America was humming the hit song "Oh, Susanna." It was written by Stephen Foster, who became known for his songs of the South, although he was from Pennsylvania.
TBEDL2
Gold discoveries in the Sierra Nevada mountains led to the first gold rush. In 1849, 80,000 prospectors flooded the state and were nicknamed the Forty-Niners.
TBEDL3
Amelia Bloomer tried to reform female dress by introducing baggy trousers to wear under a skirt. But the world wasn't ready for women in pants, and many people reacted with hostility and ridicule.
TBEDL4
This paper reflected a trend of the era to publish cheap newspapers for the urban working class. In 1896 it was sold and has since continued publication as The New York Times.
TBEDL5
The new snack was invented by chef George Crum at Moon Lodge in Saratoga Springs, New York.
TBEDL6
The Cincinnati Red Stockings was the first team to pay its players.
TBEDL7
James Plimpton in Medford, Massachusetts, designed the first practical four-wheel skates, and the roller-skating craze swept the United States.
TBEDL8
Early settlers picked up the Indian custom of chewing spruce resin to cleanse their teeth. In the Nineteenth century the discovery of chicle paved the way for flavored chewing gum.
TBEDL9
P.T. Barnum opened his circus, "the greatest show on Earth," in Brooklyn, New York.
TBEDL10
Yellowstone, the largest national park, opened. It covers parts of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.
TBEDL11
Mary E. Outerbridge, while vacationing in Bermuda, watched English officers play tennis and introduced the game in America.
TBEDL12
Air-filled tires and same-size wheels made riding smooth and popular. The tandem bike let couples cycle together, irritating the church and inspiring the hit "A Bicycle Built for Two."
TBEART13
John M. Fox of Philadelphia learned about golf on a trip to Scotland and introduced the game to the U.S. The Scottish had been playing golf since the Fifteenth century.
TBEDL14
It took place in Manhattan, New York, as Wall Street workers celebrating the dedication of the Statue of Liberty spontaneously threw ticker tape out the windows.
TBEDL15
The first execution in the electric chair. Edison had arranged for prisons to have alternating current for the electric chair as part of his fight to have direct current for household use.
TBEDL16
New York and Chicago, two cities 900 miles apart, were linked by telephone for the first time.
TBEDL17
The classic Olympics were held at Olympia in ancient Greece and were games honoring the gods.
TBEDL18
Edwin Binney in Easton, Pennsylvania, invented a combination of paraffin, stearic acid, oil, and various pigments to create Crayola crayonsΓäó.
TBEDL19
A toy maker started the stuffed bear craze, inspired by a cartoon depicting President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt's refusal to shoot a helpless bear cub.
TBEDL20
This treat was invented at a St. Louis fair. When the ice-cream stand ran out of dishes, a nearby pastry chef helped out by rolling his thin waffles into cones to hold the ice cream.
TBEDL21
Traffic increased steadily after the introduction of the automobile. The first red and green traffic lights were installed in Cleveland, Ohio.
TBEDL22
Bobbed hair swept the United States. It was a radical departure from the intricately coiffed styles of the turn of the century, and began the women's fashion revolution of the 1920s.
TBEDL23
On the first flight, the pilot was so caught up in the excitement he forgot to fill the tank. The plane was forced to land in Maryland-the mail continued by train!
TBEDL24
Johnson & Johnson introduced an individually packaged sterile bandage with tape, to hold an absorbent pad in place over a small cut.
TBEDL25
Warner Brothers presented the movie The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson. It introduced the era of sound motion pictures.
TBEDL26
Charles Lindbergh became a hero after the 33.5-hour flight in his plane Spirit of St. Louis. He also inspired the new swing dance lindy, said to simulate rough flying!
TBEDL27
Phonographs with coin slots date to 1889. By 1930 they were amplified and more popular than ever. The word "juke" was Southern slang for "dance."
TBEDL28
With 86 floors and at 1,245 ft., it was the tallest building in the world. It held the record until 1972, when the World Trade Center, also in New York City, was completed.
TBEDL29
She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Five years later she vanished in the Pacific Ocean, during an attempt to circle the globe.
TBEPE1
The English Penny Black was the world's first postage stamp. It depicts the young Queen Victoria in white on a black background, and cost one penny.
TBEPE2
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published their ideas of a classless society, based on common ownership of the means of production.
TBEPE3
Garibaldi started working toward unification of Italy, which at this time was many small states under foreign domination. The kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
TBEPE4
Confederate troups fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, wishing to secede from the Union to protect their right to keep enslaved workers. The Northern states and President Lincoln were antislavery.
TBEPE5
General Grant, given supreme command of the Union armies, captured Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Three weeks later the war was over.
TBEPE6
Frederick Douglass, a former slave, was one of the foremost black abolitionists. Black History Month (February) commemorates the month of his and Lincoln's births.
TBEPE7
A disastrous fire destroyed a third of the city.
TBEPE8
A battle between the Plains Indian tribes, led by Sitting Bull, and the United States 7th Cavalry, led by General Custer, ended with Custer's defeat.
TBEPE9
After the Battle of Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull led his people to Canada. When there were no more buffalo to hunt for food, they were forced to surrender.
TBEPE10
The Apache leader had inherited a tradition of resisting colonization that was generations old. After his surrender Geronimo was put to work doing hard labor in Florida.
TBEPE11
Building the 5,900 miles long railroad-the longest single line of track in the world-was a great feat of engineering because of the difficult terrain and extreme temperatures.
TBEPE12
Robert Peary and his team reached the North Pole after 18 years of working toward this goal. Matthew Henson, an African-American explorer, planted the American flag.
TBEPE13
The supposedly unsinkable transatlantic cruise ship Titanic hit an iceberg on her maiden voyage and quickly sank. More than 1,500 people lost their lives.
TBEPE14
Mahatma Gandhi began his passive resistance movement in India, the beginning of the fight for independence from Great Britain. He was assassinated in 1948.
TBEPE15
An 81-year struggle ended with an amendment to the Constitution giving American women the right to vote.
TBEPE16
The new leader of the former Soviet Union, began an era of ruthless national and foreign politics.
TBEPE17
After years of speculation, the market collapsed. The nationwide loss exceeded $100 billion, and the day became known as Black Thursday-the beginning of the Great Depression.
TBEPE18
It had been 14 years since their last legal drink, and President Roosevelt called on the nation to practice moderation.
TBEPE19
The founder of the National Socialist Party proceeded to outlaw all other parties, to arrest large numbers of Jews, and to invade Austria.
TBEPE20
Hitler invades Poland. Britain, France, New Zealand, and Australia declare war against Germany. World War II began - it lasted until May 1945.
TBEART1
Charlotte and Emma Brontë published their novels Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights, respectively.
TBEART2
Herman Melville published his classic novel about Captain Ahab's fight with Moby Dick, a white whale.
TBEART3
Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel about slaves in the American South.
TBEART4
Lewis Carroll published his still popular children's tale about Alice and the odd characters she meets in Wonderland.
TBEART5
The French writer Jules Verne published his classic novel about a man who makes a bet he can travel around the world in 80 days-quite an ordeal before air travel.
TBEART6
A new movement in painting, characterized by observation of nature and visual impressions, especially light. The major Impressionist artists include Monet, Seurat, Manet, and Cézanne.
TBEART7
Mark Twain published the sequel to his popular book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, about two teenage boys in rural Mississippi.
TBEART8
This decorative art movement was extremely popular around the turn of the century. It is characterized by sinuous forms, often depicted as twining plants and flowers.
TBEART9
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the founders of this movement, which presents art analytically and fragmented-as the mind, not the eye, perceives it.
TBEART10
The first true adventure film, shot on location, with camera moves and parallel editing. It revolutionized movie-making and set a style for Western films.
TBEART11
Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris. It was found in Italy two years later.
TBEART12
The Czechoslovakian expressionist author published his first nightmarish novel about man's struggle with dream and reality.
TBEART13
Founded by Walter Gropius in Germany, this school revolutionized the teaching of painting, sculpture, architecture, and industrial design. Its name became synonymous with the style.
TBEART14
A young singer and dancer in Paris, she did a jungle dance in a skirt made of bananas and become both an overnight success and an enduring symbol of the Jazz Age.
TBEART15
F. Scott Fitzgerald published his influential novel about post-war cynicism and alienation.
TBEART16
The first animated cartoon character, created by Walt Disney, premiered. In 1964, Mickey Mouse became the trademark of Walt Disney Productions.
TBEART17
The United States national anthem was written by Francis Scott Key to the music of an old English song.
TBEART18
The African-American blues singer and composer was discovered. Leadbelly's theme song, "Good Night, Irene," became a hit after his death in 1949.
TBESE1
Morse developed the operator key, which when depressed completed an electric circuit and sent an electric pulse to a receiver that printed dots and dashes on a paper roll.
TBESE2
Charles Darwin published his theory of organic evolution. The notion that humans had evolved from apes deeply shocked Victorian England.
TBESE3
Richard Jordan Gatling's new gun used a system of revolving barrels rotating around a central mechanism that loaded, fired, and extracted cartridges.
TBESE4
Created when the Union Pacific Railroad, building west from Omaha, and the Central Pacific Railroad, building east from Sacramento, met at Promontory, Utah.
TBESE5
It was established in New Haven, CT, and had 21 subscribers.
TBESE6
Private phones were extremely rare and considered a luxury for many years after the invention of the telephone.
TBESE7
It was the first cable-wire steel suspension bridge in the world. It was designed by J. A. Roebling, who died in an accident on the bridge; his son completed the work.
TBESE8
It was attributed to Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. Their firm is one of the oldest automobile firms in the world-today their products are sold under the name Mercedes-Benz.
TBESE9
Gustave Eiffel designed the 984-ft. tower to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. It has become Paris' most famous landmark.
TBESE10
The theme was electricity. At the exposition, 21 million visitors saw a brilliantly lit fairground, Edison's light bulb, electric coils, electric transformers-and the world's first Ferris wheel.
TBESE11
This was a projection version of Edison's Kinetoscope. The first public showing took place in a café in Paris.
TBESE12
George Washington Carver, an African-American botanist and chemist, introduced sweet potatoes and peanuts as agricultural crops in the South.
TBESE13
It was introduced by Kodak with the slogan "You press the button and we do the rest." The camera was preloaded with film, which the user mailed back to Kodak for development.
TBESE14
Wilbur and Orville launched their first successful airplane on a coastal sand dune near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The best flight of the day was 852 ft. long and lasted 59 seconds.
TBESE15
This brought changes in many statements of natural law, including Newton's law of gravitation, and gave the mathematical framework needed for atomic research.
TBESE16
The French physicist and chemist isolated radium in 1911. In 1903 she shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. She died of leukemia caused by her work.
TBESE17
The Danish physicist Niels Bohr combined the concept of the nuclear atom with the quantum theory of Planck and Einstein, departing radically from classical physics.
TBESE18
The prize referred to his discovery of the photoelectric effect, not to his relativity theories, which were still considered controversial.
TBESE19
Kodak introduced 16mm motion-picture film.
TBESE20
Charles Lindbergh's Transcontinental Air Transport (later TWA) is the first airline. Passengers travel one third of the route by train, since night flying is too dangerous.
TBESE21
Using a camera tube called an iconoscope and a cathode-ray tube in the receiver, RCA made experimental broadcasts from the top of the Empire State Building.
TBESE22
At the opening of the New York World's Fair, NBC made the first public television broadcast, featuring a guest appearance by President Roosevelt.
TBINV1
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland.
TBINV2
Bell was taught at home by his mother. He also showed early musical talent.
TBINV3
Bell entered the Royal High School in Edinburgh.
TBINV4
Bell spent a formative year with his grandfather in London.
TBINV5
Bell's father, Melville, designed this alphabet, which spelled sounds as the conventional alphabet spelled words.
TBINV6
Bell started to experiment with tuning forks to analyze the compound pitches of various vowels.
TBINV7
When words were spoken into the phonautograph's mouthpiece, the membrane vibrated and moved a lever that made a wave pattern on a piece of smoked glass.
TBINV8
This device made it possible to transmit several messages over a single telegraph wire, by having pairs of tuned transmitters and receivers operating on different frequencies.
TBINV9
The famous words "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you" were the first communication by telephone.
TBINV10
Bell experimented with transmitting sounds by light. Today, this has been realized with fiber optics.
TBINV11
Bell experimented with techniques for locating hidden metal. With this device, he tried to locate the bullet with which President Garfield was shot.
TBINV12
Bell improved the fidelity of Edison's phonograph by replacing the tin-foil cylinder with wax, in which the stylus could trace grooves of varying depth.
TBINV13
Bell introduced the 6-year-old deaf and blind girl to Anne Sullivan, who helped teach her to read, write, and speak.
TBINV14
Bell started taking notes on methods for condensing fresh water from fog or sea air.
TBINV15
Bell began kite-flying as a way to experiment with equilibrium and stability.
TBINV16
Bell realized the structural implications of tetrahedrons and built tetrahedral kites and other structures.
TBINV17
Bell's ailerons and tricycle landing gear were implemented on this airplane.
TBINV18
The first long-distance call from Bell in New York to Watson in San Francisco. Bell asked, "Watson, can you hear me?"
TBINV19
The HD-4, one in a series of experimental hydrofoils, set a world marine speed record of 70.86 mph, a record that stood for ten years.
TBINV20
Bell died at his house in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, aged 75.
