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INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
Colin Perkins
Isidor Kouvelas
Orion Hodson
Vicky Hardman
University College London
Mark Handley
ISI
Jean-Chrysostome Bolot
Andres Vega-Garcia
Sacha Fosse-Parisis
INRIA Sophia Antipolis
RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data
draft-perkins-rtp-redundancy-04.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents
of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working
groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and
may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It
is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite
them other than as ``work in progress''. To learn the current status of
any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing
contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za
(Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim),
ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast).
Distribution of this document is unlimited.
Comments are solicited and should be addressed to the authors and/or
the AVT working group's mailing list at rem-conf@es.net.
Abstract
This document describes a payload format for use with the
real-time transport protocol (RTP), version 2, for encoding
redundant audio data. The primary motivation for the scheme
described herein is the development of audio conferencing
tools for use with lossy packet networks such as the Internet
Mbone, although this scheme is not limited to such applications.
Perkins et al Page 1
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
1 Introduction
If multimedia conferencing is to become widely used by the Internet Mbone
community, users must perceive the quality to be sufficiently good for most
applications. We have identified a number of problems which impair the
quality of conferences, the most significant of which is packet loss. This
is a persistent problem, particularly given the increasing popularity, and
therefore increasing load, of the Internet. The disruption of speech
intelligibility even at low loss rates which is currently experienced may
convince a whole generation of users that multimedia conferencing over the
Internet is not viable. The addition of redundancy to the data stream is
offered as a solution [1]. If a packet is lost then the missing information
may be reconstructed at the receiver from the redundant data that arrives
in the following packet(s), provided that the average number of
consecutively lost packets is small. Recent work [4,5] shows that packet
loss patterns in the Internet are such that this scheme typically functions
well.
This document describes an RTP payload format for the transmission
of audio data encoded in such a redundant fashion. Section 2 presents
the requirements and motivation leading to the definition of this
payload format, and does not form part of the payload format definition.
Sections 3 onwards define the RTP payload format for redundant audio
data.
2 Requirements/Motivation
The requirements for a redundant encoding scheme under RTP are as
follows:
o Packets have to carry a primary encoding and one or more redundant
encodings.
o As a multitude of encodings may be used for redundant information,
each block of redundant encoding has to have an encoding type
identifier.
o As the use of variable size encodings is desirable, each encoded
block in the packet has to have a length indicator.
o The RTP header provides a timestamp field that corresponds to
the time of creation of the encoded data. When redundant encodings
are used this timestamp field can refer to the time of creation
of the primary encoding data. Redundant blocks of data will
correspond to different time intervals than the primary data,
and hence each block of redundant encoding will require its own
timestamp. To reduce the number of bytes needed to carry the
timestamp, it can be encoded as the difference of the timestamp
for the redundant encoding and the timestamp of the primary.
Perkins et al Page 2
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
There are two essential means by which redundant audio may be added
to the standard RTP specification: a header extension may hold the
redundancy, or one, or more, additional payload types may be defined.
Including all the redundancy information for a packet in a header extension
would make it easy for applications that do not implement redundancy to
discard it and just process the primary encoding data. There are, however,
a number of disadvantages with this scheme:
o There is a large overhead from the number of bytes needed for
the extension header (4) and the possible padding that is needed
at the end of the extension to round up to a four byte boundary
(up to 3 bytes). For many applications this overhead is unacceptable.
o Use of the header extension limits applications to a single redundant
encoding, unless further structure is introduced into the extension.
This would result in further overhead.
For these reasons, the use of RTP header extension to hold redundant
audio encodings is disregarded.
The RTP profile for audio and video conferences [3] lists a set of
payload types and provides for a dynamic range of 32 encodings that
may be defined through a conference control protocol. This leads
to two possible schemes for assigning additional RTP payload types
for redundant audio applications:
1. A dynamic encoding scheme may be defined, for each combination
of primary/redundant payload types, using the RTP dynamic payload
type range.
2. A single fixed payload type may be defined to represent a packet
with redundancy. This may then be assigned to either a static
RTP payload type, or the payload type for this may be assigned
dynamically.
It is possible to define a set of payload types that signify a particular
combination of primary and secondary encodings for each of the 32 dynamic
payload types provided. This would be a slightly restrictive yet feasible
solution for packets with a single block of redundancy as the number of
possible combinations is not too large. However the need for multiple
blocks of redundancy greatly increases the number of encoding combinations
and makes this solution not viable.
A modified version of the above solution could be to decide prior
to the beginning of a conference on a set a 32 encoding combinations
that will be used for the duration of the conference. All tools
in the conference can be initialized with this working set of encoding
combinations. Communication of the working set could be made through
the use of an external, out of band, mechanism. Setup is complicated
Perkins et al Page 3
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
as great care needs to be taken in starting tools with identical
parameters. This scheme is more efficient as only one byte is used
to identify combinations of encodings.
It is felt that the complication inherent in distributing the mapping of
payload types onto combinations of redundant data preclude the use of this
mechanism.
A more flexible solution is to have a single payload type which signifies a
packet with redundancy. That packet then becomes a container, encapsulating
multiple payloads into a single RTP packet. Such a scheme is flexible,
since any amount of redundancy may be encapsulated within a single packet.
There is, however, a small overhead since each encapsulated payload must be
preceded by a header indicating the type of data enclosed. This is the
preferred solution, since it is both flexible, extensible, and has a
relatively low overhead. The remainder of this document describes this
solution.
3 Payload Format Specification
The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet format is outside
the scope of this document, and will not be specified here. It is expected
that the RTP profile for a particular class of applications will assign a
payload type for this encoding, or if that is not done then a payload type
in the dynamic range shall be chosen.
An RTP packet containing redundant data shall have a standard RTP header,
with payload type indicating redundancy. The other fields of the RTP
header relate to the primary data block of the redundant data.
Following the RTP header are a number of additional headers, defined in the
figure below, which specify the contents of each of the encodings carried
by the packet. Following these additional headers are a number of data
blocks, which contain the standard RTP payload data for these encodings.
It is noted that all the headers are aligned to a 32 bit boundary, but that
the payload data will typically not be aligned. If multiple redundant
encodings are carried in a packet, they should correspond to different time
intervals: there is no reason to include multiple copies of data for a
single time interval within a packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F| block PT | timestamp offset | block length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Perkins et al Page 4
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
The bits in the header are specified as follows:
F: 1 bit First bit in header indicates whether another header block
follows. If 1 further header blocks follow, if 0 this is the
last header block.
block PT: 7 bits RTP payload type for this block.
timestamp offset: 14 bits Unsigned offset of timestamp of this block
relative to timestamp given in RTP header. The use of an unsigned
offset implies that redundant data must be sent after the primary
data, and is hence a time to be subtracted from the current
timestamp to determine the timestamp of the data for which this
block is the redundancy.
block length: 10 bits Length in bytes of the corresponding data
block excluding header.
It is noted that the use of an unsigned timestamp offset limits the use of
redundant data slightly: it is not possible to send redundancy before the
primary encoding. This may affect schemes where a low bandwidth coding
suitable for redundancy is produced early in the encoding process, and
hence could feasibly be transmitted early. However, the addition of a sign
bit would unacceptably reduce the range of the timestamp offset, and
increasing the size of the field above 14 bits limits the block length
field. It seems that limiting redundancy to be transmitted after the
primary will cause fewer problems than limiting the size of the other
fields.
The timestamp offset for a redundant block is measured in the same units as
the timestamp of the primary encoding (ie: audio samples, with the same
clock rate as the primary). The implication of this is that the redundant
encoding MUST be sampled at the same rate as the primary.
It is further noted that the block length and timestamp offset are 10 bits,
and 14 bits respectively; rather than the more obvious 8 and 16 bits.
Whilst such an encoding complicates parsing the header information
slightly, and adds some additional processing overhead, there are a number
of problems involved with the more obvious choice: An 8 bit block length
field is sufficient for most, but not all, possible encodings: for example
80ms PCM and DVI audio packets comprise more than 256 bytes, and cannot be
encoded with a single byte length field. It is possible to impose
additional structure on the block length field (for example the high bit
set could imply the lower 7 bits code a length in words, rather than
bytes), however such schemes are complex. The use of a 10 bit block length
field retains simplicity and provides an enlarged range, at the expense of
a reduced range of timestamp values.
The primary encoding block header is placed last in the packet. It
is therefore possible to omit the timestamp and block-length fields
Perkins et al Page 5
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
from the header of this block, since they may be determined from
the RTP header and overall packet length. The header for the primary
(final) block comprises only a zero F bit, and the block payload
type information, a total of 8 bits. This is illustrated in the
figure below:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0| Block PT |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The final header is followed, immediately, by the data blocks, stored in
the same order as the headers. There is no padding or other delimiter
between the data blocks, and they are typically not 32 bit aligned. Again,
this choice was made to reduce bandwidth overheads, at the expense of
additional decoding time.
The choice of encodings used should reflect the bandwidth requirements of
those encodings. It is expected that the redundant encoding shall use
significantly less bandwidth that the primary encoding: the exception
being the case where the primary is very low-bandwidth and has high
processing requirement, in which case a copy of the primary MAY be used as
the redundancy. The redundant encoding MUST NOT be higher bandwidth than
the primary.
The use of multiple levels of redundancy is rarely necessary. However, in
those cases which require it, the bandwidth required by each level of
redundancy is expected to be significantly less than that of the previous
level.
4 Limitations
The RTP marker bit is not preserved for redundant data blocks. Hence
if the primary (containing this marker) is lost, the marker is lost.
It is believed that this will not cause undue problems: even if
the marker bit was transmitted with the redundant information, there
would still be the possibility of its loss, so applications would
still have to be written with this in mind.
In addition, CSRC information is not preserved for redundant data.
The CSRC data in the RTP header of a redundant audio packet relates
to the primary only. Since CSRC data in an audio stream is expected
to change relatively infrequently, it is recommended that applications
which require this information assume that the CSRC data in the RTP
header may be applied to the reconstructed redundant data.
Perkins et al Page 6
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
5 Relation to SDP
When a redundant payload is used, it may need to be bound to an RTP dynamic
payload type. This may be achieved through any out-of-band mechanism, but
one common way is to communicate this binding using the Session Description
Protocol (SDP) [6]. SDP has a mechanism for binding a dynamic payload
types to particular codec, sample rate, and number of channels using the
``rtpmap'' attribute. An example of its use (using the RTP audio/video
profile [3]) is:
m=audio 12345 RTP/AVP 121 0 5
a=rtpmap:121 red/8000/1
This specifies that an audio stream using RTP is using payload types 121 (a
dynamic payload type), 0 (PCM u-law) and 5 (DVI). The ``rtpmap'' attribute
is used to bind payload type 121 to codec ``red'' indicating this codec is
actually a redundancy frame, 8KHz, and monaural. When used with SDP, the
term ``red'' is used to indicate the redundancy format discussed in this
document.
In this case the additional formats of PCM and DVI are specified. The
receiver must therefore be prepared to use these formats. Such a
specification means the sender will send redundancy by default, but also
may send PCM or DVI. However, with a redundant payload we additionally take
this to mean that no codec other than PCM or DVI will be used in the
redundant encodings. Note that the additional payload formats defined in
the ``m='' field may themselves be dynamic payload types, and if so a
number of additional ``a='' attributes may be required to describe these
dynamic payload types.
To receive a redundant stream, this is all that is required. However to
send a redundant stream, the sender needs to know which codecs are
recommended for the primary and secondary (and tertiary, etc) encodings.
This information is specific to the redundancy format, and is specified
using an additional attribute ``fmtp'' which conveys format-specific
information. A session directory does not parse the values specified in an
fmtp attribute but merely hands it to the media tool unchanged. For
redundancy, we define the format parameters to be a slash ``/'' separated
list of RTP payload types.
Thus a complete example is:
m=audio 12345 RTP/AVP 121 0 5
a=rtpmap:121 red/8000/1
a=fmtp:121 0/5
This specifies that the default format for senders is redundancy with PCM
as the primary encoding and DVI as the secondary encoding. Encodings
cannot be specified in the fmtp attribute unless they are also specified as
valid encodings on the media (``m='') line.
Perkins et al Page 7
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
6 Security Considerations
RTP packets containing redundant information are subject to the security
considerations discussed in the RTP specification [2], and any appropriate
RTP profile (for example [3]). This implies that confidentiality of the
media streams is achieved by encryption. Encryption of a redundant data
stream may occur in two ways:
1. The entire stream is to be secured, and all participants are
expected to have keys to decode the entire stream. In this
case, nothing special need be done, and encryption is performed
in the usual manner.
2. A portion of the stream is to be encrypted with a different
key to the remainder. In this case a redundant copy of the
last packet of that portion cannot be sent, since there is no
following packet which is encrypted with the correct key in which
to send it. Similar limitations may occur when enabling/disabling
encryption.
The choice between these two is a matter for the encoder only. Decoders
can decrypt either form without modification.
Whilst the addition of low-bandwidth redundancy to an audio stream is an
effective means by which that stream may be protected against packet loss,
application designers should be aware that the addition of large amounts of
redundancy will increase network congestion, and hence packet loss, leading
to a worsening of the problem which the use of redundancy was intended to
solve. At its worst, this can lead to excessive network congestion and may
constitute a denial of service attack.
7 Example Packet
An RTP audio data packet containing a DVI4 (8KHz) primary, and a
single block of redundancy encoded using 8KHz LPC (both 20ms packets),
as defined in the RTP audio/video profile [3] is illustrated:
Perkins et al Page 8
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|V=2|P|X| CC=0 |M| PT | sequence number of primary |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| timestamp of primary encoding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| synchronization source (SSRC) identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1| block PT=7 | timestamp offset | block length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0| block PT=5 | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
+ LPC encoded redundant data (PT=7) +
| (14 bytes) |
+ +---------------+
| | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
+ +
| |
+ +
| |
+ +
| DVI4 encoded primary data (PT=5) |
+ (84 bytes, not to scale) +
/ /
+ +
| |
+ +
| |
+ +---------------+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Perkins et al Page 9
INTERNET-DRAFT 16 June 1997
8 Author's Addresses
Colin Perkins/Isidor Kouvelas/Orion Hodson/Vicky Hardman
Department of Computer Science
University College London
London WC1E 6BT
United Kingdom
Email: {c.perkins|i.kouvelas|o.hodson|v.hardman}@cs.ucl.ac.uk
Mark Handley
USC Information Sciences Institute
c/o MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Email: mjh@isi.edu
Jean-Chrysostome Bolot/Andres Vega-Garcia/Sacha Fosse-Parisis
INRIA Sophia Antipolis
2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93
06902 Sophia Antipolis
France
Email: {bolot|avega|sfosse}@sophia.inria.fr
9 References
[1] V.J. Hardman, M.A. Sasse, M. Handley and A. Watson; Reliable
Audio for Use over the Internet; Proceedings INET'95, Honalulu, Oahu,
Hawaii, September 1995. http://www.isoc.org/in95prc/
[2] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick and V. Jacobson; RTP:
A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications; RFC 1889, January
1996
[3] H. Schulzrinne; RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with
Minimal Control; RFC 1890, January 1996
[4] M. Yajnik, J. Kurose and D. Towsley; Packet loss correlation
in the MBone multicast network; IEEE Globecom Internet workshop, London,
November 1996
[5] J.-C. Bolot and A. Vega-Garcia; The case for FEC-based error
control for packet audio in the Internet; ACM Multimedia Systems,
1997
[6] M. Handley and V. Jacobson; SDP: Session Description Protocol
(draft 03.2) draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-03.txt, November 1996
Perkins et al Page 10
