Internet Info 1997 December/Internet_Info_CD-ROM_Walnut_Creek_December_1997.iso/drafts/draft_ietf_j_p/draft-ietf-pkix-ipki3cmp-04.txt

Text File | 1997-09-17 | 154KB | 4,072 lines

Internet Draft                           C. Adams (Entrust Technologies)
PKIX Working Group                                      S. Farrell (SSE)
draft-ietf-pkix-ipki3cmp-04.txt
Expires in 6 months                                           Sept. 1997

                     Internet Public Key Infrastructure
                      Certificate Management Protocols


Status of this Memo


   This document is an Internet-Draft.  Internet-Drafts are working
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Abstract

This is a draft of the Internet Public Key Infrastructure (X.509)
Certificate Management Protocols. Protocol messages are defined for all
relevant aspects of certificate creation and management.


Introduction

The layout of this document is as follows:

- Section 1 contains an overview of PKI management;
- Section 2 contains discussion of assumptions and restrictions;
- Section 3 contains data structures used for PKI management messages;
- Section 4 defines the functions that are to be carried out in PKI
  management by conforming implementations;
- Section 5 describes a simple protocol for transporting PKI messages;
- the Appendices specify profiles for conforming implementations and
  provide an ASN.1 module containing the syntax for all defined
  messages.






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1 PKI Management Overview

  The PKI must be structured to be consistent with the types of
individuals who must administer it.  Providing such administrators with
unbounded choices not only complicates the software required but also
increases the chances that a subtle mistake by an administrator or
software developer will result in broader compromise. Similarly,
restricting administrators with cumbersome mechanisms will cause them
not to use the PKI.

  Management protocols are required to support on-line interactions
between Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) components.  For example, a
management protocol might be used between a CA and a client system with
which a key pair is associated, or between two CAs that cross-certify
each other.

1.1 PKI Management Model

Before specifying particular message formats and procedures we first
define the entities involved in PKI management and their interactions
(in terms of the PKI management functions required).  We then group
these functions in order to accommodate different identifiable types of
end entities.

1.2 Definitions of PKI Entities

  The entities involved in PKI management include the end entity (i.e.,
the entity to be named in the subject field of a certificate) and the
certification authority (i.e., the entity named in the issuer field of a
certificate). A registration authority may also be involved in PKI
management.

1.2.1 Subjects and End Entities

The term "subject" is used here to refer to the entity named in the
subject field of a certificate; when we wish to distinguish the tools
and/or software used by the subject (e.g., a local certificate management
module) we will use the term "subject equipment". In general, the term
"end entity" rather than subject is preferred in order to avoid confusion
with the field name.

It is important to note that the end entities here will include not only
human users of applications, but also applications themselves (e.g., for
IP security). This factor influences the protocols which the PKI
management operations use; for example, application software is far more
likely to know exactly which certificate extensions are required than
are human users. PKI management entities are also end entities in the
sense that they are sometimes named in the subject field of a
certificate or cross-certificate. Where appropriate, the term "end-
entity" will be used to refer to end entities who are not PKI management
entities.



Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 2]

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All end entities require secure local access to some information -- at a
minimum, their own name and private key, the name of a CA which is
directly trusted by this entity and that CA's public key (or a
fingerprint of the public key where a self-certified version is
available elsewhere). Implementations may use secure local storage for
more than this minimum (e.g., the end entity's own certificate or
application-specific information). The form of storage will also vary --
from files to tamper-resistant cryptographic tokens.  Such local trusted
storage is referred to here as the end entity's Personal Security
Environment (PSE).

Though PSE formats are beyond the scope of this document (they are very
dependent on equipment, et cetera), a generic interchange format for
PSEs is defined here - a certification response message may be used.

1.2.2 Certification Authority

The certification authority (CA) may or may not actually be a real
"third party" from the end entity's point of view. Quite often, the CA
will actually belong to the same organization as the end entities it
supports.

Again, we use the term CA to refer to the entity named in the issuer
field of a certificate; when it is necessary to distinguish the software
or hardware tools used by the CA we use the term "CA equipment".

The CA equipment will often include both an "off-line" component and an
"on-line" component, with the CA private key only available to the "off-
line" component. This is, however, a matter for implementers (though it
is also relevant as a policy issue).

We use the term "root CA" to indicate a CA that is directly trusted by
an end entity; that is, securely acquiring the value of a root CA public
key requires some out-of-band step(s). This term is not meant to imply
that a root CA is at the top of any hierarchy, simply that the CA in
question is trusted directly.

A "subordinate CA" is one that is not a root CA for the end entity in
question. Often, a subordinate CA will not be a root CA for any entity
but this is not mandatory.

1.2.3 Registration Authority

In addition to end-entities and CAs, many environments call for the
existence of a registration authority (RA) separate from the
certification authority. The functions which the registration authority
may carry out will vary from case to case but may include personal
authentication, token distribution, revocation reporting, name
assignment, key generation, archival of key pairs, et cetera.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 3]

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This document views the RA as an optional component - when it is not
present the CA is assumed to be able to carry out the RA's functions so
that the PKI management protocols are the same from the end-entity's
point of view.

Again, we distinguish, where necessary, between the RA and the tools
used (the "RA equipment").

Note that an RA is itself an end entity. We further assume that all RAs
are in fact certified end entities and that RA private keys are usable
for signing. How a particular CA equipment identifies some end entities
as RAs is an implementation issue (i.e., this document specifies no
special RA certification operation). We do not mandate that the RA is
certified by the CA with which it is interacting at the moment (so one
RA may work with more than one CA whilst only being certified once).

In some circumstances end entities will communicate directly with a CA
even where an RA is present. For example, for initial registration
and/or certification the subject may use its RA, but communicate
directly with the CA in order to refresh its certificate.


1.3 PKI Management Requirements

The protocols given here meet the following requirements on PKI
management.

  1. PKI management must conform to ISO 9594-8 and the associated
amendments (certificate extensions)

  2. PKI management must conform to the other parts of this series.

  3. It must be possible to regularly update any key pair without
affecting any other key pair.

  4. The use of confidentiality in PKI management protocols must be kept
to a minimum in order to ease regulatory problems.

  5. PKI management protocols must allow the use of different industry-
standard cryptographic algorithms, (specifically including RSA, DSA,
MD5, SHA-1) -- this means that any given CA, RA, or end entity may, in
principal, use whichever algorithms suit it for its own key pair(s).

  6. PKI management protocols must not preclude the generation of key
pairs by the end-entity concerned, by an RA, or by a CA -- key
generation may also occur elsewhere, but for the purposes of PKI
management we can regard key generation as occurring wherever the key is
first present at an end entity, RA, or CA.






Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 4]

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  7. PKI management protocols must support the publication of
certificates by the end-entity concerned, by an RA, or by a CA.
Different implementations and different environments may choose any
of the above approaches.

  8. PKI management protocols must support the production of CRLs by
allowing certified end entities to make requests for the revocation of
certificates - this must be done in such a way that the denial-of-
service attacks which are possible are not made simpler.

  9. PKI management protocols must be usable over a variety of
"transport" mechanisms, specifically including mail, http, TCP/IP and
ftp.

  10. Final authority for certification creation rests with the CA; no
RA or end-entity equipment can assume that any certificate issued by a
CA will contain what was requested -- a CA may alter certificate field
values or may add, delete or alter extensions according to its operating
policy; the only exception to this is the public key, which the CA must
not modify (assuming that the CA was presented with the public key
value). In other words, all PKI entities (end-entities, RAs, and CAs)
must be capable of handling responses to requests for certificates in
which the actual certificate issued is different from that requested
(for example, a CA may shorten the validity period requested).

  11. A graceful, scheduled change-over from one non-compromised CA key
pair to the next (CA key update) must be supported (note that if the
CA key is compromised, re-initialization must be performed for all
entities in the domain of that CA). An end entity whose PSE contains
the new CA public key (following a CA key update) must also be able
to verify certificates verifiable using the old public key. End
entities who directly trust the old CA key pair must also be able to
verify certificates signed using the new CA private key.  (Required for
situations where the old CA public key is "hardwired" into the end
entity's cryptographic equipment).

  12. The Functions of an RA may, in some implementations or
environments, be carried out by the CA itself. The protocols must be
designed so that end entities will use the same protocol (but, of
course, not the same key!) regardless of whether the communication is
with an RA or CA.

  13. Where an end entity requests a certificate containing a given
public key value, the end entity must be ready to demonstrate
possession of the corresponding private key value (if this is required
by the CA/RA with whom the end entity is communicating). This may be
accomplished in various ways, depending on the type of certification
request. See Section 2.3, "Proof of Possession of Private Key", for
details.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 5]

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PKI Management Operations

  The following diagram shows the relationship between the entities
defined above in terms of the PKI management operations. The letters in
the diagram indicate "protocols" in the sense that a defined set of PKI
management messages can be sent along each of the lettered lines.

      +---+     cert. publish        +------------+      j
      |   |  <---------------------  | End Entity | <-------
      | C |             g            +------------+      "out-of-band"
      |   |                            | ^                loading
      | e |                            | |      initial
      | r |                          a | | b     registration/
      | t |                            | |       certification
      |   |                            | |      key pair recovery
      | / |                            | |      key pair update
      |   |                            | |      certificate update
      | C |  PKI "USERS"               V |      revocation request
      | R | -------------------+-+-----+-+------+-+-------------------
      | L |  PKI MANAGEMENT    | ^              | ^
      |   |    ENTITIES      a | | b          a | | b
      |   |                    V |              | |
      | R |             g   +------+    d       | |
      | e |   <------------ | RA   | <-----+    | |
      | p |      cert.      |      | ----+ |    | |
      | o |       publish   +------+   c | |    | |
      | s |                              | |    | |
      | i |                              V |    V |
      | t |          g                 +------------+   i
      | o |   <------------------------|     CA     |------->
      | r |          h                 +------------+  "out-of-band"
      | y |      cert. publish              | ^         publication
      |   |      CRL publish                | |
      +---+                                 | |    cross-certification
                                          e | | f  cross-certificate
                                            | |       update
                                            | |
                                            V |
                                          +------+
                                          | CA-2 |
                                          +------+

                           Figure 1 - PKI Entities

At a high level the set of operations for which management messages are
defined can be grouped as follows.

  1 CA establishment: When establishing a new CA, certain steps are
required (e.g., production of initial CRLs, export of CA public
key).




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 6]

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  2 End entity initialization: this includes importing a root CA
public key and requesting information about the options
supported by a PKI management entity.

  3 Certification: various operations result in the creation of new
certificates:

  3.1 initial registration/certification: This is the process whereby
an end entity first makes itself known to a CA or RA, prior to the CA
issuing a certificate or certificates for that end entity. The end
result of this process (when it is successful) is that a CA issues a
certificate for an end entity's public key, and returns that
certificate to the end entity and/or posts that certificate in a
public repository. This process may, and typically will, involve
multiple "steps", possibly including an initialization of the end
entity's equipment. For example, the end entity's equipment must be
securely initialized with the public key of a CA, to be used in
validating certificate paths.  Furthermore, an end entity typically
needs to be initialized with its own key pair(s).

  3.2 key pair update:  Every key pair needs to be updated regularly
(i.e., replaced with a new key pair), and a new certificate needs to
be issued.

  3.3 certificate update: As certificates expire they may be
"refreshed" if nothing relevant in the environment has changed.

  3.4 CA key pair update: As with end entities, CA key pairs need to
be updated regularly; however, different mechanisms are required.

  3.5 cross-certification:  An requesting CA provides to a responding
CA the information necessary for the responding CA to issue a
cross-certificate.  Note:  this action may be mutual, so that two
cross-certificates are issued (one in each direction).

  3.6 cross-certificate update: Similar to a normal certificate update
but involving a cross-certificate.

  4 Certificate/CRL discovery operations: some PKI management
operations result in the publication of certificates or CRLs:

  4.1 certificate publication: Having gone to the trouble of producing
a certificate some means for publishing it is needed.  The "means"
defined in PKIX may involve the messages specified in Sections
3.3.13 - 3.3.16, or may involve other methods (LDAP, for example) as
described in the "Operational Protocols" part of this series
(see [PKIX-OP]).

  4.2 CRL publication: As for certificate publication.





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  5 Recovery operations: some PKI management operations are used when
an end entity has "lost" its PSE:

  5.1 key pair recovery:  As an option, user client key materials
(e.g., a user's private key used for decryption purposes) may be backed
up by a CA, an RA, or a key backup system associated with a CA or RA.
If an entity needs to recover these backed up key materials (e.g., as a
result of a forgotten password or a lost key chain file), a  protocol
exchange may be needed to support such recovery.

  6 Revocation operations: some PKI operations result in the creation
of new CRL entries and/or new CRLs:

  6.1 revocation request:  An authorized person advises a CA of an
abnormal situation requiring certificate revocation.

  7 PSE operations: whilst the definition of PSE operations (e.g.,
moving a PSE, changing a PIN, etc.) are beyond the scope of this
specification, we do define a PKIMessage (CertRep) which can form the
basis of such operations.





Note that on-line protocols are not the only way of implementing the
above operations.  For all operations there are off-line methods of
achieving the same result, and this specification does not mandate use
of on-line protocols.  For example, when hardware tokens are used, many
of the operations may be achieved as part of the physical token
delivery.


Later sections define a set of standard messages supporting the above
operations.  The protocols for conveying these exchanges in different
environments (file based, on-line, E-mail, and WWW) is also
specified.

















Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 8]

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2. Assumptions and restrictions

2.1 End entity initialization

The first step for an end entity in dealing with PKI management
entities is to request information about the PKI functions supported and
to securely acquire a copy of the relevant root CA public key(s).

2.2 Initial registration/certification

There are many schemes that can be used to achieve initial registration
and certification of end entities. No one method is suitable for all
situations due to the range of policies which a CA may implement and the
variation in the types of end entity which can occur.

We can however, classify the initial registration / certification
schemes that are supported by this specification. Note that the word
"initial", above, is crucial - we are dealing with the situation where
the end entity in question has had no previous contact with the PKI.
Where the end entity already possesses certified keys then some
simplifications/alternatives are possible.

Having classified the schemes that are supported by this specification
we can then specify some as mandatory and some as optional. The goal is
that the mandatory schemes cover a sufficient number of the cases which
will arise in real use, whilst the optional schemes are available for
special cases which arise less frequently. In this way we achieve a
balance between flexibility and ease of implementation.

We will now describe the classification of initial registration /
certification schemes.

2.2.1 Criteria used

2.2.1.1 Initiation of registration / certification

In terms of the PKI messages which are produced we can regard the
initiation of the initial registration / certification exchanges as
occurring wherever the first PKI message relating to the end entity is
produced. Note that the real-world initiation of the registration /
certification procedure may occur elsewhere (e.g., a personnel
department may telephone an RA operator).

The possible locations are at the end entity, an RA, or a CA.










Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 9]

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2.2.1.2 End entity message origin authentication

The on-line messages produced by the end entity that requires a
certificate may be authenticated or not. The requirement here is to
authenticate the origin of any messages from the end entity to the PKI
(CA/RA).

In this specification, such authentication is achieved by the PKI
(CA/RA) issuing the end entity with a secret value (initial
authentication key) and reference value (used to identify the
transaction) via some out-of-band means. The initial authentication key
can then be used to protect relevant PKI messages.

We can thus classify the initial registration/certification scheme
according to whether or not the on-line end entity -> PKI messages are
authenticated or not.

Note 1: We do not discuss the authentication of the PKI -> end entity
messages here as this is always required. In any case, it can be
achieved simply once the root-CA public key has been installed at the
end entityÆs equipment or it can be based on the initial authentication
key.

Note 2: An initial registration / certification procedure can be secure
where the messages from the end entity are authenticated via some out-
of-band means (e.g., a subsequent visit).

2.2.1.3 Location of key generation

In this specification, "key generation" is regarded as occurring
wherever either the public or private component of a key pair first
occurs in a PKIMessage. Note that this does not preclude a centralized
key generation service - the actual key pair may have been generated
elsewhere and transported to the end entity, RA, or CA using a
(proprietary or standardized) key generation request/response protocol
(outside the scope of this specification).

There are thus three possibilities for the location of "key
generation":  the end entity, an RA, or a CA.

2.2.1.4 Confirmation of successful certification

Following the creation of an initial certificate for an end entity,
additional assurance can be gained by having the end entity explicitly
confirm successful receipt of the message containing (or indicating the
creation of) the certificate. Naturally, this confirmation message must
be protected (based on the initial authentication key or other means).

This gives two further possibilities: confirmed or not.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 10]

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2.2.2 Mandatory schemes

The criteria above allow for a large number of initial registration /
certification schemes. This specification mandates that conforming CA
equipment, RA equipment, and EE equipment must support the second
scheme listed below. Any entity may additionally support other schemes,
if desired.

2.2.2.1 Centralized scheme

In terms of the classification above, this scheme is, in some ways,
the simplest possible, where:

- initiation occurs at the certifying CA;
- no on-line message authentication is required;
- "key generation" occurs at the certifying CA (see Section 2.2.1.3);
- no confirmation message is required.

In terms of message flow, this scheme means that the only message
required is sent from the CA to the end entity. The message must contain
the entire PSE for the end entity. Some out-of-band means must be
provided to allow the end entity to authenticate the message received
and decrypt any encrypted values.

2.2.2.2 Basic authenticated scheme

In terms of the classification above, this scheme is where:

- initiation occurs at the end entity;
- message authentication is required;
- "key generation" occurs at the end entity (see Section 2.2.1.3);
- a confirmation message is required.

In terms of message flow, the basic authenticated scheme is as follows:

      End entity                                          RA/CA
      ==========                                      =============
           out-of-band distribution of initial authentication
           key (IAK) and reference value (RA/CA -> EE)
      Key generation
      Creation of certification request
      Protect request with IAK
                    -->>--certification request-->>--
                                                     verify request
                                                     process request
                                                     create response
                    --<<--certification response--<<--
      handle response
      create confirmation
                    -->>--confirmation message-->>--
                                                     verify confirmation

(Where verification of the confirmation message fails, the RA/CA must
revoke the newly issued certificate if necessary.)

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2.3 Proof of Possession (POP) of Private Key

In order to prevent certain attacks and to allow a CA/RA to properly
check the validity of the binding between an end entity and a key pair,
the PKI management operations specified here make it possible for an end
entity to prove that it has possession of (i.e., is able to use) the
private key corresponding to the public key for which a certificate is
requested.  A given CA/RA is free to choose whether or not to enforce
POP in its certification exchanges (i.e., this may be a policy issue).
However, it is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that CAs/RAs enforce POP because
there are currently many non-PKIX operational protocols in use (various
electronic mail protocols are one example) which do not explicitly check
the binding between the end entity and the private key.  Until
operational protocols that do verify the binding (for both signature
and encryption key pairs) exist, and are ubiquitous, this binding can
only be assumed to have been verified by the CA/RA.  Therefore, if the
binding is not verified by the CA/RA, certificates in the Internet
Public-Key Infrastructure end up being somewhat less meaningful.

POP is accomplished in different ways depending on the type of key for
which a certificate is requested. If a key can be used for multiple
purposes (e.g., an RSA key) then any of the methods may be used.

This specification explicitly allows for cases where an end entity
supplies the relevant proof to an RA and the RA subsequently attests to
the CA that the required proof has been received (and validated!). For
example, an end entity wishing to have a signing key certified could
send the appropriate signature to the RA which then simply notifies the
relevant CA that the end entity has supplied the required proof. Of
course, such a situation may be disallowed by some policies (e.g., CAs
may be the only entities permitted to verify POP during certification).

2.3.1 Signature Keys

For signature keys, the end entity can sign a value to prove possession
of the private key.

2.3.2 Encryption Keys

For encryption keys, the end entity can provide the private key to the
CA/RA, or can be required to decrypt a value in order to prove
possession of the private key (see Section 3.2.8). Decrypting a value
can be achieved either directly or indirectly.

The direct method is for the RA/CA to issue a random challenge to which
an immediate response by the EE is required.







Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 12]

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The indirect method is to issue a certificate which is encrypted for the
end entity (and have the end entity demonstrate its ability to decrypt
this certificate in the confirmation message). This allows a CA to issue
a certificate in a form which can only be used by the intended end
entity.

This specification encourages the indirect method because this requires
no extra messages to be sent (i.e., the proof can be demonstrated using
the {request, response, confirmation} triple of messages).

2.3.3 Key Agreement Keys

For key agreement keys, the end entity and the PKI management entity
(i.e., CA or RA) must establish a shared secret key in order to prove
that the end entity has possession of the private key.

Note that this need not impose any restrictions on the keys that can be
certified by a given CA -- in particular, for Diffie-Hellman keys the
end entity may freely choose its algorithm parameters -- provided that
the CA can generate a short-term (or one-time) key pair with the
appropriate parameters when necessary.

2.4 Root CA key update

This discussion only applies to CAs that are a root CA for some end
entity.

The basis of the procedure described here is that the CA protects its
new public key using its previous private key and vice versa. Thus when
a CA updates its key pair it must generate two extra cACertificate
attribute values if certificates are made available using an X.500
directory (for a total of four:  OldWithOld; OldWithNew; NewWithOld;
and NewWithNew).

When a CA changes its key pair those entities who have acquired the old
CA public key via "out-of-band" means are most affected. It is these end
entities who will need access to the new CA public key protected with
the old CA private key. However, they will only require this for a
limited period (until they have acquired the new CA public key via the
"out-of-band" mechanism). This will typically be easily achieved when
these end entities' certificates expire.

The data structure used to protect the new and old CA public keys is a
standard certificate (which may also contain extensions). There are no
new data structures required.


Note 1. This scheme does not make use of any of the X.509 v3 extensions
as it must be able to work even for version 1 certificates. The presence
of the KeyIdentifier extension would make for efficiency improvements.




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 13]

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Note 2. While the scheme could be generalized to cover cases where the
CA updates its key pair more than once during the validity period of
one of its end entities' certificates, this generalization seems of
dubious value. Not having this generalization simply means that the
validity period of a CA key pair must be greater than the validity
period of any certificate issued by that CA using that key pair.

Note 3.This scheme forces end entities to acquire the new CA public key
on the expiry of the last certificate they owned that was signed with
the old CA private key (via the "out-of-band" means).  Certificate
and/or key update operations occurring at other times do not necessarily
require this (depending on the end entity's equipment).

2.4.1 CA Operator actions

  To change the key of the CA, the CA operator does the following:

  1.Generate a new key pair;

  2.Create a certificate containing the old CA public key signed with
    the new private key (the "old with new" certificate);

  3.Create a certificate containing the new CA public key signed with
    the old private key (the "new with old" certificate);

  4.Create a certificate containing the new CA public key signed with
    the new private key (the "new with new" certificate);

  5.Publish these new certificates via the directory and/or other means
    (perhaps using a CAKeyUpdAnn message);

  6.Export the new CA public key so that end entities may acquire it
    using the "out-of-band" mechanism (if required).

The old CA private key is then no longer required. The old CA public key
will however remain in use for some time. The time when the old CA
public key is no longer required (other than for non-repudiation) will
be when all end entities of this CA have securely acquired the new CA
public key.

The "old with new" certificate must have a validity period starting at
the generation time of the old key pair and ending at the expiry date of
the old public key.

The "new with old" certificate must have a validity period starting at
the generation time of the new key pair and ending at the time by which
all end entities of this CA will securely possess the new CA public key
(at the latest, the expiry date of the old public key).

The "new with new" certificate must have a validity period starting at
the generation time of the new key pair and ending at the time by which
the CA will next update its key pair.


Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 14]

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2.4.2 Verifying Certificates.

Normally when verifying a signature, the verifier verifies (among other
things) the certificate containing the public key of the signer.
However, once a CA is allowed to update its key there are a range of new
possibilities. These are shown in the table below.

            Repository contains NEW     Repository contains only OLD
              and OLD public keys        public key (due to, e.g.,
                                          delay in publication)

               PSE      PSE Contains  PSE Contains    PSE Contains
            Contains     OLD public    NEW public      OLD public
           NEW public       key            key            key
               key

Signer's   Case 1:      Case 3:       Case 5:        Case 7:
certifi-   This is      In this case  Although the   In this case
cate is    the          the verifier  CA operator    the CA
protected  standard     must access   has not        operator  has
using NEW  case where   the           updated the    not updated
public     the          directory in  directory the  the directory
key        verifier     order to get  verifier can   and so the
           can          the value of  verify the     verification
           directly     the NEW       certificate    will FAIL
           verify the   public key    directly -
           certificate                this is thus
           without                    the same as
           using the                  case 1.
           directory

Signer's   Case 2:      Case 4:       Case 6:        Case 8:
certifi-   In this      In this case  The verifier   Although the
cate is    case the     the verifier  thinks this    CA operator
protected  verifier     can directly  is the         has not
using OLD  must         verify the    situation of   updated the
public     access the   certificate   case 2 and     directory the
key        directory    without       will access    verifier can
           in order     using the     the            verify the
           to get the   directory     directory;     certificate
           value of                   however, the   directly -
           the OLD                    verification   this is thus
           public key                 will FAIL      the same as
                                                     case 4.

2.4.2.1 Verification in cases 1, 4, 5 and 8.

In these cases the verifier has a local copy of the CA public key which
can be used to verify the certificate directly. This is the same as the
situation where no key change has occurred.




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 15]

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Note that case 8 may arise between the time when the CA operator has
generated the new key pair and the time when the CA operator stores the
updated attributes in the directory. Case 5 can only arise if the CA
operator has issued both the signer's and verifier's certificates during
this "gap" (the CA operator should avoid this as it leads to the failure
cases described below).

2.4.2.2 Verification in case 2.

In case 2 the verifier must get access to the old public key of the CA.
The verifier does the following:

  1. Look up the caCertificate attribute in the directory and pick the
OldWithNew certificate (determined based on validity periods);
  2. Verify that this is correct using the new CA key (which the
verifier has locally);
  3. If correct, check the signer's certificate using the old CA key.

Case 2 will arise when the CA operator has issued the signer's
certificate, then changed key and then issued the verifier's
certificate, so it is quite a typical case.

2.4.2.3 Verification in case 3.

In case 3 the verifier must get access to the new public key of the CA.
The verifier does the following:

  1. Look up the CACertificate attribute in the directory and pick the
NewWithOld certificate (determined based on validity periods);
  2. Verify that this is correct using the old CA key (which the verifier
has stored locally);
  3.If correct, check the signer's certificate using the new CA key.

Case 3 will arise when the CA operator has issued the verifier's
certificate, then changed key and then issued the signer's certificate,
so it is also quite a typical case.

2.4.2.4 Failure of verification in case 6.

In this case the CA has issued the verifier's PSE containing the new key
without updating the directory attributes. This means that the verifier
has no means to get a trustworthy version of the CA's old key and so
verification fails.

Note that the failure is the CA operator's fault.

2.4.2.5 Failure of verification in case 7.

In this case the CA has issued the signer's certificate protected with
the new key without updating the directory attributes. This means that
the verifier has no means to get a trustworthy version of the CA's new
key and so verification fails.

Note that the failure is again the CA operator's fault.

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 16]

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2.4.3 Revocation - Change of CA key

As we saw above the verification of a certificate becomes more complex
once the CA is allowed to change its key. This is also true for
revocation checks as the CA may have signed the CRL using a newer
private key than the one that is within the user's PSE.

The analysis of the alternatives is as for certificate verification.





3. Data Structures

This section contains descriptions of the data structures required for
PKI management messages. Section 4 describes constraints on their values
and the sequence of events for each of the various PKI management
operations. Section 5 describes how these may be encapsulated in various
transport mechanisms.


3.1 Overall PKI Message

All of the messages used in PKI management use the following structure:

  PKIMessage ::= SEQUENCE {
      header           PKIHeader,
      body             PKIBody,
      protection   [0] PKIProtection OPTIONAL,
      extraCerts   [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate OPTIONAL
  }


The PKIHeader contains information which is common to many PKI messages.

The PKIBody contains message-specific information.

The PKIProtection, when used, contains bits that protect the PKI
message.

The extraCerts field can contain certificates that may be useful to the
recipient. For example, this can be used by a CA or RA to present an end
entity with certificates that it needs to verify its own new certificate
(if, for example, the CA that issued the end entityÆs certificate is not
a root CA for the end entity).  Note that this field does not
necessarily contain a certification path - the recipient may have to
sort, select from, or otherwise process the extra certificates in order
to use them.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 17]

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3.1.1 PKI Message Header

All PKI messages require some header information for addressing and
transaction identification. Some of this information will also be
present in a transport-specific envelope; however, if the PKI message is
protected then this information is also protected (i.e., we make no
assumption about secure transport).

The following data structure is used to contain this information:

  PKIHeader ::= SEQUENCE {
      pvno                INTEGER     { ietf-version1 (0) },
      sender              GeneralName,
      -- identifies the sender
      recipient           GeneralName,
      -- identifies the intended recipient
      messageTime     [0] GeneralizedTime         OPTIONAL,
      -- time of production of this message (used when sender
      -- believes that the transport will be "suitable"; i.e.,
      -- that the time will still be meaningful upon receipt)
      protectionAlg   [1] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
      -- algorithm used for calculation of protection bits
      senderKID       [2] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
      recipKID        [3] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
      -- to identify specific keys used for protection
      transactionID   [4] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      -- identifies the transaction; i.e., this will be the same in
      -- corresponding request, response and confirmation messages
      senderNonce     [5] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      recipNonce      [6] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      -- nonces used to provide replay protection, senderNonce
      -- is inserted by the creator of this message; recipNonce
      -- is a nonce previously inserted in a related message by
      -- the intended recipient of this message
      freeText        [7] PKIFreeText             OPTIONAL,
      -- this may be used to indicate context-specific
      -- instructions (this field is intended for human
      -- consumption)
      generalInfo     [8] SET OF InfoTypeAndValue OPTIONAL
      -- this may be used to convey context-specific information
      -- (this field not primarily intended for human consumption)
  }

  PKIFreeText ::= CHOICE {
      iA5String  [0] IA5String,
      bMPString  [1] BMPString
  } -- note that the text included here would ideally be in the
    -- preferred language of the recipient


The pvno field is fixed (at zero) for this version of this
specification.


Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 18]

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The sender field contains the name of the sender of the PKIMessage. This
name (in conjunction with senderKID, if supplied) should be usable to
verify the protection on the message.  If nothing about the sender is
known to the sending entity (e.g., in the InitReq message, where the
end entity may not know its own DN, e-mail name, IP address, etc.),
then the "sender" field must contain a "NULL" value; that is, the
SEQUENCE OF relative distinguished names is of zero length.  In such a
case the senderKID field must hold an identifier (i.e., a reference
number) which indicates to the receiver the appropriate shared secret
information to use to verify the message.

The recipient field contains the name of the recipient of the
PKIMessage. This name (in conjunction with recipKID, if supplied) should
be usable to verify the protection on the message.

The protectionAlg field specifies the algorithm used to protect the
message. If no protection bits are supplied (note that PKIProtection
is optional) then this field must be omitted; if protection bits are
supplied then this field must be supplied.

senderKID and recipKID are usable to indicate which keys have been used
to protect the message (recipKID will normally only be required where
protection of the message uses DH keys).

The transactionID field within the message header is required so that
the recipient of a response message can correlate this with a previously
issued request. For example, in the case of an RA there may be many
requests "outstanding" at a given moment.

The senderNonce and recipNonce fields protect the PKIMessage against
replay attacks.

The messageTime field contains the time at which the sender created the
message. This may be useful to allow end entities to correct their local
time to be consistent with the time on a central system.

The freeText field may be used to send a human-readable message to the
recipient (in the preferred language of the recipient).

The generalInfo field may be used to send machine-processable additional
data to the recipient.













Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 19]

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3.1.2 PKI Message Body

  PKIBody ::= CHOICE {       -- message-specific body elements
      ir      [0]  InitReqContent,
      ip      [1]  InitRepContent,
      cr      [2]  CertReqContent,
      cp      [3]  CertRepContent,
      p10cr   [4]  CertificationRequest,
        -- the PKCS #10 certification request (see [PKCS10])
      popdecc [5]  POPODecKeyChallContent,
      popdecr [6]  POPODecKeyRespContent,
      kur     [7]  KeyUpdReqContent,
      kup     [8]  KeyUpdRepContent,
      krr     [9]  KeyRecReqContent,
      krp     [10] KeyRecRepContent,
      rr      [11] RevReqContent,
      rp      [12] RevRepContent,
      ccr     [13] CrossCertReqContent,
      ccp     [14] CrossCertRepContent,
      ckuann  [15] CAKeyUpdAnnContent,
      cann    [16] CertAnnContent,
      rann    [17] RevAnnContent,
      crlann  [18] CRLAnnContent,
      conf    [19] PKIConfirmContent,
      nested  [20] NestedMessageContent,
      genr    [21] GenReqContent,
      genp    [22] GenRepContent,
      error   [23] ErrorMsgContent
  }

The specific types are described in section 3.3 below.

3.1.3 PKI Message Protection

Some PKI messages will be protected for integrity. (Note that if an
asymmetric algorithm is used to protect a message and the relevant
public component has been certified already, then the origin of message
can also be authenticated.  On the other hand, if the public component
is uncertified then the message origin cannot be automatically
authenticated, but may be authenticated via out-of-band means.)

When protection is applied the following structure is used:

  PKIProtection ::= BIT STRING

The input to the calculation of PKIProtection is the DER encoding
of the following data structure:

  ProtectedPart ::= SEQUENCE {
      header    PKIHeader,
      body      PKIBody
  }


Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 20]

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There may be cases in which the PKIProtection BIT STRING is deliberately
not used to protect a message (i.e., this OPTIONAL field is omitted)
because other protection, external to PKIX, will instead be applied.
Such a choice is explicitly allowed in this specification.  Examples of
such external protection include PKCS #7 [PKCS7] and Security Multiparts
[RFC1847] encapsulation of the PKIMessage (examples of external
protection using PKCS #7 will be provided in a separate document).  It
is noted, however, that many such external mechanisms require that the
end entity already possesses a public-key certificate, and/or a unique
Distinguished Name, and/or other such infrastructure-related information.
Thus, they may not be appropriate for initial registration, key-recovery,
or any other process with "boot-strapping" characteristics.  For those
cases it may be necessary that the PKIProtection parameter be used.  In
the future, if/when external mechanisms are modified to accommodate
boot-strapping scenarios, the use of the PKIProtection parameter may
become rare or non-existent.


Depending on the circumstances the PKIProtection bits may contain a MAC
or signature. Only the following cases can occur:

- shared secret information

In this case the sender and recipient share secret information
(established via out-of-band means or from a previous PKI management
operation).  PKIProtection will contain a MAC value and the
protectionAlg will be the following:

  PasswordBasedMac ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

  PBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      salt                OCTET STRING,
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      -- AlgId for a One-Way Function (SHA-1 recommended)
      iterationCount      INTEGER,
      -- number of times the OWF is applied
      mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
      -- the MAC AlgId (e.g., DES-MAC, Triple-DES-MAC [PKCS11],
  }   -- or HMAC [RFC2104])

In the above protectionAlg the salt value is appended to the shared
secret input. The OWF is then applied iterationCount times, where the
salted secret is the input to the first iteration and, for each
successive iteration, the input is set to be the output of the previous
iteration. The output of the final iteration (called "BASEKEY" for ease
of reference, with a size of "H") is what is used to form the symmetric
key. If the MAC algorithm requires a K-bit key and K <= H, then the most
significant K bits of BASEKEY are used. If K > H, then all of BASEKEY is
used for the most significant H bits of the key, OWF("1" || BASEKEY) is
used for the next most significant H bits of the key, OWF("2" ||
BASEKEY) is used for the next most significant H bits of the key, and so
on, until all K bits have been derived. [Here "N" is the ASCII byte
encoding the number N and "||" represents concatenation.]

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 21]

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- DH key pairs

Where the sender and receiver possess Diffie-Hellman certificates with
compatible DH parameters, then in order to protect the message the end
entity must generate a symmetric key based on its private DH key value
and the DH public key of the recipient of the PKI message.
PKIProtection will contain a MAC value keyed with this derived
symmetric key and the protectionAlg will be the following:

  DHBasedMac ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

  DHBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      -- AlgId for a One-Way Function (SHA-1 recommended)
      mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
      -- the MAC AlgId (e.g., DES-MAC, Triple-DES-MAC [PKCS11],
  }   -- or HMAC [RFC2104])

In the above protectionAlg OWF is applied to the result of the Diffie-
Hellman computation. The OWF output (called "BASEKEY" for ease of
reference, with a size of "H") is what is used to form the symmetric
key. If the MAC algorithm requires a K-bit key and K <= H, then the most
significant K bits of BASEKEY are used. If K > H, then all of BASEKEY is
used for the most significant H bits of the key, OWF("1" || BASEKEY) is
used for the next most significant H bits of the key, OWF("2" ||
BASEKEY) is used for the next most significant H bits of the key, and so
on, until all K bits have been derived. [Here "N" is the ASCII byte
encoding the number N and "||" represents concatenation.]


- signature

Where the sender possesses a signature key pair it may simply sign the
PKI message. PKIProtection will contain the signature value and the
protectionAlg will be an AlgorithmIdentifier for a digital signature
(e.g., md5WithRSAEncryption or dsaWithSha-1).


- multiple protection

In cases where an end entity sends a protected PKI message to an RA, the
RA may forward that message to a CA, attaching its own protection. This
is accomplished by nesting the entire message sent by the end entity
within a new PKI message. The structure used is as follows.

  NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessage







Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 22]

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3.2 Common Data Structures

Before specifying the specific types that may be placed in a PKIBody we
define some data structures that are used in more than one case.

3.2.1 Requested Certificate Contents

Various PKI management messages require that the originator of the
message indicate some of the fields that are required to be present in
a certificate. The CertTemplate structure allows an end entity or RA to
specify as much as it wishes about the certificate it requires.
CertTemplate is identical to a Certificate but with all fields optional.

Note that even if the originator completely specifies the contents of a
certificate it requires, a CA is free to modify fields within the
certificate actually issued.

  CertTemplate ::= SEQUENCE {
      version      [0] Version               OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask for a particular syntax version
      serialNumber [1] INTEGER               OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask for a particular serial number
      signingAlg   [2] AlgorithmIdentifier   OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask the CA to use this alg. for signing the cert
      issuer       [3] Name                  OPTIONAL,
      validity     [4] OptionalValidity      OPTIONAL,
      subject      [5] Name                  OPTIONAL,
      publicKey    [6] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      issuerUID    [7] UniqueIdentifier      OPTIONAL,
      subjectUID   [8] UniqueIdentifier      OPTIONAL,
      extensions   [9] Extensions            OPTIONAL
      -- the extensions which the requester would like in the cert.
  }

  OptionalValidity ::= SEQUENCE {
      notBefore  [0] CertificateValidityDate OPTIONAL,
      notAfter   [1] CertificateValidityDate OPTIONAL
  }

  CertificateValidityDate ::= CHOICE {
      utcTime        UTCTime,
      generalTime    GeneralizedTime
  }


3.2.2 Encrypted Values

Where encrypted values (restricted, in this specification, to be either
private keys or certificates) are sent in PKI messages the following
data structure is used.




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 23]

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  EncryptedValue ::= SEQUENCE {
      encValue          BIT STRING,
      -- the encrypted value itself
      intendedAlg   [0] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- the intended algorithm for which the value will be used
      symmAlg       [1] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- the symmetric algorithm used to encrypt the value
      encSymmKey    [2] BIT STRING           OPTIONAL,
      -- the (encrypted) symmetric key used to encrypt the value
      keyAlg        [3] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL
      -- algorithm used to encrypt the symmetric key
  }


Use of this data structure requires that the creator and intended
recipient respectively be able to encrypt and decrypt. Typically, this
will mean that the sender and recipient have, or are able to generate, a
shared secret key.

If the recipient of the PKIMessage already possesses a private key
usable for decryption, then the encSymmKey field may contain a session
key encrypted using the recipient's public key.

3.2.3 Status codes and Failure Information for PKI messages

All response messages will include some status information. The
following values are defined.

  PKIStatus ::= INTEGER {
      granted                (0),
      -- you got exactly what you asked for
      grantedWithMods        (1),
      -- you got something like what you asked for; the
      -- requester is responsible for ascertaining the differences
      rejection              (2),
      -- you don't get it, more information elsewhere in the message
      waiting                (3),
      -- the request body part has not yet been processed,
      -- expect to hear more later
      revocationWarning      (4),
      -- this message contains a warning that a revocation is
      -- imminent
      revocationNotification (5),
      -- notification that a revocation has occurred
      keyUpdateWarning       (6)
      -- update already done for the oldCertId specified in
      -- FullCertTemplate
  }






Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 24]

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Responders may use the following syntax to provide more information
about failure cases.

  PKIFailureInfo ::= BIT STRING {
  -- since we can fail in more than one way!
  -- More codes may be added in the future if/when required.
      badAlg           (0),
      -- unrecognized or unsupported Algorithm Identifier
      badMessageCheck  (1),
      -- integrity check failed (e.g., signature did not verify)
      badRequest       (2),
      -- transaction not permitted or supported
      badTime          (3),
      -- messageTime was not sufficiently close to the system time,
      -- as defined by local policy
      badCertId        (4),
      -- no certificate could be found matching the provided criteria
      badDataFormat    (5),
      -- the data submitted has the wrong format
      wrongAuthority   (6),
      -- the authority indicated in the request is different from the
      -- one creating the response token
      incorrectData    (7),
      -- the requester's data is incorrect (used for notary services)
      missingTimeStamp (8)
      -- when the timestamp is missing but should be there (by policy)
  }

  PKIStatusInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
      status        PKIStatus,
      statusString  PKIFreeText     OPTIONAL,
      failInfo      PKIFailureInfo  OPTIONAL
  }

3.2.4 Certificate Identification

In order to identify particular certificates the following data
structure is used.

  CertId ::= SEQUENCE {
      issuer           GeneralName,
      serialNumber     INTEGER
  }

3.2.5 "Out-of-band" root CA public key

Each root CA must be able to publish its current public key via some
"out-of-band" means. While such mechanisms are beyond the scope of this
document, we define data structures which can support such mechanisms.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 25]

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There are generally two methods available: either the CA directly
publishes its self-signed certificate; or this information is available
via the Directory (or equivalent) and the CA publishes a hash of this
value to allow verification of its integrity before use.

  OOBCert ::= Certificate

The fields within this certificate are restricted as follows:

- The certificate must be self-signed  (i.e., the signature must be
  verifiable using the subjectPublicKey field);
- The subject and issuer fields must be identical;
- If the subject field is NULL then both subjectAltNames and
  issuerAltNames extensions must be present and have exactly the same
  value;
- The values of all other extensions must be suitable for a self-signed
  certificate (e.g., key identifiers for subject and issuer must be the
  same).

  OOBCertHash ::= SEQUENCE {
      hashAlg     [0] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
      certId      [1] CertId                  OPTIONAL,
      hashVal         BIT STRING
      -- hashVal is calculated over the self-signed
      -- certificate with the identifier certID.
  }

The intention of the hash value is that anyone who has securely
received the hash value (via the out-of-band means) can verify a self-
signed certificate for that CA.

3.2.6 Archive Options

Requesters may indicate that they wish the PKI to archive a private key
value using the following structure:

  PKIArchiveOptions ::= CHOICE {
      encryptedPrivKey     [0] EncryptedValue,
      -- the actual value of the private key
      keyGenParameters     [1] KeyGenParameters,
      -- parameters which allow the private key to be re-generated
      archiveRemGenPrivKey [2] BOOLEAN
      -- set to TRUE if sender wishes receiver to archive the private
      -- key of a key pair which the receiver generates in response to
      -- this request; set to FALSE if no archival is desired.
  }








Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 26]

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  KeyGenParameters ::= OCTET STRING
      -- an alternative to sending the key is to send the information
      -- about how to re-generate the key (e.g., for many RSA
      -- implementations one could send the first random numbers tested
      -- for primality).
      -- The actual syntax for this parameter may be defined in a
      -- subsequent version of this document or in another standard.


3.2.7 Publication Information
Requesters may indicate that they wish the PKI to publish a certificate
using the structure below.

If the dontPublish option is chosen, the requester indicates that the
PKI should not publish the certificate (this may indicate that the
requester intends to publish the certificate him/herself).

If the dontCare method is chosen, the requester indicates that the PKI
may publish the certificate using whatever means it chooses.

The pubLocation field, if supplied, indicates where the requester would
like the certificate to be found (note that the CHOICE within
GeneralName includes a URL and an IP address, for example).

  PKIPublicationInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
     action     INTEGER {
                  dontPublish (0),
                  pleasePublish (1)
                },
     pubInfos  SEQUENCE OF SinglePubInfo OPTIONAL
       -- pubInfos must not be present if action is "dontPublish"
       -- (if action is "pleasePublish" and pubInfos is omitted,
       -- "dontCare" is assumed)
  }

  SinglePubInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
      pubMethod    INTEGER {
          dontCare    (0),
          x500        (1),
          web         (2)
      },
      pubLocation  GeneralName OPTIONAL
  }

3.2.8  "Full" Request Template

The following structure groups together the fields which may be sent as
part of a certification request:

  FullCertTemplates ::= SEQUENCE OF FullCertTemplate




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 27]

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  FullCertTemplate ::= SEQUENCE {
      certReqId              INTEGER,
      -- a non-negative value to match this request with corresponding
      -- response (note:  must be unique over all FullCertReqs in this
      -- message)
      certTemplate           CertTemplate,
      popoPrivKeyVerified    BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
      popoSigningKey     [0] POPOSigningKey      OPTIONAL,
      archiveOptions     [1] PKIArchiveOptions   OPTIONAL,
      publicationInfo    [2] PKIPublicationInfo  OPTIONAL,
      oldCertId          [3] CertId              OPTIONAL
      -- id. of cert. which is being updated by this one
  }

When the certification request is made by an RA on behalf of some other
end entity, then the RA may indicate to the CA that it has already
verified proof-of-possession (of the private key corresponding to the
public key for which a certificate is being requested) by setting
popoPrivKeyVerified to TRUE.  If the proof-of-possession has not yet
been verified, or if the request is not being made by an RA, then the
popoPrivKeyVerified field is omitted (defaulting to FALSE) and the
popoSigningKey field or the challenge-response protocol described below
may be used to prove possession (depending on the type of key involved).

If the certification request is for a signing key pair (i.e., a request
for a verification certificate), then the proof of possession of the
private signing key is demonstrated through use of the POPOSigningKey
structure.

  POPOSigningKey ::= SEQUENCE {
      poposkInput         POPOSKInput,
      alg                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      signature           BIT STRING
      -- the signature (using "alg") on the DER-encoded
      -- value of poposkInput
  }

  POPOSKInput ::= CHOICE {
      popoSigningKeyInput      [0] POPOSigningKeyInput,
      certificationRequestInfo     CertificationRequestInfo
      -- imported from [PKCS10] (note that if this choice is used,
      -- POPOSigningKey is simply a standard PKCS #10 request; this
      -- allows a bare PKCS #10 request to be augmented with other
      -- desired information in the FullCertTemplate before being
      -- sent to the CA/RA)
  }








Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 28]

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  POPOSigningKeyInput ::= SEQUENCE {
      authInfo            CHOICE {
          sender              [0] GeneralName,
          -- from PKIHeader (used only if an authenticated identity
          -- has been established for the sender (e.g., a DN from a
          -- previously-issued and currently-valid certificate)
          publicKeyMAC        [1] BIT STRING
          -- used if no authenticated GeneralName currently exists for
          -- the sender; publicKeyMAC contains a password-based MAC
          -- (using the protectionAlg AlgId from PKIHeader) on the
          -- DER-encoded value of publicKey
      },
      publicKey           SubjectPublicKeyInfo    -- from CertTemplate
  }


On the other hand, if the certification request is for an encryption key
pair (i.e., a request for an encryption certificate), then the proof of
possession of the private decryption key may be demonstrated in one of
three ways.

  1) By the inclusion of the private key (encrypted) in the
FullCertTemplate (in the PKIArchiveOptions structure).

  2) By having the CA return not the certificate, but an encrypted
certificate (i.e., the certificate encrypted under a randomly-generated
symmetric key, and the symmetric key encrypted under the public key for
which the certification request is being made) -- this is the "indirect"
method mentioned previously in Section 2.3.2.  The end entity proves
knowledge of the private decryption key to the CA by MACing the
PKIConfirm message using a key derived from this symmetric key.  [Note
that if several FullCertTemplates are included in the PKIMessage, then
the CA uses a different symmetric key for each FullCertTemplate and the
MAC uses a key derived from the concatenation of all these keys.]  The
MACing procedure uses the PasswordBasedMac AlgId defined in Section 3.1.

  3) By having the end entity engage in a challenge-response protocol
(using the messages POPODecKeyChall and POPODecKeyResp; see below)
between the CertReq and CertRep messages -- this is the "direct" method
mentioned previously in Section 2.3.2.  [This method would typically
be used in an environment in which an RA verifies POP and then makes a
certification request to the CA on behalf of the end entity.  In such a
scenario, the CA trusts the RA to have done POP correctly before the RA
requests a certificate for the end entity.]  The complete protocol then
looks as follows (note that req' does not necessarily encapsulate req as
a nested message):








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                     EE            RA            CA
                      ---- req ---->
                      <--- chall ---
                      ---- resp --->
                                    ---- req' --->
                                    <--- rep -----
                                    ---- conf --->
                      <--- rep -----
                      ---- conf --->

This protocol is obviously much longer than the 3-way exchange given in
choice (2) above, but allows a local Registration Authority to be
involved and has the property that the certificate itself is not
actually created until the proof of possession is complete.


3.3 Operation-Specific Data Structures

3.3.1 Initialization Request

An Initialization request message contains as the PKIBody an
InitReqContent data structure which specifies the requested
certificate(s).  Typically, SubjectPublicKeyInfo, KeyId, and Validity
are the template fields which may be supplied for each certificate
requested (see Appendix B profiles for further information).


  InitReqContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      protocolEncKey      [0] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      fullCertTemplates       FullCertTemplates
  }

3.3.2 Initialization Response

An Initialization response message contains as the PKIBody an
InitRepContent data structure which has for each certificate requested
a PKIStatusInfo field, a subject certificate, and possibly a private
key (normally encrypted with a session key, which is itself encrypted
with the protocolEncKey).


  InitRepContent ::= CertRepContent

3.3.3 Registration/Certification Request

A Registration/Certification request message contains as the PKIBody a
CertReqContent data structure which specifies the requested
FullCertTemplates.

Alternatively, for the cases in which it can be used, the PKIBody may
be a CertificationRequest.  This structure is fully specified by
the ASN.1 structure CertificationRequest given in [PKCS10].


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  CertReqContent ::= FullCertTemplates


The challenge-response messages for proof of possession of a private
decryption key are specified as follows (see [MvOV97, p.404], for
details).  Note that this challenge-response exchange is associated with
the preceding cert. request message (and subsequent cert. response and
confirmation messages) by the nonces used in the PKIHeader and by the
protection (MACing or signing) applied to the PKIMessage.

  POPODecKeyChallContent ::= SEQUENCE OF Challenge
  -- One Challenge per encryption key certification request (in the
  -- same order as these requests appear in FullCertTemplates).

  Challenge ::= SEQUENCE {
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- must be present in the first Challenge; may be omitted in any
      -- subsequent Challenge in POPODecKeyChallContent (if omitted,
      -- then the owf used in the immediately preceding Challenge is
      -- to be used).
      witness             OCTET STRING,
      -- the result of applying the one-way function (owf) to a
      -- randomly-generated INTEGER, A.  [Note that a different
      -- INTEGER must be used for each Challenge.]
      challenge           OCTET STRING
      -- the encryption (under the public key for which the cert.
      -- request is being made) of Rand, where Rand is specified as
      --   Rand ::= SEQUENCE {
      --      int      INTEGER,
      --       - the randomly-generated INTEGER A (above)
      --      sender   GeneralName
      --       - the sender's name (as included in PKIHeader)
      --   }
  }

  POPODecKeyRespContent ::= SEQUENCE OF INTEGER
  -- One INTEGER per encryption key certification request (in the
  -- same order as these requests appear in FullCertTemplates).  The
  -- retrieved INTEGER A (above) is returned to the sender of the
  -- corresponding Challenge.

3.3.4 Registration/Certification Response

A registration response message contains as the PKIBody a
CertRepContent data structure which has a CA public key, a status
value and optionally failure information, a subject certificate, and
an encrypted private key.







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  CertRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      caPubs          [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate  OPTIONAL,
      response            SEQUENCE OF CertResponse
  }

  CertResponse ::= SEQUENCE {
      certReqId           INTEGER,
      -- to match this response with corresponding request (a value
      -- of -1 is to be used if certReqId is not specified in the
      -- corresponding request)
      status              PKIStatusInfo,
      certifiedKeyPair    CertifiedKeyPair    OPTIONAL
  }

  CertifiedKeyPair ::= SEQUENCE {
      certOrEncCert       CertOrEncCert,
      privateKey      [0] EncryptedValue      OPTIONAL,
      publicationInfo [1] PKIPublicationInfo  OPTIONAL
  }

  CertOrEncCert ::= CHOICE {
      certificate     [0] Certificate,
      encryptedCert   [1] EncryptedValue
  }


Only one of the failInfo (in PKIStatusInfo) and certificate (in
CertifiedKeyPair) fields can be present in each CertResponse (depending
on the status). For some status values (e.g., waiting) neither of the
optional fields will be present.

Given an EncryptedCert and the relevant decryption key the certificate
may be obtained. The purpose of this is to allow a CA to return the
value of a certificate, but with the constraint that only the intended
recipient can obtain the actual certificate. The benefit of this
approach is that a CA may reply with a certificate even in the absence
of a proof that the requester is the end entity which can use the
relevant private key (note that the proof is not obtained until the
PKIConfirm message is received by the CA). Thus the CA will not have to
revoke that certificate in the event that something goes wrong with the
proof of possession.

3.3.5 Key update request content

For key update requests the following syntax is used.  Typically,
SubjectPublicKeyInfo, KeyId, and Validity are the template fields which
may be supplied for each key to be updated.

  KeyUpdReqContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      protocolEncKey      [0] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      fullCertTemplates   [1] FullCertTemplates     OPTIONAL
  }


Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 32]

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3.3.6 Key Update response content

For key update responses the syntax used is identical to the
initialization response.

  KeyUpdRepContent ::= InitRepContent

3.3.7 Key Recovery Request content

For key recovery requests the syntax used is identical to the
initialization request InitReqContent.  Typically, SubjectPublicKeyInfo
and KeyId are the template fields which may be used to supply a
signature public key for which a certificate is required (see Appendix B
profiles for further information).

  KeyRecReqContent ::= InitReqContent

3.3.8 Key recovery response content

For key recovery responses the following syntax is used.  For some
status values (e.g., waiting) none of the optional fields will be
present.

  KeyRecRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status                  PKIStatusInfo,
      newSigCert          [0] Certificate                   OPTIONAL,
      caCerts             [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate       OPTIONAL,
      keyPairHist         [2] SEQUENCE OF CertifiedKeyPair  OPTIONAL
  }

3.3.9 Revocation Request Content

When requesting revocation of a certificate (or several certificates)
the following data structure is used. The name of the requester is
present in the PKIHeader structure.

  RevReqContent ::= SEQUENCE OF RevDetails

  RevDetails ::= SEQUENCE {
      certDetails         CertTemplate,
      -- allows requester to specify as much as they can about
      -- the cert. for which revocation is requested
      -- (e.g., for cases in which serialNumber is not available)
      revocationReason    ReasonFlags,
      -- from the DAM, so CA knows what to use in Dist. point
      badSinceDate        GeneralizedTime  OPTIONAL,
      -- indicates best knowledge of sender
      crlEntryDetails     Extensions
      -- requested crlEntryExtensions
  }




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 33]

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3.3.10 Revocation Response Content

The response to the above message. If produced, this is sent to the
requester of the revocation. (A separate revocation announcement message
may be sent to the subject of the certificate for which revocation was
requested.)

  RevRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status              PKIStatusInfo,
      revCerts        [0] SEQUENCE OF CertId OPTIONAL,
      -- identifies the certs for which revocation was requested
      crls            [1] SEQUENCE OF CertificateList  OPTIONAL
      -- the resulting CRLs (there may be more than one)
  }

3.3.11 Cross certification request content

Cross certification requests use the same syntax as for normal
certification requests with the restriction that the key pair must have
been generated by the requesting CA and the private key must not be sent
to the responding CA.

  CrossCertReqContent ::= CertReqContent

3.3.12 Cross certification response content

Cross certification responses use the same syntax as for normal
certification responses with the restriction that no encrypted private
key can be sent.

  CrossCertRepContent ::= CertRepContent

3.3.13 CA Key Update Announcement content

When a CA updates its own key pair the following data structure may be
used to announce this event.

  CAKeyUpdAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      oldWithNew          Certificate, -- old pub signed with new priv
      newWithOld          Certificate, -- new pub signed with old priv
      newWithNew          Certificate  -- new pub signed with new priv
  }

3.3.14 Certificate Announcement

This data structure may be used to announce the existence of
certificates.

Note that this message is intended to be used for those cases (if any)
where there is no pre-existing method for publication of certificates;
it is not intended to be used where, for example, X.500 is the
method for publication of certificates.

  CertAnnContent ::= Certificate

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 34]

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3.3.15 Revocation Announcement

When a CA has revoked, or is about to revoke, a particular certificate
it may issue an announcement of this (possibly upcoming) event.

  RevAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status              PKIStatus,
      certId              CertId,
      willBeRevokedAt     GeneralizedTime,
      badSinceDate        GeneralizedTime,
      crlDetails          Extensions  OPTIONAL
      -- extra CRL details(e.g., crl number, reason, location, etc.)
}

A CA may use such an announcement to warn (or notify) a subject that its
certificate is about to be (or has been) revoked. This would typically
be used where the request for revocation did not come from the subject
concerned.

The willBeRevokedAt field contains the time at which a new entry will be
added to the relevant CRLs.

3.3.16 CRL Announcement

When a CA issues a new CRL (or set of CRLs) the following data structure
may be used to announce this event.

  CRLAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE OF CertificateList

3.3.17 PKI Confirmation content

This data structure is used in three-way protocols as the final
PKIMessage. Its content is the same in all cases - actually there is no
content since the PKIHeader carries all the required information.

  PKIConfirmContent ::= NULL

3.3.18 PKI General Request content

  InfoTypeAndValue ::= SEQUENCE {
      infoType               OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
      infoValue              ANY DEFINED BY infoType  OPTIONAL
  }
  -- Example InfoTypeAndValue contents include, but are not limited to:
  --   { CAProtEncCert    = { xx }, Certificate                     }
  --   { SignKeyPairTypes = { xx }, SEQUENCE OF AlgorithmIdentifier }
  --   { EncKeyPairTypes  = { xx }, SEQUENCE OF AlgorithmIdentifier }
  --   { PreferredSymmAlg = { xx }, AlgorithmIdentifier             }
  --   { CAKeyUpdateInfo  = { xx }, CAKeyUpdAnnContent              }
  --   { CurrentCRL       = { xx }, CertificateList                 }
  -- This construct may also be used to define new PKIX Certificate
  -- Management Protocol request and response messages for future needs
  -- or for specific environments.


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  GenReqContent ::= SET OF InfoTypeAndValue
  -- The OPTIONAL infoValue parameter of InfoTypeAndValue will typically
  -- be omitted for some of the examples given above.  The CA is free
  -- to ignore any contained OBJ. IDs that it does not recognize.
  -- The empty set indicates that the CA may send any/all information
  -- that it wishes.

3.3.19 PKI General Response content

  GenRepContent ::= SET OF InfoTypeAndValue
  -- The end entity is free to ignore any contained OBJ. IDs that it
  -- does not recognize.

3.3.20 Error Message content

  ErrorMsgContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      pKIStatusInfo          PKIStatusInfo,
      errorCode              INTEGER           OPTIONAL,
      -- implementation-specific error codes
      errorDetails           PKIFreeText       OPTIONAL
      -- implementation-specific error details
  }


4. Mandatory PKI Management functions

The PKI management functions outlined in section 1 above are described
in this section.

This section deals with functions that are "mandatory" in the sense
that all end entity and CA/RA implementations must be able to provide
the functionality described (perhaps via one of the transport mechanisms
defined in Section 5). This part is effectively the profile of the PKI
management functionality that must be supported.

Note that not all PKI management functions result in the creation of a
PKI message.

4.1 Root CA initialization

[See Section 1.2.2 for this document's definition of "root CA".]

A newly created root CA must produce a "self-certificate" which is a
Certificate structure with the profile defined for the "newWithNew"
certificate issued following a root CA key update.

In  order to make the CAÆs self certificate useful to end entities that
do not acquire this information via "out-of-band" means, the CA must
also produce a fingerprint for its public key. End entities that
acquire this value securely via some "out-of-band" means can then verify
the CAÆs self-certificate and hence the other attributes contained
therein.

The data structure used to carry the fingerprint is the OOBCertHash.

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4.2 Root CA key update

CA keys (as all other keys) have a finite lifetime and will have to be
updated on a periodic basis.  The certificates NewWithNew, NewWithOld,
and OldWithNew (see Section 2.4.1) are issued by the CA to aid existing
end entities who hold the current self-signed CA certificate
(OldWithOld) to transition securely to the new self-signed CA
certificate (NewWithNew), and to aid new end entities who will hold
NewWithNew to acquire OldWithOld securely for verification of existing
data.

4.3 Subordinate CA initialization

[See Section 1.2.2 for this document's definition of "subordinate CA".]

From the perspective of PKI management protocols the initialization of a
subordinate CA is the same as the initialization of an end entity. The
only difference is that the subordinate CA must also produce an initial
revocation list.

4.4 CRL production

Before issuing any certificates a newly established CA (which issues
CRLs) must produce "empty" versions of each CRL which is to be
periodically produced.

4.5 PKI information request

When a PKI entity (CA, RA, or EE) wishes to acquire information about
the current status of a CA it may send that CA a request for such
information.

The CA must respond to the request by providing (at least) all of the
information requested by the requester.  If some of the information
cannot be provided then an error must be conveyed to the requester.

If PKIMessages are used to request and supply this PKI information,
then the request must be the GenReq message, the response must be the
GenRep message, and the error must be the Error message.  These
messages are protected using a MAC based on shared secret information
(i.e., PasswordBasedMAC) or any other authenticated means (if the end
entity has an existing certificate).

4.6 Cross certification

The requester CA is the CA that will become the subject of the cross-
certificate; the responder CA will become the issuer of the cross-
certificate.

The requester CA must be "up and running" before initiating the cross-
certification operation.



Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 37]

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4.6.1 One-way request-response scheme:

The cross-certification scheme is essentially a one way operation; that
is, when successful, this operation results in the creation of one new
cross-certificate. If the requirement is that cross-certificates be
created in "both directions" then each CA in turn must initiate a cross-
certification operation (or use another scheme).

This scheme is suitable where the two CAs in question can already verify
each otherÆs signatures (they have some common points of trust) or where
there is an out-of-band verification of the origin of the certification
request.

Detailed Description:

Cross certification is initiated at one CA known as the responder.  The
CA administrator for the responder identifies the CA it wants to cross
certify and the responder CA equipment generates an authorization code.
The responder CA administrator passes this authorization code by out-of-
band means to the requester CA administrator. The requester CA
administrator enters the authorization code at the requester CA in order
to initiate the on-line exchange.

The authorization code is used for authentication and integrity
purposes. This is done by generating a symmetric key based on the
authorization code and using the symmetric key for generating Message
Authentication Codes (MACs) on all messages exchanged.

The requester CA initiates the exchange by generating a random number
(requester random number). The requester CA then sends to the responder
CA the message CrossCertReq. The fields in this message are protected
from modification with a MAC based on the authorization code.

Upon receipt of the CrossCertReq message, the responder CA checks the
protocol version, saves the requester random number, generates its own
random number (responder random number) and validates the MAC. It then
generates (and archives, if desired) a new requester certificate that
contains the requester CA public key and is signed with the responder
CA signature private key. The responder CA responds with the message
CrossCertRep. The fields in this message are protected from modification
with a MAC based on the authorization code.

Upon receipt of the CrossCertRep message,  the requester CA checks that
its own system time is close to the responder CA system time, checks the
received random numbers and validates the MAC.  The requester CA
responds with the PKIConfirm message. The fields in this message are
protected from modification with a MAC based on the authorization code.
The requester CA writes the requester certificate to the Repository.

Upon receipt of the PKIConfirm message, the responder CA checks the
random numbers and validates the MAC.



Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 38]

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Notes:

1.The CrossCertReq must contain a "complete" certification request, that
  is, all fields (including, e.g., a BasicConstraints extension) must be
  specified by the requester CA.
2.The CrossCertRep message should contain the verification certificate
  of the responder CA - if present, the requester CA must then verify
  this certificate (for example, via the "out-of-band" mechanism).


4.7 End entity initialization

As with CAs, end entities must be initialized. Initialization of end
entities requires at least two steps:

      - acquisition of PKI information
      - out-of-band verification of one root-CA public key

(other possible steps include the retrieval of trust condition
information and/or out-of-band verification of other CA public keys).

4.7.1 Acquisition of PKI information

The information required is:

- the current root-CA public key
- (if the certifying CA is not a root-CA) the certification path from
the root CA to the certifying CA together with appropriate revocation
lists
- the algorithms and algorithm parameters which the certifying CA
supports for each relevant usage

Additional information could be required (e.g., supported extensions
or CA policy information) in order to produce a certification request
which will be successful. However, for simplicity we do not mandate that
the end entity acquires this information via the PKI messages. The end
result is simply that some certification requests may fail (e.g., if the
end entity wants to generate its own encryption key but the CA doesnÆt
allow that).

The required information may be acquired as described in Section 4.5.

4.7.2 Out-of-Band Verification of Root-CA Key

An end entity must securely possess the public key of its root CA. One
method to achieve this is to provide the end entity with the CAÆs self-
certificate fingerprint via some secure "out-of-band" means. The end
entity can then securely use the CAÆs self-certificate.

See Section 4.1 for further details.





Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 39]

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4.8 Certificate Request

An initialized end entity may request a certificate at any time (as part
of an update procedure, or for any other purpose).  This request will be
made using the CertReq message.  If the end entity already possesses a
signing key pair (with a corresponding verification certificate), then
this CertReq message will typically be protected by the entity's
digital signature.  The CA returns the new certificate (if the request
is successful) in a CertRep message.

4.9 Key Update

When a key pair is due to expire the relevant end entity may request
a key update - that is, it may request that the CA issue a new
certificate for a new key pair.  The request is made using a KeyUpdReq
message.  If the end entity already possesses a signing key pair (with a
corresponding verification certificate), then this KeyUpdReq message
will typically be protected by the entity's digital signature.  The CA
returns the new certificate (if the request is successful) in a
KeyUpdRep message, which is syntactically identical to a CertRep message.

































Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 40]

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5. Transports

The transport protocols specified below allow end entities, RAs and CAs
to pass PKI messages between them. There is no requirement for specific
security mechanisms to be applied at this level if the PKI messages are
suitably protected (that is, if the optional PKIProtection parameter is
used as specified for each message).


5.1 File based protocol

A file containing a PKI message must contain only the DER encoding of
one PKI message, i.e., there must be no extraneous header or trailer
information in the file.

Such files can be used to transport PKI messages using, e.g., FTP.


5.2 Socket based Management Protocol

The following simple socket based protocol is to be used for transport
of PKI messages. This protocol is suitable for cases where an end entity
(or an RA) initiates a transaction and can poll to pick up the results.

If a transaction is initiated by a PKI entity (RA or CA) then an end
entity must either supply a listener process or be supplied with a
polling reference (see below) in order to allow it to pick up the PKI
message from the PKI management component.

The protocol basically assumes a listener process on an RA or CA which
can accept PKI messages on a well-defined port (port number 829).
Typically an initiator binds to this port and submits the initial PKI
message for a given transaction ID. The responder replies with a PKI
message and/or with a reference number to be used later when polling for
the actual PKI message response.

If a number of PKI response messages are to be produced for a given
request (say if some part of the request is handled more quickly than
another) then a new polling reference is also returned.

When the final PKI response message has been picked up by the initiator
then no new polling reference is supplied.

The initiator of a transaction sends a "socket PKI message" to the
recipient. The recipient responds with a similar message.







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A "socket PKI message" consists of:

      length (32-bits), flag (8-bits), value (defined below)

The length field contains the number of octets of the remainder of the
message (i.e., number of octets of "value" plus one).


 Message name   flag     value

 msgReq         æ00ÆH    DER-encoded PKI message
   -- PKI message from initiator
 pollRep        æ01ÆH    polling reference (32 bits),
                         time-to-check-back (32 bits)
   -- poll response where no PKI message response ready; use polling
   -- reference value (and estimated time value) for later polling
 pollReq        æ02ÆH    polling reference (32 bits)
   -- request for a PKI message response to initial message
 negPollRep     æ03ÆH    æ00ÆH
   -- no further polling responses (i.e., transaction complete)
 partialMsgRep  æ04ÆH    next polling reference (32 bits),
                         time-to-check-back (32 bits),
                         DER-encoded PKI message
   -- partial response to initial message plus new polling reference
   -- (and estimated time value) to use to get next part of response
 finalMsgRep    æ05ÆH    DER-encoded PKI message
   -- final (and possibly sole) response to initial message
 errorMsgRep    æ06ÆH    human readable error message
   -- produced when an error is detected (e.g., a polling reference is
   -- received which doesnÆt exist or is finished with)

Where a PKIConfirm message is to be transported (always from the
initiator to the responder) then a msgReq message is sent and a
negPollRep is returned.


The sequence of messages which can occur is then:

a) end entity sends msgReq and receives one of pollRep, negPollRep,
partialMsgRep or finalMsgRep in response.
b) end entity sends pollReq message and receives one of negPollRep,
partialMsgRep, finalMsgRep or ErrorMsgRep in response.

The "time-to-check-back" parameter is a 32-bit integer, defined to be
the number of seconds which have elapsed since midnight, January 1,
1970, coordinated universal time.  It provides an estimate of the time
that the end entity should send its next pollReq.







Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 42]

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5.3 Management Protocol via E-mail

This subsection specifies a means for conveying ASN.1-encoded messages
for the protocol exchanges described in Section 4 via Internet mail.

A simple MIME object is specified as follows.

   Content-Type: application/x-pkixcmp
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64

   <<the ASN.1 DER-encoded PKIX-CMP message, base64-encoded>>

This MIME object can be sent and received using common MIME processing
engines and provides a simple Internet mail transport for PKIX-CMP
messages.



5.4 Management Protocol via HTTP

This subsection specifies a means for conveying ASN.1-encoded messages
for the protocol exchanges described in Section 4 via the HyperText
Transfer Protocol.

A simple MIME object is specified as follows.

   Content-Type: application/x-pkixcmp

   <<the ASN.1 DER-encoded PKIX-CMP message>>

This MIME object can be sent and received using common HTTP processing
engines over WWW links and provides a simple browser-server transport
for PKIX-CMP messages.





















Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 43]

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SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

This entire memo is about security mechanisms.

One cryptographic consideration is worth explicitly spelling out. In
the protocols specified above, when an end entity is required to
prove possession of a decryption key, it is effectively challenged
to decrypt something (its own certificate). This scheme (and many
others!) could be vulnerable to an attack if the possessor of the
decryption key in question could be fooled into decrypting an
arbitrary challenge and returning the cleartext to an attacker.
Although in this specification a number of other failures in
security are required in order for this attack to succeed, it is
conceivable that some future services (e.g., notary, trusted time)
could potentially be vulnerable to such attacks. For this reason we
re-iterate the general rule that implementations should be very
careful about decrypting arbitrary "ciphertext" and revealing
recovered "plaintext" since such a practice can lead to serious
security vulnerabilities.


References

   [MvOV97]  A. Menezes, P. van Oorschot, S. Vanstone, "Handbook of
             Applied Cryptography", CRC Press, 1997.

   [PKCS7]   RSA Laboratories, "The Public-Key Cryptography Standards
             (PKCS)", RSA Data Security Inc., Redwood City, California,
             November 1993 Release.

   [PKCS10]  RSA Laboratories, "The Public-Key Cryptography Standards
             (PKCS)", RSA Data Security Inc., Redwood City, California,
             November 1993 Release.

   [PKCS11]  RSA Laboratories, "The Public-Key Cryptography Standards -
             PKCS #11:  Cryptographic token interface standard", RSA
             Data Security Inc., Redwood City, California, April 28,
             1995.

   [PKIX-OP] S. Boeyen, R. Housley, T. Howes, M. Myers, P. Richard,
             "Internet Public Key Infrastructure:  Operational
             Protocols", Internet Draft draft-ietf-pkix-ipki2opp-0x.txt
             (work in progress).

   [RFC1847] J. Galvin, S. Murphy, S. Crocker, N. Freed, "Security
             Multiparts for MIME:  Multipart/Signed and Multipart/
             Encrypted", Internet Request for Comments 1847, October
             1995.

   [RFC2104] H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, R. Canetti, "HMAC:  Keyed Hashing
             for Message Authentication", Internet Request for Comments
             2104, February, 1997.


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Acknowledgements


The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of various members
of the PKIX Working Group.  Many of these contributions significantly
clarified and improved the utility of this specification.





Authors' Addresses

   Carlisle Adams
   Entrust Technologies
   750 Heron Road, Suite E08,
   Ottawa, Ontario
   Canada K1V 1A7
   [e-mail]

   Stephen Farrell
   Software and Systems Engineering Ltd.
   Fitzwilliam Court
   Leeson Close
   Dublin 2
   IRELAND
   [e-mail]



























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APPENDIX A: Reasons for the presence of RAs

The reasons which justify the presence of an RA can be split into those
which are due to technical factors and those which are organizational in
nature. Technical reasons include the following.

  -If hardware tokens are in use, then not all end entities will have
   the equipment needed to initialize these; the RA equipment can include
   the necessary functionality (this may also be a matter of policy).

  -Some end entities may not have the capability to publish
   certificates; again, the RA may be suitably placed for this.

  -The RA will be able to issue signed revocation requests on behalf of
   end entities associated with it, whereas the end entity may not be able
   to do this (if the key pair is completely lost).

Some of the organizational reasons which argue for the presence of an
RA are the following.

  -It may be more cost effective to concentrate functionality in the RA
   equipment than to supply functionality to all end entities  (especially
   if special token initialization equipment is to be used).

  -Establishing RAs within an organization can reduce the number of CAs
   required, which is sometimes desirable.

  -RAs may be better placed to identify people with their "electronic"
   names, especially if the CA is physically remote from the end entity.

  -For many applications there will already be in place some
   administrative structure so that candidates for the role of RA are easy
   to find (which may not be true of the CA).




















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Appendix B. PKI Management Message Profiles.

This appendix contains detailed profiles for those PKIMessages which
must be supported by conforming implementations (see Section 4).

Profiles for the PKIMessages used in the following PKI management
operations are provided:

- root CA key update
- information request/response
- cross-certification (1-way)
- initial registration/certification
     - basic authenticated scheme
- certificate request
- key update

<<Later versions of this document may extend the above to include
profiles for the operations listed below (along with other operations,
if desired).>>

- revocation request
- certificate publication
- CRL publication































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B1. General Rules for interpretation of these profiles.

 1.Where OPTIONAL or DEFAULT fields are not mentioned in individual
   profiles, they should be absent from the relevant message.
   Mandatory fields are not mentioned if they have an obvious value
   (e.g., pvno).
 2.Where structures occur in more than one message, they are
   separately profiled as appropriate.
 3.The algorithmIdentifiers from PKIMessage structures are profiled
   separately.
 4.A "special" X.500 DN is called the "NULL-DN"; this means a DN
   containing a zero-length SEQUENCE OF RDNs (its DER encoding is
   then æ3000ÆH).
 5.Where a GeneralName is required for a field but no suitable
   value is available (e.g., an end entity produces a request before
   knowing its name) then the GeneralName is to be an X.500 NULL-DN
   (i.e., the Name field of the CHOICE is to contain a NULL-DN).
   This special value can be called a "NULL-GeneralName".
 6.Where a profile omits to specify the value for a GeneralName
   then the NULL-GeneralName value is to be present in the relevant
   PKIMessage field. This occurs with the sender field of the
   PKIHeader for some messages.
 7.Where any ambiguity arises due to naming of fields, the profile
   names these using a "dot" notation (e.g., "certTemplate.subject"
   means the subject field within a field called certTemplate).
 8.Where a "SEQUENCE OF types" is part of a message, a zero-based
   array notation is used to describe fields within the SEQUENCE OF
   (e.g., FullCertTemplates[0].certTemplate.subject refers to a
   subfield of the first FullCertTemplate contained in a request
   message).
 9.All PKI message exchanges in this profile require a PKIConfirm
   message to be sent by the initiating entity.  This message is not
   included in many of the profiles given below since its body is
   NULL and its header contents are clear from the context.  Any
   authenticated means can be used for the protectionAlg (e.g.,
   password-based MAC, if shared secret information is known, or
   signature).



B2. Algorithm Use Profile

The following table contains definitions of algorithm uses within PKI
management protocols.

The columns in the table are:

Name:       an identifier used for message profiles
Use:       description of where and for what the algorithm is used
Mandatory: an AlgorithmIdentifier which must be supported by
           conforming implementations
Others:       alternatives to the mandatory AlgorithmIdentifier


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 Name           Use                        Mandatory        Others

 MSG_SIG_ALG    Protection of PKI          DSA/SHA-1        RSA/MD5...
                messages using signature
 MSG_MAC_ALG    protection of PKI          PasswordBasedMac HMAC,
                messages using MACing                       X9.9...
 SYM_PENC_ALG   symmetric encryption of    3-DES (3-key-    RC5,
                an end entityÆs private    EDE, CBC mode)   CAST-128...
                key where symmetric
                key is distributed
                out-of-band
 PROT_ENC_ALG   asymmetric algorithm       D-H              RSA
                used for encryption of
                (symmetric keys for
                encryption of) private
                keys transported in
                PKIMessages
 PROT_SYM_ALG   symmetric encryption       3-DES (3-key-    RC5,
                algorithm used for         EDE, CBC mode)   CAST-128...
                encryption of private
                key bits (a key of this
                type is encrypted using
                PROT_ENC_ALG)



Mandatory AlgorithmIdentifiers and Specifications:

DSA/SHA-1:
  AlgId:  {1 3 14 3 2 27}
  X9.30-3, ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography Using Irreversible Algorithms
    for the Financial Services Industry: Part 3: Certificate Management
    for DSA"
  Public Modulus size:  1024 bits

PasswordBasedMac:
  {1 2 840 113533 7 66 13}
  (this specification)

3-DES:
  {1 2 840 113549 3 7}
  (used in RSA's BSAFE and in S/MIME)

D-H:
  AlgId:  {1 2 840 113549 1 3 1}
  "PKCS #3:  Diffie-Hellman Key-Agreement Standard", in RSA Laboratories,
    "The Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)", RSA Data Security
    Inc., Redwood City, California, November 1993 Release.
  Public Modulus Size:  1024 bits





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B3. "Self-signed" certificates

Profile of how  a Certificate structure may be "self-signed". These
structures are used for distribution of "root" CA public keys. This can
occur in one of three ways (see section 2.4 above for a description of
the use of these structures):


 Type          Function

 newWithNew    a true "self-signed" certificate; the contained public
               key must be usable to verify the signature (though this
               provides only integrity and no authentication whatsoever)
 oldWithNew    previous root CA public key signed with new private key
 newWithOld    new root CA public key signed with previous private key



<<profile of certificate in such cases including relevant extensions,
e.g., when present subjectAltName must be identical to issuerAltName,
keyIdentifiers if present must contain appropriate values, etc.>>


B4. Proof of Possession Profile

"POPO" fields for use when proving possession of a private signing key
which corresponds to a public verification key for which a certificate
has been requested.


 Field               Value         Comment

 alg                 MSG_SIG_ALG   only signature protection is
                                   allowed for this proof
 signature           present       bits calculated using MSG_SIG_ALG


<<Proof of possession of a private decryption key which corresponds to a
public encryption key for which a certificate has been requested does
not use this profile; instead the method given in protectionAlg for
PKIConfirm in Section B.8.2 is used.>>

Not every CA/RA will require Proof-of-Possession (of signing key or of
decryption key) in the certification request protocol.  Although this
specification STRONGLY RECOMMENDS that POP be verified by the CA/RA
(because created certificates become less meaningful in the PKI
otherwise; see Section 2.3), this may ultimately be a policy issue which
is made explicit for any given CA in its publicized Policy OID and
Certification Practice Statement.  All end entities must be prepared to
provide POP (i.e., these components of the PKIX-CMP protocol must be
supported).



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CAs/RAs may therefore conceptually be divided into two classes (those
which require POP as a condition of certificate creation and those which
do not).  End entities may choose to make verification decisions (as one
step in certificate chain processing) at least partly by considering
which classes of CAs (as indicated, for example, by their policy OIDs or
Certification Practice Statements) have created the certificates
included in the chain.

B5. Root CA Key Update

A root CA updates its key pair. It then produces a CA key update
announcement message which can be made available (via one of the
transport mechanisms) to the relevant end entities.

ckuann message:


 Field        Value                        Comment

 sender       CA name                      responding CA name
 body         ckuann(CAKeyUpdAnnContent)
 oldWithNew   present                      see section B.3 above
 newWithOld   present                      see section B.3 above
 newWithNew   present                      see section B.3 above
 extraCerts   optionally present           can be used to "publish"
                                           certificates (e.g.,
                                           certificates signed using
                                           the new private key)


B6. PKI Information request/response

End entity sends general request to the PKI requesting details which
will be required for later PKI management operations.  RA/CA responds
with general response. If an RA generates the response then it will
simply forward the equivalent message which it previously received from
the CA, with the possible addition of the certificates to the extraCerts
fields of the PKIMessage.

Message Flows:

Step#   End entity                                    PKI

  1     format genr
  2                      ->      genr      ->
  3                                                   handle genr
  4                                                   produce genp
  5                      <-      genp      <-
  6     handle genp





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genr:

Field               Value

recipient           CA name
  -- the name of the CA as contained in issuerAltName extensions or
  -- issuer fields within certificates
protectionAlg       MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG
  -- any authenticated protection alg.
SenderKID           present if required
  -- must be present if required for verification of message protection
freeText            any valid value
body                genr (GenReqContent)
GenReqContent       empty SET
  -- all relevant information requested
protection          present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG



genp:

Field                Value

sender               CA name
  -- name of the CA which produced the message
protectionAlg        MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG
  -- any authenticated protection alg.
senderKID            present if required
  -- must be present if required for verification of message protection
body                 genp (GenRepContent)
CAProtEncCert        present (object identifier one
                     of PROT_ENC_ALG), with relevant
                     value
  -- to be used if end entity needs to encrypt information for the CA
  -- (e.g., private key for recovery purposes)
SignKeyPairTypes     present, with relevant value
  -- the set of signature algorithm identifiers which this CA will
  -- certify for subject public keys
EncKeyPairTypes      present, with relevant value
  -- the set of encryption/key agreement algorithm identifiers which
  -- this CA will certify for subject public keys
PreferredSymmAlg     present (object identifier one
                     of PROT_SYM_ALG) , with relevant
                     value
  -- the symmetric algorithm which this CA expects to be used in later
  -- PKI messages (for encryption)
CAKeyUpdateInfo      optionally present, with
                     relevant value
  -- the CA may provide information about a relevant root CA key pair
  -- using this field (note that this does not imply that the responding
  -- CA is the root CA in question)


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CurrentCRL           present, with relevant value
  -- the CA may provide a copy of a complete CRL (i.e., fullest possible
  -- one)
protection           present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG
extraCerts           optionally present
  -- can be used to send some certificates to the end entity. An RA may
  -- add its certificate here.



B7. Cross certification (1-way)

Creation of a single cross-certificate (i.e., not two at once). The
requesting CA is responsible for publication of the cross-certificate
created by the responding CA.

Preconditions:

1. Responding CA can verify the origin of the request (possibly
requiring out-of-band means) before processing the request.
2. Requesting CA can authenticate the authenticity of the origin of the
response (possibly requiring out-of-band means) before processing the
response

Message Flows:

Step#   Requesting CA                                  Responding CA
  1     format ccr
  2                        ->       ccr       ->
  3                                                     handle ccr
  4                                                     produce ccp
  5                        <-       ccp       <-
  6     handle ccp


ccr:
Field                 Value

sender                Requesting CA name
  -- the name of the CA who produced the message
recipient             Responding CA name
  -- the name of the CA who is being asked to produce a certificate
messageTime           time of production of message
  -- current time at requesting CA
protectionAlg         MSG_SIG_ALG
  -- only signature protection is allowed for this request
senderKID             present if required
  -- must be present if required for verification of message protection
transactionID         present
  -- implementation-specific value, meaningful to requesting CA.
  -- [If already in use at responding CA then a rejection message
  -- to be produced by responding CA]

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senderNonce           present
  -- 128 (pseudo-)random bits
freeText              any valid value
body                  ccr (CrossCertReqContent)
                      only one FullCertTemplate
                      allowed
  -- if multiple cross certificates are required they must be packaged
  -- in separate PKIMessages
certTemplate          present
  -- details below
version               v1 or v3
  -- <<v3 STRONGLY RECOMMENDED>>
signingAlg            present
  -- the requesting CA must know in advance with which algorithm it
  -- wishes the certificate to be signed


subject               present
  -- may be NULL-DN only if subjectAltNames extension value proposed
validity              present
  -- must be completely specified (i.e., both fields present)
issuer                present
  -- may be NULL-DN only if issuerAltNames extension value proposed
publicKey             present
  -- the key to be certified which must be for a signing algorithm
extensions            optionally present
  -- a requesting CA must propose values for all extensions which it
  -- requires to be in the cross-certificate
popoSigningKey        present
  -- see "Proof of possession profile" (section B.4)
protection            present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_SIG_ALG
extraCerts            optionally present
  -- can contain certificates usable to verify the protection on
  -- this message


ccp:
Field                 Value

sender                Responding CA name
  -- the name of the CA who produced the message
recipient             Requesting CA name
  -- the name of the CA who asked for production of a certificate
messageTime           time of production of message
  -- current time at responding CA
protectionAlg         MSG_SIG_ALG
  -- only signature protection is allowed for this message
senderKID             present if required
  -- must be present if required for verification of message
  -- protection
recipKID              present if required



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transactionID         present
  -- value from corresponding ccr message
senderNonce           present
  -- 128 (pseudo-)random bits
recipNonce            present
  -- senderNonce from corresponding ccr message
freeText              any valid value
body                  ccp (CrossCertRepContent)
                      only one CertResponse allowed
  -- if multiple cross certificates are required they must be packaged
  -- in separate PKIMessages
response              present
status                present
PKIStatusInfo.status  present
  -- if PKIStatusInfo.status is one of:
  --   granted, or
  --   grantedWithMods,
  -- then certifiedKeyPair to be present and failInfo to be absent
failInfo              present depending on
                      PKIStatusInfo.status
  -- if PKIStatusInfo.status is:
  --   rejection
  -- then certifiedKeyPair to be absent and failInfo to be present
  -- and contain appropriate bit settings


certifiedKeyPair      present depending on
                      PKIStatusInfo.status
certificate           present depending on
                      certifiedKeyPair
  -- content of actual certificate must be examined by requesting CA
  -- before publication
protection            present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_SIG_ALG
extraCerts            optionally present
  -- can contain certificates usable to verify the protection on
  -- this message

















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B8. Initial Registration/Certification (Basic Authenticated Scheme)

An (uninitialized) end entity requests a (first) certificate from a CA.
When the CA responds with a message containing a certificate, the end
entity replies with a confirmation. All messages are authenticated.

This scheme allows the end entity to request certification of a locally-
generated public key (typically a signature key). The end entity may
also choose to request the centralized generation and certification of
another key pair (typically an encryption key pair).

Certification may only be requested for one locally generated public key
(for more, use separate PKIMessages).

The end entity must support proof-of-possession of the private key
associated with the locally-generated public key.

Preconditions:

 1.The end entity can authenticate the CAÆs signature based on out-of-
band means
 2.The end entity and the CA share a symmetric MACing key

Message flow:

Step#    End entity                                    PKI
  1      format ir
  2                         ->      ir       ->
  3                                                    handle ir
  4                                                    produce ip
  5                         <-      ip       <-
  6      handle ip
  7      format confirm
  8                         ->      conf     ->
  9                                                    handle conf

For this profile, we mandate that the end entity must include all
(i.e., one or two) fullCertTemplates in a single PKIMessage and that
the PKI (CA) must produce a single response PKIMessage which contains
the complete response (i.e., including the optional second key pair,
if it was requested and if centralized key generation is supported).
For simplicity, we also mandate that this message be the final one
(i.e., no use of "waiting" status value).


ir:
Field                Value

recipient            CA name
  -- the name of the CA who is being asked to produce a certificate
protectionAlg        MSG_MAC_ALG
  -- only MAC protection is allowed for this request, based on
  -- initial authentication key

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senderKID            referenceNum
  -- the reference number which the CA has previously issued to
  -- the end entity (together with the MACing key)
transactionID        present
  -- implementation-specific value, meaningful to end entity.
  -- [If already in use at the CA then a rejection message to be
  -- produced by the CA]
senderNonce          present
  -- 128 (pseudo-)random bits
freeText             any valid value
body                 ir (InitReqContent)
                     only one or two FullCertTemplates
                     are allowed
  -- if more certificates are required requests must be packaged in
  -- separate PKIMessages
protocolEncKey       optionally present.
                     [If present, object identifier
                     must be PROT_ENC_ALG]
  -- if supplied (and if centralized key generation is supported by
  -- this CA), this short-term asymmetric encryption key (generated
  -- by the end entity) will be used by the CA to encrypt (a symmetric
  -- key used to encrypt) a private key generated by the CA on behalf
  -- of the end entity
fullCertTemplates    one or two present
  -- see below for details, note: fct[0] means the first (which must
  -- be present), fct[1] means the second (which is optional, and used
  -- to ask for a centrally-generated key)
fct[0].              fixed value of zero
   certReqId
  -- this is the index of the template within the message
fct[0].              present
   certTemplate
  -- must include subject public key value, otherwise unconstrained
fct[0].              optionally present if public key
   popoSigningKey    from fct[0].certTemplate is a
                     signing key
  -- proof of possession may be required in this exchange (see section
  -- B.4 for details)
fct[0].              optionally present
   archiveOptions
  -- the end entity may request that the locally-generated private key
  -- be archived
fct[0].              optionally present
   publicationInfo
  -- the end entity may ask for publication of resulting cert.
fct[1].              fixed value of one
   certReqId
  -- the index of the template within the message
fct[1].              present if protocolEncKey is
   certTemplate      present
  -- must not include actual public key bits, otherwise unconstrained
  -- (e.g., the names need not be the same as in fct[0])

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fct[1].              optionally present
   archiveOptions
fct[1].
   publicationInfo   optionally present
protection           present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_MAC_ALG


ip:
Field                Value

sender               CA name
  -- the name of the CA who produced the message
messageTime          present
  -- time at which CA produced message
protectionAlg        MSG_MAC_ALG
  -- only MAC protection is allowed for this response
recipKID             referenceNum
  -- the reference number which the CA has previously issued to the
  -- end entity (together with the MACing key)
transactionID        present
  -- value from corresponding ir message
senderNonce          present
  -- 128 (pseudo-)random bits
recipNonce           present
  -- value from senderNonce in corresponding ir message
freeText             any valid value
body                 ir (CertRepContent)
                     contains exactly one response
                     for each request
  -- The PKI (CA) responds to either one or two requests as appropriate.
  -- crc[0] denotes the first (always present); crc[1] denotes the
  -- second (only present if the ir message contained two requests and
  -- if the CA supports centralized key generation).
crc[0].              fixed value of zero
   certReqId
  -- must contain the response to the first request in the corresponding
  -- ir message
crc[0].status.       present, positive values allowed:
   status               "granted", "grantedWithMods"
                     negative values allowed:
                        "rejection"
crc[0].status.       present if and only if
   failInfo          crc[0].status.status is "rejection"
crc[0].              present if and only if
   certifiedKeyPair  crc[0].status.status is
                        "granted" or "grantedWithMods"
certificate          present unless end entityÆs public
                     key is an encryption key and POP
                     is required by CA/RA
encryptedCert        present if and only if end entityÆs
                     public key is an encryption key
                     and POP is required by CA/RA

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publicationInfo      optionally present
  -- indicates where certificate has been published (present at
  -- discretion of CA)
crc[1].              fixed value of one
   certReqId
  -- must contain the response to the second request in the
  -- corresponding ir message


crc[1].status.       present, positive values allowed:
   status               "granted", "grantedWithMods"
                     negative values allowed:
                        "rejection"
crc[1].status.       present if and only if
   failInfo          crc[0].status.status is "rejection"
crc[1].              present if and only if
   certifiedKeyPair  crc[0].status.status is "granted"
                     or "grantedWithMods"
certificate          present
privateKey           present
publicationInfo      optionally present
  -- indicates where certificate has been published (present at
  -- discretion of CA)
protection           present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_MAC_ALG
extraCerts           optionally present
  -- the CA may provide additional certificates to the end entity



conf:
Field                Value

recipient            CA name
  -- the name of the CA who was asked to produce a certificate
transactionID        present
  -- value from corresponding ir and ip messages
senderNonce          present
  -- value from recipNonce in corresponding ir message
recipNonce           present
  -- value from senderNonce in corresponding ip message
protectionAlg        MSG_MAC_ALG
  -- only MAC protection is allowed for this message.  The MAC is
  -- based on the initial authentication key if only a signing key
  -- pair has been sent in ir for certification or if POP is not
  -- required by CA/RA.  Otherwise, the MAC is based on a key derived
  -- from the symmetric key used to decrypt the returned encryptedCert.
senderKID            referenceNum
  -- the reference number which the CA has previously issued to the
  -- end entity (together with the MACing key)
body                 conf (PKIConfirmContent)
  -- this is an ASN.1 NULL
protection           present
  -- bits calculated using MSG_MAC_ALG

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B9. Certificate Request

An (initialized) end entity requests a certificate from a CA (for any
reason). When the CA responds with a message containing a certificate,
the end entity replies with a confirmation. All messages are
authenticated.

The profile for this exchange is identical to that given in Section B8
with the following exceptions:

 - protectionAlg may be MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG in request, response,
   and confirm messages (the determination in the confirm message being
   dependent upon POP considerations for encryption certificate
   requests);
 - senderKID and recipKID are only present if required for message
   verification;
 - body is cr or cp;
 - protocolEncKey is not present;
 - protection bits are calculated according to the protectionAlg field.



B10. Key Update Request

An (initialized) end entity requests a certificate from a CA (to update
the key pair and corresponding certificate that it already possesses).
When the CA responds with a message containing a certificate, the end
entity replies with a confirmation. All messages are authenticated.

The profile for this exchange is identical to that given in Section B8
with the following exceptions:

 - protectionAlg may be MSG_MAC_ALG or MSG_SIG_ALG in request, response,
   and confirm messages (the determination in the confirm message being
   dependent upon POP considerations for encryption certificate
   requests);
 - senderKID and recipKID are only present if required for message
   verification;
 - body is kur or kup;
 - protection bits are calculated according to the protectionAlg field.














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Appendix C: "Compilable" ASN.1 Module

-- note that tagging is EXPLICIT in this module


PKIMessage ::= SEQUENCE {
      header           PKIHeader,
      body             PKIBody,
      protection   [0] PKIProtection OPTIONAL,
      extraCerts   [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate OPTIONAL
  }

  PKIHeader ::= SEQUENCE {
      pvno                INTEGER     { ietf-version1 (0) },
      sender              GeneralName,
      -- identifies the sender
      recipient           GeneralName,
      -- identifies the intended recipient
      messageTime     [0] GeneralizedTime         OPTIONAL,
      -- time of production of this message (used when sender
      -- believes that the transport will be "suitable"; i.e.,
      -- that the time will still be meaningful upon receipt)
      protectionAlg   [1] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
      -- algorithm used for calculation of protection bits
      senderKID       [2] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
      recipKID        [3] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
      -- to identify specific keys used for protection
      transactionID   [4] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      -- identifies the transaction; i.e., this will be the same in
      -- corresponding request, response and confirmation messages
      senderNonce     [5] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      recipNonce      [6] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
      -- nonces used to provide replay protection, senderNonce
      -- is inserted by the creator of this message; recipNonce
      -- is a nonce previously inserted in a related message by
      -- the intended recipient of this message
      freeText        [7] PKIFreeText             OPTIONAL,
      -- this may be used to indicate context-specific
      -- instructions (this field is intended for human
      -- consumption)
      generalInfo     [8] SET OF InfoTypeAndValue OPTIONAL
      -- this may be used to convey context-specific information
      -- (this field not primarily intended for human consumption)
  }

  PKIFreeText ::= CHOICE {
      iA5String  [0] IA5String,
      bMPString  [1] BMPString
  } -- note that the text included here would ideally be in the
    -- preferred language of the recipient




Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 61]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997

  PKIBody ::= CHOICE {       -- message-specific body elements
      ir      [0]  InitReqContent,
      ip      [1]  InitRepContent,
      cr      [2]  CertReqContent,
      cp      [3]  CertRepContent,
      p10cr   [4]  CertificationRequest, -- imported from [PKCS10]
      popdecc [5]  POPODecKeyChallContent,
      popdecr [6]  POPODecKeyRespContent,
      kur     [7]  KeyUpdReqContent,
      kup     [8]  KeyUpdRepContent,
      krr     [9]  KeyRecReqContent,
      krp     [10] KeyRecRepContent,
      rr      [11] RevReqContent,
      rp      [12] RevRepContent,
      ccr     [13] CrossCertReqContent,
      ccp     [14] CrossCertRepContent,
      ckuann  [15] CAKeyUpdAnnContent,
      cann    [16] CertAnnContent,
      rann    [17] RevAnnContent,
      crlann  [18] CRLAnnContent,
      conf    [19] PKIConfirmContent,
      nested  [20] NestedMessageContent,
      genr    [21] GenReqContent,
      genp    [22] GenRepContent,
      error   [23] ErrorMsgContent
  }

  PKIProtection ::= BIT STRING

  ProtectedPart ::= SEQUENCE {
      header    PKIHeader,
      body      PKIBody
  }

  PasswordBasedMac ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

  PBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      salt                OCTET STRING,
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      -- AlgId for a One-Way Function (SHA-1 recommended)
      iterationCount      INTEGER,
      -- number of times the OWF is applied
      mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
      -- the MAC AlgId (e.g., DES-MAC, Triple-DES-MAC [PKCS11],
  }   -- or HMAC [RFC2104])

  DHBasedMac ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

  DHBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      -- AlgId for a One-Way Function (SHA-1 recommended)
      mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
      -- the MAC AlgId (e.g., DES-MAC, Triple-DES-MAC [PKCS11],
  }   -- or HMAC [RFC2104])

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 62]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997


  NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessage


  CertTemplate ::= SEQUENCE {
      version      [0] Version               OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask for a particular syntax version
      serialNumber [1] INTEGER               OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask for a particular serial number
      signingAlg   [2] AlgorithmIdentifier   OPTIONAL,
      -- used to ask the CA to use this alg. for signing the cert
      issuer       [3] Name                  OPTIONAL,
      validity     [4] OptionalValidity      OPTIONAL,
      subject      [5] Name                  OPTIONAL,
      publicKey    [6] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      issuerUID    [7] UniqueIdentifier      OPTIONAL,
      subjectUID   [8] UniqueIdentifier      OPTIONAL,
      extensions   [9] Extensions            OPTIONAL
      -- the extensions which the requester would like in the cert.
  }

  OptionalValidity ::= SEQUENCE {
      notBefore  [0] CertificateValidityDate OPTIONAL,
      notAfter   [1] CertificateValidityDate OPTIONAL
  }

  CertificateValidityDate ::= CHOICE {
      utcTime        UTCTime,
      generalTime    GeneralizedTime
  }

  EncryptedValue ::= SEQUENCE {
      encValue          BIT STRING,
      -- the encrypted value itself
      intendedAlg   [0] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- the intended algorithm for which the value will be used
      symmAlg       [1] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- the symmetric algorithm used to encrypt the value
      encSymmKey    [2] BIT STRING           OPTIONAL,
      -- the (encrypted) symmetric key used to encrypt the value
      keyAlg        [3] AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL
      -- algorithm used to encrypt the symmetric key
  }












Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 63]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997


  PKIStatus ::= INTEGER {
      granted                (0),
      -- you got exactly what you asked for
      grantedWithMods        (1),
      -- you got something like what you asked for; the
      -- requester is responsible for ascertaining the differences
      rejection              (2),
      -- you don't get it, more information elsewhere in the message
      waiting                (3),
      -- the request body part has not yet been processed,
      -- expect to hear more later
      revocationWarning      (4),
      -- this message contains a warning that a revocation is
      -- imminent
      revocationNotification (5),
      -- notification that a revocation has occurred
      keyUpdateWarning       (6)
      -- update already done for the oldCertId specified in
      -- FullCertTemplate
  }

  PKIFailureInfo ::= BIT STRING {
  -- since we can fail in more than one way!
  -- More codes may be added in the future if/when required.
      badAlg           (0),
      -- unrecognized or unsupported Algorithm Identifier
      badMessageCheck  (1),
      -- integrity check failed (e.g., signature did not verify)
      badRequest       (2),
      -- transaction not permitted or supported
      badTime          (3),
      -- messageTime was not sufficiently close to the system time,
      -- as defined by local policy
      badCertId        (4),
      -- no certificate could be found matching the provided criteria
      badDataFormat    (5),
      -- the data submitted has the wrong format
      wrongAuthority   (6),
      -- the authority indicated in the request is different from the
      -- one creating the response token
      incorrectData    (7),
      -- the requester's data is incorrect (for notary services)
      missingTimeStamp (8)
      -- when the timestamp is missing but should be there (by policy)
  }

  PKIStatusInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
      status        PKIStatus,
      statusString  PKIFreeText     OPTIONAL,
      failInfo      PKIFailureInfo  OPTIONAL
  }



Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 64]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997


  CertId ::= SEQUENCE {
      issuer           GeneralName,
      serialNumber     INTEGER
  }

  OOBCert ::= Certificate

  OOBCertHash ::= SEQUENCE {
      hashAlg     [0] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
      certId      [1] CertId                  OPTIONAL,
      hashVal         BIT STRING
      -- hashVal is calculated over DER encoding of the
      -- subjectPublicKey field of the corresponding cert.
  }

  PKIArchiveOptions ::= CHOICE {
      encryptedPrivKey     [0] EncryptedValue,
      -- the actual value of the private key
      keyGenParameters     [1] KeyGenParameters,
      -- parameters which allow the private key to be re-generated
      archiveRemGenPrivKey [2] BOOLEAN
      -- set to TRUE if sender wishes receiver to archive the private
      -- key of a key pair which the receiver generates in response to
      -- this request; set to FALSE if no archival is desired.
  }

  KeyGenParameters ::= OCTET STRING
      -- an alternative to sending the key is to send the information
      -- about how to re-generate the key (e.g., for many RSA
      -- implementations one could send the first random number tested
      -- for primality).
      -- The actual syntax for this parameter may be defined in a
      -- subsequent version of this document or in another standard.

  PKIPublicationInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
     action     INTEGER {
                  dontPublish (0),
                  pleasePublish (1)
                },
     pubInfos  SEQUENCE OF SinglePubInfo OPTIONAL
       -- pubInfos must not be present if action is "dontPublish"
       -- (if action is "pleasePublish" and pubInfos is omitted,
       -- "dontCare" is assumed)
  }

  SinglePubInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
      pubMethod    INTEGER {
          dontCare    (0),
          x500        (1),
          web         (2)
      },
      pubLocation  GeneralName OPTIONAL
  }

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 65]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997

  FullCertTemplates ::= SEQUENCE OF FullCertTemplate

  FullCertTemplate ::= SEQUENCE {
      certReqId              INTEGER,
      -- a non-negative value to match this request with corresponding
      -- response (note:  must be unique over all FullCertReqs in this
      -- message)
      certTemplate           CertTemplate,
      popoSigningKey     [0] POPOSigningKey      OPTIONAL,
      archiveOptions     [1] PKIArchiveOptions   OPTIONAL,
      publicationInfo    [2] PKIPublicationInfo  OPTIONAL,
      oldCertId          [3] CertId              OPTIONAL
      -- id. of cert. which is being updated by this one
  }

  POPOSigningKey ::= SEQUENCE {
      poposkInput         POPOSKInput,
      alg                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
      signature           BIT STRING
      -- the signature (using "alg") on the DER-encoded
      -- value of poposkInput
  }

  POPOSKInput ::= CHOICE {
      popoSigningKeyInput      [0] POPOSigningKeyInput,
      certificationRequestInfo     CertificationRequestInfo
      -- imported from [PKCS10] (note that if this choice is used,
      -- POPOSigningKey is simply a standard PKCS #10 request; this
      -- allows a bare PKCS #10 request to be augmented with other
      -- desired information in the FullCertTemplate before being
      -- sent to the CA/RA)
  }

  POPOSigningKeyInput ::= SEQUENCE {
      authInfo            CHOICE {
          sender              [0] GeneralName,
          -- from PKIHeader (used only if an authenticated identity
          -- has been established for the sender (e.g., a DN from a
          -- previously-issued and currently-valid certificate)
          publicKeyMAC        [1] BIT STRING
          -- used if no authenticated GeneralName currently exists for
          -- the sender; publicKeyMAC contains a password-based MAC
          -- (using the protectionAlg AlgId from PKIHeader) on the
          -- DER-encoded value of publicKey
      },
      publicKey           SubjectPublicKeyInfo    -- from CertTemplate
  }

  InitReqContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      protocolEncKey      [0] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      fullCertTemplates       FullCertTemplates
  }

  InitRepContent ::= CertRepContent

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 66]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997

  CertReqContent ::= FullCertTemplates

  POPODecKeyChallContent ::= SEQUENCE OF Challenge
  -- One Challenge per encryption key certification request (in the
  -- same order as these requests appear in FullCertTemplates).

  Challenge ::= SEQUENCE {
      owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
      -- must be present in the first Challenge; may be omitted in any
      -- subsequent Challenge in POPODecKeyChallContent (if omitted,
      -- then the owf used in the immediately preceding Challenge is
      -- to be used).
      witness             OCTET STRING,
      -- the result of applying the one-way function (owf) to a
      -- randomly-generated INTEGER, A.  [Note that a different
      -- INTEGER must be used for each Challenge.]
      challenge           OCTET STRING
      -- the encryption (under the public key for which the cert.
      -- request is being made) of Rand, where Rand is specified as
      --   Rand ::= SEQUENCE {
      --      int      INTEGER,
      --       - the randomly-generated INTEGER A (above)
      --      sender   GeneralName
      --       - the sender's name (as included in PKIHeader)
      --   }
  }

  POPODecKeyRespContent ::= SEQUENCE OF INTEGER
  -- One INTEGER per encryption key certification request (in the
  -- same order as these requests appear in FullCertTemplates).  The
  -- retrieved INTEGER A (above) is returned to the sender of the
  -- corresponding Challenge.

  CertRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      caPubs          [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate  OPTIONAL,
      response            SEQUENCE OF CertResponse
  }

  CertResponse ::= SEQUENCE {
      certReqId           INTEGER,
      -- to match this response with corresponding request (a value
      -- of -1 is to be used if certReqId is not specified in the
      -- corresponding request)
      status              PKIStatusInfo,
      certifiedKeyPair    CertifiedKeyPair    OPTIONAL
  }

  CertifiedKeyPair ::= SEQUENCE {
      certOrEncCert       CertOrEncCert,
      privateKey      [0] EncryptedValue      OPTIONAL,
      publicationInfo [1] PKIPublicationInfo  OPTIONAL
  }



Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 67]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997

  CertOrEncCert ::= CHOICE {
      certificate     [0] Certificate,
      encryptedCert   [1] EncryptedValue
  }

  KeyUpdReqContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      protocolEncKey      [0] SubjectPublicKeyInfo  OPTIONAL,
      fullCertTemplates   [1] FullCertTemplates     OPTIONAL
  }

  KeyUpdRepContent ::= InitRepContent

  KeyRecReqContent ::= InitReqContent

  KeyRecRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status                  PKIStatusInfo,
      newSigCert          [0] Certificate                   OPTIONAL,
      caCerts             [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate       OPTIONAL,
      keyPairHist         [2] SEQUENCE OF CertifiedKeyPair  OPTIONAL
  }

  RevReqContent ::= SEQUENCE OF RevDetails

  RevDetails ::= SEQUENCE {
      certDetails         CertTemplate,
      -- allows requester to specify as much as they can about
      -- the cert. for which revocation is requested
      -- (e.g., for cases in which serialNumber is not available)
      revocationReason    ReasonFlags,
      -- from the DAM, so CA knows what to use in Dist. point
      badSinceDate        GeneralizedTime  OPTIONAL,
      -- indicates best knowledge of sender
      crlEntryDetails     Extensions
      -- requested crlEntryExtensions
  }

  RevRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status              PKIStatusInfo,
      revCerts        [0] SEQUENCE OF CertId OPTIONAL,
      -- identifies the certs for which revocation was requested
      crls            [1] SEQUENCE OF CertificateList  OPTIONAL
      -- the resulting CRLs (there may be more than one)
  }

  CrossCertReqContent ::= CertReqContent
  CrossCertRepContent ::= CertRepContent

  CAKeyUpdAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      oldWithNew          Certificate, -- old pub signed with new priv
      newWithOld          Certificate, -- new pub signed with old priv
      newWithNew          Certificate  -- new pub signed with new priv
  }

  CertAnnContent ::= Certificate

Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 68]

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Sept. 1997


  RevAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      status              PKIStatus,
      certId              CertId,
      willBeRevokedAt     GeneralizedTime,
      badSinceDate        GeneralizedTime,
      crlDetails          Extensions  OPTIONAL
      -- extra CRL details(e.g., crl number, reason, location, etc.)
}

  CRLAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE OF CertificateList

  PKIConfirmContent ::= NULL

  InfoTypeAndValue ::= SEQUENCE {
      infoType               OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
      infoValue              ANY DEFINED BY infoType  OPTIONAL
  }
  -- Example InfoTypeAndValue contents include, but are not limited to:
  --   { CAProtEncCert    = { xx }, Certificate                     }
  --   { SignKeyPairTypes = { xx }, SEQUENCE OF AlgorithmIdentifier }
  --   { EncKeyPairTypes  = { xx }, SEQUENCE OF AlgorithmIdentifier }
  --   { PreferredSymmAlg = { xx }, AlgorithmIdentifier             }
  --   { CAKeyUpdateInfo  = { xx }, CAKeyUpdAnnContent              }
  --   { CurrentCRL       = { xx }, CertificateList                 }
  -- This construct may also be used to define new PKIX Certificate
  -- Management Protocol request and response messages for future needs
  -- or for specific environments.


  GenReqContent ::= SET OF InfoTypeAndValue
  -- The OPTIONAL infoValue parameter of InfoTypeAndValue will typically
  -- be omitted for some of the examples given above.  The CA is free
  -- to ignore any contained OBJ. IDs that it does not recognize.
  -- The empty set indicates that the CA may send any/all information
  -- that it wishes.

  GenRepContent ::= SET OF InfoTypeAndValue
  -- The end entity is free to ignore any contained OBJ. IDs that it
  -- does not recognize.

  ErrorMsgContent ::= SEQUENCE {
      pKIStatusInfo          PKIStatusInfo,
      errorCode              INTEGER           OPTIONAL,
      -- implementation-specific error codes
      errorDetails           PKIFreeText       OPTIONAL
      -- implementation-specific error details
  }







Adams, Farrell                                                 [Page 69]