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Internet-Draft Richard Woundy
Expiration Date: May 1997 Arun Viswanathan
Nancy Feldman
Rick Boivie
IBM Corp.
November 1996
ARIS: Aggregate Route-Based IP Switching
<draft-woundy-aris-ipswitching-00.txt>
Status of This Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the
"1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow
Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe),
munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or
ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast).
Abstract
IP based networks use a number of routing protocols, including RIP,
OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP, to determine how packets ought to be routed.
Among these protocols, OSPF and BGP are IETF-recommended standards
that have been extensively deployed and exercised in many networks.
In this memo, we describe a mechanism which uses these protocols as
the basis for switching IP datagrams, by the addition of a simple
Woundy, et al. Expiration: May 1997 [Page 1]
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protocol ("ARIS") that establishes switched paths through a network.
The ARIS protocol allows us to leverage the advantages of switching
technologies in an internet network.
This memo is defined with respect to ATM. ARIS can be easily
extended to other switching technologies.
1. Introduction
In this paper, an Integrated Switch Router (ISR), is a standard IP
router that has been augmented with ATM virtual circuit (VC)
switching support. The ISR at an entry point to the ATM switching
environment performs standard IP forwarding of datagrams, but the
"next hop" of the IP forwarding table has been extended to include a
reference to a VC (switched path). Each VC may have an endpoint at a
neighboring router (comparable to today's IP next hops on
conventional routers), or may traverse a series of ISRs along the
best IP forwarding path, to an egress ISR endpoint. This allows
datagrams to be switched at hardware speeds through an entire ISR
network.
The key link between the IP network routing protocols and the ARIS VC
establishment protocol is the "egress identifier". The egress
identifier refers to an egress ISR that forwards traffic either to a
foreign routing domain, or across an area boundary within the same
network. ARIS establishes VCs towards each unique egress identifier.
Since thousands of IP destinations can map to the same egress
identifier, ARIS minimizes the number of VCs required in an ISR
network. This allows a large network to switch all of its IP
traffic, resulting in improved aggregate IP throughput.
Egress ISRs initiate the setup of VCs by sending Establishment
messages to their upstream neighbors, typically within the same
domain. These upstream neighbors forward the messages to their own
upstream neighbors in Reverse Path Multicast style, after ensuring
that the VC path is loop-free. Eventually, all ISRs establish VCs to
all egress ISRs.
The VC to an egress point, in general, takes the form of a tree. A
tree results because of the "merging" of VCs that occurs at a node
when multiple upstream VCs for a given egress point are spliced to a
single downstream VC for that egress point.
2. VC Conservation
An important goal of the ARIS protocol is to minimize the number of
Woundy, et al. Expiration: May 1997 [Page 2]
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VCs required by ISRs to switch all IP traffic in the switching cloud.
Since switches may support only a limited VPI/VCI space, ARIS
restrains its VC consumption so that VCs are available as needed for
its own use, as well as for ATM services and other applications, such
as RSVP. Further benefits include simplification of network
management, both for automated tools and for human comprehension and
analysis, and VC-setup overhead.
The consumption of VCs is minimized:
o by the use of egress routers that may map thousands of IP
destinations to the same VC, and
o by enabling the merging of VCs.
The merging of VCs enables ARIS to create VC trees, each of which
connects all of the ingresses to a given egress. This results in n
trees, where n is the number of egresses in a network, while still
providing the benefits of full mesh connectivity (without O(n**2)
VCs).
The network routing domain has the greatest performance and VC
conservation when all routers in the domain are ISRs. Maximum ARIS
benefits are also tied closely to an IP network routing topology with
a high ratio of IP destinations to egresses, as exists in a typical
IP backbone. However, ARIS is flexible enough to be highly
beneficial even in networks with partial ISR deployments or arbitrary
network routing topologies.
The ability of the ARIS protocol to conserve the number of VCs
depends on the hardware capabilities of the ISR. Some ATM switching
components can "merge" multiple inbound VCs onto one outbound VC at
close to standard switching rates. These merge-capable components
are able to reassemble cells from the inbound VCs into frames, and
inject the frames into the outbound VC, without interleaving cells
from different frames.
3. Loop Prevention
The ARIS protocol guarantees that VC loops are prevented, even in the
presence of transient IP routing loops. With datagram forwarding
loops, each hop decrements the TTL, so traffic is eventually dropped.
However, ATM switching does not have a counter similar to the TTL, so
traffic persists in a VC loop as long as the VC loop exists. At
best, the traffic in the VC loop steals bandwidth from other (UBR)
VCs; at worst, the traffic interferes with IP routing traffic, slows
down routing convergence, and lengthens the life of the VC loop.
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The ARIS protocol avoids creating VC loops by the use of an "ISR ID"
list, similar in function to the BGP AS_PATH attribute. Each ISR in
the VC establishment path appends its own unique ISR ID to each
establishment message it forwards. In this way, an ISR is able to
determine the path a message has traversed, and can ensure that no
loops are formed.
Further, if an ISR modifies or deletes an egress due to an IP route
change, or receives a message that modifies an existing VC to an
egress, the ISR must unsplice any established upstream VC from the
downstream VC. This unsplicing forces inbound traffic to be
forwarded at the IP network layer, so that transient IP routing
loops, potentially created by the route change, cannot produce VC
loops. The ISR must then re-establish a new VC to the modified
egress. Note that ARIS does not attempt to suppress transient IP
routing protocol loops; it only avoids establishing VC loops with
this information.
4. ARIS Messages
The ARIS protocol runs directly over IP, using IP protocol TBD. The
following messages are used to manage the ISR switching cloud:
Init
This is the first message sent by an ISR to each of its neighbors,
as notification of its existence. It is periodically transmitted
until a positive acknowledgment is received. The Init message may
include the neighbor timeout period, acceptable VC label range,
encapsulation scheme [1], and other adjacency information.
KeepAlive
This message is sent by an ISR to inform its neighbors of its
continued existence. It is the first message that is transmitted
after an adjacency has been established. In order to prevent the
neighbor timeout period from expiring, ARIS messages must be
periodically sent to neighbors. The VC KeepAlive will only be
sent when no other ARIS messages have been transmitted within the
periodic interval time. A recommended transmission interval is
1/3 of the exchanged neighbor timeout period.
Establishment
This message is initiated by the egress ISR, and is periodically
sent to each upstream neighbor to setup or refresh a VC. It is
also sent by any ISR in response to a Trigger message. Each ISR
that receives an Establishment message for an egress identifier
must verify that the path is correct and loop free. If the
Establishment message changes a previously known VC path to the
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egress identifier, the ISR unsplices the obsolete VC. The ISR
creates a downstream VC for the egress identifier, and replies
with an Acknowledgment message. It then creates a VC for each of
its upstream neighbors, forwards the Establishment message to the
upstream neighbors with its unique ISR ID appended to the ISR ID
path and the VC label for the upstream neighbor to use for
forwarding, and waits for an Acknowledgment message. This pattern
continues until all ISRs are reached.
Trigger
This message is sent by an ISR when it has detected that a local
IP routing change has modified its path to the egress identifier.
After unsplicing the obsolete VC, the ISR sends a Trigger message
to its new downstream neighbor requesting an Establishment
message.
Teardown
This message may be sent when an ISR has lost all connectivity to
an egress identifier, or when a downstream node to an egress
identifier has become an upstream node due to routing changes. In
the former case, the message traverses the upstream ISR paths of
the VC, unsplicing each VC along the way. In the latter case, the
message is sent single hop to the new upstream (previously
downstream) node, unsplicing the obsolete VC.
Acknowledgment
This message is sent as a response to ARIS messages. When an ISR
receives a positive acknowledgment to Init message, it responds
with a KeepAlive message. When an ISR receives a positive
acknowledgment to an Establishment message, it splices the
upstream VC to the downstream VC.
5. ISR Information Bases
The ISR needs three logical information bases to compute routes and
forward datagrams: the routing information base, the forwarding
information base, and the VC information base. The first, the
routing information base (RIB), is used for the computation of best-
effort routes by various IP routing protocols. The RIB for the ISR
is essentially unchanged from the RIB on a standard router. In the
ISR context, the RIB is also used to identify egress points and
egress identifiers for the other two information bases.
The forwarding information base (FIB) of the ISR has been extended
beyond the content of the FIB on a standard router to include an
egress identifier in each next hop entry. The FIB tends to contain
many IP destination prefix entries, which point to a small number of
Woundy, et al. Expiration: May 1997 [Page 5]
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next hop entries that describe the hop-by-hop forwarding
operation(s). Next hop entries on the ISR consist of an outgoing
interface, next hop IP address, egress identifier, and the associated
established downstream VC. The association of the next hops with the
egress identifiers is the responsibility of the routing protocols,
while the association of the next hop/egress identifiers with the
established VCs is the responsibility of the ARIS protocol.
The VC information base (VCIB), which does not exist on a standard
router, maintains for each egress identifier the upstream to
downstream VC mappings and related states. This mapping is controlled
by the ARIS protocol.
6. Egress Identifiers
The ARIS protocol uses egress identifiers that balance the desire to
share the same egress identifier among many IP destination prefixes,
with the desire to maximize switching benefits. To provide
flexibility, ARIS supports many types of egress identifiers. ISRs
choose the type of egress identifier to use based on routing protocol
information and local configuration.
The first type of egress identifier is the IP destination prefix.
This type results in each IP destination prefix sustaining its own VC
tree, and thus will not scale in large backbone and enterprise
networks. However, this is the only information that some routing
protocols, such as RIP, can provide. This type of identifier may
work well in networks where the number of destination prefixes is
limited, such as in campus environments, or even in a wide-area
network of a private enterprise.
The second type of egress identifier is the egress IP address. This
type is used primarily for BGP protocol updates, which carry this
information in the NEXT_HOP attribute [2]. There are certain types
of OSPF routes that also use this type. See "BGP Interaction" and
"OSPF Interaction" for detailed information.
The third type of egress identifier is the OSPF Router ID, which
allows aggregation of traffic on behalf of multiple datagram
protocols routed by OSPF. The latest version of OSPF, OSPFv3,
supports the Router ID for both IP and IPv6 [3]. See "OSPF
Interaction" for further information.
The fourth type of egress identifier is the multicast (source, group)
pair [4], used by multicast protocols, such as DVMRP [5], MOSPF [6]
and PIM ([7], [8]). The fifth is the (ingress-of-source, group),
used for such multicast protocols as MOSPF and PIM. See "IP
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Internet-Draft ARIS November 1996
Multicast Interaction" for IP multicast protocol details.
Other egress identifier types may be defined, including but not
limited to IS-IS NSAP addresses, NLSP IPX addresses, IPv6 destination
prefixes, etc.
A hierarchy amongst the egress identifiers may be introduced to allow
more flexible control over egress identifier selection. This allows
an ISR to autolearn or be configured with non-default egress
identifiers, and to select which egress identifiers to use in various
routing situations.
It should be noted that a network achieves a further performance
optimization with ARIS when egress identifiers refer to the next hop
router of the egress ISR. This allows datagrams to be switched
entirely from the ingress point in the routing domain to the router
past the egress ISR.
7. Egress ISRs
In the ARIS protocol, Establishment messages are originated from the
egress ISR. An ISR is considered an egress ISR, with respect to a
particular egress identifier, under any of the following conditions:
1. The egress identifier refers to the ISR itself (including
one of its directly attached interfaces).
2. The egress identifier is reachable via a next hop router
that is outside the ISR switching infrastructure.
3. The egress identifier is reachable by crossing a routing
domain boundary, such as another area for OSPF summary
networks, or another autonomous system for OSPF AS
externals and BGP routes.
8. Establishment Initiation Example
+---+
.... | 2 |
+---+ ---> +---+ +--------+
| 1 | ---> | Egress | --> ...
+---+ ---> +---+ +--------+
.... | 3 |
+---+
Example: Egress initiates Establishment
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a) The Egress ISR learns of an egress identifier that indicates the
egress is itself (see "Egress ISRs"). It creates a FIB entry
for its next hop and egress identifier (itself).
b) The Egress creates a VCIB entry with an upstream VC to ISR1, and
initiates a VC Establishment message with the upstream VC label
to use, and itself in the ISR ID path.
c) ISR1 verifies that the Establish message was received from the
expected next hop (Egress) by matching its FIB entry, and that
the ISR ID path is loop free. It then creates a VCIB entry and
a downstream VC to the Egress with the given VC label, replaces
the default VC in the FIB with this new value, and replies to
the Egress with an Acknowledgment message.
d) ISR1 creates an upstream VC to each of its upstream neighbors,
ISR2 and ISR3, and updates the corresponding VCIB entry. It
forwards the Establishment message to each upstream neighbor,
with its own ISR ID appended to the ISR ID path and with the VC
label to use.
e) When ISR1 receives each acknowledgment from each upstream
neighbor, it updates the VCIB and splices the corresponding
upstream VC to its Egress downstream VC.
All upstream nodes recursively follow the same procedures as ISR1,
until all Ingress nodes have been added to the VC path to the Egress.
The Egress ISR is responsible for periodically sending refresh VC
Establishment messages, to prevent VC timeouts. If a refresh is not
received in the allotted time, VCs are unspliced and discarded.
9. Establishment Trigger Example
+---+
+-X-> | 2 | ---> ........
| +---+ .
+---+ +---+ --> +--------+
.... | 4 | ---> | 1 | | Egress |
+---+ +---+ --> +--------+
| +---+ .
+---> | 3 | ---> ........
+---+
Example: ISR1 changes routes from ISR2 to ISR3
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a) ISR1 learns of a new path to the Egress via ISR3 from the
routing protocols. It removes the FIB and VCIB entries for the
next hop ISR2/Egress. ISR1 creates a new FIB entry for the next
hop ISR3/Egress with a default VC to the next hop.
b) ISR1 sends a Trigger message to new downstream node ISR3
requesting an Establish message for the VC path to the Egress.
c) ISR3 creates an upstream VC, updates its corresponding VCIB
entry, and replies with an Establish message to ISR1, containing
the full ISR ID path and the VC label.
d) ISR1 verifies that the Establish message was received from the
expected next hop (ISR3), and that the ISR ID path is loop free.
It then creates a new VCIB entry and downstream VC to ISR3 with
the given VC label, and replaces the default VC in the FIB with
this new value.
e) ISR1 sends an Acknowledgment message to ISR3.
f) ISR3 receives the Acknowledgment, updates the VCIB and splices
its ISR1 upstream VC to its downstream VC.
g) ISR1 appends its ISR ID to the Establish message, and forwards
the message to ISR4 with the upstream VC label.
h) ISR4 verifies the Establish message, updates the VCIB, and
unsplices the current VC to ISR1/Egress from its upstream
node(s), and sends an Acknowledgment to ISR1.
i) ISR1 receives the Acknowledgment, updates the VCIB and splices
the ISR4 upstream VC to the ISR3 downstream VC.
j) ISR4 appends its ISR ID to the path, and forwards the
establishment message to its upstream neighbors with a VC label.
When ISR4 receives an Acknowledgment from an upstream neighbor,
it updates the VCIB and splices the upstream VC to the ISR1
downstream VC.
All upstream nodes recursively follow the same procedure as ISR4,
until all ingress nodes have been updated.
10. TTL Decrement
In order to comply with the requirements for IPv4 routers, the IP
datagram Time-To-Live (TTL) field must be decremented on each hop it
traverses [9]. Currently, switched packets within ATM cannot
Woundy, et al. Expiration: May 1997 [Page 9]
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decrement the TTL. However, ARIS can decrement TTLs appropriately by
maintaining a hop-count per egress identifier. This hop-count is
calculated by including a hop-count field in the Establish message,
which is incremented at each ISR as it traverses the upstream path.
Before forwarding a packet on a VC, an ingress ISR decrements the TTL
by the hop-count plus one. If the decrement value is greater than or
equal to the TTL of the packet, the packet is forwarded hop-by-hop.
11. Multipath Considerations
Many IP routing protocols such as OSPF support the notion of equal-
cost multipath routes, in which a router maintains multiple next hops
for one destination prefix when two or more equal-cost paths to the
prefix exist. Unfortunately, because of limitations in most ATM
switching hardware, each path needs its own VC. Therefore, ingress
ISRs may maintain a number of VCs to one egress ISR, each VC
representing a different equal-cost path to the egress. In this
case, the ingress ISR will make multipath decisions for traffic on
behalf of all downstream ISRs.
Each ISR that receives multiple (legal) Establishment messages from
downstream ISRs with different paths to the same egress identifier
can choose one of four different approaches for sending Establishment
messages upstream. One approach is to send multiple Establishment
messages upstream, preserving multiple VCs to the egress ISR. Each
Establishment message requires an additional numeric identifier to be
able to distinguish multiple distinct VCs to the destination, so that
successive Establishment messages for distinct VCs are not
misinterpreted as consecutive replacements of the same VC. When
multiple Establishment VCs are preserved upstream, they require
distinct VPI/VCI assignments, which works against conservation of
VCs.
Another approach, that conserves VCs at the cost of switching
performance, is to originate one Establishment message upstream, and
to forward datagrams at the IP network layer on the multipath point
ISR.
A third approach is to propagate only one Establishment message from
the downstream ISRs to the upstream ISRs, and ignore the content of
other VC Establishment messages. This conserves VCs and maintains
switching performance, but may not balance loads across downstream
links as well as the first two approaches, even if VCs are
selectively dropped.
The final approach is to propagate one Establishment message that
carries the content of all downstream Establishment messages, so that
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only one upstream VC is created to the multipath point. This
requires that the ATM switching hardware on the multipath ISR be
capable of correctly distributing the traffic of upstream VCs onto
multiple downstream VCs. Furthermore, the Establishment message to
send upstream must concatenate the ISR ID lists from downstream
messages, in order to preserve the VC loop-free property. The ISR ID
list concatenation is similar to using AS_SETs for aggregation in the
BGP protocol. This final approach has the benefit of both VC
conservation and performance, although it requires a slightly more
complex implementation.
12. BGP Interactions with ARIS
The BGP implementation of the ISR uses the NEXT_HOP attribute as the
egress identifier. When the BGP border ISR injects routes into the
BGP mesh, it may use its own IP address or the address of its
external BGP peer as the value of the NEXT_HOP attribute. This
choice of NEXT_HOP attribute value creates different Establishment
behaviors with ARIS.
If the BGP border ISR uses its own IP address as the NEXT_HOP
attribute in its injected routes, then all of these BGP routes share
the same egress identifier. This approach establishes only one tree
to the BGP border ISR, and the ISR must forward traffic at the IP
layer towards its external BGP neighbors.
If the BGP border ISR uses the external BGP peer as the NEXT_HOP
attribute in its injected routes, then the BGP routes from each
unique external BGP neighbor share the same egress identifier. This
approach establishes one VC tree per external BGP neighbor of the BGP
border ISR. The BGP border ISR can switch traffic directly to its
external BGP neighbors.
13. OSPF Interactions with ARIS
The OSPF protocol exchanges five types of "link state advertisements"
to create OSPF routing tables. All types of advertisements contain
an "Advertising Router" field, which identifies the OSPF Router ID of
the router that originates the advertisement. The ISR uses this OSPF
Router ID as the egress identifier.
The use of the OSPF Router ID as an egress identifier allows a new
level of destination prefix abstraction. In a typical network, a
router may be connected to several LANs (Ethernets, Token Rings,
etc.), and may communicate to remote networks outside of its routing
domain via adjacent routers. The remote destination networks may be
Woundy, et al. Expiration: May 1997 [Page 11]
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injected into the link state routing domain via static configuration,
or via other routing protocols (such as RIP or BGP). These local and
remote networks may be represented in the router forwarding tables as
many destination prefixes, which cannot be aggregated into shorter
prefixes (even when using CIDR [10]). Router labels (OSPF Router ID)
provide a compact means to represent a number of destination prefixes
that exit the link state routing domain at the same egress router.
The association between destination prefixes and router labels is an
easy by-product of the normal SPF computation.
The one exception to using the OSPF Router ID is when ISRs receive an
AS external link advertisement with a non-zero forwarding address.
The OSPF protocol uses the forwarding address to allow traffic to
bypass the router that originates the advertisement. Since the OSPF
Router ID refers to the bypassed router, it is inadequate as an
egress identifier in this case. Instead, the ARIS protocol must use
the forwarding address as the egress identifier.
Using the forwarding address as the egress identifier provides
significant benefits. Since the AS external forwarding address and
the BGP NEXT_HOP attribute are both external IP addresses, they are
compatible types of egress identifiers, which may allow BGP and OSPF
routes to share the same VC. Further, the OSPF AS boundary ISR can
switch traffic directly to its external neighbors, just like BGP.
The ISR identifies itself as an OSPF egress when the ISR is an area
border router or an AS boundary router, or when it is directly
attached to a LAN.
14. IP Multicast Interactions with ARIS
The ARIS protocol can be used to setup VCs for IP multicast traffic,
in particular for multicast protocols using Reverse Path Multicasting
(RPM). The typical RPM forwarding information base maps a source IP
network address and multicast group pair, (S,G), to an expected
incoming interface and a set of outgoing interfaces. The ISR extends
the forwarding information base to include one egress identifier per
(S,G).
The current choice of egress identifier is the (S,G) pair itself.
This egress identifier creates one source-based VC tree per source
address and group pair. The VC tree carries traffic from the ingress
ISR to all egress ISRs, using multicast switching within intermediate
ISRs. Egress ISRs for multicast are similar to egress ISRs for the
unicast case, except that multicast egress ISRs are determined by
group membership location, instead of egress point reachability. An
ISR becomes an egress for a particular (S,G) when it forwards traffic
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from a source S to a group G over a non-ISR link.
Having multicast VCs set up on the basis of (S,G) works well with the
IGMPv3 Group-Source messages, since these IGMP messages can create
unique trees for each sender within the same group [11].
An alternative egress identifier choice is to use the "ingress" of
the source address S in the (S,G) pair. This choice creates one
ingress-based VC tree for all of the sources of a group that share a
given ingress, instead of one for each of the sources. This permits
a greater amount of VC aggregation in the ISR cloud. The ingress of
a source address is calculated in a similar fashion to calculating an
egress identifier for a destination prefix. Unfortunately, one cannot
calculate useful ingress identifiers for DVMRP, for the same reason
that one cannot calculate useful egress identifiers for RIP.
Furthermore, since some protocols permit source-specific multicast
pruning, the multicast distribution tree for a particular group may
differ according to source address, even if sources share the same
ingress point. However, the advantages this approach offers with
regards to VC conservation on those protocols capable of supporting
the ingress of source may outweigh the disadvantages of wasting
bandwidth by sending traffic to leaf networks where a particular
source may be filtered.
Based on the topology of the multicast distribution tree, there may
be multiple egress ISRs for the egress identifier (S,G). Each ISR
can send one multicast Establishment message to the one upstream ISR
on the path back toward the source address. The ISR ID lists of
multicast downstream ISRs, with the current ISR ID, are concatenated
(like BGP AS_SETs) before sending the Establishment message to the
upstream ISR.
The observant reader may note that ARIS uses a multicast scheme to
build unicast VCs, and a unicast scheme to build multicast VCs.
15. Virtual Path Extension
The ARIS usage of "merged" VC flows requires that ATM switching
hardware have the capabilty of preventing cell interleaving (see "VC
Conservation"). Unfortunately, much of the existing ATM switching
hardware cannot support VC merging. One solution to this problem is
to use virtual paths (VPs) to egress points, rather than virtual
circuits (VCs). The virtual path extension merges VPs, creating
trees of VPs to the egress points, instead of merging VCs. Cell
interleaving is prevented by the assignment of unique VC identifiers
(VCIs) within each VP.
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The ISRs within a network are assigned unique VCIs to prevent VCI
collisions when paths from different ISRs are merged. Each ISR
requires a block of VCIs as labels to distinguish between cell paths
to the same egress identifier. By assigning a unique block of VCIs
to each ISR, ARIS guarantees that an ISR at a network merge point can
safely merge upstream VP flows for an egress identifier to a single
downstream VP without VCI collisions.
Although the virtual path extension uses VCs much less efficiently
than a VC merging implementation, it reduces network latency and
hardware requirements because frame reassembly and re-segmentation is
not required on intermediate ISRs. In addition, although this
variation uses more VC space, the work involved in establishing and
maintaining switched paths is still O(n).
An alternative approach to the VC merging problem is to use an end-
to-end VC label upstream allocation. This allows the ingress node to
choose the downstream VC. In this approach, ISRs acknowledge the
Establishment message with a label only after they receive an
Acknowledgment message from their own upstream neighbor. Thus, the
Establishment message traverses fully to the ingress node before
being acknowledged. Ingress ISRs immediately acknowledge the
Establishment message with the VC label. These acknowledgements may
be merged as they travel downstream to the egress node. This method
adds latency in the VC set up, and removes the benefits of ARIS VC
aggregation (O(n**2) versus O(n) VCs). However, it adds the
flexibility of performing VC-switching instead of VP-switching, which
also makes switching possible at the routing boundaries.
16. Multiprotocol Support
ARIS is capable of multi-protocol support. Further, the egress
aggregation feature of ARIS is applicable to those network layer
topologies (IP, CLNP, IPX) that use a link state routing protocol.
In particular, integrated IS-IS can calculate routes for CLNP, IP4,
and IP6 simultaneously (with one Dijkstra calculation), and OSPFv3
(the new draft of OSPF) can calculate routes for IP4 and IP6
simultaneously. Both integrated IS-IS and OSPFv3 use a single router
label to represent a single router that supports multiple network
layer protocols. In this context, ARIS can minimize switching paths
by using a single switching path for traffic from multiple network
protocols destined to the same egress multiprotocol router.
17. ARIS And Frame Switching Technology
The ARIS protocol is easily extendible to other switching
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environments. Though the present document illustrates ARIS in ATM
cell switching technology, it may later be extended to other
switching technologies. In fact, ARIS applies well to frame switching
technology.
While ARIS solves the problem of cell interleaving in the case of ATM
by Virtual Path switching, it naturally and easily maps to a frame
switching environment. This is due to the fact that multiple
upstream flows can be merged into a single downstream flow without
the problems of cell interleaving.
18. Quality of Service
ARIS can be extended to support Quality of Service (QoS) parameters.
This will be addressed in a future ARIS revision.
19. ARIS Advantages
The ARIS approach to IP switching offers the following advantages:
o VC aggregation
- Use of egress identifiers allows many route (CIDR) prefixes
to map to the same VC
- Ability to create O(n) ARIS VCs (not O(n**2)) on full mesh,
where n is the number of nodes in a network.
o Low VC setup overhead
- Few VCs to setup due to routing-based and aggregated VCs
- VC teardown/setup only on internal route changes
o Switches large proportion of traffic
- All traffic assigned to VCs
- VCs created independent of traffic patterns
o Guaranteed loop-free VC paths
o Preserves VC's for RSVP flows or standard ATM connections
o Scales to large networks
20. Security Consideration
Security considerations are not addressed in this memo.
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21. Intellectual Property Considerations
International Business Machines Corporation may seek patent or other
intellectual property protection for some or all of the aspects
discussed in the forgoing document.
22. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the following people for their input
and support: Ed Bowen, Jerry Marin, Wayne Pace, Dean Skidmore, and
Vijay Srinivasan.
23. References
[1] Juha Heinanen, "Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation
Layer 5", RFC 1483, Telecom Finland, July 1993
[2] Y. Rekhter, T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC
1771, IBM Corp, Cisco Systems, March 1995
[3] J. Moy, "OSPF Version 2", RFC 1583, Proteon Inc, March 1994
[4] S. Deering, "Host extensions for IP multicasting", RFC 1112,
Stanford University, August 1989
[5] D. Waitzman, C. Partridge, S. Deering, "Distance Vector
Multicast Routing Protocol", RFC 1075, BBN, Stanford University,
November 1988
[6] J. Moy, "Multicast Extensions to OSPF", RFC 1584, Proteon Inc,
March 1994
[7] S. Deering, D. Estrin, D. Farinacci, V. Jacobson, C. Liu, L.
Wei, P. Sharma, A. Helmy, "Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse
Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification", Internet Draft <draft-
ietf-idmr-pim-spec-02.txt>, Xerox, Cisco Systems, USC, LBL,
September 1995
[8] D. Estrin, D. Farinacci, V. Jacobson, C. Liu, L. Wei, P. Sharma,
A. Helmy, "Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM):
Protocol Specification", Internet Draft <draft-ietf-idmr-pim-
dm-spec-01.txt>, USC, Cisco Systems, LBL, January 1996
[9] F. Baker (Editor), "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC
1812, Cisco Systems, June 1995
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[10] V. Fuller, T. Li, J. Yu, K. Varadhan, "Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation
Strategy", RFC 1519, BARRNET, Cisco Systems, MERIT, OARnet,
September, 1993
[11] B. Cain, S. Deering, A. Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management
Protocol Version 3", Internet Draft <draft-cain-igmp-00.txt>,
University of Delaware, Xerox PARC, August 1995
24. Authors' Addresses
Rick Boivie
IBM Corp.
17 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Phone: +1 914-784-3251
Email: rboivie@vnet.ibm.com
Nancy Feldman
IBM Corp.
17 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Phone: +1 914-784-3254
Email: nkf@vnet.ibm.com
Arun Viswanathan
IBM Corp.
17 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Phone: +1 914-784-3273
Email: arunv@vnet.ibm.com
Richard Woundy
Continental Cablevision
The Pilot House - Lewis Wharf
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: +1 617-854-3351
Email: rwoundy@continental.com
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