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INTERNET-DRAFT October 1, 1996
IP Over Cable Data Network Service
draft-ietf-ipcdn-ipcabledata-spec-00.txt
October 1, 1996
Masuma Ahmed
mxa@terayon.com
Terayon Corporation
Guenter Roeck
groeck@cisco.com
Cisco
1. Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are
working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of
six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use
Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other
than as "work in progress."
To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please
check the "lid-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the
Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ds.internic.net (US
East Coast), nic.nordu.net (Europe), ftp.isi.edu (US West
Coast), or munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim).
2. Abstract
This document describes the application of IP over a cable
data network service environment configured as a logical IP
subnetwork (LIS). Specifically, this document describes the
cable data network interfaces to support IP, IP service
features, IP address assignment using Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), and other service-specific issues relating to
supporting IP over cable data network service. This document
considers only directly connected IP end-stations and the
router operating in the conventional LAN based paradigm over
a cable data network. As background information, this
document also provides an overview of the cable data network
- 2 -
service, the architecture and the related network
interfaces. This document does not specify an Internet
Standard of any kind. It is presented for discussion
purposes only.
3. Conventions
The following language conventions are used in the items of
specifications in this document:
* MUST, SHALL, or MANDATORY - this item is an absolute
requirement of the specification.
* SHOULD or RECOMMEND - this item should generally be
followed for all but exceptional circumstances.
* MAY or OPTIONAL - this item is truly optional and may
be followed or ignored according to the needs of the
implementor.
4. Introduction
The goal of this specification is to allow compatible and
interoperable implementations for transmitting IP packets
over cable data network service. This memo defines only the
operation of IP over cable data network service and is not
meant to describe the operation of cable data network
service. Note that the cable data network service described
in this document is referred to as high speed cable data
service (HSCDS) in the Request For Proposals [1] (RFP) issued
by CableLabs.
The cable data network service is a public carrier service.
Therefore, supporting IP over a public carrier service has
issues such as security, scalability, fairness, charging
based on service tiers, traffic management and should be
dealt with appropriately. This document tries to address
some of these issues.
In this document, the cable data network is defined as an
end-to-end network consisting of three overlaid networks; IP
routed network, a data link layer subnetwork and the
physical HFC access networks. A functional diagram of the
end-to-end cable data network is shown in Figure 1. In this
configuration, IP packet data service is supported using the
- 3 -
packet data bearer service capabilities of the data link
layer cable sub-network which in turn is supported using the
physical transmission medium and the Medium Access Control
(MAC) protocol of the physical layer in the Hybrid Fiber
Coax (HFC) access networks. Note that the data link layer
subnetwork is a routable network unlike a bridged network
and may support functions such as Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) filtering.
________ IP Routed Network
|Router|--------------------------------------------|PC|
|______| Data Link Layer Subnetwork
|headend|----------------------------|modem|
|equip. | | |
HFC Access Network
----------------------------
Note: The Data link layer subnetwork shown here is
a routable network and is not a bridged network.
Figure 1: End-to-end Cable Data Network
The rest of the document details the support of IP, Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP), and IP address assignment over
cable data network service. As background information, a
brief overview of the cable data network service along with
the cable data network architecture is provided in
Appendices A and B.
5. Cable Data Network Architecture
As mentioned earlier, a cable data network consists of three
overlaid networks; IP overlaid network, data link layer
subnetwork and HFC access network. This section describes
the requirements associated with the IP network over the
cable data network service only. Specifications of the data
link layer and the physical layer networks are beyond the
scope of this document. As background information, a brief
description of the physical and data link layer networks is
provided in Appendix B.
- 4 -
5.1 IP Routed Network
The end-to-end cable data network MUST provide the
internetworking capabilities by using IP as the network
layer protocol technology. A router MUST be used to provide
the layer 3 connectivity between different customer
equipment and the wide area network. Therefore, the
interface provided by the router to the customer equipment
MUST be a network layer interface and the data transferred
MUST be a routable protocol which may be routed to the
backbone network belonging to the same carrier network or to
the Wide Area Network (WAN). The router MUST provide all
internetworking between customer equipment (e.g., PCs)
attached to the cable data modems and between cable modem
users and the WAN.
6. Cable Data Network Interfaces
The network components of the cable data network and the
related interfaces are shown in Figure 2. We followed the
conventions as much as possible with a few exceptions used
in the HSCDS RFP issued by CableLabs to name the network
elements and the associated interfaces of the cable data
network. The network components of the cable data network
include:
* cable data modem (CDM) and PC/WorkStation at
the subscriber premise
* cable data modem termination system (CDMTS) at
the distribution hub or headend
* router, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
server and local web servers at the headend
In the sections below, the router interfaces to support IP
over cable data network are described. Other relevant
interfaces of the end-to-end cable data network are also
briefly described.
- 5 -
Headend or
Distribution Hub
|------------------------|
|________ --------- |
||Local | |Manage-| |
||WWW | |ment | |
||Server| |System | |
|---^---- -^----^-- |
| | | | |
| | |--|----|---| |
| | ---I/M1 ---I/M2|
| | | |
|___v___v_ |-v---|| I/F3 |-------| I/F2 |---|I/F1 ____
I/F7 ||Router |<---|-->|CDMTS|<---|-->|HFC |<--|-->|CDM|<-|->|PC|
To <--|-->|_^_____| I/F4 |-----|| |Access | |---| |__|
WAN | | | | |Network| |
| | |<----------------|----|----------------------------->|
| ---I/F5 | I/F6
| | |
||-v----| |
||DHCP | |
||Server| |
||______| |
--------------------------
I/F: Network Interface
I/M: Management Interface
Figure 2: Cable Data Network Interfaces
6.1 IF/1 Interface
The I/F1 is the interface between the CDM and the PC at the
subscriber premise. The I/F1 interface supports native
Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Medium Access Control (MAC)
protocols over 10Base-T physical interface. The I/F1
interface carries transparently the higher layer protocols
(e.g., IP) above the data link layer protocol to the PC (or
workstation). The specification of this interface is beyond
the scope of this document.
- 6 -
6.2 I/F2 Interface
The I/F2 is the interface between the CDM and the HFC access
network. The I/F2 supports an RF digital transmission
interface between the CDM and the HFC access network and
performs upstream RF channel signal modulation and
downstream RF channel signal demodulation functions. In
addition, I/F2 supports a data link layer interface to the
HFC network providing network access control and data
delivery functions. The specification of this interface is
beyond the scope of this document.
6.3 I/F3 Interface
The I/F3 is the interface between CDMTS and the HFC access
network. The I/F3 interface performs almost the same
protocol functions as the I/F2 interface with a few
exceptions. The I/F3 interface at the CDMTS is used to
control and manage a number of CDMs in the HFC access
networks. Therefore, one of the primary functions of the
I/F3 interface is to manage and control the usage of
upstream and downstream RF channel resources by the
subscriber modems. Also, at the physical level, the
following differences exist between the I/F2 and I/F3
interfaces:
- upstream and downstream channel frequencies
(e.g., I/F3 upstream and downstream frequencies are
opposite to those at the I/F2)
- receive and transmit power levels
In addition, it is possible that the I/F3 may aggregate more
than one fiber nodes and as such the I/F3 interface may have
different Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio
(SNR) than the I/F2 interface. The specification of this
interface is beyond the scope of this document.
6.4 I/F4 Interface
The I/F4 is the interface between the CDMTS and the router
located at the headend or the distribution hub. Separation
of the router and the CDMTS may be an implementation issue
and as such the I/F4 interface is vendor implementation
specific. Therefore, the specification of I/F4 interface is
- 7 -
beyond the scope of this document.
6.5 /F5 Interface
The I/F5 is the interface between the router and the IP
address server which in this case is the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. The I/F5 interface is
a traditional IP routed network from the headend router to
the DHCP server(s). As the data transmitted across this
network is native IP, the choice of LAN and WAN media is
extremely flexible. It is possible that the router or the
CDMTS itself may contain the DHCP server functions and thus
the I/F5 interface may support a proprietary interface
depending on a specific vendor's implementation. Therefore,
the specification of I/F5 interface is beyond the scope of
this document.
6.6 I/F6 Interface
The I/F6 is the IP interface between the router located at
the headend or distribution hub and the PC located at the
subscriber premise. The I/F6 interface MUST support the IP
network layer interface between the router located at the
distribution hub/headend and the PC (or workstation) located
at the subscriber premise. This interface MUST support
dynamic assignment of network layer address, i.e., the IP
address to the PC on PC power up using DHCP [4]. This
interface is described in detail in Section 8 below.
6.7 I/F7 Interface
The I/F7 is the Wide Area Network (WAN) interface between
the router and the public backbone network. This interface
supports all of the required standard WAN interfaces
supported in a public carrier network. Specification of the
I/F7 interface is beyond the scope of this document.
7. IP Service Features
The types of IP service features that may be supported over
cable data network service include:
- 8 -
* Guaranteed and best effort IP service delivery
(e.g., by using RSVP and Integrated services protocol)
* Packet/protocol filtering (e.g., packet access,
filtering, forwarding, and control)
* Subscription based service provisioning
(e.g., access to the IP service via a service order process)
* Dynamic and static configuration of IP addresses
to subscriber's end systems (using DHCP)
* Different tiers of IP service (e.g., using IP access list)
* IP multicast service
8. Logical IP Subnetwork Configuration
In the Logical IP Subnetwork (LIS) configuration, each
separate administrative entity configures its hosts and
routers within a closed logical IP subnetwork. Each cable
data network can be considered to be under one
administrative entity, i.e., under the jurisdiction of one
cable data network service provider. The cable data network
can be configured as a single or multiple IP subnetworks
depending on the geographic span and physical architecture
of the cable data network configuration and the number of
hosts supported in the network.
In general, the router in the cable data network MUST
support at least one subnetwork configuration (referred to
as `router LIS configuration'). The hosts within the same
subscriber premise MUST have direct access to the other
hosts belonging to the same host subnet configuration but
MUST not have direct access to the other cable data network
service hosts supported in the same router LIS. All hosts
within the same host LIS MUST have the same IP
network/subnet number and address mask, i.e., all of the IP
devices on each of the Ethernet interfaces of the subscriber
CDMs MUST be on the same IP router subnet.
Depending on the cable data network service requirements, it
is RECOMMENDED that the router providing LIS functionality
over the cable data network service be able to support more
than one LIS. Therefore, the router SHOULD be configured as
a member of one or more LISs. All members within a router
LIS MUST have the same IP network/subnet number and address
mask.
- 9 -
As mentioned in Appendix A, RF channels are used as the
physical transmission medium in the HFC access networks to
support cable data network service. In addition, separate RF
channels at different RF frequency spectrum are used for
upstream and downstream transmission. Also, depending on the
CATV network lay-out, two-way CATV data transmission may be
supported using a single downstream RF channel and multiple
upstream RF channels. For the purpose of this document, the
downstream RF channel and the associated upstream RF
channels used for two-way data transmission are considered
as a single two-way RF transmission entity.
Depending on the span of the cable data network and the
number of hosts supported per RF transmission entity, a
router LIS MUST be configured to support all hosts connected
to a single or multiple RF transmission entities. The
router providing interconnection of differing LISs MUST be
able to support multiple sets of parameters (one set for
each connected LIS) and be able to associate each set of
parameters to specific IP network/subnet number. The router
MUST be able to provide multiple LISs support with a single
physical I/F4 interface between itself and the CDMTS.
Similarly, a router MUST be able to support a single LIS
that spans over multiple CDMTSs. Also, the router MUST be
able to provide a single LIS support to more than one RF
transmission entities with a single physical I/F4 interface
between itself and the CDMTS. Note that, as mentioned
earlier, the router and the CDMTS functions may be combined
into a single entity. In such a case, the I/F4 related
requirements described here do not apply.
Hosts that are not within the same subscriber premise but
within the same IP router subnet as well as of different IP
router subnets MUST communicate via the IP router.
Therefore, the hosts within the same router LIS MUST not
have direct access to each other. The router MUST support
sending IP packets to any and all hosts within the same
router LIS as well as of differing router LISs but the hosts
within the router LIS MUST send packets to the router only.
Since it is expected that only a small amount of the cable
data network service traffic will be from one host to
another, this will not cause excessive relay traffic, but
does have significant impact on the IP subnet model.
8.1 Address Resolution Protocol
The hosts and router had the same subnet mask for the large
router subnet and the hosts that happened to talk to many
other hosts on the same router subnet may be required to
support very large (e.g., 10,000 entries) Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) tables. Therefore, the router MUST view a
- 10 -
single or multiple RF transmission entities in the cable
data network as one subnet (e.g., 1,000 to 10,000 hosts).
Normally, ARP [5] is used between hosts and the router, and
between hosts. ARP used in the cable data network for each
of these cases is described below.
* Router to Host
To avoid scaling and security problems with use of ARP over
a large IP router subnet (e.g., 1,000 to 10,000 hosts), the
router MUST not ARP for the MAC address of the host.
Instead, the router MUST assume that DHCP is used by the IP
hosts. In the process of relaying the DHCP requests between
the hosts to the DHCP server, the router MUST capture the
MAC address of the host and the host's IP address assigned
by the server. The router MUST bind this information
together into its ARP table. The entry in the ARP table
MUST be flagged to prevent it from aging out normally.
Unicast ARP MAY be used to validate the entry and refresh
it.
* Host to Router
The DHCP MUST communicate the default IP gateway address to
the host. Through configuration in the DHCP server, the IP
address of the router MUST be supplied to the host. The host
MUST issue a normal ARP for the IP address of the router.
The subscriber CDM MUST encapsulate this packet to send it
upstream. The router MUST answer this ARP normally.
* Host to Host
Hosts ARPing other hosts attached to the same I/F1 interface
MUST not leave the I/F1 interface. However, for hosts ARPing
other hosts within the router LIS, the router MUST use the
proxy ARP capability to answer these ARP requests.
8.1.1 ICMP
Data from one host to another on the same
router subnet MUST be sent via the router. When two hosts
are on the same subnet, the router would normally send an
ICMP Redirect to inform the first host that a better (in
this case, direct) path exists. However, since the cable
media does not support direct host to host communications
within the same router subnet, the router MUST do the
forwarding and MUST suppress the ICMP messages.
- 11 -
8.2 IP Address Assignment
A host attached to the CDM at the subscriber premise MUST
use DHCP to obtain its configuration and IP address. The
router MUST participate in all DHCP exchanges between the
host and the DHCP server. For example, upon power-up, the
host may broadcast a DHCP message on its local Ethernet
segment. The host may optionally include any host
configuration parameters that it may need. The subscriber
modem transmits this packet upstream to the router.
Upon receiving the packet, the router adds its IP address to
the gateway IP address field in the DHCP packet and may
forward the packet to one or more DHCP servers. The DHCP
servers send DHCP packets to the router with each packet
containing offered IP addresses available for use which the
router forwards to the host. The host selects an offered IP
address and sends back a DHCP request message for a lease on
that address to the router which forwards the packet to the
DHCP server. The DHCP server sends an acknowledgement
indicating a successful lease of the address. The router
adds an ARP entry, binding the IP address to the Ethernet
MAC address of the host and forwards the DHCP
acknowledgement to the host.
8.2.1 IP Broadcast Address
It is RECOMMENDED that the
router and the hosts within the IP subnet of the cable data
network be able to receive and transmit IP packets with any
of the four standard IP broadcast addresses as specified in
RFC1122 [6]. Members upon receiving an IP broadcast or IP
subnet broadcast packets for their LIS, MAY process the
packet as if addressed to that station. However, depending
on the cable data network service requirements, the router
SHOULD have the capability to suppress packets received with
broadcast IP address.
8.2.2 IP Multicast Address
The IP multicasting method
specified in RFC1112 [7] requires a Network Service Interface
which provides a multicast-like ability to provide dynamic
access to the local network service interface operations:
- JoinLocalGroup (group-address)
- LeaveLocalGroup (group-address)
Security, subscription and subscriber billing related
implications associated with dynamic subscription and
removal from group address lists of any host in a router IP
subnetwork require further study. Also, methods to support
- 12 -
IP multicasting over data link layer protocol of the cable
data network service require further study and will be
addressed in the future.
8.3 IP Service Tiers
Cable data network service providers may support different
tiers of IP service using different charging schemes.
Depending on the service tier subscribed to, a host can have
access to different servers and application services such as
premium web pages, guaranteed bit rate packet, multicast,
etc. Different tiers of IP service MAY be supported using
the IP access list. By arranging the IP address assigned to
fall into one of several ranges, the number of access lists
required may be reduced to a very small number. The router
MAY support such capability by modifying the DHCP Address
Assignment packet to include the subscriber's cable modem ID
in the DHCP `client identifier' field. Note that the
subscriber's hosts MUST not know the cable modem ID. This
will be done transparently to them.
8.4 Security
The IP security issues such as supporting authenticated
end-to-end IP transmission, e.g., using data encryption are
beyond the scope of this document.
9. Issues
Issues associated with cable data network service
configurations to support capabilities such as IP
multicasting, IP tunneling and Virtual Private Network (VPN)
configuration include:
- procedures for performing routing updates between the
headend router and the modem router (in this case, the
modem at the subscriber premise supports routing
functions)
- ability to create virtual private IP routed network
- filtering of IP packets from outgoing routing protocol
updates
- 13 -
10. Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Jim Forster and Dennis Picker for their
valuable suggestions and critical review of the document.
In addition, the author would like to thank Amir Furhman
and Steve Lin for helpful discussions on the topic.
11. Appendix A: CATV Data Network Service
Examples of CATV data network service capabilities include:
*packet data delivery to subscriber cable data modem (CDM) with
minimum peak bit rate of 500 kbps in the downstream direction.
The maximum peak bit rate can be up to 40 Mbps.
*packet data delivery to subscriber cable data modem (CDM) with
maximum peak bit rate of 10 Mbps in the upstream direction.
The minimum peak bit rate can be as low as 28 kbps.
Various implementations of cable data network service
supporting a number of data link layer protocols are
available today. Most of these implementations support
data link layer protocol for the cable data network service
using slot and frame approach in both upstream and
downstream directions. In the HFC access network, the
downstream direction is described as the transmission of
data flow from the network to the subscriber and the
upstream direction is described as the transmission of data
flow from the subscriber to the network. In the downstream
direction, usually broadcast mode is used to distribute
traffic to the subscribers from the cable headend equipment.
In the upstream direction, the network resources are shared
and subscribers have to contend for it. As an upstream
resource arbiter, the cable headend equipment allocates and
manages upstream bandwidth to the subscribers using data
link layer bandwidth management algorithm.
Radio Frequency (RF) channels in the upstream and downstream
directions over HFC access networks are used as the physical
medium to transport the cable data network service. Various
combinations of the modulation techniques are used for
digital transmission of the cable data network service over
- 14 -
analog transmission medium of the HFC access networks.
Examples of different modulation techniques include:
* Spread spectrum modulation technique such as
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
* Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) technique
* Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Technique (QAM) with modulation
order of 16, 64, and/or 256
*Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique
The RF channels are configured to run between the cable
modem at the subscriber premise and the channel controller
at the headend. Upstream channel is shared among all the
subscribers in the HFC networks and various physical layer
access algorithms in addition to data link layer bandwidth
management algorithms are used to access the upstream
resources. One or a combination of the following physical
layer access algorithms is used to support cable data
network service in the upstream direction.
* Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (S-CDMA) method
* Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) method
*Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) method
12. Appendix B: Cable Data Network Architecture and Interfaces
The physical and data link layer portion of the cable data
network architecture is described below.
B1. HFC Access Network
The physical HFC access network is a a shared-media, tree
and branch architecture with analog transmission over fiber
used for trunks and coaxial cable used for accessing the end
systems. The majority of the existing HFC access networks
support sub-split systems where the upstream frequency
spectrum is supported from 5 to 30 MHz (and 42 MHz in the
upgraded systems) and the downstream frequency spectrum is
- 15 -
from 50 to 550 MHz (and 750 MHz in the upgraded systems).
There are also systems that support mid-split (5 to 108 MHz
in the upstream direction, and 162 MHz and above in the
downstream direction) and high-split (5 to 174 MHz in the
upstream direction, and 243 MHz and above in the downstream
direction) systems, however, these systems are primarily
used in institutional networks.
A physical lay-out of the HFC access network is illustrated
in Figure 3. As shown, a typical HFC access network consists
of fiber nodes and cascaded amplifiers with remote
distribution hubs centrally controlled from a central cable
headend system. Depending on network configurations, a
single headend in the cable data network can support from 40
to 200 or larger number of fiber nodes and each fiber node
can support from 500 to 2000 or even larger number of
households.
- 16 -
To other<--//---|
DH or --//--->||<----SONET Ring ________ |<------>
HE || (digital) | | |Co-axial
|| |------|Fiber |----|Distribut(500/
|| (analog) | | | |-ion 2000
_____||______ Fiber Optics| |--->|Node | |<------> homes
| |<-----//----| | |______| passed)
|Distribution|------//------|
|Hub (DH) | |<---------->
|or | ________ |
|Head End | Fiber Optics | |---|<-Co-axial (500/
|(HE) |<-------//-------|Fiber | Distribution 2000
|____________|------//-------->|Node |---|<---------->homes
|| |______| |<---------->passed)
|| 20,000/100,000
To other <--//--|| homes passed 40 to 200
DH or --//--->| Fiber Nodes
HE
Figure 3: An Example HFC Access Network
RF channels usually 6 MHz wide are used to transport analog
services such as NTSC video, and digital services such as
cable data network service, in the HFC access networks. An
RF channel is the physical layer parameter of the HFC access
network that extends from the physical layer interface of
the cable data modem (CDM) located at the subscriber premise
to the cable data modem termination system (CDMTS) located
at the headend or distribution hub. Separate RF channels in
different frequency spectrum are used for upstream and
downstream transmission. Distribution hubs are remotely
located from the headend and are configured to support one
or more fiber nodes. These remote hubs are interconnected
back to a centralized headend via digital transmission
medium such as SONET ring.
13. Terminology
In this document, the following terminology is used
consistent with the Cablelabs HSCDS RFP.
* CDM is the cable data modem at the subscriber premise.
* CDMTS is the cable data modem termination system
at the headend or distribution hub.
- 17 -
* Customer equipment is the equipment at the subscriber premise
such as a PC or workstation.
* HE is the cable head end.
* DHE is the Distribution Hub Equipment.
* Carrier equipment is the equipment such as CDM, CDMTS, HE
that belongs to the public carrier network.
* I/F refers to the network interface in the CATV data network.
* I/M refers to the management interface in the CATV data network.
14. Authors' Addresses
Masuma Ahmed
Terayon Corporation
2952 Bunker Hill Lane
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: (408) 486-5207
Fax: (408) 727-6205
Email: mxa@terayon.com
Guenter Roeck
Cisco
174 Tasman Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: (408) 527-3143
Fax: (408) 727-6205
Email: groeck@cisco.com
- 18 -
References
1. "High Speed Cable Data Service Request for Proposals",
Cable Television Laboratories, April 1995.
4. Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
RFC1531, Bucknell University, October 1993.
5. Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -
or - Converting Network Addresses to 48 bit Ethernet
Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", STD 37,
RFC826, MIT, November 1982.
6. Deering, S., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC1122, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, October 1992.
7. Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", STD
5, RFC1112, Stanford University, August 1989.