Internet Info 1997 December/Internet_Info_CD-ROM_Walnut_Creek_December_1997.iso/faqs/alt/folklore/herbs/Natural_Migraine_Treatment_FAQ

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From: [e-mail] (Catherine Woodgold)
Newsgroups: alt.support.headaches.migraine,alt.my.head.hurts,misc.health.alternative,alt.support.chronic-pain,sci.med.nutrition,alt.support.food-allergies,alt.folklore.herbs,sci.med.psychobiology,sci.psychology.psychotherapy,alt.answers,misc.answers,sci.answers,news.answers
Subject: Natural Migraine Treatment FAQ
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Summary: Treatment of migraine headaches using natural methods,
 including nutrition, herbs, biofeedback, psychology, chiropractic, etc.
X-Last-Updated: 1996/12/19
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Archive-name: medicine/migraine/natural-cures
Posting-Frequency: Every 27 days
Last-modified: 1996/09/19
Version: 1.1

Natural Migraine Treatment FAQ


 (1) Introduction
 (2) For Immediate Relief
 (3) Definition of Migraines
 (4) Chiropractic treatment
 (5) Biofeedback
     (5.1) Theory of biofeedback
     (5.2) Handwarming biofeedback
     (5.3) Other biofeedback
 (6) Nociceptive Appliance
 (7) Nutritional Treatments
     (7.1) Food Sensitivity
     (7.2) Blood Sugar
     (7.3) Not Overusing Salt
     (7.4) Nutritional Supplements
     (7.5) Herbs
 (8) Psychology
 (9) Sex hormones
 (10) Books of interest
 (11) About the author of this FAQ
 (12) Disclaimer


(1) Introduction

This Natural Migraine Treatment FAQ attempts to summarize all
non-medical treatments that help prevent or cure migraine
headaches.  Most treatments mentioned here have worked for many
people, and usually have a theoretical basis as well.  Please
send me additional information you think should be included here,
to help make this FAQ complete, accurate and useful, within its
narrow focus.  Information about acupuncture would be a welcome
addition.  More information about herbs would be good.  Please
don't send me information about drugs; they are beyond the scope
of this FAQ.

There is another FAQ, maintained by someone else, associated
with the newsgroup alt.support.headaches.migraine.  You may want
to read it, too.

Natural treatments are usually harmless (as opposed to drugs,
which usually have side effects).  Therefore, depending on cost
and convenience, it can make sense to continue a natural
treatment even if you're not sure whether it's doing any good.
It often makes sense to apply several natural treatments at the
same time.  If one treatment reduces the number of headaches or
the amount of pain, then several treatments used at once may
completely or almost completely eliminate them.

Different things work for different people.  Some of the
treatments mentioned here may actually increase headache pain for
some people.  Some may have no effect on some people.  You may
decide to try several things and choose the ones that help you.

This FAQ can be found on the Web at
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/
medicine/migraine/natural-cures/faq.html  (all one line).

Note the disclaimer at the end of the FAQ.



(2) For Immediate Relief


Most of the treatments in this FAQ are used to prevent migraines
from happening.  This section describes things you can do when
you're in pain, to reduce the pain.

 -- Have a bath or shower.
 -- Lie down to rest in a dark room.
 -- Avoid bright or flashing light.
 -- Put something cold on the back of your neck, such as
     a cold, wet cloth.
 -- Have a drink of water or natural juice.
 -- Eat a bananna or drink tomatoe juice;  they contain something
     that can help.   (serotonin?? potassium?? Somebody please
     supply this information.)
 -- Have some food, or a nutritious drink, if you
     haven't eaten for a while.
 -- Massage your own face, head, neck and shoulders, or get someone
     else to do those and your back.  Relax your muscles.
 -- Press on two pressure points at the back of the neck.  These
     points are about two inches apart, just below the base of
     the skull.  Press for a minute or two.  This releases
     endorphins that help against pain.
 -- Avoid sources of stress.  Cancel activities so there's less
     to worry about.
 -- Avoid exercise during a headache if it makes throbbing pain
     in the head and neck worse.  On
     the other hand, generally exercise improves health, and
     it may help you relax during a headache.
 -- Take some niacin (a form of vitamin B3).  Taking enough
     niacin to cause a flush (blood rushing to the skin) can
     provide relief from headache pain, but this much niacin
     can also have side effects (flush, nausea, heartburn,
     liver damage, etc.) Niacinamide doesn't have such bad
     side effects, but isn't as much use against migraines, either.
     Smaller, safer amounts of niacin are also helpful.
         Niacin can trigger a migraine, though.
 -- Take some vitamin C, vitamin B6, choline, tryptophan and niacin.

(3) Definition of Migraines

The word "migraine" comes from words meaning "half the head",
and sounds like "demi-cranium", because migraine headaches often
hurt on only the left or right side of the head.  However, many
people with migraines always have pain on the whole head.

A migraine headache is caused by hormonal fluctuations which
cause blood vessels in the head and neck to contract and then
dilate.  The first phase, or contraction phase, may last minutes,
hours, or days.  During this phase, symptoms can be spots in
front of the eyes, difficulty concentrating, and cold fingertips
and hands.  This is called an "aura".  Many people recognize this
phase of their headaches; many others don't notice any symptoms
at this time.  Some people who think they don't have an "aura"
can learn to recognize it.

When the blood vessels dilate, the headache pain starts.
Apparently the hormones over-react.  Instead of just going from a
contracted state back to normal, the blood vessels dilate much
wider than normal, causing pain.  Other things also happen about
the same time: swelling of the brain, release of certain
chemicals, and perhaps muscle tension.  These things add to the
pain.

There are a number of different processes that can cause the
interplay of hormones leading to contracted and then over-dilated
blood vessels.  It's not always the same hormones that are
involved.  Some of the natural treatments listed here focus on a
single process.  Different things work for different people.
Some people may need to use several treatments at the same time.
Some people who think they have "tension headaches" are actually
helped by migraine treatments.  Many headaches are probably a
combination of muscle tension and migraine.

(4) Chiropractic treatment

Sometimes the bones in the neck are in the wrong place, and the
little muscles near the bones are tense.  This is called
"subluxation".  It's like having a crick in your neck.  The
nerves that lead out from the spine can be irritated when there
is a subluxation.  This can cause migraines.  The bones are very
close to being in the right place, so a medical doctor might say
they are in the right place.  A chiropractor treats people by
gently pushing the bones back into place.

Stress on any part of the spine, as from lifting heavy objects
or sitting in a twisted position, can cause subluxations in the
neck, leading to migraine.

Some relief from migraine can be obtained by doing slow, gentle
stretching exercises of the neck.  (Rolling motions or sudden
motions are not recommended.) Avoid sitting for a long time with
the head leaning forward, straining the neck.  Avoid lying on
your back with your head raised on a pillow.  Lying on your back
is OK with no pillow, or with a pillow that supports the neck but
doesn't raise the head much.  When lying on your side, a pillow
should support the head and neck.  When sitting, for example at
the computer, change position frequently and check for things
like tension in the shoulders from supporting the arms.

Chiropractors usually ask their patients to be x-rayed on the
first visit.  If you want to avoid the damage of x-rays, you can
ask your chiropractor to treat you without doing an x-ray.  They
can do this; they do it for pregnant women all the time.
Chiropractors usually do other simple tests at each visit to
assess exactly what the person needs at that time.

(5) Biofeedback

(5.1) Theory of biofeedback

With biofeedback, a person learns to control a body function
which was not under direct conscious control, but was indirectly
under conscious control.

Here is an example to explain what is meant by a body function
under indirect conscious control.  Generally speaking, a person
can't decide to do the following: "I'll flip a coin, and if it
comes up heads, I'll immediately make my heart beat faster, even
though I'll still be sitting down." However, a person can decide,
"If the coin comes up heads, then I'll put up my hand to ask a
question in front of this roomful of people, which I'm nervous
about doing." As soon as the person sees the coin come up heads,
their heart starts to pound because of their nervousness.  Yet
all that happened was that they made a decision and then flipped
a coin.  Thus, their conscious thoughts affected the heartrate.
In this way, heartrate is indirectly under conscious control.

Body functions such as muscle tension, finger temperature, and
levels of some hormones in the blood (such as adrenalin in the
above example) are under indirect conscious control.  Some of
these functions are involved in headaches.

Biofeedback means making information about one's body available
to the conscious mind.  Devices which measure muscle tension,
finger temperature etc.  and which supply that information to the
person are biofeedback devices.

Gradually, a person learns the semi-conscious thought patterns
that make the device show the desired result, such as warm
fingers.  It's like learning to ride a bicycle.  Once the skill
has been learned, the person can use it at any time, without
needing the biofeedback device.  For example, a person who has
gone through many learning sessions with a thermometer and has
learned to warm their fingers can then warm their fingers after
that without using a thermometer.

(5.2) Handwarming biofeedback

Phase I of a migraine is similar to what the body does in
response to fear, though the reaction may have been caused by a
food the person ate rather than by actual fear.  In phase I,
blood is reallocated out of the hands and head and into the large
muscles that would be used for running from danger.  The hands,
especially the fingertips, become cold when the blood is
withdrawn.  The feeling of confusion, or inability to think
clearly, that can accompany phase I is similar to fainting from
fear.

The pain occurs in phase II, when the blood vessels of the head
and neck over-react and re-expand to larger than the normal size.
The headache can be prevented by reducing the severity of phase
I, thus preventing phase II.

The level of the hormones in the blood that contract the blood
vessels, such as serotonin and adrenalin, can be brought under
semi-conscious control.  By thinking relaxed thoughts, the
hormone level can be lowered.  The serotonin level is monitored
by checking the temperature of the fingertips and hands.  During
phase I, first the fingertips and then the hands become cold.
The finger temperature can be checked either with a thermometer,
or by touching the fingertips to your cheeks.  If they feel warm
or hot, that's good.  They should be at body temperature.  If
they're cool or cold, it could be either from being in a cold
room, from poor blood circulation due to diabetes or some other
condition, or from a phase I reaction.

After many attempts of trying to think relaxed thoughts and
checking the finger temperature, a person gradually learns how to
get into the right frame of mind to affect the serotonin levels.
Eventually, a person can decide to warm up the fingers, meditate
for a while, and the fingers become warm.  Under a lot of stress,
for example if you're about to speak in front of an audience, it
may be impossible to warm the fingers at that time, though
attempting it may reduce the severity of a migraine later.  For
learning, it's best to use a low-stress situation such as sitting
at home.

It normally requires trying several times a day for several
weeks before much progress is made.  It helps to keep records of
the finger temperature before and after attempting biofeedback.

A person who has learned biofeedback can become aware of their
finger temperature so that they notice when their hands suddenly
become cold.  They can then take a break from stressful
activities, relax until their hands warm up, and prevent a
headache from happening.  The feeling of confusion and stress
that usually accompanies phase I can mean that you tend not to
notice things like finger temperature at that time -- you're too
busy thinking about whatever is causing the stress -- but
eventually you can learn to notice it.

See Kohlenberg's book [5], which comes with a thermometer, for
more information.

(5.3) Other Biofeedback

Biofeedback devices can be used to monitor the tenseness of
muscles in the forehead, the amount of sweat on the fingers, and
other things.  The person spends time learning to make the
muscles relaxed, the fingers dry, etc.  These forms of
biofeedback can help with headaches.  A migraine usually involves
some muscle tension in the head which adds to the pain.


(6) Nociceptive Appliances

Dr. James Boyd of the Headache Prevention Institute
(800 W. Long Lake Road, #135,  Bloomfield Hills, MI  48302  [phone])
has developed an appliance, worn in the mouth, that treats migraines.

Everybody tenses their temporalis muscles while sleeping.  Some migraine
sufferers do so with such intensity, that it triggers morning headache and
or migraine.

The special appliance makes the teeth bite together only at the
front.  This stimulates a reflex to relax the jaw muscles.
It is removed while eating.

Of 270 migraine people fitted with the device, 160 (59%) reported
significant relief from migraines.

(7) Nutritional Treatments
 (7.1) Food Sensitivity

Many books agree that chocolate is the most likely food to
cause migraines.  Other foods which can cause migraines include
avocadoes, pineapples, beans, peas, lentils, MSG, pork, shrimp,
pickled herring, alcohol, caffeine, cheese, and coconut.

The caffeine in chocolate is not the main reason chocolate
causes migraines.  There's a group of substances called amines,
common in food, which are the main food trigger of migraines.
There are different amines in different foods.  The one in
chocolate is the worst.  The one in cheese is called tyramine and
is next worst.  Hanington's book [3] describes an experiment in
which it was shown that tyramine can cause migraines.  Migraine
people have less monoamine oxidase (MAO), the enzyme in platelets
that breaks down amines.

The amount of tyramine in cheese varies tremendously by type and
even batch of cheese.  Milk is OK, since the tyramine is produced
in the cheesemaking process by microorganisms.  Other amines are
found in other types of food.  The reaction to amines is not an
allergy.  The amines cause certain hormones to be released in the
body.  Different amines may cause migraines in different people.

Each person needs to experiment to figure out which foods give
them migraines.  This is not always easy to do.  A food might not
cause a migraine every time it is eaten; perhaps only when
another cause of migraines happens at the same time.

It's better to go on a very restricted diet for a while, a week
or a month, say, than to experiment by eliminating just one
suspicious food at a time.  To illustrate this, suppose you have
a list of 20 suspicious foods, and that by eliminating 5 of them
you can cut your headaches in half, from 10 a month down to 5 ...
but you don't know that, and you don't know which 5 foods are the
bad ones.  If you spend 20 months, eating everything except one
food each month, you will learn nothing.  You will still have
about 10 headaches a month.  Some months you'll have about 9
instead of 10, but that's not enough to notice a difference: you
probably vary from 8 to 12 headaches a month anyway.  However, if
you stop eating all 20 foods for a month, you'll notice something
interesting: you'll have only 5 headaches instead of 10.  You can
then gradually re-introduce the suspicious foods.  Now that you
have fewer headaches, you'll notice it if you have a headache a
few hours after eating a suspicious food.  Make sure your
restricted diet contains all the vitamins and other essential
nutrients.

If you combine advice from several books, there will be nothing
left to eat! I recommend the restricted diet suggested by
Brainard [1] as a starting point for experimentation.  When I
followed this diet, my migraines diminished significantly, and
over the following weeks, months, and years I gradually tested
and re-introduced to my diet most of the disallowed foods.  Some
I went on and off several times to test for subtle effects.

(7.2) Blood Sugar

Recent studies [Low, 6] show that when a migraine person eats
refined sugar, their blood sugar level goes up very high, then
quickly comes down again.  Any kind of refined sugar causes this
effect: sucrose, glucose, etc.  The blood sugar level goes up and
down so fast that a standard glucose tolerance test with blood
samples taken less often than every 15 minutes can completely
miss the effect.  Many migraine people have been told they're
very normal after a glucose tolerance test, but in fact they have
a condition similar to hypoglycemia.

Natural sugars, such as fruit, completely unprocessed sugar cane
juice, etc.  do not cause this effect.  Eating natural sugar
causes the blood sugar level to go up, but not very high, and it
doesn't come down so fast.  There's something in natural sugar
that helps the body absorb it.  Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF), a
molecule containing chromium, may be responsible.  Chromium is
usually present with natural sugars, and is missing in refined
sugar.  It works with insulin to help the body process sugar.
Chromium must be in a bioavailable form such as GTF or chromium
picolinate.  However, there may be other factors present in
natural sugars, such as vitamins, enzymes, etc., that are also
important.

When refined sugar is eaten, the pancreas releases a lot of
insulin.  For some reason, people who get migraines release more
than the normal amount of insulin.  Insulin stimulates the
release of adrenalin.  This starts phase I of a migraine.

Going without eating for 3 to 4 or more hours causes low blood
sugar levels which can also trigger a migraine.

In his book [6] Rodolfo Low recommends the following for all
migraine people.  He claims that every person who has followed
these recommendations, including himself, has completely
eliminated migraines:

 -- Do not eat any refined sugar.  Not even small amounts.  Fruit
   should be fresh, not dried or cooked.  Eat a wholesome balanced
   diet of natural foods including fruit.
 -- Eat every three hours.  Have six small meals a day instead of
   three.  Have snacks of healthy foods at midmorning, midafter-
   noon, and bedtime.
 -- Avoid drinking alcohol.
 -- Avoid drugs that stimulate the pancreas.  Many drugs taken for
   other purposes also stimulate the pancreas, e.g. aspirin.  See
   the book [6] for a list of drugs to avoid.

[Above recommendations paraphrased by C.W.]

Many people are deficient in chromium.  Eating refined sugars
leads to chromium deficiency.  A supplement of GTF chromium or
chromium picolinate is helpful to hypoglycemic people and can
allow them to maintain good blood sugar levels when going several
hours without eating.  Low has shown that migraines are closely
related to hypoglycemia, so perhaps chromium supplements would
help migraine people too.  I used to get a headache if I went 4
or 5 hours without eating; with a chromium supplement (200
mcg/day, not a megadose) this is no longer the case.

(7.3) Salt

A normal person who eats a very large amount of salt will get a
headache.  Brainard [1] claims that for people who get migraines,
a small amount of salt can have the same effect.  He describes
the hormonal processes that occur when salt is eaten.  [See his
book for details.]

Everyone needs some salt (sodium chloride) in order to live.
Natural foods generally contain some salt.  Processed foods often
have too much added salt.

Brainard recommends:

 -- Moderate amounts of salt with meals are OK.
 -- No large amounts of salt with meals.
 -- No salt at all between meals;  not even a salted cracker or a
   cookie cooked with the usual large amount of salt.
 -- Avoid soups;  these often contain large amounts of added salt.

[Above recommendations paraphrased by C.W.]

During a migraine, a person makes more urine than usual.  One
has to drink more in order to make up for the missing water and
avoid getting dehydrated.  Drink if you're thirsty.

(7.4) Nutritional Supplements

There are many vitamins and other essential nutrients which can
have an effect on the complex hormonal processes that cause
migraines.

The following supplements, taken regularly, can help:

 -- vitamin C  (is needed to convert tryptophan to serotonin)
 -- vitamin B6 (also needed to convert tryptophan to serotonin)
 -- niacin (see side effect warning under section 2)
               (is a form of vitamin B3;  dilates blood vessels)
 -- choline
 -- tryptophan  (is converted to serotonin in the body, when needed)
 -- omega-3 essential fatty acids, e.g. unrefined, cold-pressed,
    uncooked flax seed oil
 -- chromium?  (See section 6.2.)
 -- magnesium;  as much magnesium as you take calcium
    (magnesium deficiency can also cause a craving for chocolate.)
 -- someone says melatonin and B6 at bedtime treats a headache.

(7.5) Herbs

Feverfew helps many migraine sufferers.  It's claimed by some to
be best to eat fresh leaves, one small leaf per day.  It should
be taken regularly.  I think it has some side effects, including
possibly a sore mouth and vivid dreams.

Reishi is also said to help against migraines.

[Please send me information to expand this section.]


(8) Psychology

People often think thoughts that are just a little frightening.
When normal people think these thoughts, nothing much happens.
But migraine people have over-reactive hormone systems, and
adrenalin and other hormones are released along with just
slightly scary thoughts.  A migraine person may not feel scared
at all, may claim to be relaxed, but at the same time may be
showing the physical symptoms of fear.  These symptoms may be
partly resulting from various chemical processes such as the
foods the person ate.  However, they are also the result of
thoughts.

The scary thoughts that bring on phase I of a migraine are
usually semi-conscious ...  just outside the range of conscious
thinking.  For instance, a migraine person may look at a report
they're writing at work and consciously think, "I don't think
this is good enough."  But at the same time, in a semi-conscious
way, the following thoughts flit rapidly through the mind: "And
my boss may not like it.  And I could lose my job.  And I might
not be able to get another job.  And I wouldn't be able to buy
food.  So I would starve." These thoughts go by so fast it's hard
to pin them down.  But they're real, and are accompanied by cold
fingers and other symptoms of phase I of a migraine.  The person
might not notice the symptoms.  Later, when they have a headache,
they might not realize they had been under stress.  "I was just
quietly working in my office, writing a report."

It helps to write down such thoughts.  Kohlenberg [5] recommends
writing the thoughts down in the form of a proof that either
there's a threat to one's life or health, or that a law of nature
has been broken, i.e.  that something "should" be happening and
isn't.  Writing the thoughts out slows them down so that they
come under conscious scrutiny and control.  Then, on another part
of the page, write down arguments against each point.  "My boss
usually likes my reports.  I'm very unlikely to lose my job.  If
I do lose it, I'll probably find another one.  Even if I don't,
I'll go on welfare and won't starve."

It helps to avoid thoughts with words like "should" and "ought"
in them.  Instead of thinking, "I should wash the dishes now,"
think "I want to wash the dishes now." One good way to eliminate
a "should" thought is to start doing the thing.  If you don't
want to, there's probably a good reason not to.  Then, instead of
thinking, "I should ...", think, "I decided not to...  because
...".  Accept that every decision has both good and bad results.

It's useful to combine this technique with biofeedback.  See
Kohlenberg's book for both.

(9) Sex hormones

Apparently sex hormones are among the hormones that can be
involved in migraines.  For both men and women, it's common for
migraines to begin around puberty.  [6].  Women often notice
headaches corresponding to certain times of the menstrual cycle.
Menopause can mean fewer or no headaches for some lucky women
(or the onset of migraines for others).  Sexual intercourse
can make a headache go away ... but brings on headaches for
other people.  Nutritional treatments can help reduce symptoms
of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), including headaches.  ([7],[8]).

It's normal during breastfeeding for a woman to have no
menstrual periods for a time which can be 3 months, 2 years or
more, averaging about 14 months. [4]  For some, this is a welcome
rest from a range of symptoms which can include PMS and
headaches.  Unfortunately, breastfeeding is often disrupted,
resulting in increased health risks to both mother and baby.
This includes the inconvenience of early return of menstrual
cycles, along with the familiar accompanying symptoms.  The
return of menstruation is an individual thing;  a slight
reduction of nursing may bring it on in one woman, while another
may be nursing only a few (e.g. 4) times a day and still not
menstruate.  Early return of menstruation can be caused by:

(Things to avoid, if you don't want to start menstruating soon:)
 -- early weaning
 -- use of bottles or pacifiers
 -- mother-baby separations, e.g. use of babysitters
 -- other foods given to baby before about 6 months of age
 -- encouraging baby to "sleep through the night"
 -- limiting breastfeeding, based on clocks and calendars

Speculation: It is known that pollutants such as pesticides,
PCB's and biproducts of chlorine bleaching can act as hormone
mimics, disrupting the development of animals and humans.
Chemicals which mimic estrogen have been most extensively
studied, but pollutants mimic other hormones as well.  [2]
Hormones are involved in migraines.  Are migraines more common
these days than they used to be? Could migraines sometimes be
partly caused by hormone-disrupting pollutants?

(10) Books of interest

[1] Brainard, John B., 1979.  Control of Migraine.  W.W.  Norton
& Co., New York -- London.

[2] Colborn, Theo, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers,
1996.  Our Stolen Future.  Penguin Books, New York, NY.

[3] Hanington, Edda, MD MRCP, 1980.  The Headache Book.
Technomic, Westport CT.

[4] Kippley, Sheila.  Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing.

[5] Kohlenberg, R.J.  Migraine Relief: A Personal Treatment
Program

[6] Low, Rodolfo, 1987.  Migraine: The Breakthrough Study That
Explains What Causes It and How it Can Be Completely Prevented
Through Diet.  Henry Holt & Co.  Inc.  New York NY.

[7] Nazzarro, Dr.  Ann, and Dr.  Donald Lombard, with Dr.  David
Horrobin, 1985.  The PMS Solution: Premenstrual Syndrome: The
Nutritional Approach.  Eden Press, Montreal -- London.

[8] Shannon, M.  Fertility, Cycles and Nutrition.

(11) About the author of this FAQ

I've had migraines since about age 16.  For long periods I had
mild headaches every day and often worse ones.  Using some of the
natural treatments listed here, I've mostly eliminated them.

I'm interested in many things.  Professionally, I'm a
seismologist.  I also like reading about nutrition,
breastfeeding, non-violence, barter, evolution, mathematics,
auto-free living, midwifery, effective communication of emotions,
alternative medicine, and natural family planning.  See a web
page on natural family planning, co-authored by me, at
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/info/newman/resources/primer.html.

Please send me comments and suggested additions.  Polite
criticism is welcome.  Messages containing emotionally-charged
criticism or strongly pejorative language will be ignored.

Cathy Woodgold               [e-mail].


(12) Disclaimer

This information about natural migraine treatments, collected
from various sources, is provided for your convenience.  Though
effort has been made to make it accurate, it may contain errors,
omissions or inaccuracies.  It is hoped that readers will supply
information to help improve the FAQ.  It is not to be considered
to be medical advice.  Different things work for different
people.  Some of the suggestions here may actually increase
headache pain for some people, or cause other problems.  If you
decide to use any of the treatments mentioned here, you are
responsible for that decision and for any effects that occur.
You may collect information from other sources, if you wish,
before beginning to use the treatments mentioned here.  Some
headaches are caused by other serious problems requiring other
treatment; this FAQ only discusses migraines.  If the author
knows of serious safety problems, they will probably be mentioned
here, but absence of specific warnings does not constitute a
statement or guarantee that the treatments are safe.  Any
nutritional supplement can be harmful in very large amounts.
This FAQ is provided with no warranty of any kind.  Life is full
of unknowns.