Benjamin Franklin, author, inventor, scientist and politician, founded the first American circulation library in Philadelphia.
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It was originally a charity school. In 1765, with the foundation of the first medical school in America, it became a university.
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The Spanish kept chocolate a secret in Europe for more than 100 years, after discovering it in Mexico. At first it was a fashionable drink. Chocolate factories, beginning in 1756, made it a popular candy.
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Kaspar Faber started the commercial production of lead pencils in Germany. His great-grandsons opened the first United States pencil manufacturing plant in 1861.
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The practice of numbering houses was started in London. One of the most famous addresses is probably 10 Downing Street, the home of the British Prime Minister.
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Monsieur Boulanger, a soup vendor in Paris, hung a sign advertising "restaurants," or restoratives, referring to his soups and broths. The restaurant was born.
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The explorer Captain James Cook discovered the east coast of Australia during his first voyage around the world. The British settled the new country as a penal colony.
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Thanksgiving was celebrated for the first time as a national holiday. At the time, President Washington proclaimed it as a day of thanksgiving for the Constitution.
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The inscriptions in both hieroglyphics and Greek (which was a known language) made the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphics possible for the first time.
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In 1800 the pasta machine was invented in Naples, Italy. Previously, pasta of all shapes had been made by hand.
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A census showed that London had 864,000 inhabitants. New York was still a small town, with 60,000 inhabitants.
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The first steam-propelled ferry in the world started its run between New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey.
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It was the latest fashion dance in European ballrooms. The romantic waltz was shocking to some members of polite society!
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This state was the last of the 13 original colonies. Its capital is Savannah.
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Some of the first flags created in the colonies were designed by Benjamin Franklin to be carried by military units opposing attacks by the French.
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The war between France and Great Britain determined control of the territories of North America. By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France had given up all military and political power.
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The first Indian reservation in the British colonies was set aside for the Delaware, or Lenape Indians in New Jersey.
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The passage of the Stamp Act by Great Britain led to opposition and the Declaration of Rights, signed by nine American colonies.
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The 233-mile line was originally the Pennsylvania-Maryland border. It was regarded as the dividing line between the "slave states" and the "free states."
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American colonists dumped a shipment of tea, belonging to the British East India Company, into the Boston harbor. It was a protest against Britain's tax on the popular beverage.
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The colonists opposed Britain's economic policy and military presence, and the fight for independence started. Britain hired 29,000 German mercenaries for war in North America.
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Delegates of the 13 colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence. It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and amended chiefly by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. John Hancock signed the document first.
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Under the revolutionary cry "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", the people of France put an end to the ostentatious monarchy and proclaimed the rights of man.
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Jefferson was the third president of the United States. He served as president until 1809.
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The French emperor went to war against Great Britain in 1803 and consolidated most of Europe as his empire. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated and was exiled.
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William Hogarth, an English painter, introduced a new kind of painting-dramatic depictions of middle-class vice and virtue.
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The German baroque composer, employed by the English royal court, composed his famous oratorio Messiah in 18 days.
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Born in Africa and taken as a slave to Boston, she wrote her first poems at age 13. She married a free man and published several poems before her death in 1784.
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This vast science and art museum in London was founded with the recognition that "all arts and sciences have a connection with each other."
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The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his first symphony. He was ten years old. He wrote over 40 symphonies and numerous other musical works during his lifetime.
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Thomas Jefferson was an architect, as well as a politician. He designed his home, Monticello, and the University of Virginia in the classic Palladian style.
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The first edition of this classic work of knowledge was published in Edinburgh, and spanned three volumes. The latest edition (1985) has 32 volumes.
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James Watt became acquainted with the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott around the time he published his most famous novel, Ivanhoe, in 1819.
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The premiere of the play by the French clock-maker and playwright Caron. The Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini made it into a world-famous comic opera in 1816.
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The influential Bolshoi Theater of Opera and Ballet was founded in Moscow, Russia.
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George Washington selected the site of the new capitol. Pierre L'Enfant, the original planner, was fired, and took his maps. Benjamin Banneker, an African-American inventor, copied the maps from memory.
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George Washington laid the cornerstone for the Capitol in Washington, D.C.
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The architect Chalgrin designed and built Napoleon's Arc de Triomphe in Paris in celebration of the emperor's victories across Europe.
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In a historical concert in Vienna, Ludwig van Beethoven premiered two of his finest works.
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Mary W. Shelley published her novel about isolation, prejudice, and blasphemous ambitions. Thomas Edison produced the first Frankenstein movie in 1910.
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An Austrian school teacher composed the Christmas Carol "Silent Night, Holy Night" in 1818.
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The English mathematician John Hadley invented the quadrant, an instrument for measuring the altitude of the sun or a star to find geographical positions. His device later evolved into the sextant.
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John Kay invented the flying-shuttle loom in 1733. This marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
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William Watson observed "rays" of electricity in a tube.
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Benjamin Franklin performed his kite experiment and proved that lightning is a form of electricity.
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Thomas Braidwood founded the first British school for the deaf in Edinburgh, Scotland.
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John Wilkinson patented a precision boring mill, used for boring cylinders for steam engines and cannons.
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Watt's improvement on the steam engine made it more versatile, and soon the first steam mills were used in England.
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Benjamin Franklin invented bifocal eyeglasses in 1784.
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Martin Heinrich Klaproth is credited with the discovery of uranium.
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John Greenwood, George Washington's dentist, invented the dental drill for "presidential" cavities.
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Mrs. Slater, whose husband founded the United States cotton textile industry, was the inventor. She was the first woman granted a patent in the United States.
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The first telegraph line was installed in France between Paris and Lille.
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The Italian inventor Alessandro Volta created a method for storing electricity.
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Records show that only six steam engines were in use in the United States by 1803.
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Nicolas Appert invented canned foods as a means of preservation and opened the world's first canning factory. He also invented the bouillon cube.
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This was the first steamship to cross the Atlantic. Its small engine and limited fuel supply were good only for part of the 24-day crossing. Most of the voyage was by sails.
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Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physicist, established the connection between electricity and magnetism.
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James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland.
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James Watt was educated at home by his mother, before being sent to grammar school. He also learned to repair nautical instruments in his father's workshop.
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James Watt went to London for a year to apprentice in an instrument maker's shop. The journey from Greenock, Scotland, to London took 12 days on horseback.
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Watt opened a shop at the College of Glasgow. Here he met Joseph Black, the professor of anatomy and chemistry, and John Robison, a student. Both became his lifelong friends.
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Watt invented the perspective drawing machine to aid surveyors and draughtsmen in their work.
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At the University of Glasgow in Scotland, Watt was asked to repair a model of the Newcomen steam engine. He found it inefficient and started to think about ways to improve it.
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James Watt married Margaret Miller, his cousin.
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Watt patented the separate condenser. The first steam engine with a separate condenser was erected at Kinneil.
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Margaret Watt died giving birth to a fifth child. James Watt was left a widower with two surviving children, his sons James and Gregory. He decided to move to Birmingham.
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Watt revisited Scotland and proposed to Ann MacGregor. His partner, Boulton, had to produce a letter to the future father-in-law verifying Watt's financial stability.
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James Watt traveled to Cornwall, in southwestern England, to supervise the erection of new steam engines.
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James Watt patented his copying machine. One of his first customers was Thomas Jefferson, who bought a machine for his office at Monticello.
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Watt patented the rotative engine with the sun-and-planet gear system, which made steam engines more versatile.
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Watt patented the double-acting engine.
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Watt acquired land on Handsworth Heath outside Birmingham, and started to build a large mansion, appropriately named Heathfield.
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Watt improved an early version of the steam indicator/pressure gauge.
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Watt and Matthew Boulton established the firm of Boulton, Watt & Sons. The partners were Boulton, Boulton's son, Watt, and Watt's sons James and Gregory.
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Watt's first steam engine patent, from 1769, expired. This left the market open for competition.
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In his workshop at Heathfield, Watt started work on a machine for making copies of sculptures.
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Watt was only one of eight persons elected as Foreign Associate of the French Academy, a great honor.
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Watt made reduced copies of a bust of himself to give as gifts to friends.
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After a month of illness, James Watt died at his home, Heathfield. He was eighty-four years old.
