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User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3) 14 July 1997 U. Blumenthal IBM T. J. Watson Research uri@watson.ibm.com B. Wijnen IBM T. J. Watson Research wijnen@vnet.ibm.com <draft-ietf-snmpv3-usm-00.txt> Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet- Drafts Shadow Directories on ds.internic.net (US East Coast), nic.nordu.net (Europe), ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast), or munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim). Abstract This document describes the User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMP version 3 for use in the SNMP architecture [SNMP-ARCH]. It defines the Elements of Procedure for providing SNMP message level security. This document also includes a MIB for remotely monitoring/managing the configuration parameters for this Security Model. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 1] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 0. Issues and Change Log 0.1. Current Open Issues - Is it OK to use MD5 for KeyChange Algorithm ?? - Improve acknowledgements and sync it up with other documents - Should the USM define checking such that a received Response messages used the same or better LoS than the Request message that this is a response to. In section 3.1 step 9, we return a completed outgoing message to the calling module (Message Processing). We believe it is the Message Processing Subsystem that should cache information about outgoing messages regarding msgID and such so that a possible Response Message can be mapped to an outstanding request. At the same time that piece of code can then ensure that the same securityModel and the same (or better??) LoS has been used for the Response Message. So in step 9 we do not save any cachedSecurityData for outgoing messages. - Can you all please review section 3.1 steps 7a and 7b to ensure that we have the timeliness checking and the automagic timeliness sync up correct? Quite some text changed in this writeup compared to what we used to see in SNMPv2u and SNMPv2*. I think the current text is much better and makes things simpler. But we need to make sure we cover everything. 0.2. Change Log [version 1.8] - Add reference to RFC2119 about use of SHOULD and MUST - paginate and generate table of contents - posted as I-D <draft-ietf-snmpv3-usm-00.txt> on 15 July 1997 [version 1.7] - Changed the KeyChange description so it allows for other hash algorithms instead of MD5. If in the future the MD5 gets replaced by another Authentication -- algorithm, then it seems we also need to use that new algorithm to -- calculate the digest during KeyChange. - Updated the password to key code fragment to cater for the variable length of the snmpEngineID. - Added issue on cacheing of data on outgoing messages and one on required review of timeliness handling. [version 1.4 - version 1.6] - Editorial changes because of internal review by authors - Adapt to latest list of Primitive names and parameters - Change USEC to USM - Changes based on comments from Jeff Case. - Checked MIB with SMICng [version 1.3] Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 2] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 - Too many changes have taken place, so marking it was skipped The most important changes are listed here. However, changes that just split text on different lines and changes like different capitalization of words/terms has not been listed. Also changes to fit new terms and such have not been listed. - Split/Join some lines to ensure we stay within 72 columns as required by RFC guidelines. - Addressed Dave Perkins comments: 1) Section 1.3, last para's, timeliness was left off. -done 2) Section 1.5.1, the operations need to be made general, since additional one may be added later. - done 3) Section 1.5.2, the field "request-id" is used throughout this section when it should be field "msgID" - done 4) The document must allow the value of engineID in the security to be a zero length string. There are several places that are affected by this change. An actual value is never needed, since secrets are never the same on different agents (see your paper). - done 5) Last sentence of description for object usmUserCloneFrom is not correct, since the object has a OID data type - done - Removed groupName from usmUserTable. Now done in Access Control as agreed at 2nd interim - Stats counters back in this document as agreed at 2nd interim - Use AutonomousType for usmUserPrivProtocol and usmUserAuthProtocol. Also use OBJECT-IDENTITY for the protocol OIDs (John Flick). - Changed "SNMPv3 engine" to "SNMP engine" at various places - added appendix with sample encoding of securityParameters - cleanup elements of procedure to use consistent terms - fix up some problems in elements of procedure - Do not use IMPLIED on usmUserTable as agreed at 2nd interim. For one thing, SNMPv1 cannot handle it. - cleanup section 2.3 and 3.3 step 7b based on comments by Dave Levi. [version 1.2] - changed (simplified) time sync in section 3 item 7. - added usmUserMiId - cleaned up text - defined IV "salt" generation - removed Statistics counters (now in MPC) and Report PDU generation (now in MPC) - Removed auth and DES MIBs which are now merged into User-based Security MIB - specified where cachedSecurityData needs to be discarded - added abstract service interface definitions - removed section on error reporting (is MPC responsibility) - removed auth/priv protocol definitions, they are in ARCH now - removed MIB definitions for snmpEngineID, Time, Boots. They are in ARCH now. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 3] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 [version 1.1] - removed <securityCookie>. - added <securityIdentity>, <securityCachedData>. - added abstract function interface description of inter-module communications. - modified IV generation process to accommodate messages produced faster than one-per-second (still open). - always update the clock regardless of whether incoming message was Report or not (if the message was properly authenticated and its time-stamp is ahead of our notion of their clock). [version 1.0] - first version posted to the SNMPv3 editor's mailing list. - based on v2adv slides, v2adv items and issues list and on RFC1910 and SNMPv2u and SNMPv2* documents. - various iterations were done by the authors via private email. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 4] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 1. Introduction The Architecture for describing Internet Management Frameworks [SNMP-ARCH] is composed of multiple subsystems: 1) a Message Processing Subsystem, 2) a Security Subsystem, 3) an Access Control Subsystem, Applications make use of the services of these subsystems. It is important to understand the SNMP architecture and the terminology of the architecture to understand where the Security Model described in this document fits into the architecture and interacts with other subsystems within the architecture. The reader is expected to have read and understood the description of the SNMP architecture, as defined in [SNMP-ARCH]. This memo [SNMP-USM] describes the User-based Security Model as it is used within the SNMP Architecture. The main idea is that we use the traditional concept of a user (identified by a userName) to associate security information with. This memo describes the use of Keyed-MD5 as the authentication protocol and the use of CBC-DES as the privacy protocol. The User-based Security Model however allows for other such protocols to be used instead of or concurrent with these protocols. Therefore, the description of Keyed-MD5 and CBC-DES are in separate sections to reflect their self-contained nature and to indicate that they can be replaced or supplemented in the future. 1.1. Threats Several of the classical threats to network protocols are applicable to the network management problem and therefore would be applicable to any SNMP Security Model. Other threats are not applicable to the network management problem. This section discusses principal threats, secondary threats, and threats which are of lesser importance. The principal threats against which this SNMP Security Model should provide protection are: - Modification of Information The modification threat is the danger that some unauthorized entity may alter in-transit SNMP messages generated on behalf of an authorized user in such a way as to effect unauthorized management operations, including falsifying the value of an object. - Masquerade Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 5] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 The masquerade threat is the danger that management operations not authorized for some user may be attempted by assuming the identity of another user that has the appropriate authorizations. Two secondary threats are also identified. The Security Model defined in this memo provides limited protection against: - Disclosure The disclosure threat is the danger of eavesdropping on the exchanges between managed agents and a management station. Protecting against this threat may be required as a matter of local policy. - Message Stream Modification The SNMP protocol is typically based upon a connection-less transport service which may operate over any sub-network service. The re-ordering, delay or replay of messages can and does occur through the natural operation of many such sub-network services. The message stream modification threat is the danger that messages may be maliciously re-ordered, delayed or replayed to an extent which is greater than can occur through the natural operation of a sub-network service, in order to effect unauthorized management operations. There are at least two threats that an SNMP Security Model need not protect against. The security protocols defined in this memo do not provide protection against: - Denial of Service This SNMP Security Model does not attempt to address the broad range of attacks by which service on behalf of authorized users is denied. Indeed, such denial-of-service attacks are in many cases indistinguishable from the type of network failures with which any viable network management protocol must cope as a matter of course. - Traffic Analysis This SNMP Security Model does not attempt to address traffic analysis attacks. Indeed, many traffic patterns are predictable - devices may be managed on a regular basis by a relatively small number of management applications - and therefore there is no significant advantage afforded by protecting against traffic analysis. 1.2. Goals and Constraints Based on the foregoing account of threats in the SNMP network management environment, the goals of this SNMP Security Model are as follows. 1) Provide for verification that each received SNMP message has not been modified during its transmission through the network. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 6] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 2) Provide for verification of the identity of the user on whose behalf a received SNMP message claims to have been generated. 3) Provide for detection of received SNMP messages, which request or contain management information, whose time of generation was not recent. 4) Provide, when necessary, that the contents of each received SNMP message are protected from disclosure. In addition to the principal goal of supporting secure network management, the design of this SNMP Security Model is also influenced by the following constraints: 1) When the requirements of effective management in times of network stress are inconsistent with those of security, the design should prefer the former. 2) Neither the security protocol nor its underlying security mechanisms should depend upon the ready availability of other network services (e.g., Network Time Protocol (NTP) or key management protocols). 3) A security mechanism should entail no changes to the basic SNMP network management philosophy. 1.3. Security Services The security services necessary to support the goals of this SNMP Security Model are as follows: - Data Integrity is the provision of the property that data has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorized manner, nor have data sequences been altered to an extent greater than can occur non-maliciously. - Data Origin Authentication is the provision of the property that the claimed identity of the user on whose behalf received data was originated is corroborated. - Data Confidentiality is the provision of the property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes. - Message timeliness and limited replay protection is the provision of the property that a message whose generation time is outside of a specified time window is not accepted. Note that message reordering is not dealt with and can occur in Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 7] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 normal conditions too. For the protocols specified in this memo, it is not possible to assure the specific originator of a received SNMP message; rather, it is the user on whose behalf the message was originated that is authenticated. For these protocols, it not possible to obtain data integrity without data origin authentication, nor is it possible to obtain data origin authentication without data integrity. Further, there is no provision for data confidentiality without both data integrity and data origin authentication. The security protocols used in this memo are considered acceptably secure at the time of writing. However, the procedures allow for new authentication and privacy methods to be specified at a future time if the need arises. 1.4. Module Organization The security protocols defined in this memo are split in three different modules and each has its specific responsibilities such that together they realize the goals and security services described above: - The authentication module MUST provide for: - Data Integrity, - Data Origin Authentication - The timeliness module MUST provide for: - Protection against message delay or replay (to an extent greater than can occur through normal operation) - The privacy module MUST provide for - Protection against disclosure of the message payload. The timeliness module is fixed for the User-based Security Model while there is provision for multiple authentication and/or privacy modules, each of which implements a specific authentication or privacy protocol respectively. 1.4.1. Timeliness Module Section 3 (Elements of Procedure) uses the timeliness values in an SNMP message to do timeliness checking. The timeliness check is only performed if authentication is applied to the message. Since the complete message is checked for integrity, we can assume that Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 8] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 the timeliness values in a message that passes the authentication module are trustworthy. 1.4.2. Authentication Protocol Section 6 describes the Keyed-MD5 authentication protocol which is the first authentication protocol to be used with the User-based Security Model. In the future additional or replacement authentication protocols may be defined as new needs arise. The User-based Security Model prescribes that, if authentication is used, then the complete message is checked for integrity in the authentication module. For a message to be authenticated, it needs to pass authentication check by the authentication module and the timeliness check which is a fixed part of this User-based Security model. 1.4.3. Privacy Protocol Section 7 describes the CBC-DES Symmetric Encryption Protocol which is the first privacy protocol to be used with the User-based Security Model. In the future additional or replacement privacy protocols may be defined as new needs arise. The User-based Security Model prescribes that the scopedPDU is protected from disclosure when a message is sent with privacy. The User-based Security Model also prescribes that a message needs to be authenticated if privacy is in use. 1.5. Protection against Message Replay, Delay and Redirection 1.5.1. Authoritative SNMP engine In order to protect against message replay, delay and redirection, one of the SNMP engines involved in each communication is designated to be the authoritative SNMP engine. When an SNMP message contains a payload which expects a response (for example a Get, GetNext, GetBulk, Set or Inform PDU), then the receiver of such messages is authoritative. When an SNMP message contains a payload which does not expect a response (for example an SNMPv2-Trap, Response or Report PDU), then the sender of such a message is authoritative. 1.5.2. Mechanisms The following mechanisms are used: - To protect against the threat of message delay or replay (to an Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 9] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 extent greater than can occur through normal operation), a set of timeliness (at the authoritative source) indicators and a msgID are included in each message generated. An SNMP engine evaluates the timeliness indicators to determine if a received message is recent. An SNMP engine may evaluate the timeliness indicators to ensure that a received message is at least as recent as the last message it received from the same source. A non-authoritative SNMP engine uses received authentic messages to advance its notion of the timeliness indicators at the remote authoritative source. An SNMP engine also evaluates the msgID in received Response messages and discards those Response messages which do not correspond to an outstanding Request message. These mechanisms provide for the detection of messages whose time of generation was not recent in all but one circumstance; this circumstance is the delay or replay of a Report message (sent to a receiver) when the receiver has not recently communicated with the source of the Report message. In this circumstance, the detection guarantees only that the Report message is more recent than the last communication between source and destination of the Report message. However, Report messages do not request or contain sensitive management information, and thus, goal #3 in Section 1.2 above is met; further, Report messages can at most cause the receiver to advance its notion of the timeliness indicators (at the source) by less than the proper amount. This protection against the threat of message delay or replay does not imply nor provide any protection against unauthorized deletion or suppression of messages. Also, an SNMP engine may not be able to detect message reordering if all the messages involved are sent within the Time Window interval. Other mechanisms defined independently of the security protocol can also be used to detect the re-ordering replay, deletion, or suppression of messages containing Set operations (e.g., the MIB variable snmpSetSerialNo [RFC1907]). - verifying that a message sent to/from one SNMP engine cannot be replayed to/as-if-from another SNMP engine. Included in each message is an identifier unique to the SNMP engine associated with the sender or intended recipient of the message. Also, each message containing a Response PDU contains a msgID which associates the message with a recently generated Request message. A Report message sent by one SNMP engine to a second SNMP engine can potentially be replayed to another SNMP engine but that is not considered a threat (see above); - detecting messages which were not recently generated. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 10] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A set of time indicators are included in the message, indicating the time of generation. Messages (other than those containing Report PDUs) without recent time indicators are not considered authentic. In addition, messages containing Response PDUs have a msgID; if the msgID does not match that of a recently generated Request message, then the message is not considered to be authentic. A Report message sent by an SNMP engine can potentially be replayed at a later time to an SNMP engine which has not recently communicated with that source engine, which is not a threat (see above). This memo allows the same user to be defined on multiple SNMP engines. Each SNMP engine maintains a value, snmpEngineID, which uniquely identifies the SNMP engine. This value is included in each message sent to/from the SNMP engine that is authoritative (see section 1.5.1). On receipt of a message, an authoritative SNMP engine checks the value to ensure that it is the intended recipient, and a non-authoritative SNMP engine uses the value to ensure that the message is processed using the correct state information. Each SNMP engine maintains two values, snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime, which taken together provide an indication of time at that SNMP engine. Both of these values are included in an authenticated message sent to/received from that SNMP engine. On receipt, the values are checked to ensure that the indicated timeliness value is within a Time Window of the current time. The Time Window represents an administrative upper bound on acceptable delivery delay for protocol messages. For an SNMP engine to generate a message which an authoritative SNMP engine will accept as authentic, and to verify that a message received from that authoritative SNMP engine is authentic, such an SNMP engine must first achieve timeliness synchronization with the authoritative SNMP engine. See section 2.3. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 11] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 2. Elements of the Model This section contains definitions required to realize the security model defined by this memo. 2.1. User-based Security Model Users Management operations using this Security Model make use of a defined set of user identities. For any user on whose behalf management operations are authorized at a particular SNMP engine, that SNMP engine must have knowledge of that user. An SNMP engine that wishes to communicate with another SNMP engine must also have knowledge of a user known to that engine, including knowledge of the applicable attributes of that user. A user and its attributes are defined as follows: userName A string representing the name of the user. securityName A human-readable string representing the user in a format that is Security Model independent. authProtocol An indication of whether messages sent on behalf of this user can be authenticated, and if so, the type of authentication protocol which is used. One such protocol is defined in this memo: the Digest Authentication Protocol. authKey If messages sent on behalf of this user can be authenticated, the (private) authentication key for use with the authentication protocol. Note that a user's authentication key will normally be different at different authoritative SNMP engines. The authKey is not accessible via SNMP. authKeyChange and authOwnKeyChange The only way to remotely update the authentication key. Does that in a secure manner, so that the update can be completed without the need to employ privacy protection. privProtocol An indication of whether messages sent on behalf of this user can be protected from disclosure, and if so, the type of privacy protocol which is used. One such protocol is defined in this memo: the DES-based Encryption Protocol. privKey If messages sent on behalf of this user can be en/decrypted, the (private) privacy key for use with the privacy protocol. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 12] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Note that a user's privacy key will normally be different at different authoritative SNMP engines. The privKey is not accessible via SNMP. privKeyChange and privOwnKeyChange The only way to remotely update the encryption key. Does that in a secure manner, so that the update can be completed without the need to employ privacy protection. 2.2. Replay Protection Each SNMP engine maintains three objects: - snmpEngineID, which (at least within an administrative domain) uniquely and unambiguously identifies an SNMP engine. - snmpEngineBoots, which is a count of the number of times the SNMP engine has re-booted/re-initialized since snmpEngineID was last configured; and, - snmpEngineTime, which is the number of seconds since the snmpEngineBoots counter was last incremented. Each SNMP engine is always authoritative with respect to these objects in its own SNMP entity. It is the responsibility of a non-authoritative SNMP engine to synchronize with the authoritative SNMP engine, as appropriate. An authoritative SNMP engine is required to maintain the values of its snmpEngineID and snmpEngineBoots in non-volatile storage. 2.2.1. authEngineID The authEngineID value contained in an authenticated message is used to defeat attacks in which messages from one SNMP engine to another SNMP engine are replayed to a different SNMP engine. It represents the snmpEngineID at the authoritative SNMP engine involved in the exchange of the message. When an authoritative SNMP engine is first installed, it sets its local value of snmpEngineID according to a enterprise-specific algorithm (see the definition of the Textual Convention for SnmpEngineID in the SNMP Architecture document [SNMP-ARCH]). 2.2.2. authEngineBoots and authEngineTime The authEngineBoots and authEngineTime values contained in an authenticated message are used to defeat attacks in which messages are replayed when they are no longer valid. They represent the snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime values at the authoritative Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 13] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 SNMP engine involved in the exchange of the message. Through use of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime, there is no requirement for an SNMP engine to have a non-volatile clock which ticks (i.e., increases with the passage of time) even when the SNMP engine is powered off. Rather, each time an SNMP engine re-boots, it retrieves, increments, and then stores snmpEngineBoots in non-volatile storage, and resets snmpEngineTime to zero. When an SNMP engine is first installed, it sets its local values of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime to zero. If snmpEngineTime ever reaches its maximum value (2147483647), then snmpEngineBoots is incremented as if the SNMP engine has re-booted and snmpEngineTime is reset to zero and starts incrementing again. Each time an authoritative SNMP engine re-boots, any SNMP engines holding that authoritative SNMP engine's values of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime need to re-synchronize prior to sending correctly authenticated messages to that authoritative SNMP engine (see Section 2.3 for (re-)synchronization procedures). Note, however, that the procedures do provide for a notification to be accepted as authentic by a receiving SNMP engine, when sent by an authoritative SNMP engine which has re-booted since the receiving SNMP engine last (re-)synchronized. If an authoritative SNMP engine is ever unable to determine its latest snmpEngineBoots value, then it must set its snmpEngineBoots value to 0xffffffff. Whenever the local value of snmpEngineBoots has the value 0xffffffff, it latches at that value and an authenticated message always causes an notInTimeWindow authentication failure. In order to reset an SNMP engine whose snmpEngineBoots value has reached the value 0xffffffff, manual intervention is required. The engine must be physically visited and re-configured, either with a new snmpEngineID value, or with new secret values for the authentication and privacy protocols of all users known to that SNMP engine. 2.2.3. Time Window The Time Window is a value that specifies the window of time in which a message generated on behalf of any user is valid. This memo specifies that the same value of the Time Window, 150 seconds, is used for all users. 2.3. Time Synchronization Time synchronization, required by a non-authoritative SNMP engine in order to proceed with authentic communications, has occurred Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 14] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 when the non-authoritative SNMP engine has obtained a local notion of the authoritative SNMP engine's values of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime from the authoritative SNMP engine. These values must be (and remain) within the authoritative SNMP engine's Time Window. So the local notion of the authoritative SNMP engine's values must be kept loosely synchronized with the values stored at the authoritative SNMP engine. In addition to keeping a local copy of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime from the authoritative SNMP engine, a non-authoritative SNMP engine must also keep one local variable, latestReceivedEngineTime. This value records the highest value of snmpEngineTime that was received by the non-authoritative SNMP engine from the authoritative SNMP engine and is used to eliminate the possibility of replaying messages that would prevent the non-authoritative SNMP engine's notion of the snmpEngineTime from advancing. A non-authoritative SNMP engine must keep local notions of these values for each authoritative SNMP engine with which it wishes to communicate. Since each authoritative SNMP engine is uniquely and unambiguously identified by its value of snmpEngineID, the non-authoritative SNMP engine may use this value as a key in order to cache its local notions of these values. Time synchronization occurs as part of the procedures of receiving an SNMP message (Section 3.2, step 7b). As such, no explicit time synchronization procedure is required by a non-authoritative SNMP engine. Note, that whenever the local value of snmpEngineID is changed (e.g., through discovery) or when secure communications are first established with an authoritative SNMP engine, the local values of snmpEngineBoots and latestReceivedEngineTime should be set to zero. This will cause the time synchronization to occur when the next authentic message is received. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 15] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 2.4. SNMP Messages Using this Security Model The syntax of an SNMP message using this Security Model adheres to the message format defined in the version-specific Message Processing Model document (for example [SNMP-MP]). The securityParameters in the message are defined as an OCTET STRING. The format of that OCTET STRING for the User-based Security Model is as follows: securityParameters ::= SEQUENCE { -- global User-based security parameters authEngineID OCTET STRING (SIZE(12)), authEngineBoots Unsigned32 (0..4294967295), authEngineTime Unsigned32 (0..2147483647), userName OCTET STRING (SIZE(1..16)), -- authentication protocol specific parameters authParameters OCTET STRING, -- privacy protocol specific parameters privParameters OCTET STRING, } END The authEngineID is the snmpEngineID of the authoritative SNMP engine involved in the exchange of the message. The authEngineBoots is the snmpEngineBoots value at the authoritative SNMP engine involved in the exchange of the message. The authEngineTime is the snmpEngineTime value at the authoritative SNMP engine involved in the exchange of the message. The authParameters are defined by the authentication protocol in use for the message (as defined by the authProtocol column in the user's entry in the usmUserTable). The privParameters are defined by the privacy protocol in use for the message (as defined by the privProtocol column in the user's entry in the usmUserTable). See appendix A.4 for en example of the encoding. 2.5. Services provided by the User-based Security Model This section describes the services provided by the User-based Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 16] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Security Model with their inputs and outputs. The services are described as primitives of an abstract service interface and the inputs and outputs are described as abstract data elements as they are passed in these abstract service interface primitives. 2.5.1. Services for Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message When the Message Processing (MP) Subsystem invokes the User-based Security module to secure an outgoing SNMP message, it must use the appropriate service as provided by the Security module. These two services are provided: 1) A service to generate a Request message. 2) A service to generate a Response message. Upon completion of the process, the User-based Security module returns statusInformation and, if the process was successful, the completed message with privacy and authentication applied if such was requested by the specified Level of Security (LoS). The abstract service interface primitives are: generateRequestMsg( messageProcessingModel -- typically, SNMP version msgID -- for the outgoing message mms -- of the sending SNMP entity msgFlags -- for the outgoing message securityParameters -- filled in by Security Module securityModel -- for the outgoing message securityName -- on behalf of this principal LoS -- Level of Security requested snmpEngineID -- authoritative SNMP entity scopedPDU -- message (plaintext) payload ) generateResponseMsg( messageProcessingModel -- typically, SNMP version msgID -- for the outgoing message mms -- of the sending SNMP entity msgFlags -- for the outgoing message securityParameters -- filled in by Security Module securityModel -- for the outgoing message scopedPDU -- message (plaintext) payload securityStateReference -- reference to security state -- information, as received in ) -- processPdu primitive Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 17] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 returnGeneratedMsg( wholeMsg -- complete generated message wholeMsgLength -- length of the generated message statusInformation -- errorIndication or success ) Where: messageProcessingModel The SNMP version number for the message to be generated. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. msgID The msgID for the message to be generated. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. mms The maximum message size to be included as mms in the message. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. msgFlags The msgFlags to be included in the message. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. It should be consistent with the LoS that is passed. securityParameters These are the security parameters. They will be filled in by the User-based Security module. securityModel The securityModel in use. Should be the User-based Security Model. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. securityName Together with the snmpEngineID it identifies a row in the usmUserTable that is to be used for securing the message. The securityName has a format that is independent of the Security Model. LoS The Level of Security (LoS) from which the User-based Security module determines if the message needs to be protected from disclosure and if the message needs to be authenticated. snmpEngineID The snmpEngineID of the authoritative SNMP engine to which the Request message is to be sent or from which the Response message originates. In case of a response the snmpEngineID is implied to be the processing SNMP engine's snmpEngineID. scopedPDU The message payload. The data is opaque as far as the User-based Security Model is concerned. securityStateReference Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 18] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A handle/reference to cached security data to be used when securing an outgoing Response message. This is the exact same handle/reference as it was generated by the User-based Security module when processing the incoming Request message to which this is the Response message. wholeMsg The fully encoded and secured message ready for sending on the wire. wholeMsgLength The length of the encoded and secured message (wholeMsg). statusInformation An indication of whether the encoding and securing of the message was successful. If not it is an indication of the problem. 2.5.2. Services for Processing an Incoming SNMP Message When the Message Processing (MP) Subsystem invokes the User-based Security module to verify proper security of an incoming message, it must use the service provided for an incoming message. Upon completion of the process, the User-based Security module returns statusInformation and, if the process was successful, the additional data elements for further processing of the message. The abstract service interface primitives are: processMsg( messageProcessingModel -- typically, SNMP version msgID -- of the received message mms -- of the sending SNMP entity msgFlags -- for the received message securityParameters -- for the received message securityModel -- for the received message LoS -- Level of Security wholeMsg -- as received on the wire wholeMsgLength -- length as received on the wire ) returnProcessedMsg( securityName -- identification of the principal scopedPDU, -- message (plaintext) payload maxSizeResponseScopedPDU -- maximum size of the Response PDU securityStateReference -- reference to security state -- information, needed for response statusInformation -- errorIndication or success ) -- error counter OID/value if error Where: Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 19] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 messageProcessingModel The SNMP version number as received in the message. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. msgID The msgID as received in the message. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. mms The maximum message size as received in the message. It is part of the globalData of the message. The USM module uses this information to calculate the maxSizeResponseScopedPDU that it returns upon completion. msgFlags The msgFlags as received in the message. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. It should be consistent with the LoS that is passed. securityParameters These are the security parameters as received in the message. securityModel The securityModel in use. Should be the User-based Security Model. This data is not used by the User-based Security module. It is part of the globalData of the message. LoS The Level of Security (LoS) from which the User-based Security module determines if the message needs to be protected from disclosure and if the message needs to be authenticated. wholeMsg The whole message as it was received. wholeMsgLength The length of the message as it was received (wholeMsg). securityName The security name representing the user on whose behalf the message was received. The securityName has a format that is independent of the Security Model. scopedPDU The message payload. The data is opaque as far as the User-based Security Model is concerned. maxSizeResponseScopedPDU The maximum size of a scopedPDU to be included in a possible Response message. The User-base Security module calculates this size based on the mms (as received in the message) and the space required for the message header (including the securityParameters) for such a Response message. securityStateReference A handle/reference to cached security data to be used when securing an outgoing Response message. When the Message Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 20] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Processing Subsystem calls the User-based Security module to generate a response to this incoming message it must pass this handle/reference. statusInformation An indication of whether the process was successful or not. If not, then the statusInformation includes the OID and the value of the error counter that was incremented. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 21] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 3. Elements of Procedure This section describes the security related procedures followed by an SNMP engine when processing SNMP messages according to the User-based Security Model. 3.1. Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it generates a message containing a management operation (like a request, a response, a notification, or a report) on behalf of a user, with a particular Level of Security (LoS). 1) a) If any securityStateReference is passed (Response message), then information concerning the user is extracted from the cachedSecurityData. The snmpEngineID and the Level of Security (LoS) are extracted from the cachedSecurityData. The cachedSecurityData can now be discarded. Otherwise, b) based on the securityName, information concerning the user at the destination snmpEngineID is extracted from the Local Configuration Datastore (LCD, usmUserTable). If information about the user is absent from the LCD, then an error indication (unknownSecurityName) is returned to the calling module. 2) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be protected from disclosure, but the user does not support both an authentication and a privacy protocol then the message cannot be sent. An error indication (unsupportedLoS) is returned to the calling module. 3) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be authenticated, but the user does not support an authentication protocol, then the message cannot be sent. An error indication (unsupportedLoS) is returned to the calling module. 4) a) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be protected from disclosure, then the octet sequence representing the serialized scopedPDU is encrypted according to the user's privacy protocol. To do so a call is made to the privacy module that implements the user's privacy protocol according to the abstract service interface primitive: encryptData( cryptKey -- user's privKey dataToEncrypt) -- serialized scopedPDU Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 22] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 The user's private privKey is the secret key that can be used by the encryption algorithm. The serialized scopedPDU is the data that must be encrypted. Upon completion the privacy module returns the result according to the abstract service interface primitive: returnEncryptedData( encryptedData -- serialized encryptedPDU privParameters -- serialized privParameters statusInformation) -- success or failure The encryptedPDU represents the encrypted scopedPDU, encoded as an OCTET STRING. The privParameters represents the privacy parameters, encoded as an OCTET STRING. The statusInformation indicates if the scopedPDU was encrypted successfully or not. If the privacy module returns failure, then the message cannot be sent and an error indication (encryptionFailure) is returned to the calling module. If the privacy module returns success, then the privParameters field is put into the securityParameters and the encryptedPDU serves as the payload of the message being prepared. Otherwise, b) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is not to be protected from disclosure, then the NULL string is encoded as an OCTET STRING and put into the privParameters field of the securityParameters and the plaintext scopedPDU serves as the payload of the message being prepared. 5) The snmpEngineID is encoded as an OCTET STRING into the authEngineID field of the securityParameters. 6) a) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be authenticated, then the current values of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime corresponding to the snmpEngineID from the LCD are used. Otherwise, b) If this is a Response message, then the current value of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime corresponding to the Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 23] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 local snmpEngineID from the LCD are used. Otherwise, c) If this is a Request message, then a zero value is used for both snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime. The values are encoded as Unsigned32 into the authEngineBoots and authEngineTime fields of the securityParameters. 7) The userName is encoded as an OCTET STRING into the userName field of the securityParameters. 8) a) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be authenticated, the message is authenticated according to the user's authentication protocol. To do so a call is made to the authentication module that implements the user's authentication protocol according to the abstract service interface primitive: authenticateOutgoingMsg( authKey -- the user's authKey wholeMsg) -- the complete serialized message The user's private authKey is the secret key that can be used by the authentication algorithm. The wholeMsg is the complete serialized message that must be authenticated. Upon completion the authentication module returns the result according to the abstract service interface primitive: returnAuthenticatedOutgoingMsg( wholeMsg -- secured serialized message statusInformation) -- success or failure The wholeMsg is the same as the input given to the authenticateOutgoingMsg service, but with authParameters properly filled in. The statusInformation indicates if the message was successfully processed by the authentication module or not. If the authentication module returns failure, then the message cannot be sent and an error indication (authenticationFailure) is returned to the calling module. If the authentication module returns success, then the authParameters field is put into the securityParameters and the wholeMsg represents the serialization of the authenticated message being prepared. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 24] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Otherwise, b) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is not to be authenticated then the NULL string is encoded as an OCTET STRING into the authParameters field of the securityParameters. The wholeMsg is now serialized and then represents the unauthenticated message being prepared. 9) The completed message with its length is returned to the calling module with the statusInformation set to success. This is done according to the following abstract service interface primitive: returnGeneratedMsg( wholeMsg -- LoS secured serialized message wholeMsgLength -- length of message statusInformation) -- success 3.2. Processing an Incoming SNMP Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it receives a message containing a management operation on behalf of a user, with a particular Level of Security (LoS). 1) If the received securityParameters is not the serialization (according to the conventions of [RFC1906]) of an OCTET STRING formatted according to the securityParameters defined in section 2.4, then the snmpInASNParseErrs counter [RFC1907] is incremented, and an error indication (parseError) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. 2) The values of the security parameter fields are extracted from the securityParameters. 3) If the value of the authEngineID contained in the securityParameters is unknown then: a) a manager that performs discovery may optionally create a new entry in its Local Configuration Datastore (LCD) and continue processing; or b) the usmStatsUnknownEngineIDs counter is incremented, and an error indication (unknownEngineID) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. 4) Information about the value of the userName and authEngineID fields is extracted from the Local Configuration Datastore Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 25] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 (LCD, usmUserTable). If no information is available for the user, then the usmStatsUnknownUserNames counter is incremented and an error indication (unknownSecurityName) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. 5) If the information about the user indicates that it does not support the Level of Security indicated by the LoS parameter, then the usmStatsUnsupportedLoS counter is incremented and an error indication (unsupportedLoS) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. 6) If the Level of Security (LoS) specifies that the message is to be authenticated, then the message is authenticated according to the user's authentication protocol. To do so a call is made to the authentication module that implements the user's authentication protocol according to the abstract service interface primitive: authenticateIncomingMsg( authKey -- the user's authKey authParameters -- as received on the wire wholeMsg) -- as received on the wire The user's private authKey is the secret key that can be used by the authentication algorithm. The authParameters and the wholeMsg are passed as received on the wire. Upon completion the authentication module returns the result according to the abstract service interface primitive: returnAuthenticatedIncomingMsg( wholeMsg -- authenticated serialized message statusInformation) -- success or failure The wholeMsg is the same as the input given to the authenticateIncomingMsg service. The statusInformation indicates if the message was successfully authenticated by the authentication module or not. If the authentication module returns failure, then the message cannot trusted, so the usmStatsWrongDigests counter is incremented and an error indication (authenticationFailure) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. If the authentication module returns success, then the message is authentic and can be trusted so processing continues. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 26] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 7) If the Level of Security (LoS) indicates an authenticated message, then the local values of snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime corresponding to the value of the authEngineID field are extracted from the Local Configuration Datastore. a) If the extracted value of authEngineID is the same as the value of SnmpEngineID of the processing SNMP engine (meaning this is the authoritative SNMP engine), then if any of the following conditions is true, then the message is considered to be outside of the Time Window: - the local value of snmpEngineBoots is 0xffffffff; - the value of the authEngineBoots field differs from the local value of snmpEngineBoots; or, - the value of the authEngineTime field differs from the local notion of snmpEngineTime by more than +/- 150 seconds. If the message is considered to be outside of the Time Window then the usmStatsNotInTimeWindows counter is incremented and an error indication (notInTimeWindow) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. b) If the extracted value of authEngineID is not the same as the value snmpEngineID of the processing SNMP engine (meaning this is not the authoritative SNMP engine), then: 1) if at least one of the following conditions is true: - the extracted value of the authEngineBoots field is greater than the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots; or, - the extracted value of the authEngineBoots field is equal to the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots and the extracted value of authEngineTime field is greater than the value of latestReceivedEngineTime, then the LCD entry corresponding to the extracted value of the authEngineID field is updated, by setting: - the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots to the value of the authEngineBoots field, - the local notion of the value of snmpEngineTime to the value of the authEngineTime field, and - the latestReceivedEngineTime to the value of the authEngineTime field. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 27] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 2) if any of the following conditions is true, then the message is considered to be outside of the Time Window: - the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots is 0xffffffff; - the value of the authEngineBoots field is less than the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots; or, - the value of the authEngineBoots field is equal to the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots and the value of the authEngineTime field is more than 150 seconds less than the local notion of of the value of snmpEngineTime. If the message is considered to be outside of the Time Window then an error indication (notInTimeWindow) is returned to the calling module; Note that this means that a too old (possibly replayed) message has been detected and is deemed unauthentic. Note that this procedure allows for the value of authEngineBoots in the message to be greater than the local notion of the value of snmpEngineBoots to allow for received messages to be accepted as authentic when received from an authoritative SNMP engine that has re-booted since the receiving SNMP engine last (re-)synchronized. 8) a) If the Level of Security (LoS) indicates that the message was protected from disclosure, then the OCTET STRING representing the encryptedPDU is decrypted according to the user's privacy protocol to obtain an unencrypted serialized scopedPDU value. To do so a call is made to the privacy module that implements the user's privacy protocol according to the abstract service interface primitive: decryptData( decryptKey -- user's privKey privParameters -- as received on the wire encryptedData) -- encryptedPDU received on wire The user's private privKey is the secret key that can be used by the decryption algorithm. The serialized encryptedPDU is the data that must be decrypted. Upon completion the privacy module returns the result according to the abstract service interface primitive: Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 28] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 returnDecryptedData( decryptedData -- serialized decrypted scopedPDU statusInformation) -- success or failure The statusInformation indicates if the scopedPDU was decrypted successfully or not. If the privacy module returns failure, then the message can not be processed, so the usmStatsDecryptionErrors counter is incremented and an error indication (encryptionFailure) together with the OID and value of the incremented counter is returned to the calling module. If the privacy module returns success, then the decrypted scopedPDU is the message payload to be returned to the calling module. Otherwise, b) The scopedPDU component is assumed to be in plain text and is the message payload to be returned to the calling module. 9) The maxSizeResponseScopedPDU is calculated. This is the maximum size allowed for a scopedPDU for a possible Response message. Provision is made for a message header that allows the same Level of Security as the received Request. 10) The securityName for the user is retrieved from the usmUserTable. 11) The security data is cached as cachedSecurityData, so that a possible response to this message can and will use the same authentication and privacy secrets, the same Level of Security and the same authEngineID. Information to be saved/cached is as follows: usmUserName, LoS usmUserAuthProtocol, usmUserAuthKey usmUserPrivProtocol, usmUserPrivKey authEngineID 12) The statusInformation is set to success and a return is made to the calling module according to this abstract service interface primitive: returnProcessedMsg( securityName -- identification of the principal scopedPDU, -- message (plaintext) payload maxSizeResponseScopedPDU -- maximum size of the Response PDU securityStateReference -- reference to security state Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 29] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 -- information, needed for response statusInformation -- errorIndication or success ) -- error counter OID/value if error Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 30] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 4. Discovery The User-based Security Model requires that a discovery process obtains sufficient information about other SNMP engines in order to communicate with them. Discovery requires an non-authoritative SNMP engine to learn the authoritative SNMP engine's snmpEngineID value before communication may proceed. This may be accomplished by generating a Request message with a Level of Security (LoS) of noAuthNoPriv, a userName of "initial", an authEngineID value of zero length or all zeroes (binary), and the varBindList left empty. The response to this message will be a Report message containing the snmpEngineID of the authoritative SNMP engine as the value of the authEngineID field within the securityParameters field. It also contains a Report PDU with the usmStatsUnknownEngineIDs counter in the varBindList. If authenticated communication is required, then the discovery process should also establish time synchronization with the authoritative SNMP engine. This may be accomplished by sending an authenticated Request message with the value of authEngineID set to the newly learned snmpEngineID and with the values of authEngineBoots and authEngineTime set to zero. The response to this authenticated message will be a Report message containing the up to date values of the authoritative SNMP engine's snmpEngineBoots and snmpEngineTime as the value of the authEngineBoots and authEngineTime fields respectively. It also contains the usmStatsNotInTimeWindows counter in the varBindList of the Report PDU. The time synchronization then happens automatically as part of the procedures in section 3.2 step 7b. See also section 2.3. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 31] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 5. Definitions SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN IMPORTS MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, OBJECT-IDENTITY, snmpModules, Counter32 FROM SNMPv2-SMI TEXTUAL-CONVENTION, TestAndIncr, RowStatus, RowPointer, StorageType, AutonomousType FROM SNMPv2-TC MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP FROM SNMPv2-CONF SnmpAdminString, SnmpLoS, SnmpEngineID, SnmpSecurityModel, snmpAuthProtocols, snmpPrivProtocols FROM SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB; snmpUsmMIB MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED "9707140000Z" -- 14 July 1997, midnight ORGANIZATION "SNMPv3 Working Group" CONTACT-INFO "WG-email: snmpv3@tis.com Subscribe: majordomo@tis.com In msg body: subscribe snmpv3 Chair: Russ Mundy Trusted Information Systems postal: 3060 Washington Rd Glenwood MD 21738 USA email: mundy@tis.com phone: +1-301-854-6889 Co-editor Uri Blumenthal IBM T. J. Watson Research postal: 30 Saw Mill River Pkwy, Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA email: uri@watson.ibm.com phone: +1-914-784-7964 Co-editor: Bert Wijnen IBM T. J. Watson Research postal: Schagen 33 3461 GL Linschoten Netherlands email: wijnen@vnet.ibm.com phone: +31-348-432-794 " DESCRIPTION "The management information definitions for the SNMP User-based Security Model. " Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 32] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 ::= { snmpModules 9 } -- to be verified with IANA -- Administrative assignments **************************************** usmAdmin OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { snmpUsmMIB 1 } usmMIBObjects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { snmpUsmMIB 2 } usmMIBConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { snmpUsmMIB 3 } -- Identification of Authentication and Privacy Protocols ************ usmNoAuthProtocol OBJECT-IDENTITY STATUS current DESCRIPTION "No Authentication Protocol." ::= { snmpAuthProtocols 1 } usmMD5AuthProtocol OBJECT-IDENTITY STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Keyed MD5 Digest Authentication Protocol." REFERENCE "Rivest, R., Message Digest Algorithm MD5, RFC1321." ::= { snmpAuthProtocols 2 } usmNoPrivProtocol OBJECT-IDENTITY STATUS current DESCRIPTION "No Privacy Protocol." ::= { snmpPrivProtocols 1 } usmDESPrivProtocol OBJECT-IDENTITY STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CBC-DES Symmetric Encryption Protocol." REFERENCE "- Data Encryption Standard, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 46-1. Supersedes FIPS Publication 46, (January, 1977; reaffirmed January, 1988). - Data Encryption Algorithm, American National Standards Institute. ANSI X3.92-1981, (December, 1980). - DES Modes of Operation, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 81, (December, 1980). - Data Encryption Algorithm - Modes of Operation, American National Standards Institute. ANSI X3.106-1983, (May 1983). " ::= { snmpPrivProtocols 2 } -- Textual Conventions *********************************************** Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 33] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 -- Editor's note: -- If in the future the MD5 gets replaced by another Authentication -- algorithm, then it seems we also need to use that new algorithm to -- calculate the digest during KeyChange. So this TC has been changed -- End Editor's note KeyChange ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Every definition of an object with this syntax must identify a protocol, P, a secret key, K, and a hash algorithm, H. The object's value is a manager-generated, partially-random value which, when modified, causes the value of the secret key, K, to be modified via a one-way function. The value of an instance of this object is the concatenation of two components: a 'random' component and a 'delta' component. The lengths of the random and delta components are given by the corresponding value of the protocol, P; if P requires K to be a fixed length, the length of both the random and delta components is that fixed length; if P allows the length of K to be variable up to a particular maximum length, the length of the random component is that maximum length and the length of the delta component is any length less than or equal to that maximum length. For example, usmMD5AuthProtocol requires K to be a fixed length of 16 octets. Other protocols may define other sizes, as deemed appropriate. When an instance of this object is modified to have a new value by the management protocol, the agent generates a new value of K as follows: - a temporary variable is initialized to the existing value of K; - if the length of the delta component is greater than 16 bytes, then: - the random component is appended to the value of the temporary variable, and the result is input to the the hash algorithm H to produce a digest value, and the temporary variable is set to this digest value; - the value of the temporary variable is XOR-ed with the first (next) 16-bytes of the delta component to produce the first (next) 16-bytes of the new value of K. - the above two steps are repeated until the unused portion of the delta component is 16 bytes or less, - the random component is appended to the value of the temporary variable, and the result is input to the hash algorithm H to produce a digest value; Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 34] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 - this digest value, truncated if necessary to be the same length as the unused portion of the delta component, is XOR-ed with the unused portion of the delta component to produce the (final portion of the) new value of K. for example, using MD5 as the hash algorithm H: iterations = (lenOfDelta - 1)/16; /* integer division */ temp = keyOld; for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { temp = MD5 (temp || random); keyNew[i*16 .. (i*16)+15] = temp XOR delta[i*16 .. (i*16)+15]; } temp = MD5 (temp || random); keyNew[i*16 .. lenOfDelta-1] = temp XOR delta[i*16 .. lenOfDelta-1]; The value of an object with this syntax, whenever it is retrieved by the management protocol, is always the zero length string. " SYNTAX OCTET STRING -- Statistics for the User-based Security Model ********************** usmStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { usmMIBObjects 1 } usmStatsUnsupportedLoS OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they requested a Level of Security (LoS) that was unknown to the SNMP engine or otherwise unavailable. " ::= { usmStats 1 } usmStatsNotInTimeWindows OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they appeared outside of the authoritative SNMP engine's window. " ::= { usmStats 2 } usmStatsUnknownUserNames OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 35] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they referenced a user that was not known to the SNMP engine. " ::= { usmStats 3 } usmStatsUnknownEngineIDs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they referenced an snmpEngineID that was not known to the SNMP engine. " ::= { usmStats 4 } usmStatsWrongDigests OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they didn't contain the expected digest value. " ::= { usmStats 5 } usmStatsDecryptionErrors OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets received by the SNMP engine which were dropped because they could not be decrypted. " ::= { usmStats 6 } -- The usmUser Group ************************************************ usmUser OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { usmMIBObjects 2 } usmUserSpinLock OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX TestAndIncr MAX-ACCESS read-write STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An advisory lock used to allow several cooperating Command Generator Applications to coordinate their use of facilities to alter secrets in the usmUserTable. " Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 36] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 ::= { usmUser 1 } -- The table of valid users for the User-based Security Model ******** usmUserTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF UsmUserEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table of users configured in the SNMP engine's Local Configuration Datastore (LCD)." ::= { usmUser 2 } usmUserEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX UsmUserEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A user configured in the SNMP engine's Local Configuration Datastore (LCD) for the User-based Security Model. " INDEX { usmUserEngineID, usmUserName } ::= { usmUserTable 1 } UsmUserEntry ::= SEQUENCE { usmUserEngineID SnmpEngineID, usmUserName SnmpAdminString, usmUserSecurityName SnmpAdminString, usmUserCloneFrom RowPointer, usmUserAuthProtocol AutonomousType, usmUserAuthKeyChange KeyChange, usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange KeyChange, usmUserPrivProtocol AutonomousType, usmUserPrivKeyChange KeyChange, usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange KeyChange, usmUserPublic OCTET STRING, usmUserStorageType StorageType, usmUserStatus RowStatus } usmUserEngineID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpEngineID MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An SNMP engine's administratively-unique identifier. In a simple agent, this value is always that agent's own snmpEngineID value. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 37] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 The value can also take the value of the snmpEngineID of a remote SNMP engine with which this user can communicate. " ::= { usmUserEntry 1 } usmUserName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(1..16)) MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A human readable string representing the name of the user. This is the (User-based Security) Model dependent security ID. " ::= { usmUserEntry 2 } usmUserSecurityName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A human readable string representing the user in Security Model independent format. The default transformation of the User-based Security Model dependent security ID to the securityName and vice versa is the identity function so that the securityName is the same as the userName. " ::= { usmUserEntry 3 } usmUserCloneFrom OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX RowPointer MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A pointer to another conceptual row in this usmUserTable. The user in this other conceptual row is called the clone-from user. When a new user is created (i.e., a new conceptual row is instantiated in this table), the privacy and authentication parameters of the new user are cloned from its clone-from user. The first time an instance of this object is set by a management operation (either at or after its instantiation), the cloning process is invoked. Subsequent writes are successful but invoke no action to be taken by the receiver. The cloning process fails with an 'inconsistentName' Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 38] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 error if the conceptual row representing the clone-from user is not in an active state when the cloning process is invoked. Cloning also causes the initial values of the secret authentication key and the secret encryption key of the new user to be set to the same value as the corresponding secret of the clone-from user. When this object is read, the ZeroDotZero OID is returned. " ::= { usmUserEntry 4 } usmUserAuthProtocol OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AutonomousType MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An indication of whether messages sent on behalf of this user to/from the SNMP engine identified by usmUserEngineID, can be authenticated, and if so, the type of authentication protocol which is used. An instance of this object is created concurrently with the creation of any other object instance for the same user (i.e., as part of the processing of the set operation which creates the first object instance in the same conceptual row). Once created, the value of an instance of this object can not be changed. " DEFVAL { usmMD5AuthProtocol } ::= { usmUserEntry 5 } usmUserAuthKeyChange OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX KeyChange -- typically (SIZE (0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An object, which when modified, causes the secret authentication key used for messages sent on behalf of this user to/from the SNMP engine identified by usmUserEngineID, to be modified via a one-way function. The associated protocol is the usmUserAuthProtocol. The associated secret key is the user's secret authentication key (authKey). The associated hash algorithm is the algorithm used by the user's usmUserAuthProtocol. When creating a new user, it is an 'inconsistentName' Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 39] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 error for a Set operation to refer to this object unless it is previously or concurrently initialized through a set operation on the corresponding value of usmUserCloneFrom. " DEFVAL { ''H } -- the empty string ::= { usmUserEntry 6 } usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX KeyChange -- typically (SIZE (0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Behaves exactly as usmUserAuthKeyChange, with one notable difference: in order for the Set operation to succeed, the usmUserName of the operation requester must match the usmUserName that indexes the row which is targeted by this operation. The idea here is that access to this column can be public, since it will only allow a user to change his own secret authentication key (authKey). " DEFVAL { ''H } -- the empty string ::= { usmUserEntry 7 } usmUserPrivProtocol OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AutonomousType MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An indication of whether messages sent on behalf of this user to/from the SNMP engine identified by usmUserEngineID, can be protected from disclosure, and if so, the type of privacy protocol which is used. An instance of this object is created concurrently with the creation of any other object instance for the same user (i.e., as part of the processing of the set operation which creates the first object instance in the same conceptual row). Once created, the value of an instance of this object can not be changed. " DEFVAL { usmNoPrivProtocol } ::= { usmUserEntry 8 } usmUserPrivKeyChange OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX KeyChange -- typically (SIZE (0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An object, which when modified, causes the secret Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 40] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 encryption key used for messages sent on behalf of this user to/from the SNMP engine identified by usmUserEngineID, to be modified via a one-way function. The associated protocol is the usmUserPrivProtocol. The associated secret key is the user's secret privacy key (privKey). The associated hash algorithm is the algorithm used by the user's usmUserAuthProtocol. When creating a new user, it is an 'inconsistentName' error for a set operation to refer to this object unless it is previously or concurrently initialized through a set operation on the corresponding value of usmUserCloneFrom. " DEFVAL { ''H } -- the empty string ::= { usmUserEntry 9 } usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX KeyChange -- typically (SIZE (0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Behaves exactly as usmUserPrivKeyChange, with one notable difference: in order for the Set operation to succeed, the usmUserName of the operation requester must match the usmUserName that indexes the row which is targeted by this operation. The idea here is that access to this column can be public, since it will only allow a user to change his own secret privacy key (privKey). " DEFVAL { ''H } -- the empty string ::= { usmUserEntry 10 } usmUserPublic OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A publicly-readable value which is written as part of the procedure for changing a user's secret authentication and/or privacy key, and later read to determine whether the change of the secret was effected. " DEFVAL { ''H } -- the empty string ::= { usmUserEntry 11 } usmUserStorageType OBJECT-TYPE Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 41] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 SYNTAX StorageType MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The storage type for this conceptual row. Conceptual rows having the value 'permanent' must allow write-access at a minimum to: - usmUserAuthKeyChange, usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange and usmUserPublic for a user who employs authentication, and - usmUserPrivKeyChange, usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange and usmUserPublic for a user who employs privacy. Note that any user who employs authentication or privacy must allow its secret(s) to be updated and thus cannot be 'readOnly'. " DEFVAL { nonVolatile } ::= { usmUserEntry 12 } usmUserStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX RowStatus MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of this conceptual row. Until instances of all corresponding columns are appropriately configured, the value of the corresponding instance of the usmUserStatus column is 'notReady'. In particular, a newly created row cannot be made active until the corresponding usmUserCloneFrom, usmUserAuthKeyChange, usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange, usmUserPrivKeyChange and usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange have all been set. The value of this object has no effect on whether other objects in this conceptual row can be modified. " ::= { usmUserEntry 13 } -- Conformance Information ******************************************* usmMIBCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { usmMIBConformance 1 } usmMIBGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { usmMIBConformance 2 } -- Compliance statements Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 42] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 usmMIBCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The compliance statement for SNMP engines which implement the SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIB. " MODULE -- this module MANDATORY-GROUPS { usmMIBBasicGroup } OBJECT usmUserAuthProtocol MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT usmUserPrivProtocol MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." ::= { usmMIBCompliances 1 } -- Units of compliance usmMIBBasicGroup OBJECT-GROUP OBJECTS { usmStatsUnsupportedLoS, usmStatsNotInTimeWindows, usmStatsUnknownUserNames, usmStatsUnknownEngineIDs, usmStatsWrongDigests, usmStatsDecryptionErrors, usmUserSpinLock, usmUserSecurityName, usmUserCloneFrom, usmUserAuthProtocol, usmUserAuthKeyChange, usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange, usmUserPrivProtocol, usmUserPrivKeyChange, usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange, usmUserPublic, usmUserStorageType, usmUserStatus } STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A collection of objects providing for configuration of an SNMP engine which implements the SNMP User-based Security Model. " ::= { usmMIBGroups 1 } END Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 43] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 6. MD5 Authentication Protocol This section describes the Keyed-MD5 authentication protocol. This protocol is the first authentication protocol defined for the User-based Security Model. This protocol is identified by usmMD5AuthProtocol. Over time, other authentication protocols may be defined either as a replacement of this protocol or in addition to this protocol. 6.1. Mechanisms - In support of data integrity, a message digest algorithm is required. A digest is calculated over an appropriate portion of an SNMP message and included as part of the message sent to the recipient. - In support of data origin authentication and data integrity, a secret value is both inserted into, and appended to, the SNMP message prior to computing the digest; the inserted value is overwritten prior to transmission, and the appended value is not transmitted. The secret value is shared by all SNMP engines authorized to originate messages on behalf of the appropriate user. - In order to not expose the shared secrets (keys) at all SNMP engines in case one of the SNMP engines is compromised, such secrets (keys) are localized for each authoritative SNMP engine, see [Localized-Key]. 6.1.1. Digest Authentication Protocol The Digest Authentication Protocol defined in this memo provides for: - verification of the integrity of a received message (i.e., the message received is the message sent). The integrity of the message is protected by computing a digest over an appropriate portion of the message. The digest is computed by the originator of the message, transmitted with the message, and verified by the recipient of the message. - verification of the user on whose behalf the message was generated. A secret value known only to SNMP engines authorized to generate messages on behalf of a user is both inserted into, and appended to, the message prior to the digest computation. Thus, the verification of the user is implicit with the verification of the Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 44] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 digest. Note that the use of two copies of the secret, one near the start and one at the end, is recommended by [KEYED-MD5]. This protocol uses the MD5 [MD5] message digest algorithm. A 128-bit digest is calculated over the designated portion of an SNMP message and included as part of the message sent to the recipient. The size of both the digest carried in a message and the private authentication key (the secret) is 16 octets. 6.2. Elements of the Digest Authentication Protocol This section contains definitions required to realize the authentication module defined by this memo. 6.2.1. Users Authentication using this Digest Authentication protocol makes use of a defined set of userNames. For any user on whose behalf a message must be authenticated at a particular SNMP engine, that SNMP engine must have knowledge of that user. An SNMP engine that wishes to communicate with another SNMP engine must also have knowledge of a user known to that engine, including knowledge of the applicable attributes of that user. A user and its attributes are defined as follows: <userName> A string representing the name of the user. <authKey> A user's secret key to be used when calculating a digest. 6.2.2. authEngineID The authEngineID value contained in an authenticated message specifies the authoritative SNMP engine for that particular message (see the definition of SnmpEngineID in the SNMP Architecture document [SNMP-ARCH]). The user's (private) authentication key is normally different at each authoritative SNMP engine and so the snmpEngineID is used to select the proper key for the authentication process. 6.2.3. SNMP Messages Using this Authentication Protocol Messages using this authentication protocol carry an authParameters field as part of the securityParameters. For this protocol, the authParameters field is the serialized OCTET STRING representing the MD5 digest of the wholeMsg. The digest is calculated over the wholeMsg so if a message is authenticated, that also means that all the fields in the message Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 45] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 are intact and have not been tampered with. 6.2.4. Services provided by the MD5 Authentication Module This section describes the inputs and outputs that the MD5 Authentication module expects and produces when the User-based Security module calls the MD5 Authentication module for services. 6.2.4.1. Services for Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message This MD5 authentication protocol assumes that the selection of the authKey is done by the caller and that the caller passes the secret key to be used. Upon completion the authentication module returns statusInformation and, if the message digest was correctly calculated, the wholeMsg with the digest inserted at the proper place. The abstract service interfaces are: authenticateOutgoingMsg( authKey -- secret key for authentication wholeMsg -- complete message ) returnAuthenticatedOutgoingMsg( wholeMsg -- complete authenticated message statusInformation -- success or errorIndication ) Where: authKey The secret key to be used by the authentication algorithm. wholeMsg The message to be authenticated on input or the authenticated message (including inserted digest) on output. statusInformation An indication of whether the authentication process was successful. If not it is an indication of the problem. Note, that authParameters field is filled by the authentication module and this field should be already present in the wholeMsg before the Message Authentication Code (MAC) is generated. 6.2.4.2. Services for Processing an Incoming SNMP Message This MD5 authentication protocol assumes that the selection of the authKey is done by the caller and that the caller passes the secret key to be used. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 46] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Upon completion the authentication module returns statusInformation and, if the message digest was correctly calculated, the wholeMsg as it was processed. The abstract service interfaces are: authenticateIncomingMsg( authKey -- secret key for authentication authParameters -- filled in by service provider wholeMsg -- as received on the wire ) returnAuthenticatedIncomingMsg( wholeMsg -- complete authenticated message statusInformation -- success or errorIndication ) Where: authKey The secret key to be used by the authentication algorithm. authParameters The authParameters from the incoming message. wholeMsg The message to be authenticated on input and the authenticated message on output. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 47] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 6.3. Elements of Procedure This section describes the procedures for the Keyed-MD5 authentication protocol. 6.3.1. Processing an Outgoing Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it must authenticate an outgoing message using the usmMD5AuthProtocol. 1) The authParameters field is set to the serialization according to the rules in [RFC1906] of an OCTET STRING representing the secret (localized) authKey. 2) The secret (localized) authKey is then appended to the end of the wholeMsg. 3) The MD5-Digest is calculated according to [MD5]. Then the authParameters field is replaced with the calculated digest. 4) The wholeMsg (excluding the appended secret key) is then returned to the caller together with statusInformation indicating success. 6.3.2. Processing an Incoming Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it must authenticate an incoming message using the usmMD5AuthProtocol. 1) If the digest received in the authParameters field is not 16 octets long, then an error indication (authenticationError) is returned to the calling module. 2) The digest received in the authParameters field is saved. 3) The digest in the authParameters field is replaced by the secret (localized) authKey. 4) The secret (localized) authKey is then appended to the end of the wholeMsg. 5) The MD5-Digest is calculated according to [MD5]. The authParameters field is replaced with the digest value that was saved in step 2). 6) Then the newly calculated digest is compared with the digest saved in step 2). If the digests do not match, then an error indication (authenticationFailure) is returned to the calling module. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 48] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 7) The wholeMsg (excluding the appended secret key) and statusInformation indicating success are then returned to the caller. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 49] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 7. DES Privacy Protocol This section describes the DES privacy protocol. This protocol is the first privacy protocol defined for the User-based Security Model. This protocol is identified by usmDESPrivProtocol. Over time, other privacy protocols may be defined either as a replacement of this protocol or in addition to this protocol. 7.1. Mechanisms - In support of data confidentiality, an encryption algorithm is required. An appropriate portion of the message is encrypted prior to being transmitted. The User-based Security Model specifies that the scopedPDU is the portion of the message that needs to be encrypted. - A secret value in combination with a timeliness value is used to create the en/decryption key and the initialization vector. The secret value is shared by all SNMP engines authorized to originate messages on behalf of the appropriate user. - In order to not expose the shared secrets (keys) at all SNMP engines in case one of the SNMP engines is compromised, such secrets (keys) are localized for each authoritative SNMP engine, see [Localized-Key]. 7.1.1. Symmetric Encryption Protocol The Symmetric Encryption Protocol defined in this memo provides support for data confidentiality. The designated portion of an SNMP message is encrypted and included as part of the message sent to the recipient. Two organizations have published specifications defining the DES: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [DES-NIST] and the American National Standards Institute [DES-ANSI]. There is a companion Modes of Operation specification for each definition ([DESO-NIST] and [DESO-ANSI], respectively). The NIST has published three additional documents that implementors may find useful. - There is a document with guidelines for implementing and using the DES, including functional specifications for the DES and its modes of operation [DESG-NIST]. - There is a specification of a validation test suite for the DES Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 50] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 [DEST-NIST]. The suite is designed to test all aspects of the DES and is useful for pinpointing specific problems. - There is a specification of a maintenance test for the DES [DESM-NIST]. The test utilizes a minimal amount of data and processing to test all components of the DES. It provides a simple yes-or-no indication of correct operation and is useful to run as part of an initialization step, e.g., when a computer re-boots. 7.1.1.1. DES key and Initialization Vector. The first 8 bytes of the 16-byte secret (private privacy key) are used as a DES key. Since DES uses only 56 bits, the Least Significant Bit in each byte is disregarded. The Initialization Vector for encryption is obtained using the following procedure. The last 8 bytes of the 16-byte secret (private privacy key) are used as pre-IV. In order to ensure that the IV for two different packets encrypted by the same key, are not the same (i.e. the IV does not repeat) we need to "salt" the pre-IV with something unique per packet. An 8-byte octet string is used as the "salt". The concatenation of the generating SNMP engine's 32-bit snmpEngineBoots and a local 32-bit integer, that the encryption engine maintains, is input to the "salt". The 32-bit integer is initialized to an arbitrary value at boot time. The 32-bit snmpEngineBoots is converted to the first 4 bytes (Most Significant Byte first) of our "salt". The 32-bit integer is then converted to the last 4 bytes (Most Significant Byte first) of our "salt". The resulting "salt" is then XOR-ed with the pre-IV. The 8-byte "salt" is then put into the privParameters field encoded as an OCTET STRING. The "salt" integer is then modified. We recommend that it be incremented by one and wrap when it reaches the maximum value. How exactly the value of the "salt" (and thus of the IV) varies, is an implementation issue, as long as the measures are taken to avoid producing a duplicate IV. The "salt" must be placed in the privParameters field to enable the receiving entity to compute the correct IV and to decrypt the message. 7.1.1.2. Data Encryption. The data to be encrypted is treated as sequence of octets. Its length should be an integral multiple of 8 - and if t is not, the Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 51] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 data is padded at the end as necessary. The actual pad value is irrelevant. The data is encrypted in Cipher Block Chaining mode. The plaintext is divided into 64-bit blocks. The plaintext for each block is XOR-ed with the ciphertext of the previous block, the result is encrypted and the output of the encryption is the ciphertext for the block. This procedure is repeated until there are no more plaintext blocks. For the very first block, the Initialization Vector is used instead of the ciphertext of the previous block. 7.1.1.3. Data Decryption Before decryption, the encrypted data length is verified. If the length of the OCTET STRING to be decrypted is not an integral multiple of 8 octets, the decryption process is halted and an appropriate exception noted. When decrypting, the padding is ignored. The first ciphertext block is decrypted, the decryption output is XOR-ed with the Initialization Vector, and the result is the first plaintext block. For each subsequent block, the ciphertext block is decrypted, the decryption output is XOR-ed with the previous ciphertext block and the result is the plaintext block. 7.2. Elements of the DES Privacy Protocol This section contains definitions required to realize the privacy module defined by this memo. 7.2.1. Users Data en/decryption using this Symmetric Encryption Protocol makes use of a defined set of userNames. For any user on whose behalf a message must be en/decrypted at a particular SNMP engine, that SNMP engine must have knowledge of that user. An SNMP engine that wishes to communicate with another SNMP engine must also have knowledge of a user known to that SNMP engine, including knowledge of the applicable attributes of that user. A user and its attributes are defined as follows: <userName> An octet string representing the name of the user. <privKey> Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 52] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A user's secret key to be used as input for the DES key and IV. 7.2.2. authEngineID The authEngineID value contained in an authenticated message specifies the authoritative SNMP engine for that particular message (see the definition of SnmpEngineID in the SNMP Architecture document [SNMP-ARCH]). The user's (private) privacy key is normally different at each authoritative SNMP engine and so the snmpEngineID is used to select the proper key for the en/decryption process. 7.2.3. SNMP Messages Using this Privacy Protocol Messages using this privacy protocol carry a privParameters field as part of the securityParameters. For this protocol, the privParameters field is the serialized octet string representing the "salt" that was used to create the IV. 7.2.4. Services provided by the DES Privacy Module This section describes the inputs and outputs that the DES Privacy module expects and produces when the User-based Security module invokes the DES Privacy module for services. 7.2.4.1. Services for Encrypting Outgoing Data This DES privacy protocol assumes that the selection of the privKey is done by the caller and that the caller passes the secret key to be used. Upon completion the privacy module returns statusInformation and, if the encryption process was successful, the encryptedPDU and the privParameters encoded as an OCTET STRING. The abstract service interface primitives are: encryptData( encryptKey -- secret key for encryption dataToEncrypt -- data to encrypt (scopedPDU) ) returnEncryptedData( encryptedData -- encrypted data (encryptedPDU) privParameters -- filled in by service provider statusInformation -- success or errorIndication ) Where: Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 53] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 encryptKey The secret key to be used by the encryption algorithm. dataToEncrypt The data that must be encrypted. encryptedData The encrypted data upon successful completion. privParameters The privParameters encoded as an OCTET STRING. statusInformation An indication of the success or failure of the encryption process. In case of failure, it is an indication of the error. 7.2.4.2. Services for Decrypting Incoming Data This DES privacy protocol assumes that the selection of the privKey is done by the caller and that the caller passes the secret key to be used. Upon completion the privacy module returns statusInformation and, if the decryption process was successful, the scopedPDU in plain text. The abstract service interface primitives are: decryptData( decryptKey -- secret key for decryption privParameters -- as received on the wire encryptedData -- encrypted data (encryptedPDU) returnDecryptedData( decryptedData -- decrypted data (scopedPDU) statusInformation -- success or errorIndication ) Where: decryptKey The secret key to be used by the decryption algorithm. privParameters The "salt" to be used to calculate the IV. encryptedData The data to be decrypted. decryptedData The decrypted data. statusInformation An indication whether the data was successfully decrypted and if not an indication of the error. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 54] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 7.3. Elements of Procedure. This section describes the procedures for the DES privacy protocol. 7.3.1. Processing an Outgoing Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it must encrypt part of an outgoing message using the usmDESPrivProtocol. 1) The secret (localized) cryptKey is used to construct the DES encryption key, the "salt" and the DES pre-IV (as described in section 7.1.1.1). 2) The privParameters field is set to the serialization according to the rules in [RFC1906] of an OCTET STRING representing the the "salt" string. 2) The scopedPDU is encrypted (as described in section 7.1.1.2) and the encrypted data is serialized according to the rules in [RFC1906] as an OCTET STRING. 3) The the serialized OCTET STRING representing the encrypted scopedPDU together with the privParameters and statusInformation indicating success is returned to the calling module. 7.3.2. Processing an Incoming Message This section describes the procedure followed by an SNMP engine whenever it must decrypt part of an incoming message using the usmDESPrivProtocol. 1) If the privParameters field is not an 8-byte OCTET STRING, then an error indication (decryptionError) is returned to the calling module. 2) The "salt" is extracted from the privParameters field. 3) The secret (localized) cryptKey and the "salt" are then used to construct the DES decryption key and pre-IV (as described in section 7.1.1.1). 4) The encryptedPDU is then decrypted (as described in section 7.1.1.3). 5) If the encryptedPDU cannot be decrypted, then an error indication (decryptionError) is returned to the calling module. 6) The decrypted scopedPDU and statusInformation indicating success are returned to the calling module. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 55] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 8. Editor's Addresses Co-editor Uri Blumenthal IBM T. J. Watson Research postal: 30 Saw Mill River Pkwy, Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA email: uri@watson.ibm.com phone: +1-914-784-7064 Co-editor: Bert Wijnen IBM T. J. Watson Research postal: Schagen 33 3461 GL Linschoten Netherlands email: wijnen@vnet.ibm.com phone: +31-348-432-794 9. Acknowledgements This document is based on the recommendations of the SNMP Security and Administrative Framework Evolution team, comprised of David Harrington (Cabletron Systems Inc.) Jeff Johnson (Cisco) David Levi (SNMP Research Inc.) John Linn (Openvision) Russ Mundy (Trusted Information Systems) chair Shawn Routhier (Epilogue) Glenn Waters (Nortel) Bert Wijnen (IBM T. J. Watson Research) Further a lot of "cut and paste" material comes from RFC1910 and from earlier draft documents from the SNMPv2u and SNMPv2* series. Further more a special thanks is due to the SNMPv3 WG, specifically: .... Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 56] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 10. Security Considerations 10.1. Recommended Practices This section describes practices that contribute to the secure, effective operation of the mechanisms defined in this memo. - An SNMP engine must discard SNMP Response messages for which the msgID component does not correspond to any currently outstanding Request message. An SNMP Command Generator Application must discard any Response PDU for which the request-id component or the represented management information does not correspond to any currently outstanding Request PDU. Although it would be typical for an SNMP engine and an SNMP Command Generator Application to do this as a matter of course, when using these security protocols it is significant due to the possibility of message duplication (malicious or otherwise). - An SNMP engine must generate unpredictable msgIDs and an SNMP Command Generator or Notification Originator Application must generate unpredictable request-ids in authenticated messages in order to protect against the possibility of message duplication (malicious or otherwise). For example, starting operations with a msgID and/or request-id value of zero is not a good idea. Initializing them with an unpredictable number (so they do not start out the same after each reboot) and then incrementing by one would be acceptable. - An SNMP engine should perform time synchronization using authenticated messages in order to protect against the possibility of message duplication (malicious or otherwise). - When sending state altering messages to a managed authoritative SNMP engine, a Command Generator Application should delay sending successive messages to that managed SNMP engine until a positive acknowledgement is received for the previous message or until the previous message expires. No message ordering is imposed by the SNMP. Messages may be received in any order relative to their time of generation and each will be processed in the ordered received. Note that when an authenticated message is sent to a managed SNMP engine, it will be valid for a period of time of approximately 150 seconds under normal circumstances, and is subject to replay during this period. Indeed, an SNMP engine and SNMP Command Generator Applications must cope with the loss and re-ordering of messages resulting from anomalies in the network as a matter of course. However, a managed object, snmpSetSerialNo [RFC1907], is Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 57] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 specifically defined for use with SNMP Set operations in order to provide a mechanism to ensure that the processing of SNMP messages occurs in a specific order. - The frequency with which the secrets of a User-based Security Model user should be changed is indirectly related to the frequency of their use. Protecting the secrets from disclosure is critical to the overall security of the protocols. Frequent use of a secret provides a continued source of data that may be useful to a cryptanalyst in exploiting known or perceived weaknesses in an algorithm. Frequent changes to the secret avoid this vulnerability. Changing a secret after each use is generally regarded as the most secure practice, but a significant amount of overhead may be associated with that approach. Note, too, in a local environment the threat of disclosure may be less significant, and as such the changing of secrets may be less frequent. However, when public data networks are used as the communication paths, more caution is prudent. 10.2 Defining Users The mechanisms defined in this document employ the notion of users on whose behalf messages are sent. How "users" are defined is subject to the security policy of the network administration. For example, users could be individuals (e.g., "joe" or "jane"), or a particular role (e.g., "operator" or "administrator"), or a combination (e.g., "joe-operator", "jane-operator" or "joe-admin"). Furthermore, a user may be a logical entity, such as an SNMP Application or a set of SNMP Applications, acting on behalf of an individual or role, or set of individuals, or set of roles, including combinations. Appendix A describes an algorithm for mapping a user "password" to a 16 octet value for use as either a user's authentication key or privacy key (or both). Note however, that using the same password (and therefore the same key) for both authentication and privacy is very poor security practice and should be strongly discouraged. Passwords are often generated, remembered, and input by a human. Human-generated passwords may be less than the 16 octets required by the authentication and privacy protocols, and brute force attacks can be quite easy on a relatively short ASCII character set. Therefore, the algorithm is Appendix A performs a transformation on the password. If the Appendix A algorithm is used, SNMP implementations (and SNMP configuration applications) must ensure that passwords are at least 8 characters in length. Because the Appendix A algorithm uses such passwords (nearly) Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 58] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 directly, it is very important that they not be easily guessed. It is suggested that they be composed of mixed-case alphanumeric and punctuation characters that don't form words or phrases that might be found in a dictionary. Longer passwords improve the security of the system. Users may wish to input multiword phrases to make their password string longer while ensuring that it is memorable. Since it is infeasible for human users to maintain different passwords for every SNMP engine, but security requirements strongly discourage having the same key for more than one SNMP engine, the User-based Security Model employs a compromise proposed in [Localized-key]. It derives the user keys for the SNMP engines from user's password in such a way that it is practically impossible to either determine the user's password, or user's key for another SNMP engine from any combination of user's keys on SNMP engines. Note however, that if user's password is disclosed, key localization will not help and network security may be compromised in this case. 10.3. Conformance To be termed a "Secure SNMP implementation" based on the User-based Security Model, an SNMP implementation MUST: - implement one or more Authentication Protocol(s). The MD5 Authentication Protocol defined in this memo is one such protocol. - to the maximum extent possible, prohibit access to the secret(s) of each user about which it maintains information in a Local Configuration Datastore (LCD) under all circumstances except as required to generate and/or validate SNMP messages with respect to that user. - implement the SNMP-USER-BASE-SM-MIB. In addition, an authoritative SNMP engine SHOULD [RFC2119] provide initial configuration in accordance with Appendix A.1. Implementation of a Privacy Protocol (the DES Symmetric Encryption Protocol defined in this memo is one such protocol) is optional. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 59] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 11. References [RFC1902] The SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S., Waldbusser, "Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1905, January 1996. [RFC1905] The SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S., Waldbusser, "Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1905, January 1996. [RFC1906] The SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1906, January 1996. [RFC1907] The SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1907 January 1996. [RFC1908] The SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of the Internet-standard Network Management Framework", RFC 1908, January 1996. [RFC2119] Network Working Group, Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997. [SNMP-ARCH] The SNMPv3 Working Group, Harrington, D., Wijnen, B., "An Architecture for describing Internet Management Frameworks", draft-ietf-snmpv3-next-gen-arch-03.txt, July 1997. [SNMP-v3MP] The SNMPv3 Working Group, Wijnen, B., Harrington, D., Case, J., "Message Processing Model for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3)", draft-ietf-snmpv3-mpc-03.txt, July 1997. [SNMP-ACM] The SNMPv3 Working Group, Wijnen, B., Harrington, D., "View-based Access Control Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", draft-ietf-snmpv3-acm-01.txt, July 1997. [Localized-Key] U. Blumenthal, N. C. Hien, B. Wijnen "Key Derivation for Network Management Applications" IEEE Network Magazine, April/May issue, 1997. [KEYED-MD5] Krawczyk, H., "Keyed-MD5 for Message Authentication", Work in Progress, IBM, June 1995. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 60] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 [MD5] Rivest, R., "Message Digest Algorithm MD5", RFC 1321, April 1992. [DES-NIST] Data Encryption Standard, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 46-1. Supersedes FIPS Publication 46, (January, 1977; reaffirmed January, 1988). [DES-ANSI] Data Encryption Algorithm, American National Standards Institute. ANSI X3.92-1981, (December, 1980). [DESO-NIST] DES Modes of Operation, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 81, (December, 1980). [DESO-ANSI] Data Encryption Algorithm - Modes of Operation, American National Standards Institute. ANSI X3.106-1983, (May 1983). [DESG-NIST] Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data Encryption Standard, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 74, (April, 1981). [DEST-NIST] Validating the Correctness of Hardware Implementations of the NBS Data Encryption Standard, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Special Publication 500-20. [DESM-NIST] Maintenance Testing for the Data Encryption Standard, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Special Publication 500-61, (August, 1980). Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 61] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 APPENDIX A - Installation A.1. SNMP engine Installation Parameters During installation, an authoritative SNMP engine SHOULD (in the meaning as defined in [RFC2119]) be configured with several initial parameters. These include: (1) A security posture The choice of security posture determines if initial configuration is implemented and if so how. One of three possible choices is selected: minimum-secure, semi-secure, very-secure (i.e. no-initial-configuration) In the case of a very-secure posture, there is no initial configuration, and so the following steps are irrelevant. (2) one or more secrets These are the authentication/privacy secrets for the first user to be configured. One way to accomplish this is to have the installer enter a "password" for each required secret. The password is then algorithmically converted into the required secret by: - forming a string of length 1,048,576 octets by repeating the value of the password as often as necessary, truncating accordingly, and using the resulting string as the input to the MD5 algorithm [MD5]. The resulting digest, termed "digest1", is used in the next step. - a second string of length 44 octets is formed by concatenating digest1, the SNMPv3 engine's snmpEngineID value, and digest1. This string is used as input to the MD5 algorithm [MD5]. The resulting digest is the required secret (see Appendix A.2). Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 62] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 With these configured parameters, the SNMP engine instantiates the following usmUserEntry in the usmUserTable: no privacy support privacy support ------------------ --------------- usmUserEngineID localEngineID localEngineID usmUserName "initial" "initial" usmUserSecurityName "initial" "initial" usmUserCloneFrom ZeroDotZero ZeroDotZero usmUserAuthProtocol usmMD5AuthProtocol usmMD5AuthProtocol usmUserAuthKeyChange "" "" usmUserOwnAuthKeyChange "" "" usmUserPrivProtocol none usmDESPrivProtocol usmUserPrivKeyChange "" "" usmUserOwnPrivKeyChange "" "" usmUserPublic "" "" usmUserStorageType anyValidStorageType anyValidStorageType usmUserStatus active active A.2. Password to Key Algorithm The following code fragment (section A.2.1) demonstrates the password to key algorithm which can be used when mapping a password to an authentication or privacy key. The calls to MD5 are as documented in [RFC1321]. An example of the results of a correct implementation is provided (section A.2.2) whihc an implementer can use to check if his implementation produces the same result. Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 63] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A.2.1. Password to Key Sample Code void password_to_key( u_char *password, /* IN */ u_int passwordlen, /* IN */ u_char *engineID, /* IN - pointer to snmpEngineID */ u_int engineLength /* IN - length of snmpEngineID */ u_char *key) /* OUT - pointer to caller 16-byte buffer */ { MD5_CTX MD; u_char *cp, password_buf[64]; u_long password_index = 0; u_long count = 0, i; MD5Init (&MD); /* initialize MD5 */ /**********************************************/ /* Use while loop until we've done 1 Megabyte */ /**********************************************/ while (count < 1048576) { cp = password_buf; for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) { /*************************************************/ /* Take the next byte of the password, wrapping */ /* to the beginning of the password as necessary.*/ /*************************************************/ *cp++ = password[password_index++ % passwordlen]; } MD5Update (&MD, password_buf, 64); count += 64; } MD5Final (key, &MD); /* tell MD5 we're done */ /*****************************************************/ /* Now localize the key with the engineID and pass */ /* through MD5 to produce final key */ /* May want to ensure that engineLength <= 32, */ /* otherwise need to use a buffer larger than 64 */ /*****************************************************/ memcpy(password_buf, key, 16); memcpy(password_buf+16, engineID, engineLength); memcpy(password_buf+engineLength, key, 16); MD5Init(&MD); MD5Update(&MD, password_buf, 32+engineLength); MD5Final(key, &MD); return; } Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 64] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A.3. Password to Key Sample Results The following shows a sample output of the password to key algorithm. With a password of "maplesyrup" the output of the password to key algorithm before the key is localized with the SNMP engine's snmpEngineID is: '9f af 32 83 88 4e 92 83 4e bc 98 47 d8 ed d9 63'H After the intermediate key (shown above) is localized with the snmpEngineID value of: '00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02'H the final output of the password to key algorithm is: '52 6f 5e ed 9f cc e2 6f 89 64 c2 93 07 87 d8 2b'H Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 65] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 A.4. Sample encoding of securityParameters The securityParameters in an SNMP message are represented as an OCTET STRING. This OCTET STRING should be considered opaque outside a specific Security Model. The User-based Security Model defines the contents of the OCTET STRING as a SEQUENCE (see section 2.4). Given these two properties, the following is an example of the securityParameters for the User-based Security Model, encoded as an OCTET STRING: 04 <length> 30 <length> 04 <length> <authEngineID> 02 <length> <authEngineBoots> 02 <length> <authEngineTime> 04 <length> <userName> 04 10 <MD5-digest> 04 08 <salt> Here is the example once more. but now with real values (except for the digest in authParameters and the salt in privParameters, which depend on variable data that we have not defined here): Hex Data Description -------------------------- -------------------------------- 04 39 OCTET STRING, length 57 30 37 SEQUENCE, length 55 04 0c 00000002 00000000 authEngineID: IBM, IP, 9.132.3.1 09840301 02 01 01 authEngineBoots: 1 02 02 0101 authEngineTime: 257 04 04 62657274 userName: bert 04 10 01234567 89abcdef authParameters: sample value fedcba98 76543210 04 08 01234567 89abcdef privParameters: sample value Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 66] Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 Table of Contents 0. Issues and Change Log 2 0.1. Current Open Issues 2 0.2. Change Log 2 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Threats 5 1.2. Goals and Constraints 6 1.3. Security Services 7 1.4. Module Organization 8 1.4.1. Timeliness Module 8 1.4.2. Authentication Protocol 9 1.4.3. Privacy Protocol 9 1.5. Protection against Message Replay, Delay and Redirection 9 1.5.1. Authoritative SNMP engine 9 1.5.2. Mechanisms 9 2. Elements of the Model 12 2.1. User-based Security Model Users 12 2.2. Replay Protection 13 2.2.1. authEngineID 13 2.2.2. authEngineBoots and authEngineTime 13 2.2.3. Time Window 14 2.3. Time Synchronization 14 2.4. SNMP Messages Using this Security Model 16 2.5. Services provided by the User-based Security Model 16 2.5.1. Services for Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message 17 2.5.2. Services for Processing an Incoming SNMP Message 19 3. Elements of Procedure 22 3.1. Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message 22 3.2. Processing an Incoming SNMP Message 25 4. Discovery 31 5. Definitions 32 6. MD5 Authentication Protocol 44 6.1. Mechanisms 44 6.1.1. Digest Authentication Protocol 44 6.2. Elements of the Digest Authentication Protocol 45 6.2.1. Users 45 6.2.2. authEngineID 45 6.2.3. SNMP Messages Using this Authentication Protocol 45 6.2.4. Services provided by the MD5 Authentication Module 46 6.2.4.1. Services for Generating an Outgoing SNMP Message 46 6.2.4.2. Services for Processing an Incoming SNMP Message 46 6.3. Elements of Procedure 48 6.3.1. Processing an Outgoing Message 48 6.3.2. Processing an Incoming Message 48 7. DES Privacy Protocol 50 7.1. Mechanisms 50 7.1.1. Symmetric Encryption Protocol 50 7.1.1.1. DES key and Initialization Vector. 51 7.1.1.2. Data Encryption. 51 7.1.1.3. Data Decryption 52 7.2. Elements of the DES Privacy Protocol 52 7.2.1. Users 52 Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 67] ^L Draft User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv3 July 1997 7.2.2. authEngineID 53 7.2.3. SNMP Messages Using this Privacy Protocol 53 7.2.4. Services provided by the DES Privacy Module 53 7.2.4.1. Services for Encrypting Outgoing Data 53 7.2.4.2. Services for Decrypting Incoming Data 54 7.3. Elements of Procedure. 55 7.3.1. Processing an Outgoing Message 55 7.3.2. Processing an Incoming Message 55 8. Editor's Addresses 56 9. Acknowledgements 56 A.1. SNMP engine Installation Parameters 62 A.2. Password to Key Algorithm 63 A.2.1. Password to Key Sample Code 64 A.3. Password to Key Sample Results 65 A.4. Sample encoding of securityParameters 66 Blumenthal/Wijnen Expires December 1997 [Page 68]