verde, People

Population:
  423,120 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  3.01% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  46.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  9.04 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -7.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  57.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  62.59 years
male:
  60.7 years
female:
  64.58 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  6.32 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Cape Verdean(s)
adjective:
  Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions:
  Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Religions:
  Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs
Languages:
  Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1989)
total population:
  66%
male:
  NA%
female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  102,000 (1985 est.)
by occupation:
  agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14%
  (1981)
note:
  51% of population of working age (1985)

@Cape Verde, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Cape Verde
conventional short form:
  Cape Verde
local long form:
  Republica de Cabo Verde
local short form:
  Cabo Verde
Digraph:
  CV
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Praia
Administrative divisions:
  14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo,
  Maio, Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina,
  Santa Cruz, Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal
Independence:
  5 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 5 July (1975)
Constitution:
  new constitution came into force 25 September 1992
Legal system:
  NA
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Antonio MASCARENHAS Monteiro (since 22 March 1991) election
  last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results -
  Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (independent) received 72.6% of vote
head of government:
  Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13
  January 1991);
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by prime minister from members of the
  Assembly
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular):
  elections last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56,
  PAICV 23; note - this multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of
  single-party rule
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)
Political parties and leaders:
  Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and
  chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro
  Verona Rodrigues PIRES, chairman
Member of:
  ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
  NAM, OAU, UN (Cape Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security
  Council on 1 January 1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL,
  WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA
chancery:
  3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
consulate(s) general:
  Boston
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Joseph M. SEGARS
embassy:
  Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia
mailing address:
  C. P. 201, Praia
telephone:
  [238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17
FAX:
  [238] 61-13-55
Flag:
  three horozontal bands of light blue (top, double width), white (with
  a horozontal red stripe in the middle third), and light blue; a circle
  of 10 yellow five pointed stars is centered on the hoist end of the
  red stripe and extends into the upper and lower blue bands

@Cape Verde, Economy

Overview:
  Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base,
  a serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is
  service oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services
  accounting for 60% of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives
  in rural areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 20%; the fishing
  sector accounts for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The
  fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In
  1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a
  high trade deficit, financed by remittances from emigrants and foreign
  aid. Economic reforms launched by the new democratic government in
  February 1991 are aimed at developing the private sector and
  attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $415 million (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  3.3% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
  $1,070 (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.7% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  25% (1988)
Budget:
revenues:
  $104 million
expenditures:
  $133 million, including capital expenditures of $72 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $6 million (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
  fish, bananas, hides and skins
partners:
  Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.)
Imports:
  $145 million (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment
partners:
  Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%,
  Netherlands, US (1990 est.)
External debt:
  $156 million (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  15,000 kW
production:
  15 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  40 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair,
  construction materials, food and beverage production
Agriculture:
  accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence
  farming; bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans,
  sweet potatoes, coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector
  limited by poor soils and scanty rainfall; annual food imports
  required; fish catch provides for both domestic consumption and small
  exports
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586
  million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $36 million
Currency:
  1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
  Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 85.992 (December 1993), 80.574
  (1993), 68.018 (1992), 71.408 (1991), 70.031 (1990), 77.978 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Cape Verde, Communications

Highways:
total:
  NA
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  Mindelo, Praia
Merchant marine:
  7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT
Airports:
total:
  6
usable:
  6
with permanent-surface runways:
  6
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  2
Telecommunications:
  interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to
  Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations -
  1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
  INTELSAT earth station

@Cape Verde, Defense Forces

Branches:
  People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy),
  Security Service
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 78,153; fit for military service 45,804
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP


@Cayman Islands

Header
Affiliation:
  (dependent territory of the UK)

@Cayman Islands, Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between
  Cuba and Honduras
Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
  260 sq km
land area:
  260 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
  0 km
Coastline:
  160 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
  200 nm
territorial sea:
  3 nm
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
  relatively dry winters (November to April)
Terrain:
  low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs
Natural resources:
  fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Land use:
arable land:
  0%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  8%
forest and woodland:
  23%
other:
  69%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  NA
natural hazards:
  subject to hurricanes
international agreements:
  NA
Note:
  important location between Cuba and Central America

@Cayman Islands, People

Population:
  31,790 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  4.33% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  15.06 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  77.1 years
male:
  75.37 years
female:
  78.81 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.46 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Caymanian(s)
adjective:
  Caymanian
Ethnic divisions:
  mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups
  20%
Religions:
  United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist,
  Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations
Languages:
  English
Literacy:
  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
total population:
  98%
male:
  98%
female:
  98%
Labor force:
  8,061
by occupation:
  service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and
  investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)

@Cayman Islands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  none
conventional short form:
  Cayman Islands
Digraph:
  CJ
Type:
  dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
  George Town
Administrative divisions:
  8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay,
  West End, Western
Independence:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
  Constitution Day (first Monday in July)
Constitution:
  1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Legal system:
  British common law and local statutes
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government:
  Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since 15
  September 1992)
cabinet:
  Executive Council; 3 members are appointed by the governor, 4 members
  elected by the Legislative Assembly
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
Legislative Assembly:
  election last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996);
  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected)
Judicial branch:
  Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
  no formal political parties
Member of:
  CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC
Diplomatic representation in US:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
  none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
  blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
  Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of
  the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a
  shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll
  at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS

@Cayman Islands, Economy

Overview:
  The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of foreign
  currency earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist
  industry aimed at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors
  from North America. About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods
  needs must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest
  standards of living in the region.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  4.4% (1991)
National product per capita:
  $23,000 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.5% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  7% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
  $141.5 million
expenditures:
  $160.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)
Exports:
  $2.6 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  turtle products, manufactured consumer goods
partners:
  mostly US
Imports:
  $262.2 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
  foodstuffs, manufactured goods
partners:
  US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan
External debt:
  $15 million (1986)
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
  74,000 kW
production:
  256 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  8,780 kWh (1992)
Industries:
  tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building
  materials, furniture making
Agriculture:
  minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming
Illicit drugs:
  a major money-laundering center for illicit drug profits;
  transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and
  Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),  $35
  million
Currency:
  1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
  Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

@Cayman Islands, Communications

Highways:
total:
  160 km (main roads)
paved:
  NA
unpaved:
  NA
Ports:
  George Town, Cayman Brac
Merchant marine:
  30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 368,037 GRT/581,060 DWT, bulk 9,
  cargo 8, chemical tanker 2, oil tanker 3, passenger-cargo 1,
  roll-on/roll-off cargo 7
note:
  a flag of convenience registry
Airports:
total:
  3
usable:
  3
with permanent-surface runways:
  2
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  2
Telecommunications:
  35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and
  1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access
  international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV

@Cayman Islands, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)
Note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK


@Central African Republic, Geography

Location:
  Central Africa, between Chad and Zaire
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  622,980 sq km
land area:
  622,980 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan
  1,165 km, Zaire 1,577 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Terrain:
  vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in
  northeast and southwest
Natural resources:
  diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil
Land use:
arable land:
  3%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  5%
forest and woodland:
  64%
other:
  28%
Irrigated land:
  NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
  poaching has diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife
  refuges; desertification
natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
  Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
  Law of the Sea
Note:
  landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa
Population:
  3,142,182 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.16% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  42.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  20.69 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  137.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  42.54 years
male:
  41.07 years
female:
  44.06 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.42 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Central African(s)
adjective:
  Central African
Ethnic divisions:
  Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%,
  Europeans 6,500 (including 3,600 French)
Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim
  15%, other 11%
note:
  animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian
  majority
Languages:
  French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language),
  Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
  27%
male:
  33%
female:
  15%
Labor force:
  775,413 (1986 est.)
by occupation:
  agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3%
note:
  about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985)

@Central African Republic, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Central African Republic
conventional short form:
  none
local long form:
  Republique Centrafricaine
local short form:
  none
former:
  Central African Empire
Abbreviation:
  CAR
Digraph:
  CT
Type:
  republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986
Capital:
  Bangui
Administrative divisions:
  14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic
  prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture
  economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto,
  Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui,
  Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham,
  Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga
Independence:
  13 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday:
  National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic)
Constitution:
  21 November 1986
Legal system:
  based on French law
Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Felix (Ange) PATASSE (since 22 October 1993) election last
  held 19 September 1993; PATASSE received 52.45% of the votes and Abel
  GOUMBA received 45.62%; next election schelduled for 1998
head of government:
  Prime Minister Dr. Jean-Luc MANDABA (since 25 October 1993)
cabinet:
  Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):
  elections last held 19 September 1993; results - percentage vote by
  party NA; seats - (85 total) MLPC 33, RDC 14, PLD 7, ADP 6, PSD 3,
  others 22
note:
  the National Assembly is advised by the Economic and Regional Council
  (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit together they are
  called the Congress (Congres)
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
  Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People (MLPC), the
  party of the new president, Ange Felix PATASSE; Central African
  Democratic Party (RDC), Laurent GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates
  Coalition includes; Union of the People for Economic and Social
  Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal Republican Party (PARELI),
  Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist Movement (MSCA), Michel
  BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a coalition of 13 parties,
  including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), Francois PEHOUA;
  Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth ROLLAND; Social
  Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum (FC), Gen.
  Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor
  KOMBOT-NAGUEMON; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African
  People (MLPC), Felix (Ange) PATASSE
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
  ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
  NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Henri KOBA
chancery:
  1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
  [phone] or 7801
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN
embassy:
  Avenue David Dacko, Bangui
mailing address:
  B. P. 924, Bangui
telephone:
  [236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10
FAX:
  [236] 61-44-94
Flag:
  four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow
  with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed
  star on the hoist side of the blue band

@Central African Republic, Economy

Overview:
  Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, remains the backbone of
  the CAR economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the
  countryside. In 1990 the agricultural sector generated about 42% of
  GDP. Timber accounted for about 26% of export earnings and the diamond
  industry for 54%. Important constraints to economic development
  include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system,
  and a weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development
  assistance, particularly from France, plays a major role in providing
  capital for new investment.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -3% (1990 est.)
National product per capita:
  $800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -3% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  30% (1988 est.) in Bangui
Budget:
revenues:
  $175 million
expenditures:
  $312 million, including capital expenditures of $122 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $123.5 million (f.o.b.1992)
commodities:
  diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco
partners:
  France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US
Imports:
  $165.1 million (f.o.b.1992)
commodities:
  food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment,
  motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial
  products
partners:
  France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria
External debt:
  $859 million (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  40,000 kW
production:
  95 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  30 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of
  bicycles and motorcycles
Agriculture:
  accounts for 42% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for
  grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops
  - manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries
  (1970-89), $38 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
  (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
  (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per
  French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Central African Republic, Communications

Highways:
total:
  22,000 km
paved:
  bituminous 458 km
unpaved:
  improved earth 10,542 km; unimproved earth 11,000 km
Inland waterways:
  800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft
  dugouts; Oubangui is the most important river
Airports:
total:
  65
usable:
  51
with permanent-surface runways:
  3
with runways over 3,659 m:
  0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  20
Telecommunications:
  fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with
  low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast
  stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Central African Republic, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National
  Gendarmerie, Police Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 701,728; fit for military service 367,264
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.)


@Chad, Geography

Location:
  Central Africa, between the Central African Republic and Libya
Map references:
  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
  1.284 million sq km
land area:
  1,259,200 sq km
comparative area:
  slightly more than three times the size of California
Land boundaries:
  total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km,
  Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in February 1994 that
  the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and Libya belongs to Chad,
  and that Libya must withdraw from it by 31 May 1994; Libya had
  withdrawn its forces in response to the ICJ ruling, but as of June
  1994 still maintained an airfield in the disputed area; demarcation of
  international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to
  border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification
  by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
Climate:
  tropical in south, desert in north
Terrain:
  broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,
  lowlands in south
Natural resources:
  petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron,
  kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Land use:
arable land:
  2%
permanent crops:
  0%
meadows and pastures:
  36%
forest and woodland:
  11%
other:
  51%
Irrigated land:
  100 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
  desertification
natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts;
  subject to locust plagues
international agreements:
  party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands; signed, but
  not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Marine
  Dumping
Note:
  landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

@Chad, People

Population:
  5,466,771 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.15% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
  42.12 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
  20.59 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  131.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
  40.79 years
male:
  39.7 years
female:
  41.94 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  5.33 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
  Chadian(s)
adjective:
  Chadian
Ethnic divisions:
north and center:
  Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
  Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba)
south:
  non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa)
  nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French
Religions:
  Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs, animism 25%
Languages:
  French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in
  south), more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (1990 est.)
total population:
  30%
male:
  42%
female:
  18%
Labor force:
  NA
by occupation:
  agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and
  fishing)

@Chad, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
  Republic of Chad
conventional short form:
  Chad
local long form:
  Republique du Tchad
local short form:
  Tchad
Digraph:
  CD
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  N'Djamena
Administrative divisions:
  14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine,
  Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone
  Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai,
  Salamat, Tandjile
Independence:
  11 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday:
  Independence Day 11 August (1960)
Constitution:
  22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National
  Charter 1 March 1991; constitutional commission drafting new
  constitution to submit to transitional parliament for ratification in
  April 1994
Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
  universal at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
  President Col. Idriss DEBY, since 4 December 1990 (after seizing power
  on 3 December 1990 - transitional government's mandate expires April
  1995)
head of government:
  Prime Minister Kassire Delwa KOUMAKOYE (since 17 November 1993)
cabinet:
  Council of State; appointed by the president on recommendation of the
  prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral
National Consultative Council (Conceil National
Consultatif):
  elections last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 and
  replaced by the Provisional Council of the Republic having 30 members
  appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991; this, in turn, was
  replaced by a 57-member Higher Transitional Council (Conseil Superieur
  de Transition) elected by a specially convened Sovereign National
  Conference on 6 April 1993
Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
  Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss
  DEBY, chairman
note:
  President DEBY, who promised political pluralism, a new constitution,
  and free elections by April 1994, has postponed these initiatives for
  another year; there are numerous dissident groups and 26 opposition
  political parties
Other political or pressure groups:
  NA
Member of:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
  NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
  WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
  (vacant); Ambassador KOUMBARIA Laoumaye Mekonyo died on 16 May 1994
chancery:
  2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
  [phone]
FAX:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
  Ambassador Lawrence POPE
embassy:
  Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
mailing address:
  B. P. 413, N'Djamena
telephone:
  [235] (51) 62-18, 40-09, or 62-11
FAX:
  [235] (51) 33-72
Flag:
  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
  similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra,
  which has a national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield
  centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Overview:
  Climate, geographic remoteness, poor resource endowment, and lack of
  infrastructure make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in
  the world. Its economy is hobbled by political turmoil, conflict with
  Libya, drought, and food shortages. Consequently the economy has shown
  little progress in recent years in overcoming a severe setback brought
  on by civil war in the late 1980s. Over 80% of the work force is
  involved in subsistence farming and fishing. Cotton is the major cash
  crop, accounting for at least half of exports. Chad is highly
  dependent on foreign aid, especially food credits, given chronic
  shortages in several regions. The government hopes that discovery of
  several oil deposits near Lake Chad will lead to economic revival and
  a windfall in government revenues by 2000.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  8.4% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
  $500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2%-3% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  NA%
Budget:
revenues:
  $115 million
expenditures:
  $412 million, including capital expenditures of $218 million (1991
  est.)
Exports:
  $193.9 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish
partners:
  France, Nigeria, Cameroon
Imports:
  $294.1 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
  machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%,
  petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military
  equipment
partners:
  US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon
External debt:
  $492 million (December 1990 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
  40,000 kW
production:
  70 million kWh
consumption per capita:
  15 kWh (1991)
Industries:
  cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium
  carbonate), soap, cigarettes
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton
  most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts,
  rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels;
  self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall
Economic aid:
recipient:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western
  (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5
  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist
  countries (1970-89), $80 million
Currency:
  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
  (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
  (1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
  beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per
  French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

@Chad, Communications

Highways:
total:
  31,322 km
paved:
  bituminous 32 km
unpaved:
  gravel, crushed stone 7,300 km; earth 23,990 km
Inland waterways:
  2,000 km navigable
Airports:
total:
  68
usable:
  58
with permanent-surface runways:
  5
with runways over 3,659 m:
  1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  27
Telecommunications:
  fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links;
  broadcast stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities
  are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Chad, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican
  Guard
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,276,167; fit for military service 663,326; reach
  military age (20) annually 54,027 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $58 million, 5.6% of GDP (1989)