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Network Working Group Rob Weltman
INTERNET-DRAFT Netscape Communications Corp.
April 22, 1997
The Java LDAP Application Program Interface
Status of this Memo
This draft document, draft-weltman-java-ldap-00.txt, will be submitted
to the RFC Editor as an informational document. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited. Please send comments to the authors.
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working docu-
ments of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its
working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material
or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.''
To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the
``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow
Directories on ds.internic.net (US East Coast), nic.nordu.net (Europe),
ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast), or munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim).
Abstract
This document defines a java language application program interface to
the lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP), in the form of a class
library. It complements but does not replace RFC 1823 ([9]), which
describes a C language application program interface.
1. Introduction
The LDAP class library is designed to provide powerful, yet simple,
access to an LDAP directory services. It defines a synchronous inter-
face to LDAP, with support for partial results on searching, to suit a
wide variety of applications. This document gives a brief overview of
the LDAP model, then an overview of the constituents of the class
library. The public class methods are described in detail, followed by
an appendix that provides some example code demonstrating the use of the
classes. This document provides information to the Internet community.
It does not specify any standard.
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2. Overview of the LDAP Model
LDAP is the lightweight directory access protocol, described in [2] and
[7]. It can provide a lightweight frontend to the X.500 directory [1],
or to an LDAP server, to which it sends requests and receives responses.
LDAPv3 can also be used over UDP transport.
The LDAP information model is based on the entry, which contains infor-
mation about some object (e.g., a person). Entries are composed of
attributes, which have a type and one or more values. Each attribute has
a syntax that determines what kinds of values are allowed in the attri-
bute (e.g., ASCII characters, a jpeg photograph, etc.) and how those
values behave during directory operations (e.g., is case significant
during comparisons).
Entries may be organized in a tree structure, usually based on politi-
cal, geographical, and organizational boundaries. Each entry is uniquely
named relative to its sibling entries by its relative distinguished name
(RDN) consisting of one or more distinguished attribute values from the
entry. At most one value from each attribute may be used in the RDN.
For example, the entry for the person Babs Jensen might be named with
the "Barbara Jensen" value from the commonName attribute.
A globally unique name for an entry, called a distinguished name or DN,
is constructed by concatenating the sequence of RDNs from the entry up
to the root of the tree. For example, if Babs worked for the University
of Michigan, the DN of her U-M entry might be "cn=Barbara Jensen,
o=University of Michigan, c=US". The DN format used by LDAP is defined
in [4].
Operations are provided to authenticate, search for and retrieve infor-
mation, modify information, and add and delete entries from the tree.
An LDAP server may return referrals if it cannot completely service a
request, for example if the request specifies a directory base outside
of the tree managed by the server. The LDAP class library offers the
programmer the option of catching such referrals as exceptions and
explicitly issuing new requests to the referred-to servers, or having
referrals followed automatically by the library. In the latter case, the
programmer may also provide a reauthentication object, allowing
automatic referrals to procede with appropriate (non-anonymous) creden-
tials for each referred-to server.
The next sections give an overview of how the class library is used and
detailed descriptions of the LDAP class methods that implement all of
these functions.
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3. Overview of the LDAP classes
3.1. Interfaces
LDAPEntryComparator An interface to support arbitrary sorting algo-
rithms for entries returned by a search operation.
At least one implementation must be provided:
LDAPCompareAttrNames, to sort in ascending order
based on one or more attribute names.
LDAPRebind A programmer desiring reauthentication on automat-
ically following referrals must implement this
interface. Without it, automatically followed
referrals will use anonymous authentication.
LDAPSocketFactory Programmers needing to provide or use specialized
socket connections, including Secure Socket Layer
(SSL) based ones, can provide an object construc-
tor to implement them.
LDAPv2 This interface defines the functionality of the
LDAP version 2 protocol. It is implemented by
LDAPConnection.
3.2. Classes
LDAPAttribute Represents the name and values of one attribute of
a directory entry.
LDAPAttributeSet A collection of LDAPAttributes.
LDAPCompareAttrNames An implementation of LDAPEntryComparator, to sup-
port sorting of search results by one or more
attributes.
LDAPConnection Implements LDAPv2 and is the central point for
interactions with a directory.
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LDAPDN A utility class to facilitate composition and
decomposition of distinguished names (DNs).
LDAPEntry Represents a single entry in a directory.
LDAPModification A single add/delete/replace operation to an
LDAPAttribute.
LDAPModificationSet A collection of LDAPModifications
LDAPRebindAuth An implementation of LDAPRebind must be able to
provide an LDAPRebindAuth at the time of a refer-
ral. The class encapsulates reauthentication
credentials.
LDAPSearchConstraints Defines the options controlling search operations.
LDAPSearchResults The enumerable results of a search operation.
LDAPUrl Encapsulates parameters of an LDAP Url query, as
defined in [8].
3.3. Exceptions
LDAPException General exception, comprising a code and textual
context.
LDAPReferralException Derived from LDAPException, contains a list of
LDAPUrls corresponding to referrals received on an
LDAP operation.
LDAPSecurityException Derived from LDAPException, thrown on security
mismatches.
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4. Overview of LDAP API Use
An application generally uses the LDAP API in four steps.
- Construct an LDAPConnection. Initialize an LDAP session with a
directory server. The LDAPConnection.connect() call establishes a
handle to the session, allowing multiple sessions to be open at
once, on different instances of LDAPConnection.
- Authenticate to the LDAP server with LDAPConnection.authenticate().
- Perform some LDAP operations and obtain some results.
LDAPConnection.search() returns an LDAPSearchResults, which can be
enumerated to access all entries found. LDAPConnection.read()
returns a single entry.
- Close the connection. The LDAPConnection.disconnect() call closes
the connection.
All operations are synchronous - they do not return until the operation
has completed. In the java environment, it is appropriate to create a
thread for the operation rather than providing parallel synchronous and
asynchronous operations, as is the case in the C language API described
in [9]. A special accomodation is made for providing intermediate
results on searching, to facilitate user feedback: the number of entries
to return at a time can be specified.
Standard java Enumerations are used to parse search results. Errors
result in the throwing of an LDAPException, with a specific error code
and context-specific textual information available. The following sec-
tions describe the LDAP classes in more detail.
5. The java LDAP classes
5.1. public class LDAPAttribute extends Object
The LDAPAttribute class represents the name and values of an attribute
in an entry.
5.1.1. Constructors
public LDAPAttribute(String attrName)
Constructs an attribute with no values.
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public LDAPAttribute(String attrName,
byte attrBytes[])
Constructs an attribute with a byte-formatted value.
public LDAPAttribute(String attrName,
String attrString)
Constructs an attribute that has a single string value.
public LDAPAttribute(String attrName,
String attrStrings[])
Constructs an attribute that has an array of string values.
Parameters are:
attrName Name of the attribute.
attrBytes Value of the attribute as raw bytes.
attrString Value of the attribute as a String.
attrStrings Array of values as Strings.
5.1.2. addValue
public synchronized void addValue(String attrString)
Adds a string value to the attribute.
public synchronized void addValue(byte attrBytes[])
Adds a byte[]-formatted value to the attribute.
Parameters are:
attrString Value of the attribute as a String.
attrBytes Value of the attribute as raw bytes.
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5.1.3. getByteValues
public Enumeration getByteValues()
Returns an enumerator for the values of the attribute in byte[] for-
mat.
5.1.4. getStringValues
public Enumeration getStringValues()
Returns an enumerator for the string values of an attribute.
5.1.5. getName
public String getName()
Returns the name of the attribute.
5.1.6. removeValue
public synchronized void removeValue(String attrString)
Removes a string value from the attribute.
public synchronized void removeValue(byte attrValue[])
Removes a byte[]-formatted value from the attribute.
Parameters are:
attrString Value of the attribute as a String.
attrBytes Value of the attribute as raw bytes.
5.1.7. size
public int size()
Returns the number of values of the attribute.
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5.2. public class LDAPAttributeSet extends Object
An LDAPAttributeSet is a collection of LDAPAttributes, as returned in an
entry on a search or read operation, or used to construct an entry to be
added to a directory.
5.2.1. Constructors
public LDAPAttributeSet()
Constructs a new set of attributes. This set is initially empty.
5.2.2. add
public synchronized void add(LDAPAttribute attr)
Adds the specified attribute to this attribute set.
Parameters are:
attr Attribute to add to this set.
5.2.3. elementAt
public LDAPAttribute elementAt(int index)
throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Returns the attribute at the position specified by the index. The
index is 0-based.
Parameters are:
index Index of the attribute to get.
5.2.4. getAttributes
public Enumeration getAttributes()
Returns an enumeration of the attributes in this attribute set.
5.2.5. remove
public synchronized void remove(String name)
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Removes the specified attribute from the set.
Parameters are:
name Name of the attribute to remove from this set. To
remove an LDAPAttribute by object, the
LDAPAttribute.getName method can be used:
LDAPAttributeSet.remove( attr.getName() );
5.2.6. removeElementAt
public void removeElementAt(int index)
throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Removes the attribute at the position specified by the index. The
index is 0-based.
Parameters are:
index Index of the attribute to remove.
5.2.7. size
public int size()
Returns the number of attributes in this set.
5.3. public class LDAPCompareAttrNames extends Object implements
LDAPEntryComparator
An object of this class supports sorting search results by attribute
name, in ascending order
5.3.1. Constructors
public LDAPCompareAttrNames(String attrName)
Constructs an object that will sort results by a single attribute, in
ascending order.
public LDAPCompareAttrNames(String[] attrNames)
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Constructs an object that will sort by one or more attributes, in the
order provided, in ascending order.
Parameters are:
attrName Name of an attribute to sort by.
attrNames Array of names of attributes to sort by.
5.3.2. isGreater
public boolean isGreater (LDAPEntry e1, LDAPEntry e2)
Returns true if entry1 is to be considered greater than or equal to
entry2, for the purpose of sorting, based on the attribute name or
names provided on object construction.
Parameters are:
entry1 Target entry for comparison.
entry2 Entry to be compared to.
5.4. public class LDAPConnection extends Object implements LDAPv2,
Cloneable
LDAPConnection is the central class that encapsulates the connection to
a Directory Server through the LDAP protocol. It implements the LDAPv2
interface, and will in future releases implement additional LDAP proto-
col level interfaces. An LDAPConnection object is not connected on con-
struction, and may only be connected to one server at one port. Multiple
threads may share this single connection, and an application may have
more than one LDAPConnection object, connected to the same or different
Directory Servers.
Besides the methods described for LDAPv2 above, LDAPConnection provides
the following methods.
5.4.1. Constructors
public LDAPConnection()
Constructs a new LDAPConnection object, which represents a connection
to an LDAP server.
Calling the constructor does not actually establish the connection.
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To connect to the LDAP server, use the connect method.
public LDAPConnection(LDAPSocketFactory factory)
Constructs a new LDAPConnection object, which will use the supplied
class factory to construct a socket connection during
LDAPConnection.connect().
5.4.2. clone
public LDAPConnection clone()
Returns a copy of the object with a private context, but sharing the
network connection if there is one. The network connection remains
open until all clones have disconnected or gone out of scope.
5.4.3. getAuthenticationDN
public String getAuthenticationDN()
Returns the distinguished name (DN) used for authentication by this
object.
5.4.4. getAuthenticationPassword
public String getAuthenticationPassword()
Returns the password used for authentication by this object.
5.4.5. getHost
public String getHost()
Returns the host name of the LDAP server to which the object is or
was last connected.
5.4.6. getPort
public int getPort()
Returns the port number of the LDAP server to which the object is or
was last connected.
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5.4.7. getProperty
public Object getProperty(String name) throws LDAPException
Gets a property of a connection object.
The following read-only properties are available for any given con-
nection:
LDAP_PROPERTY_SDK The version of this SDK, as a Float
data type.
LDAP_PROPERTY_PROTOCOL The highest supported version of the
LDAP protocol, as a Float data type.
LDAP_PROPERTY_SECURITY A comma-separated list of the types
of authentication supported, as a
String.
Other properties may be available in particular implementations of
the class, and used to modify operations such as search.
An LDAPException is thrown if the requested property is not avail-
able.
5.4.8. getSearchConstraints
public LDAPSearchConstraints getSearchConstraints()
Returns the set of search constraints that apply to all searches per-
formed through this connection (unless a different set of search con-
straints is specified when calling the search method).
Note that the getOption method can be used to get individual con-
straints (rather than getting the entire set of constraints).
Typically, the getSearchConstraints method is used to create a
slightly different set of search constraints to apply to a particular
search.
5.4.9. getSocketFactory
public static LDAPSocketFactory getSocketFactory()
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Returns the default LDAPSocketFactory used to establish a connection
to a server.
5.4.10. isAuthenticated
public boolean isAthenticated()
Indicates whether the object has authenticated to the connected LDAP
server.
5.4.11. isConnected
public boolean isConnected()
Indicates whether the connection represented by this object is open
at this time.
5.4.12. read
public static LDAPEntry read(LDAPUrl toGet) throws LDAPException
Reads the entry specified by the LDAP URL.
When this method is called, a new connection is created automati-
cally, using the host and port specified in the URL. After finding
the entry, the method closes the connection (in other words, it
disconnects from the LDAP server).
If the URL specifies a filter and scope, these are not used. Of the
information specified in the URL, this method only uses the LDAP host
name and port number, the base distinguished name (DN), and the list
of attributes to return.
The method returns the entry specified by the base DN.
Parameters are:
toGet LDAP URL specifying the entry to read.
5.4.13. search
public static LDAPSearchResults search(LDAPUrl toGet) throws LDAPEx-
ception
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Performs the search specified by the LDAP URL, returning an enumer-
able LDAPSearchResults object.
public static LDAPSearchResults search(LDAPUrl toGet,
LDAPSearchConstraints cons)
throws LDAPException
Perfoms the search specified by the LDAP URL. This method also allows
specifying constraints for the search (such as the maximum number of
entries to find or the maximum time to wait for search results).
As part of the search constraints, a choice can be made as to whether
to have the results delivered all at once or in smaller batches. If
the results are to be delivered in smaller batches, each iteration
blocks only until the next batch of results is returned.
Parameters are:
toGet LDAP URL specifying the entry to read.
5.4.14. setOption
public void setOption(int option,
Object value)
throws LDAPException
Sets the value of the specified option for this LDAPConnection
object.
These options represent the default search constraints for the
current connection. Some of these options are also propagated through
the LDAPSearchConstraints, which can be obtained from the connection
object with the getSearchConstraints method.
The option that is set here applies to all subsequent searches per-
formed through the current connection, unless it is overridden with
an LDAPSearchConstraints at the time of search.
To set a constraint only for a particular search, create an LDAPSear-
chConstraints object with the new constraints and pass it to the
LDAPConnection.search method.
Parameters are:
option One of the following options:
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Option Type Description
LDAPv2.DEREF Boolean Specifies whether or not
the object dereferences
aliases. If true, it
dereferences aliases. By
default, the value of
this option is true.
LDAPv2.SIZELIMIT Integer Specifies the maximum
number of search results
to return. If this
option is set to 0,
there is no maximum
limit.
By default, the value of
this option is 1000.
LDAPv2.TIMELIMIT Integer Specifies the maximum
number of milliseconds
to wait for results
before timing out. If
this option is set to 0,
there is no maximum time
limit.
By default, the value of
this option is 0.
LDAPv2.REFERRALS Boolean Specifies whether or not
the client follows
referrals automatically.
If true, the client fol-
lows referrals automati-
cally. If false, an
LDAPReferralException is
raised when a referral
is detected.
By default, the value of
this option is false.
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LDAPv2.REFERRALS_REBIND_PROC LDAPRebind Specifies an object that
implements the LDAPRe-
bind interface. A user
of the class library
must define this class
and the getRebindAuthen-
tication method that
will be used to get the
distinguished name and
password to use for
authentication. If this
value is null and REFER-
RALS is true, referrals
will be followed with
anonymous (= no) authen-
tication.
By default, the value of
this option is null.
LDAPv2.REFERRALS_HOP_LIMIT Integer Specifies the maximum
number of referrals in a
sequence that the client
will follow. For exam-
ple, if
REFERRALS_HOP_LIMIT is
5, the client will fol-
low no more than 5
referrals in a row when
resolving a single LDAP
request.
The default value of
this option is 5.
LDAPv2.BATCHSIZE Integer Specifies the number of
search results to return
at a time. For example,
if BATCHSIZE is 1,
enumerating an LDAPSear-
chResults will block
only until one entry is
available. If it is 0,
enumerating will block
until all entries have
been retrieved from the
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server.
The default value of
this option is 1.
value The value to assign to the option. The value must be
the java.lang object wrapper for the appropriate param-
eter (e.g. boolean->Boolean, int->Integer) .
5.4.15. setProperty
public void setProperty(String name, Object value)
Sets a property of a connection object.
No property names have been defined at this time, but the mechanism
is in place in order to support revisional as well as dynamic exten-
sions to operation modifiers.
5.4.16. setSocketFactory
public static void setSocketFactory(LDAPSocketFactory factory)
Establishes the default LDAPSocketFactory used to establish a connec-
tion to a server.
This method is implemented as once-only. It is useful to be able to
change the run-time connection behavior of a whole application with a
single instruction, but the results would be confusing, and the
side-effects dangerous, if the global default factory could be
changed at arbitrary times by different threads.
A typical usage would be:
if (usingSSL) {
LDAPConnection.setSocketFactory(mySSLFactory);
}
...
LDAPConnection conn = new LDAPConnection();
conn.connect(myHost, myPort);
In this example, connections are constructed with the default LDAP-
SocketFactory. At application start-up time, the default may be set
to use a particular provided SSL socket factory.
Parameters are:
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factory A factory object which can construct socket connections
for an LDAPConnection.
5.5. public class LDAPDN extends Object
A utility class representing a distinguished name (DN).
5.5.1. explodeDN
public static String[] explodeDN(String dn,
boolean noTypes)
Returns the individual components of a distinguished name (DN).
Parameters are:
dn Distinguished name, e.g. "cn=Babs
Jensen,ou=Accounting,o=Acme,c=us"
noTypes If true, returns only the values of the components, and
not the names, e.g. "Babs Jensen", "Accounting",
"Acme", "us" - instead of "cn=Babs Jensen",
"ou=Accounting", "o=Acme", and "c=us".
5.5.2. explodeRDN
public static String[] explodeRDN(String rdn,
boolean noTypes)
Returns the individual components of a relative distinguished name
(RDN).
Parameters are:
rdn Relative distinguished name, i.e. only those components
of a distinguished name which are unique to an entry at
its position in a directory tree.
noTypes If true, returns only the values of the components, and
not the names.
5.6. public class LDAPEntry extends Object
An LDAPEntry represents a single entry in a directory, consisting of a
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distinguished name (DN) and zero or more attributes.
5.6.1. Constructors
public LDAPEntry()
Constructs an empty entry.
public LDAPEntry(String dn)
Constructs a new entry with the specified distinguished name and with
an empty attribute set.
public LDAPEntry(String dn
LDAPAttributeSet attrs)
Constructs a new entry with the specified distinguished name and set
of attributes.
Parameters are:
dn The distinguished name of the new entry.
attrs The initial set of attributes assigned to the entry.
5.6.2. getAttributeSet
public LDAPAttributeSet getAttributeSet()
Returns the attribute set of the entry.
5.6.3. getDN
public String getDN()
Returns the distinguished name of the current entry.
5.7. public interface LDAPEntryComparator
An object of this class can implement arbitrary sorting algorithms for
search results.
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5.7.1. isGreater
public boolean isGreater(LDAPEntry entry1, LDAPEntry entry2)
Returns true if entry1 is to be considered greater than or equal to
entry2, for the purpose of sorting.
Parameters are:
entry1 Target entry for comparison.
entry2 Entry to be compared to.
5.8. public class LDAPException extends Exception
Thrown to indicate that an error has occurred. An LDAPException can
result from physical problems (such as network errors) as well as prob-
lems with LDAP operations (for example, if the LDAP add operation fails
because of duplicate entry).
Most errors that occur throw this type of exception. In order to The
getLDAPResultCode() method returns the specific result code, which can
be compared against standard LDAP result codes as defined in [11], sec-
tion 4.
5.8.1. Constructors
public LDAPException()
Constructs a default exception with no specific error information.
public LDAPException(String message)
Constructs a default exception with a specified string as additional
information. This form is used for lower-level errors.
public LDAPException(String message,
int resultCode,
String serverMessage)
Constructs a default exception with a specified string as additional
information. This form is used for higher-level LDAP operational
errors.
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Parameters are:
message The additional error information.
resultCode The result code returned
serverMessage Error message specifying additional information from
the server.
5.8.2. getLDAPErrorMessage
public String getLDAPErrorMessage()
Returns the error message from the last error, if this message is
available (that is, if this message was set). If the message was not
set, this method returns null.
5.8.3. getLDAPResultCode
public int getLDAPResultCode()
Returns the result code from the last error. The codes are defined as
public final static int members of this class. Note that this value
is not always valid; -1 indicates this situation.
5.8.4. Error codes
See [11] and [7] for a discussion of the meanings of the codes.
ADMIN_LIMIT_EXCEEDED
AFFECTS_MULTIPLE_DSAS
ALIAS_DEREFERENCING_PROBLEM
ALIAS_PROBLEM
ATTRIBUTE_OR_VALUE_EXISTS
AUTH_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED
BUSY
COMPARE_FALSE
COMPARE_TRUE
CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION
ENTRY_ALREADY_EXISTS
INAPPROPRIATE_AUTHENTICATION
INAPPROPRIATE_MATCHING
INSUFFICIENT_ACCESS_RIGHTS
INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_SYNTAX
INVALID_CREDENTIALS
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INVALID_DN_SYNTAX
IS_LEAF
LDAP_PARTIAL_RESULTS
LOOP_DETECT
NAMING_VIOLATION
NO_SUCH_ATTRIBUTE
NO_SUCH_OBJECT
NOT_ALLOWED_ON_NONLEAF
NOT_ALLOWED_ON_RDN
OBJECT_CLASS_MODS_PROHIBITED
OBJECT_CLASS_VIOLATION
OPERATION_ERROR
OTHER
PROTOCOL_ERROR
REFERRAL
SIZE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED
STRONG_AUTH_REQUIRED
SUCCESS
TIME_LIMIT_EXCEEDED
UNAVAILABLE
UNAVAILABLE_CRITICAL_EXTENSION
UNDEFINED_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE
UNWILLING_TO_PERFORM
5.9. public class LDAPModification extends Object
A single change specification for an LDAPAttribute.
5.9.1. Constructors
public LDAPModification(int op,
LDAPAttribute attr)
Specifies a modification to be made to an attribute.
Parameters are:
op The type of modification to make, which can be one of
the following:
LDAPModification.ADD The value should be added to the attri-
bute
LDAPModification.DELETE The value should be removed from the
attribute
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LDAPModification.REPLACE The value should replace all existing
values of the attribute
For a binary value (not a string value), the operation should be
Or'd (|) with LDAPModification.BVALUES.
attr The attribute (possibly with values) to be modified.
5.9.2. getAttribute
public LDAPAttribute getAttribute()
Returns the attribute (possibly with values) to be modified.
5.9.3. getOp
public int getOp()
Returns the type of modification specified by this object.
5.10. public class LDAPModificationSet extends Object
A collection of modifications to be made to the attributes of a single
entry.
5.10.1. Constructors
public LDAPModificationSet()
Constructs a new, empty set of modifications.
5.10.2. add
public synchronized void add(int op,
LDAPAttribute attr)
Specifies another modification to be added to the set of modifica-
tions.
Parameters are:
op The type of modification to make, as described for
LDAPModification.
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attr The attribute (possibly with values) to be modified.
5.10.3. elementAt
public LDAPModification elementAt(int index)
throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Retrieves a particular LDAPModification object at the position speci-
fied by the index.
Parameters are:
index Index of the modification to get.
5.10.4. remove
public synchronized void remove(String name)
Removes the first attribute with the specified name in the set of
modifications.
Parameters are:
name Name of the attribute to be removed.
5.10.5. removeElementAt
public void removeElementAt(int index)
throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Removes a particular LDAPModification object at the position speci-
fied by the index.
index Index of the modification to remove.
5.10.6. size
public int size()
Retrieves the number of LDAPModification objects in this set.
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5.11. public class LDAPRebindAuth extends Object
Represents information used to authenticate the client in cases where
the client follows referrals automatically.
5.11.1. Constructors
public LDAPRebindAuth(String dn,
String password)
Constructs information that is used by the client for authentication
when following referrals automatically.
5.11.2. getDN
public String getDN()
Returns the distinguished name to be used for reauthentication on
automatic referral following.
5.11.3. getPassword
public String getPassword()
Returns the password to be used for reauthentication on automatic
referral following.
5.12. public class LDAPReferralException extends LDAPException
This exception, derived from LDAPException, is thrown when a server
returns a referral and automatic referral following has not been
enabled.
5.12.1. Constructors
public LDAPReferralException()
Constructs a default exception with no specific error information.
public LDAPReferralException(String message)
Constructs a default exception with a specified string as additional
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information. This form is used for lower-level errors.
public LDAPReferralException(String message,
int resultCode,
String serverMessage)
Parameters are:
message The additional error information.
resultCode The result code returned
serverMessage Error message specifying additional information from
the server.
5.12.2. getURLs
public LDAPUrl[] getURLs()
Gets the list of referrals (LDAP URLs to other servers) returned by
the LDAP server. This exception is only thrown, and therefor the URL
list only available, if automatic referral following is not enabled.
5.13. public class LDAPSearchConstraints extends Object
A set of options to control a search operation. There is always an LDAP-
SearchConstraints associated with an LDAPConnection object; it's values
can be changed with LDAPConnection.setOption, or overridden by passing
an LDAPSearchConstraints object to the search operation.
5.13.1. Constructors
public LDAPSearchConstraints()
Constructs an LDAPSearchConstraints object that specifies the default
set of search constraints.
public LDAPSearchConstraints(int msLimit,
boolean dereference,
int maxResults,
boolean doReferrals,
int batchSize,
LDAPRebind rebind_proc,
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int hop_limit)
Constructs a new LDAPSearchConstraints object and allows specifying
the search constraints in that object.
Parameters are:
msLimit Maximum time in milliseconds to wait for results (0 by
default, which means that there is no maximum time
limit).
dereference Specify true to follow ("dereference") aliases, or
false to not follow aliases (true by default).
maxResults Maximum number of search results to return (1000 by
default).
doReferrals Specify true to follow referrals automatically, or
false to throw an LDAPReferralException error if the
server sends back a referral (false by default)
batchSize Specify the number of results to block on during
enumeration. 0 means to block until all results are in
(1 by default).
rebind_proc Specifies an object of the class that implements the
LDAPRebind interface. The object will be used when the
client follows referrals automatically. The object pro-
vides a method for getting the distinguished name and
password used to authenticate to another LDAP server
during a referral. This field is null by default.
hop_limit Maximum number of referrals to follow in a sequence
when attempting to resolve a request, when doing
automatic referral following.
5.13.2. getBatchSize
public int getBatchSize()
Returns the suggested number of results to block on during enumera-
tion of serach results. This should be 0 if intermediate results are
not needed, and 1 if results are to be processed as they come in.
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5.13.3. getDereference
public boolean getDereference()
Specifies whether or not aliases should be dereferenced. Returns true
if aliases are to be dereferenced for any operation, or false if
aliases should not be dereferenced.
NH 3 getHopLimit
public int getHopLimit()
Returns the maximum number of hops to follow during automatic refer-
ral following.
5.13.4. getMaxResults
public int getMaxResults()
Returns the maximum number of search results to be returned; 0 means
no limit.
5.13.5. getRebindProc
public LDAPRebind getRebindProc()
Returns the object that provides the method for getting authentica-
tion information.
5.13.6. getReferrals
public boolean getReferrals()
Specifies whether nor not referrals are followed automatically.
Returns true if referrals are to be followed automatically, or false
if referrals throw an LDAPReferralException.
5.13.7. getTimeLimit
public int getTimeLimit()
Returns the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for any operation
under these search constraints. If 0, there is no maximum time limit
on waiting for the operation results.
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5.13.8. setBatchSize
public void setBatchSize(int batchSize)
Sets the suggested number of results to block on during enumeration
of search results. This should be 0 if intermediate results are not
needed, and 1 if results are to be processed as they come in. The
default is 1.
Parameters are:
batchSize Blocking size on search enumerations.
5.13.9. setDereference
public void setDereference(boolean dereference)
Sets a preference indicating whether or not aliases should be
dereferenced. true if aliases are to be dereferenced for any opera-
tion, false if aliases should not be dereferenced.
Parameters are:
dereference true to follow aliases.
5.13.10. setHopLimit
public void setHopLimit(int hop_limit)
Sets the maximum number of hops to follow in sequence during
automatic referral following. The default is 5.
Parameters are:
hop_limit Maximum number of chained referrals to follow automati-
cally.
5.13.11. setMaxResults
public void setMaxResults(int maxResults)
Sets the maximum number of search results to be returned; 0 means no
limit. The default is 1000.
Parameters are:
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maxResults Maxumum number of search results to return.
5.13.12. setRebindProc
public void setRebindProc(LDAPRebind rebind_proc)
Specifies the object that provides the method for getting authentica-
tion information. The default is null. If referrals is set to true,
and the rebindProc is null, referrals will be followed with anonymous
(= no) authentication.
Parameters are:
rebind_proc An object that implements LDAPRebind.
5.13.13. setReferrals
public void setReferrals(boolean doReferrals)
Specifies whether nor not referrals are followed automatically, or if
referrals throw an LDAPReferralException. The default is false.
Parameters are:
doReferrals True to follow referrals automatically.
5.13.14. setTimeLimit
public void setTimeLimit(int msLimit)
Sets the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for any operation
under these search constraints. If 0, there is no maximum time limit
on waiting for the operation results.
Parameters are:
msLimit Maximum milliseconds to wait.
5.14. public class LDAPSearchResults extends Object
An LDAPSearchResults object is returned from a search operation. It
implements Enumeration, thereby providing access to all entries
retrieved during the operation.
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5.14.1. hasMoreElements
public boolean hasMoreElements()
Specifies whether or not there are more search results in the
enumeration. If true, there are more search results.
5.14.2. next
public LDAPEntry next()
Returns the next result in the enumeration as an LDAPEntry.
5.14.3. nextElement
public Object nextElement()
Returns the next result in the enumeration as an Object. This the
default implementation of Enumeration.nextElement().
5.14.4. sort
public void sort(LDAPEntryComparator comp)
Sorts all entries in the results using the provided comparison
object. If the object has been partially or completely enumerated,
only remaining elements are sorted. Sorting the results requires that
they all be present. This implies that
LDAPSearchResults.nextElement() will always block until all results
have been retrieved, after a sort operation.
The LDAPCompareAttrNames class is provided to support the common need
to collate by a single or multiple attribute values, in ascending
order. Examples are:
res.sort(new LDAPCompareAttrNames("cn"));
String[] attrNames = { "sn", "givenname" };
res.sort(new LDAPCompareAttrNames(attrNames));
Parameters are:
comp An object that implements the LDAPEntryComparator
interface to compare two objects of type LDAPEntry.
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5.15. public class LDAPSecurityException extends LDAPException
This exception, derived from LDAPException, is thrown when a server
returns an error indicating a security violation.
5.15.1. Constructors
public LDAPSecurityException()
Constructs a default exception with no specific error information.
public LDAPSecurityException(String message)
Constructs a default exception with a specified string as additional
information. This form is used for lower-level errors.
public LDAPSecurityException(String message,
int resultCode,
String serverMessage)
Parameters are:
message The additional error information.
resultCode The result code returned
serverMessage Error message specifying additional information from
the server.
5.16. public interface LDAPSocketFactory
Used to construct a socket connection for use in an LDAPConnection. An
implementation of this interface may, for example, provide an SSLSocket
connected to a secure server.
5.16.1. makeSocket
public Socket makeSocket(String host, int port)
throws IOException, UnknownHostException
Returns a socket connected using the provided host name and port
number.
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There may be additional makeSocket methods defined when interfaces to
establish SSL and SASL authentication in the java environment have
been standardized.
Parameters are:
host Contains a hostname or dotted string representing the
IP address of a host running an LDAP server to connect
to.
port Contains the TCP or UDP port number to connect to or
contact. The default LDAP port is 389.
5.17. public class LDAPUrl extends Object
Encapsulates parameters of an LDAP Url query, as defined in [8]. An
LDAPUrl object can be passed to LDAPConnection.search to retrieve search
results.
5.17.1. Constructors
public LDAPUrl(String url) throws MalformedURLException
Constructs a URL object with the specified string as URL.
public LDAPUrl(String host,
int port,
String dn)
Constructs with the specified host, port, and DN. This form is used
to create URL references to a particular object in the directory.
public LDAPUrl(String host,
int port,
String dn,
String attrNames[],
int scope,
String filter)
Constructs a full-blown LDAP URL to specify an LDAP search operation.
Parameters are:
url An explicit URL string, e.g.
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"ldap://ldap.acme.com:80/o=Ace%20Industry,c=us?cn,sn?sub?
(objectclass=inetOrgPerson)".
host Host name of LDAP server, or null for "nearest
X.500/LDAP".
port Port number for LDAP server (use
LDAPConnection.DEFAULT_PORT for default port).
dn Distinguished name of object to fetch.
attrNames Names of attributes to retrieve. null for all attri-
butes.
scope Depth of search (in DN namespace). Use one of
SCOPE_BASE, SCOPE_ONE, SCOPE_SUB from LDAPv2.
5.17.2. decode
public static String decode(String URLEncoded) throws MalformedURLEx-
ception
Decodes a URL-encoded string. Any occurences of %HH are decoded to
the hex value represented. However, this routine does NOT decode "+"
into " ". See [10] for details on URL encoding/decoding.
Parameters are:
URLEncoded String to decode.
5.17.3. encode
public static String encode(String toEncode)
Encodes an arbitrary string. Any illegal characters are encoded as
%HH. However, this routine does NOT decode "+" into " ".
Parameters are:
toEncode String to encode.
5.17.4. getAttributes
public String[] getAttributeArray()
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Return an array of attribute names specified in the URL
5.17.5. getAttributes
public Enumeration getAttributes()
Return an Enumerator for the attribute names specified in the URL
5.17.6. getDN
public String getDN()
Return the distinguished name encapsulated in the URL.
5.17.7. getFilter
public String getFilter()
Returns the search filter [8], or the default filter -
(objectclass=*) - if none was specified.
5.17.8. getHost
public String getHost()
Returns the host name of the LDAP server to connect to.
5.17.9. getPort
public int getPort()
Returns the port number of the LDAP server to connect to.
5.17.10. getUrl
public String getUrl()
Returns a valid string representation of this LDAP URL.
5.18. public interface LDAPv2
As a mechanism to support planned and future LDAP protocol extensions,
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functionality is defined in an interface - LDAPv2, corresponding to ver-
sion 2 of the LDAP protocol. LDAPConnection implements LDAPv2, and will
in future releases also implement LDAPv3, which will define the addi-
tional functionality implied by version 3 of the LDAP protocol. Applica-
tions can test for support of these protocol levels in a given package
with the instanceof operator.
5.18.1. add
public void add(LDAPEntry entry) throws LDAPException
Adds an entry to the directory.
Parameters are:
entry LDAPEntry object specifying the distinguished name and
attributes of the new entry.
5.18.2. authenticate
public void authenticate(String dn,
String passwd)
throws LDAPException
Authenticates to the LDAP server (that the object is currently con-
nected to) using the specified name and password. If the object has
been disconnected from an LDAP server, this method attempts to recon-
nect to the server. If the object had already authenticated, the old
authentication is discarded.
Parameters are:
dn If non-null and non-empty, specifies that the connec-
tion and all operations through it should be authenti-
cated with dn as the distinguished name.
passwd If non-null and non-empty, specifies that the connec-
tion and all operations through it should be authenti-
cated with dn as the distinguished name and passwd as
password.
5.18.3. compare
public boolean compare(String dn,
LDAPAttribute attr)
throws LDAPException
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Checks to see if an entry contains an attribute with a specified
value. Returns true if the entry has the value, and false if the
entry does not have the value or the attribute.
Parameters are:
dn The distinguished name of the entry to use in the com-
parison.
attr The attribute to compare against the entry. The method
checks to see if the entry has an attribute with the
same name and value as this attribute.
5.18.4. connect
public void connect(String host,
int port)
throws LDAPException
Connects to the specified host and port. If this LDAPConnection
object represents an open connection, the connection is closed first
before the new connection is opened. At this point there is no
authentication, and any operations will be conducted as an anonymous
client.
public void connect(String host,
int port,
String dn,
String passwd)
throws LDAPException
Connects to the specified host and port and uses the specified DN and
password to authenticate to the server. If this LDAPConnection object
represents an open connection, the connection is closed first before
the new connection is opened. This is equivalent to connect(host,
port) followed by authenticate(dn, passwd).
Parameters are:
host Contains a hostname or dotted string representing the
IP address of a host running an LDAP server to connect
to.
port Contains the TCP or UDP port number to connect to or
contact. The default LDAP port is 389.
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dn If non-null and non-empty, specifies that the connec-
tion and all operations through it should be authenti-
cated with dn as the distinguished name.
passwd If non-null and non-empty, specifies that the connec-
tion and all operations through it should be authenti-
cated with dn as the distinguished name and passwd as
password.
5.18.5. delete
public void delete(String dn) throws LDAPException
Deletes the entry for the specified DN from the directory.
Parameters are:
dn Distinguished name of the entry to modify.
5.18.6. disconnect
public synchronized void disconnect() throws LDAPException
Disconnects from the LDAP server. Before the object can perform LDAP
operations again, it must reconnect to the server by calling connect.
5.18.7. getOption
public Object getOption(int option) throws LDAPException
Returns the value of the specified option for this object.
Parameters are:
option See LDAPConnection.setOption for a description of valid
options.
5.18.8. modify
public void modify(String dn,
LDAPModification mod)
throws LDAPException
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Makes a single change to an existing entry in the directory (for
example, changes the value of an attribute, adds a new attribute
value, or removes an existing attribute value).
The LDAPModification object specifies both the change to be made and
the LDAPAttribute value to be changed.
public void modify(String dn,
LDAPModificationSet mods)
throws LDAPException
Makes a set of changes to an existing entry in the directory (for
example, changes attribute values, adds new attribute values, or
removes existing attribute values).
Parameters are:
dn Distinguished name of the entry to modify.
mod A single change to be made to the entry.
mods A set of changes to be made to the entry.
5.18.9. read
public LDAPEntry read(String dn) throws LDAPException
Reads the entry for the specified distiguished name (DN) and
retrieves all attributes for the entry.
public LDAPEntry read(String dn,
String attrs[])
throws LDAPException
Reads the entry for the specified distinguished name (DN) and
retrieves only the specified attributes from the entry.
Parameters are:
dn Distinguished name of the entry to retrieve.
attrs Names of attributes to retrieve.
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5.18.10. rename
public void rename(String dn,
String newRdn,
boolean deleteOldRdn)
throws LDAPException
Renames an existing entry in the directory.
Parameters are:
dn Current distinguished name of the entry.
newRdn New relative distinguished name for the entry.
deleteOldRdn If true, the old name is not retained as an attribute
value.
5.18.11. search
public LDAPSearchResults search(String base,
int scope,
String filter,
String attrs[],
boolean attrsOnly)
throws LDAPException
Performs the search specified by the parameters.
public LDAPSearchResults search(String base,
int scope,
String filter,
String attrs[],
boolean attrsOnly,
LDAPSearchConstraints cons)
throws LDAPException
Performs the search specified by the parameters, also allowing
specification of constraints for the search (such as the maximum
number of entries to find or the maximum time to wait for search
results).
As part of the search constraints, the function allows specifying
whether or not the results are to be delivered all at once or in
smaller batches. If specified that the results are to be delivered in
smaller batches, each iteration blocks only until the next batch of
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results is returned.
Parameters are:
base The base distinguished name to search from.
scope The scope of the entries to search. The following are
the valid options:
LDAPv2.SCOPE_BASE Search only the base DN
LDAPv2.SCOPE_ONE Search only entries under the base DN
LDAPv2.SCOPE_SUB Search the base DN and all entries
within its subtree
filter Search filter specifying the search criteria, as
defined in [3].
attrs Names of attributes to retrieve.
attrsOnly If true, returns the names but not the values of the
attributes found. If false, returns the names and
values for attributes found
cons Constraints specific to the search.
5.18.12. setOption
public void setOption(int option,
Object value)
throws LDAPException
Sets the value of the specified option for this LDAPConnection
object.
See LDAPConnection.setOption for an implementation.
6. Security Considerations
LDAP supports security through protocol-level authentication, using
clear-text passwords or other more secure mechanisms. It also supports
running over SSL, which provides strong security at the transport layer.
This draft does not cover SSL implementations, although it identifies a
mechanism for supplying one, through the LDAPSocketFactory interface.
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7. Acknowledgements
The proposed API was defined in collaboration with Tim Howes and Mark
Smith of Netscape Communications Corp., and Thomas Kwan and Stephan Gud-
mundson of NCware Technologies Corp.
8. Bibliography
[1] The Directory: Selected Attribute Syntaxes. CCITT, Recommendation
X.520.
[2] M. Wahl, A. Coulbeck, T. Howes, S. Kille, "Lightweight Directory
Access Protocol: Standard and Pilot Attribute Definitions", Inter-
net Draft draft-ietf-asid-ldapv3-attributes-03.txt, October 1996
[3] T. Howes, "A String Representation of LDAP Search Filters," RFC
1960, June 1996.
[4] S. Kille, "A String Representation of Distinguished Names," RFC
1779, March 1995.
[5] S. Kille, "Using the OSI Directory to Achieve User Friendly Nam-
ing," RFC 1781, March 1995.
[7] M. Wahl, T. Howes, S. Kille, "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(v3)", Internet Draft draft-ietf-asid-ldapv3-protocol-04.txt, March
1997.
[8] T. Howes, M. Smith, "An LDAP URL Format", RFC 1959, June 1996.
[9] T. Howes, M. Smith, "The LDAP Application Program Interface", RFC
1823, August 1995.
[10] T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M. McCahill, "Uniform Resource Loca-
tors (URL)", RFC 1738, December 1994.
[11] W. Yeong, T. Howes, S. Kille, "Lightweight Directory Access Proto-
col", RFC 1777, March 1995.
9. Authors' Addresses
Rob Weltman
Netscape Communications Corp.
501 E. Middlefield Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
+1 415 937-3301
rweltman@netscape.com
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Tim Howes
Netscape Communications Corp.
501 E. Middlefield Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
+1 415 937-3419
howes@netscape.com
Mark Smith
Netscape Communications Corp.
501 E. Middlefield Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
+1 313 937-3477
mcs@netscape.com
Thomas Kwan
NCware Technologies Corp.
15600 NE 8th Suite B1#118
Bellevue WA 98008
USA
+1 206 323-5579
thomask@ncware.com
Stephan Gudmundson
NCware Technologies Corp.
15600 NE 8th Suite B1#118
Bellevue WA 98008
USA
+1 206 323-5579
stephang@ncware.com
10. Appendix A - Sample java LDAP program
import netscape.ldap.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Search {
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
LDAPConnection ld = new LDAPConnection();
/* Connect to server */
String MY_HOST = "localhost";
int MY_PORT = 389;
ld.connect( MY_HOST, MY_PORT );
/* authenticate to the directory as nobody */
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/* This is not really necessary if explicit authentication
is not desired, because there is already anonymous
authentication at connect time */
ld.authenticate( "", "" );
/* search for all entries with surname of Jensen */
String MY_FILTER = "sn=Jensen";
String MY_SEARCHBASE = "o=Ace Industry, c=US";
LDAPSearchConstraints cons = ld.getSearchConstraints();
/* Setting the batchSize to one will cause the result
enumeration below to block on one result at a time,
allowing us to update a list or do other things as
results come in. */
/* We could set it to 0 if we just wanted to get all
results and were willing to block until then */
cons.setBatchSize( 1 );
LDAPSearchResults res = ld.search( MY_SEARCHBASE,
LDAPConnection.SCOPE_ONE,
MY_FILTER,
null,
false,
cons );
/* Loop on results until finished */
while ( res.hasMoreElements() ) {
/* Next directory entry */
LDAPEntry findEntry = (LDAPEntry)res.nextElement();
System.out.println( findEntry.getDN() );
/* Get the attributes of the entry */
LDAPAttributeSet findAttrs = findEntry.getAttributeSet();
Enumeration enumAttrs = findAttrs.getAttributes();
System.out.println( "Attributes: " );
/* Loop on attributes */
while ( enumAttrs.hasMoreElements() ) {
LDAPAttribute anAttr =
(LDAPAttribute)enumAttrs.nextElement();
String attrName = anAttr.getName();
System.out.println( "" + attrName );
/* Loop on values for this attribute */
Enumeration enumVals = anAttr.getStringValues();
while ( enumVals.hasMoreElements() ) {
String aVal = ( String )enumVals.nextElement();
System.out.println( "" + aVal );
}
}
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}
/* Done, so disconnect */
ld.disconnect();
}
catch( LDAPException e ) {
System.out.println( "Error: " + e.toString() );
}
}
}
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