Information Operations Fundamentals 2001 February

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Access Opportunity to make use of an IS resource. NSTISSI 4009 Access Control "Limiting access to information system resources only to authorized users, programs, processes, or other systems." NSTISSI 4009 Access Control List (ACL) Mechanism implementing discretionary and/or mandatory access control between subjects and objects. NSTISSI 4009 Access Control Mechanism Security safegard designed to detect and deny unauthorized access and permit authorized access in an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Access Control Officer (ACO) Designated individual responsible for limiting access to information systems resources. NSTISSI 4009 Access Level "Hierarchical portion of the security level used to identify the sensitivity of IS data and the clearance or authorization of users. Access level, in conjunction with the non-hierarchical categories, forms the sensitivity label of an object. See category." NSTISSI 4009 Access List "(IS) Compilation of users, programs, or processes and the access levels and types to which each is authorized. (COMSEC)-Roster of persons authorized admittance to a controlled area." NSTISSI 4009 Access Period "Segment of time, generally expressed in days or weeks, during which access rights prevail." NSTISSI 4009 Access Profile Associates each user with a list of protected objects the user may access. NSTISSI 4009 Access Type "Privilege to perform action on an object. Read, write, execute, append, modify, delete, and create are examples of access types." NSTISSI 4009 Accessible Space "Area within which the user is aware of all persons entering and leaving. This area denies the opportunity for concealed TEMPEST surveillance, and delineates the closest point of potential TEMPEST intercept from a vehicle. Preferred term: inspectable space." NSTISSI 4009 Accountability "(IS) Process allowing auditing of IS activities to be traced to a source that may then be held responsible. (COMSEC) Principle that an individual is entrusted to safeguard and control equipment, keying material, and information and is answerable to proper authority for the loss or misuse of that equipment or information." NSTISSI 4009 Accounting Legend Code (ALC) Numeric code used to indicate the minimum accounting controls required for items of accountable COMSEC material within the COMSEC Material Control System. NSTISSI 4009 Accounting Number Number assigned to an item of COMSEC material to facilitate its control. NSTISSI 4009 Accreditation Formal declaration by a Designated Approving Authority (DAA) that an IS is approved to operate in a particular security mode using a prescribed set of safeguards at an acceptable level of risk. NSTISSI 4009 Accreditation Package Product comprised of a System Security Plan (SSP) and a report documenting the basis for the accreditation decision. NSTISSI 4009 Accrediting Authority Synonymous with Designated Approving Authority. NSTISSI 4009 ACL Access Control List ACRONYMS ACO Access Control Officer ACRONYMS Add-on-Security "Incorporation of new hardware, software, or firmware safeguards in an operational IS." NSTISSI 4009 Address Spoofing "Type of attack in which the attacker steals a legitimate network address of a system and uses it to impersonate the system that owns the address. Impersonating, masquerading, mimicking, and piggybacking are forms of spoofing." NSTISSI 4009 ADM Advanced Development Model ACRONYMS ADP Advanced Data Processing ACRONYMS ADPS Automatic Data Processing System ACRONYMS Adversary Person or organization that must be denied access to information. NSTISSI 4009 Advisory "Assessment of significant new trends or developments regarding the threat to the IS of an organization. This assessment may include analytical insights into trends, intentions, technologies, or tactics of an adversary targeting ISs." NSTISSI 4009 AE Application Entity ACRONYMS AFIWC Air Force Information Warfare Center ACRONYMS AIG Address Indicator Group ACRONYMS AIN Advanced Intelligence Network ACRONYMS AIRK Area Interswitch Rekeying Key ACRONYMS AIS Automated Information System ACRONYMS AISS Automated Information Systems Security ACRONYMS AJ Anti-Jamming ACRONYMS AK Automatic Remote Rekeying ACRONYMS AKD/RCU Automatic Key Distribution/Rekeying Control Unit ACRONYMS AKDC Automatic Key Distribution Center ACRONYMS AKMC Automated Key Management Center ACRONYMS AKMS Automated Key Management System ACRONYMS ALC Accounting Legend Code ACRONYMS Alert Notification of a specific attack directed at the IS of an organization. NSTISSI 4009 Alternate COMSEC Custodian Person designated by proper authority to perform the duties of the COMSEC custodian during the temporary absence of the COMSEC custodian. NSTISSI 4009 AMS 1. Auto-Manual System 2. Autonomous Message Switch ACRONYMS ANDVT Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal ACRONYMS ANSI American National Standards Institute ACRONYMS Anti-jam Measures ensuring that transmitted information can be received despite deliberate jamming attempts. NSTISSI 4009 Anti-spoof Measures preventing an opponent's participation in an IS. NSTISSI 4009 AOR area of responsibility IO Fundamentals AOSS Automated Office Support Systems ACRONYMS APC Adaptive Predictive Coding ACRONYMS APL Approved Product List ACRONYMS APU Auxiliary Power Unit ACRONYMS ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ACRONYMS ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ACRONYMS ASD (C3I) "Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence" ACRONYMS ASPJ Advanced Self-Protection Jammer ACRONYMS Assembly "Group of parts, elements, subassemblies, or circuits that are removable items of COMSEC equipment." NSTISSI 4009 ASSIST Automated Information System Security Incident Support Team NSTISSI 4009 Assurance See information assurance NSTISSI 4009 ASU Approval for Service Use ACRONYMS ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ACRONYMS Attack "Intentional act of attempting to bypass one or more of the following security controls of an IS: nonrepudiation, authentication, integrity, availability, or confidentiality." NSTISSI 4009 Attention Character "In Trusted Computing Base (TCB) design, a character entered from a terminal that tells the TCB the user wants a secure communications path from the terminal to some trusted code to provide a secure service for the user." NSTISSI 4009 Audit "Independent review and examination of records and activities to assess the adequacy of system controls, to ensure compliance with established policies and operational procedures, and to recommend necessary changes in controls, policies, or procedures." NSTISSI 4009 Audit Trail "Chronological record of system activites to enable the reconstruction and examination of the sequence of events and/or changes in an event. Audit trail may apply to information in an IS, to message routing in a communications system, or to the transfer of COMSEC material." NSTISSI 4009 Authenticate "To verify the identity of a user, user device, or other entity, or the integrity of data stored, transmitted, or otherwise exposed to unauthorized modification in an IS, or to establish the validity of a transmission." NSTISSI 4009 Authentication "Security measure designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator, or a means of verifying an individual's authorization to receive specific categories of information." NSTISSI 4009 Authentication System Cryptosystem or process used for authentication. NSTISSI 4009 Authenticator "Means used to confirm the identity of a station, originator, or individual." NSTISSI 4009 Authorization "Access privileges granted to a user, program, or process." NSTISSI 4009 Authorized Vendor Manufacturer of INFOSEC equipment authorized to produce quantities in excess of contractual requirements for direct sale to eligible buyers. Eligible buyers are typically U.S. Government organiztions or U.S. Government contractors. NSTISSI 4009 Authorized Vendor Program "Program in which a vendor, producing an INFOSEC product under contract to the National Security Agency, is authorized to produce that product in numbers exceeding the contracted requirements for direct marketing and sale to eligible buyers. Eligible buyers are typically U.S. Government organizations or U.S. Government contractors. Products approved for marketing and sale through the Authorized Vendor Program are placed on the Endorsed Cryptographic Products List." NSTISSI 4009 AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network ACRONYMS Auto-Manual-System "Programmable, hand-held crypto-equipment used to perform encoding and decoding functions." NSTISSI 4009 Automated Information Systems See Information System. NSTISSI 4009 Automated Information Systems Security See information systems security. NSTISSI 4009 Automated Remote Rekeying Procedure to rekey distant crypto-equipment electronically without specific actions by the receiving terminal operator. NSTISSI 4009 Automated Security Monitoring Use of automated procedures to ensure controls are not circumvented or the use of these tools to track actions taken by subjects suspected of misusing the IS. NSTISSI 4009 AV Auxiliary Vector ACRONYMS Availability "Timely, reliable access to data and information services for authorized users." NSTISSI 4009 AVP Authorized Vendor Program ACRONYMS Back Door Synonymous with trap door. NSTISSI 4009 Backup "Copy of files and programs made to facilitate recovery, if necessary." NSTISSI 4009 Banner Display on an IS that sets parameters for system or data use. NSTISSI 4009 Bell-La Padula Security Model Format-state transition model of a computer security policy that describes a formal set of access controls based on information sensitivity and subject authorizations. See star (*) property and simple security property. NSTISSI 4009 Benign Condition of cryptographic data that cannot be compromised by human access. NSTISSI 4009 Benign Environment "Nonhostile environment that may be protected from external hostile elements by physical, personnel, and procedural security countermeasures." NSTISSI 4009 Beyond A1 Level of trust defined by the DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria to be beyond the state-of-the-art technology. It includes all the A1-level features plus additional ones not required at the A1-level. NSTISSI 4009 Binding Process of associating a specific communications terminal with a specific cryptographic key or associating two related elements of information. NSTISSI 4009 Biometrics Automated methods of authenticating or verifying an individual based upon a physical or behavioral characteristic. NSTISSI 4009 Bit Error Rate Ratio between the number of bits incorrectly received and the total number of bits transmitted in a telecommunications system. NSTISSI 4009 BLACK "Designation applied to information systems, and to associated areas, circuits, components, and equipment, in which national security information is not processed." NSTISSI 4009 Boundary "Software, hardware, or physical barrier that limits access to a system or part of a system." NSTISSI 4009 Brevity List List containing words and phrases used to shorten messages. NSTISSI 4009 Browsing "Act of searching through IS storage to locate or acquire information, without necessarily knowing the existence or format of information being sought." NSTISSI 4009 Bulk Encryption Simultaneous encrytption of all channels of a multichannel telecommunications link. NSTISSI 4009 C&A Certification and Accreditation ACRONYMS C2 command and control IO Fundamentals C2W command and control warfare IO Fundamentals C4 "Command, Control, Communications and Computers" ACRONYMS CA Certification Authority ACRONYMS CA civil affairs IO Fundamentals Call Back "Procedure for identifying and authenticating a remote IS terminal, whereby the host system disconnects the terminal and re-establishes contact. Synonymous with dial back." NSTISSI 4009 Call Sign Cipher "Cryptosystem used to encipher/decipher call signs, address groups, and address indicating groups." NSTISSI 4009 Canister Type of protective package used to contain and dispense key in punched or printed tape form. NSTISSI 4009 Capability "Protected identifier that both identifies the object and specifies the access rights to be allowed to the subject who possesses the capability. In a capability-based system, access to protected objects such as files is granted if the would-be subject possesses a capability for the object." NSTISSI 4009 Cascading Downward flow of information through a range of security levels greater than the accreditation range of a system network or component. NSTISSI 4009 Category Restrictive label applied to classified or unclassified information to limit access. NSTISSI 4009 CCB Configuration Control Board ACRONYMS CCEP Commercial COMSEC Endorsement Program ACRONYMS CCI Controlled Cryptographic Item ACRONYMS CCI Assembly "Device embodying a cryptographic logic or other COMSEC design that NSA has approved as a Controlled Cryptographic Item (CCI). It performs the entire COMSEC function, but depends upon the host equipment to operate." NSTISSI 4009 CCI Component "Part of a Controlled Cryptographic Item (CCI) that does not perform the entire COMSEC function but depends upon the host equipment, or assembly, to complete and operate the COMSEC function." NSTISSI 4009 CCI Equipment Telecommunications or information handling equipment that embodies a Controlled Cryptographic Item (CCI) component or CCI assembly and performs the entire COMSEC function without dependence on host equipment to operate. NSTISSI 4009 CCO Circuit Control Officer ACRONYMS CDR Critical Design Review ACRONYMS CDRL Contract Data Requirements List ACRONYMS CDS Cryptographic Device Services ACRONYMS Central Office of Record (COR) Office of a federal department or agency that keeps records of accountable COMSEC material held by elements subject to its oversight. NSTISSI 4009 CEOI Communications Electronics Operating Instruction ACRONYMS CEPR Compromising Emanation Performance Requirement ACRONYMS CER 1. Cryptographic Equipment Room 2. Communication Equipment Room ACRONYMS CERT Computer Emergency Response Team ACRONYMS Certificate Record holding security information about an IS user and vouches to the truth and accuracy of the information it contains. NSTISSI 4009 Certificate Management "Process whereby certificates (as defined above) are generated, stored, protected, transferred, loaded, used, and destroyed." NSTISSI 4009 Certificate of Action Statement Statement attached to a COMSEC audit report by which a COMSEC custodian certifies that all actions have been completed. NSTISSI 4009 Certificate Revocation List List of invalid certificates (as defined above) that have been revoked by the issuer. NSTISSI 4009 Certification "Comprehensive evaluation of the technical and nontechnical security features of an IS and other safeguards, made in support of the accreditation process, to establish the extent to which a particular design and implementation meets a set of specified security requirements." NSTISSI 4009 Certification Agent "Individual responsible for making a technical judgment of the system's compliance with stated requirements, identifying and assessing the risks associated with operating the system, coordinating the certification activities, and consolidating the final certification and accreditation packages." NSTISSI 4009 Certification Authority "Third level of the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Certification Management Authority responsible for issuing and revoking user certificates, and exacting compliance to the PKI policy as defined by the parent Policy Creation Authority (PCA)." NSTISSI 4009 Certification Authority Workstation Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) workstation with a trusted operating system and special purpose application software that is used to issue certificates. NSTISSI 4009 Certification Package Product of the certification effort documenting the detailed results of the certification activities. NSTISSI 4009 Certification Test and Evaluation (CT&E) Software and hardware security tests conducted during development of an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Certified TEMPEST Technical Authority (CTTA) "An experienced, technically qualified U.S. Government employee who has met established certification requirements in accordance with NSTISSC-approved criteria and has been appointed by a U.S. Government Department or Agency to fulfill CTTA responsibilites." NSTISSI 4009 CF Criticality Factor ACRONYMS CFD Common Fill Device ACRONYMS Challenge and Reply Authentication Prearranged procedure in which a subject requests authentication of another and the latter establishes validity with a correct reply. NSTISSI 4009 Check Word Cipher text generated by cryptographic logic to detect failures in cryptography. NSTISSI 4009 Checksum Value computed on data to detect error or manipulation during transmission. See hash total. NSTISSI 4009 CI counterintelligence IO Fundamentals CIA Central Intelligence Agency ACRONYMS CIAC Computer Incident Assessment Capability ACRONYMS CIK Crypto-Ignition Key ACRONYMS CINC Commander in Chief ACRONYMS Cipher "Any cryptographic system in which arbitrary symbols or groups of symbols, represent units of plain text or in which units of plain text are rearranged, or both." NSTISSI 4009 Cipher Text Enciphered information. NSTISSI 4009 Cipher Text Auto-Key Cryptographic logic that uses previous cipher text to generate a key stream. NSTISSI 4009 Ciphony "Process of enciphering audio information, resulting in encrypted speech." NSTISSI 4009 CIRK Common Interswitch Rekeying Key ACRONYMS CIRT Computer Security Incident Response Team ACRONYMS Civil Affairs "The activities of a commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and civil authorities, both governmental and nongovernmental, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile area of operations in order to facilitate military operations and consolidate operational objectives. Civil affairs may include performance by military forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of local government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions. They may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. Also called CA. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals CJCS "Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff" ACRONYMS CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction IO Fundamentals CJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual IO Fundamentals CK Compartment Key ACRONYMS CKG Cooperative Key Generation ACRONYMS Classified Information "Information that has been determined pursuant to Executive Order 12958 or any predecessor order, or by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, to require protection against unauthorized disclosure and is marked to indicate its classified status." NSTISSI 4009 Clearing "Removal of data from an IS, its storage devices, and other peripheral devices with storage capacity, in such a way that the data may not be reconstructed using common system capabilities (i.e., keyboard strokes); however, the data may be reconstructed using laboratory methods. Cleared media may be reused at the same classification level or at a higher level. Overwriting is one method of clearing." NSTISSI 4009 CLMD COMSEC Local Management Device ACRONYMS Closed Security Environment "Environment providing sufficient assurance that applications and equipment are protected against the introduction of malicious logic during an IS life cycle. Closed security is based upon a system's developers operators, and maintenance personnel having sufficient clearances, authorization, and configuration control." NSTISSI 4009 CM Configuration Management ACRONYMS CMCS COMSEC Material Control System ACRONYMS CMO civil-military operations IO Fundamentals CNA computer network attack IO Fundamentals CNCS Cryptonet Control Station ACRONYMS CND Computer Network Defense ACRONYMS CND Computer Network Defense ACRONYMS CNK Cryptonet Key ACRONYMS COA course of action IO Fundamentals Code "(COMSEC) System of communication in which arbitrary groups of letters, numbers, or symbols represent units of plain text of varying length." NSTISSI 4009 Code Book "Document containing plain text and code equivalents in a systematic arrangement, or a technique of machine encryption using a word substitution technique." NSTISSI 4009 Code Group "Group of letters, numbers, or both in a code system used to represent a plain text word, phrase, or sentence." NSTISSI 4009 Code Vocabulary "Set of plain text words, numerals, phrases, or sentences for which code equivalents are assigned in a code system." NSTISSI 4009 Cold Start Procedure for initially keying crypto-equipment. NSTISSI 4009 Command and Control "The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Command and Control Warfare "The integrated use of operations security, military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control" IO Fundamentals Command Authority "Individual responsible for the appointment of user representatives for a department, agency, or organization and their key ordering privileges." NSTISSI 4009 Commercial COMSEC Endorsement Program (CCEP) "Relationship between NSA and industry in which NSA provides the COMSEC expertise (i.e., standards, algorithms, evaluations, and guidance) and industry provides design, development, and production capabilities to produce a type 1 or type 2 product. Products developed under the CCEP may include modules, subsystems, equipment, systems, and ancillary devices." NSTISSI 4009 Common Fill Device "One of a family of devices developed to read-in, transfer, or store key." NSTISSI 4009 Communications Cover Concealing or altering of characteristic communications patterns to hide information that could be of value to an adversary. NSTISSI 4009 Communications Deception "Deliberate transmission, retransmission, or alteration of communications to mislead an adversary's interpretation of the communications. See imitative communications deception and manipulative communications deception." NSTISSI 4009 Communications Profile "Analytic model of communications associated with an organization or activity. The model is prepared from a systematic examination of communications content and patterns, the functions they reflect, and the communications security measures applied." NSTISSI 4009 Communications Security "The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of " IO Fundamentals Communications Security (COMSEC) "Measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications and to ensure the authenticity of such telecommunications. Communications security includes cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, and physical security of COMSEC material." NSTISSI 4009 Compartmentalization A nonhierarchical grouping of sensitive information used to control access to data more finely than with hierarchical security classification alone. NSTISSI 4009 Compartmented Mode "INFOSEC mode of operation wherein each user with direct or indirect access to a system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts has all of the following: a. Valid security clearance for the most restricted information processed in the system; b. Formal access approval and signed non-disclosure agreements for that information to which a user is to have access; and c. Valid need-to-know for information to which a user is to have access." NSTISSI 4009 Compromise "Disclosure of information to unauthorized persons, or a violation of the security policy of a system in which unauthorized intentional or unintentional disclosure, modification destruction, or loss of an object may have occurred." NSTISSI 4009 Compromising Emanations "Unintentional signals that, if intercepted and analyzed, would disclose the information transmitted, received, handled, or otherwise processed by information systems equipment. See TEMPEST." NSTISSI 4009 COMPUSEC "Computer Security - measures and controls that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information processed and stored by a computer." ACRONYMS Computer Abuse "Intentional or reckless misuse, alteration, disruption, or destruction of information processing resources." NSTISSI 4009 Computer Cryptography Use of a crypto-algorithm program by a computer to authenticate or encrypt/decrypt information. NSTISSI 4009 Computer Network Attack "Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks themselves. Also called CNA. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint" IO Fundamentals Pub 1-02.) 1558 " Updated:""" Computer Security The protection resulting from all measures to deny unauthorized access and exploitation of friendly computer systems. Also called COMPUSEC. (Joint Pub 1-02) IO Fundamentals Computer Security "Measures and controls that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of IS assests, including hardware, software, firmware and information being processed, stored and communicated. " NSTISSI 4009 Computer Security Incident See incident. NSTISSI 4009 Computer Security Subsystem Hardware/software designed to provide computer security features in a larger system environment. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Communications Security ACRONYMS COMSEC Account "Administrative entity, identified by an account number, used to maintain accountability, custody, and control of COMSEC material." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Account Audit "Examination of the holdings, records, and procedures of a COMSEC account ensuring all accountable COMSEC material is properly handled and safeguarded." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Aid "COMSEC material that assists in securing telecommunications and is required in the production, operation, or maintenance of COMSEC systems and their components. COMSEC keying material, callsign/frequency systems, and supporting documentation, such as operating and maintenance manuals, are examples of COMSEC aids." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Boundary "Definable perimeter encompassing all hardware, firmware, and software components performing critical COMSEC functions, such as key generation and key handling and storage." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Chip Set Collection of NSA approved microchips. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Control Program "Computer instructions or routines controlling or affecting the externally performed functions of key generation, key distribution, message encryption/decryption, or authentication." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Custodian "Person designated by proper authority to be responsible for the receipt, transfer, accounting safeguarding, and destruction of COMSEC material assigned to a COMSEC account." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC End-Item Equipment or combination of components ready for use in a COMSEC application. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Equipment "Equipment designed to provide security to telecommunications by converting information to a form unintelligible to an unauthorized interceptor and, subsequently, by reconverting such information to its original form for authorized recipients; also, equipment designed specifically to aid in, or as an essential element of, the conversion process. COMSEC equipment includes crypto-equipment, crypto-ancillary equipment, cryptoproduction equipment, and authentication equipment." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Facility "Space used for generating, storing, repairing, or using COMSEC material." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Incident Occurrence that potentially jeopardizes the security of COMSEC material or the secure transmission of national security information. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Insecurity "COMSEC incident that has been investigated, evaluated, and determined to jeopardize the security of COMSEC material or the secure transmission of information." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Manager Person who manages the COMSEC resources of an organization. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Material "Item designed to secure or authenticate telecommunications. COMSEC material includes, but is not limited to key, equipment, devices, documents, firmware, or software that embodies or describes cryptographic logic and other items that perform COMSEC functions." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Material Control System (CMCS) "Logistics and accounting system through which COMSEC material marked CRYPTO"" is distributed, controlled, and safeguarded. Included are the COMSEC central offices of record, cryptologistic depots, and COMSEC accounts. COMSEC material other than key may be handled through the COMSEC Material Control System.""" NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Modification See information systems security equipment modification. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Module Removable component that performs COMSEC functions in a telecommunications equipment or system. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Monitoring "Act of listening to, copying, or recording transmissions of one's own official telecommunications to analyze the degree of security." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Profile "Statement of COMSEC measures and materials used to protect a given operation, system, or organization." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Survey "Organized collection of COMSEC and communications information relative to a given operation, system, or organization." NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC System Data Information required by a COMSEC equipment or system to enable it to properly handle and control key. NSTISSI 4009 COMSEC Training "Teaching of skills relating to COMSEC accounting, use of COMSEC aids, or installation, use, maintenance, and repair of COMSEC equipment." NSTISSI 4009 Concept of Operations (CONOP) "Document detailing the method, act, process, or effect of using an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Confidentiality "Assurance that information is not disclosed to unauthorized persons, processes, or devices." NSTISSI 4009 Configuration Control "Process of controlling modifications to hardware, firmware, software, and documentation to ensure the IS is protected against improper modifications prior to, during, and after system implementation." NSTISSI 4009 Configuration Management "Management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Confinement Channel See covert channel. NSTISSI 4009 Confinement Property Synonymous with star (*) property. NSTISSI 4009 CONOP Concept of Operations ACRONYMS Contamination The introduction of data of one security classification or security category into data of a lower security classification or different security category. NSTISSI 4009 Contingency Key Key held for use under specific operational conditions or in support of specific contingency plans. NSTISSI 4009 Contingency Plan "Plan maintained for emergency response, backup operations, and post-disaster recovery for an IS, to ensure the availability of critical resources and to facilitate the continuity of operations in an emergency situation." NSTISSI 4009 Controlled Access Protection "The C2 level of protection described in the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book). Its major characteristics are: individual accountability, audit, access control, and object reuse." NSTISSI 4009 Controlled Cryptographic Item (CCI) "Secure telecommunications or information handling equipment, or associated cryptographic component, that is unclassified but governed by a special set of control requirements. Such items are marked CONTROLLED CRYPTOGRAPHIC ITEM"" or, where space is limited, ""CCI.""""" NSTISSI 4009 Controlled Security Mode See multilevel security. NSTISSI 4009 Controlled Sharing Condition existing when access control is applied to all users and components of an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Controlled Space "Three-dimensional space surrounding IS equipment, within which unauthorized persons are denied unrestricted access and are either escorted by authorized persons or are under continuous physical or electronic surveillance." NSTISSI 4009 Controlling Authority Official responsible for directing the operation of a cryptonet and for managing the operational use and control of keying material assigned to the cryptonet. NSTISSI 4009 CONUS Continental United States ACRONYMS Cooperative Key Generation "Electronically exchanging functions of locally generated, random components, from which both terminals of a secure circuit construct traffic encryption key or key encryption key for use on that circuit." NSTISSI 4009 Cooperative Remote Rekeying Synonymous with manual remote rekeying. NSTISSI 4009 COR 1. Central Office of Record (COMSEC) 2. Contracting Officer Representative ACRONYMS Correctness Proof A mathematical proof of consistency between a specification and its implementation. NSTISSI 4009 Cost-Benefit-Analysis Assessment of the cost of providing protection or security commensurate with the risk and magnitude of asset loss or damage. NSTISSI 4009 COTS Commercial-Off-the-Shelf - Refers to commercial products available for general purchase. ACRONYMS Counterdeception "Efforts to negate, neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain advantage from, a foreign deception operation. Counterdeception does not include the intelligence function of identifying foreign deception operations. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Counterintelligence "Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or international terrorist activities. Also called CI. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Countermeasure "Action, device, procedure, technique, or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Covert Channel Unintended and/or unauthorized communications path that can be used to transfer information in a manner that violates an IS security policy. See overt channel and exploitable channel. NSTISSI 4009 Covert Channel Analysis Determination of the extent to which the security policy model and subsequent lower-level program descriptions may allow unauthorized access to information. NSTISSI 4009 Covert Storage Channel "Covert channel involving the direct or indirect writing to a storage location by one process and the direct or indirect reading of the storage location by another process. Covert storage channels typically involve a finite resource (e.g., sectors on a disk) that is shared by two subjects at different security levels." NSTISSI 4009 Covert Timing Channel "Covert channel in which one process signals information to another process by modulating its own use of system resources (e.g., central processing unit time) in such a way that this manipulation affects the real response time observed by the second process." NSTISSI 4009 CPS COMSEC Parent Switch ACRONYMS CPU Central Processing Unit ACRONYMS Credentials "Information, passed from one entity to another, used to establish the sending entity's access rights." NSTISSI 4009 Critical Infrastructures Those physical and cyber-based systems essential to the minimum operations of the economy and government. NSTISSI 4009 CRL Certificate Revocation List ACRONYMS CRP COMSEC Resources Program (Budget) ACRONYMS CRR Certification Requirements Review ACRONYMS Cryptanalysis Operations performed in converting encrypted messages to plain text without initial knowledge of the crypto-algorithm and/or key employed in the encryption. NSTISSI 4009 CRYPTO Marking or designator identifying COMSEC keying material used to secure or authenticate telecommunications carrying classified or sensitive U.S. Government or U.S. Government-derived information. NSTISSI 4009 Crypto-Alarm Circuit or device that detects failures or aberrations in the logic or operation of crypto-equipment. Crypto-alarm may inhibit transmission or may provide a visible and/or audible alarm. NSTISSI 4009 Crypto-Algorithm "Well-defined procedure or sequence of rules or steps, or a series of mathematical equations used to describe cryptographic processes such as encryption/decryption, key generation, authentication, signatures, etc." NSTISSI 4009 Crypto-Ancillary Equipment "Equipment designed specifically to facilitate efficient or reliable operation of crypto-equipment, without performing cryptographic functions itself." NSTISSI 4009 Crypto-Equipment Equipment that embodies a cryptographic logic. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic "Pertaining to, or concerned with, cryptography." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic Component "Hardware or firmware embodiment of the cryptographic logic. A cryptographic component may be a modular assembly, a printed wiring assembly, a microcircuit, or a combination of these items." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic Equipment Room Controlled-access room in which cryptosystems are located. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic Initialization "Function used to set the state of a cryptographic logic prior to key generation, encryption, or other operating mode." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic Logic "The embodiment of one (or more) crypto-algorithm(s) along with alarms, checks, and other processes essential to effective and secure performance of the cryptographic process(es)." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptographic Randomization Function that randomly determines the transmit state of a cryptographic logic. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptography "Art or science concerning the principles, means, and methods for rendering plain information unintelligible and for restoring encrypted information to intelligible form." NSTISSI 4009 Crypto-Ignition Key (CIK) Device or electronic key used to unlock the secure mode of crypto-equipment. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptology Field encompassing both cryptography and cryptanalysis. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptonet Stations holding a common key. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptoperiod Time span during which each key setting remains in effect. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosynchronization Process by which a receiving decrypting cryptographic logic attains the same internal state as the transmitting encrypting logic. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosystem Associated INFOSEC items interacting to provide a single means of encryption or decryption. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosystem Assessment "Process of establishing the exploitability of a cryptosystem, normally by reviewing transmitted traffic protected or secured by the system under study." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosystem Evaluation Process of determining vulnerabilities of a cryptosystem. NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosystem Review "Examination of a cryptosystem by the controlling authority ensuring its adequacy of design and content, continued need, and proper distribution." NSTISSI 4009 Cryptosystem Survey Management technique in which actual holders of a cryptosystem express opinions on the system's suitability and provide usage information for technical evaluation. NSTISSI 4009 CSCI Computer Software Configuration Item ACRONYMS CSE Communications Security Element ACRONYMS CSM Computer Systems Manager ACRONYMS CSS 1. COMSEC Subordinate Switch 2. Constant Surveillance Service (Courier) 3. Continuous Signature Service (Courier) 4. Coded Switch System ACRONYMS CSSO Contractor Special Security Officer ACRONYMS CSTVRP Computer Security Technical Vulnerability Report Program ACRONYMS CT&E Certification Test and Evaluation ACRONYMS CTAK Cipher Text Auto-Key ACRONYMS CTTA Certified TEMPEST Technical Authority ACRONYMS CUP COMSEC Utility Program ACRONYMS Cyclic Redundancy Check Error checking mechanism that checks data integrity by computing a polynomial algorithm based checksum. NSTISSI 4009 DAA Designated Approving Authority ACRONYMS DAC Discretionary Access Control ACRONYMS DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access ACRONYMS Dangling Threat Set of properties about the external environment for which there is no corresponding vulnerability and therefore no implied risk. NSTISSI 4009 Dangling Vulnerability Set of properties about the internal environment for which there is no corresponding threat and therefore no implied risk. NSTISSI 4009 Data Aggregation The compilation of unclassified individual data systems and data elements that results in the totality of the information being classified. NSTISSI 4009 Data Encryption Standard (DES) "Cryptographic algorithm, designed for the protection of unclassified data and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 46." NSTISSI 4009 Data Flow Control Synonymous with information flow control. NSTISSI 4009 Data Integrity "Condition that exists when data is unchanged from its source and has not been accidentally or maliciously modified, altered, or destroyed." NSTISSI 4009 Data Origin Authentication Corroborating the source of data is as claimed. NSTISSI 4009 Data Security "The protection of data from unauthorized (accidental or intentional) modification, destruction, or disclosure." NSTISSI 4009 Data Transfer Device (DTD) "Fill device designed to securely store, transport, and transfer electronically both COMSEC and TRANSEC key, designed to be backward compatible with the previous generation of COMSEC common fill devices, and programmable to support modern mission systems." NSTISSI 4009 DCID Director Central Intelligence Directive ACRONYMS DCS 1. Defense Communications System 2. Defense Courier Service ACRONYMS DCSP Design Controlled Spare Part(s) ACRONYMS DDS Dual Driver Service (Courier) ACRONYMS Deception "Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Decertification Revocation of the certification of an IS item or equipment for cause. NSTISSI 4009 Decipher Convert enciphered text to plain text by means of a cryptographic system. NSTISSI 4009 Decode Convert encoded text to plain text by means of a code. NSTISSI 4009 Decrypt Generic term encompassing decode and decipher. NSTISSI 4009 Dedicated Mode "IS security mode of operation wherein each user, with direct or indirect access to the system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts, has all of the following: a. valid security clearance for all information within the system; b. formal access approval and signed nondisclosure agreements for all the information stored and/or processed (including all compartments, subcompartments, and/or special access programs); and c. valid need-to-know for all information contained within the IS. When in the dedicated security mode, a system is specifically and exclusively dedicated to and controlled for the processing of one particluar type or classification of information, either for full-time operation or for a specified period of time." NSTISSI 4009 Default Classification Temporary classification reflecting the highest classification being processed in an IS. Default classification is included in the caution statement affixed to an object. NSTISSI 4009 Defense Information Infrastructure "The shared or interconnected system of computers, communications, data applications, security, people, training, and other support structures serving DOD local, national, and worldwide information needs. The Defense Information Infrastructure connects DOD mission support, command and control, and intelligence computers through voice, telecommunications, imagery, video, and multimedia services. It provides information processing and services to subscribers over the Defense Information Systems Network and includes command and control, tactical, intelligence, and commercial communications systems used to transmit DOD information. Also called DII. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Defensive Information Operations "The integration and coordination of policies and procedures, operations, personnel, and technology to protect and defend information and information systems. Defensive information operations are conducted through information assurance, physical security, operations security, counter-deception, counter-psychological operations, counterintelligence, electronic warfare, and special information operations. Defensive information operations ensure timely, accurate, and relevant information access while denying adversaries the opportunity to exploit friendly information and information systems for their own purposes. (This term and its definition is approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Degaussing Procedure that reduces the magnetic flux to virtual zero by applying a reverse magnetizing field. Also called demagnetizing. NSTISSI 4009 Delegated Development Program "INFOSEC program in which the Director, National Security Agency, delegates, on a case by case basis, the development and/or production of an entire telecommunications product, including the INFOSEC portion, to a lead department or agency." NSTISSI 4009 Denial of Service Result of any action or series of actions that prevents any part of an IS from functioning. NSTISSI 4009 Depot Maintenance See full maintenance. NSTISSI 4009 DES Data Encryption Standard ACRONYMS Descriptive Top-Level Specification "Top-level specification written in a natural language (e.g., English), and informal design notation, or a combination of the two. Descriptive top-level specification, required for a class B2 and B3 (as defined in the Orange Book, Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, DoD 5200.28-STD) information system, completely and accurately describes a trusted computing base. See formal top-level specification." NSTISSI 4009 Design Controlled Spare Part Part or subassembly for a COMSEC equipment or device with an NSA controlled design. NSTISSI 4009 Design Documentation "Set of documents, required for Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) classes C1 and above (as defined in the Orange Book, Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, DoD 5200.28-STD), whose primary purpose is to define and describe the properties of a system. As it relates to TCSEC, design documentation provides an explanation of how the security policy of a system is translated into a technical solution via the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) hardware, software, and firmware." NSTISSI 4009 Designated Approving Authority Official with the authority to formally assume responsibility for operating a system at an acceptable level of risk. This term is synonymous with designated accrediting authority and delegated accrediting authority. NSTISSI 4009 DIA Defense Intelligence Agency ACRONYMS Dial Back Synonymous with call back. NSTISSI 4009 DIB Directory Information Base ACRONYMS Digital Signature "Cryptographic process used to assure message originator authenticity, integrity, and nonrepudiation. Same as electronic signature." NSTISSI 4009 Digital Signature Algorithm "Procedure that appends data to, or performs a cryptographic transformation of, a data unit. The appended data or cryptographic transformation allows reception of the data unit and protects against forgery, e.g., by the recipient." NSTISSI 4009 DII Defense Information Infrastructure ACRONYMS Direct Shipment Shipment of COMSEC material directly from NSA to user COMSEC accounts. NSTISSI 4009 Directed-Energy Warfare "Military action involving the use of directed-energy weapons, devices, and countermeasures to either cause direct damage or destruction of enemy equipment, facilities, and personnel, or to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum through damage, destruction, and disruption. It also includes actions taken to protect friendly equipment, facilities, and personnel and retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Also called DEW. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals DIS Defense Investigative Service ACRONYMS DISA Defense Information Systems Agency ACRONYMS Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Means of restricting access to objects based on the identity and need-to-know of users and/or groups to which the object belongs. Controls are discretionary in the sense that a subject with the certain access permission is capable of passing that permission (directly or indirectly) to any other subject. See mandatory access control. NSTISSI 4009 DISN Defense Information System Network ACRONYMS Distinguished Name Globally unique identifier representing an individual's identity. NSTISSI 4009 DITSCAP "DOD Directive 5200.40, DOD Information Technology Security Certification and Accreditation Process (DITSCAP); signed 30 December 1997" ACRONYMS DLED Dedicated Loop Encryption Device ACRONYMS DMA Direct Memory Access ACRONYMS DMS Direct Memory System ACRONYMS DOD (or DoD) Department of Defense ACRONYMS DOD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) "Document containing basic requirements and evaluation classes for assessing degrees of effectiveness of hardware and software security controls built into an IS. This document, DOD 5200.38-STD, is frequently referred to as the Orange Book." NSTISSI 4009 DODD Department of Defense Directive IO Fundamentals DOE Department of Energy ACRONYMS Domain "Unique context (e.g., access control parameters) in which a program is operating; in effect, the set of objects a subject has the priviledge to access." NSTISSI 4009 Dominate "Term used to compare IS security levels. Security level S1 is said to dominate security S2, if the hierarchical classification of S1 is greater than, or equal to, that of S2 and the non-hierarchical categories of S1 include all those of S2 as a subset." NSTISSI 4009 DPL Deguasser Products List (a section in the INFOSEC Products and Services Catalogue) ACRONYMS Drop Accountability Procedure under which a COMSEC account custodian initially receipts a COMSEC material and then provides no further accounting for it to its central office of record. Local accountability of the COMSEC material may continue to be required. See accounting legend code. NSTISSI 4009 DSA Digital Signature Algorithm ACRONYMS DSN Defense Switched Network ACRONYMS DSVT Digital Subscriber Voice Terminal ACRONYMS DT&E Development Test and Evaluation ACRONYMS DTD Data Transfer Device ACRONYMS DTLS Descriptive Top-Level Specification ACRONYMS DTS Diplomatic Telecommunications Service ACRONYMS DUA Directory User Agent ACRONYMS E Model Engineering Development Model ACRONYMS EA electronic attack IO Fundamentals EAM Emergency Action Message ACRONYMS EC Electronic Commerce ACRONYMS ECCM Electronic Counter-Countermeasures ACRONYMS ECM Electronic Countermeasures ACRONYMS ECP Engineering Change Proposal ACRONYMS ECPL Endorsed Cyptographic Products List (a section in the Information Systems Security Products and Services Catalogue) ACRONYMS EDAC Error Detection and Correction ACRONYMS EDESPL Endorsed Data Encryption Standard Products List ACRONYMS EDI Electronic Data Interchange ACRONYMS EDM Engineering Development Model ACRONYMS EDR Engineering Design Review ACRONYMS EEFI essential elements of friendly information IO Fundamentals EFD Electronic Fill Device ACRONYMS EFTO Encrypt For Transmission Only ACRONYMS EGADS "Electronic Generation, Accounting, and Distribution System" ACRONYMS EKMS Electronic Key Management System ACRONYMS Electronic Generated Key "Key generated in a COMSEC device by introducing (either mechanically or electronically) a seed key into the device and then using the seed, together with a software algorithm stored in the device, to produce the desired key." NSTISSI 4009 Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) "Interoperable collection of systems being developed by services and agencies of the U.S. Governent to automate the planning, ordering, generating, distributing, storing, filling, using, and destroying of electronic key and management of other types of COMSEC materials." NSTISSI 4009 Electronic Messaging Services "Services providing interpersonal messaging capability; meeting specific functional, management, and technical requirements; and yielding a business-quality electronic mail service suitable for the conduct of official government business." NSTISSI 4009 Electronic Security Protection resulting from measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information derived from the interception and analysis of noncommunications electromagnetic radiations. NSTISSI 4009 Electronic Signature See digital signature. NSTISSI 4009 Electronic Warfare "Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Also called EW. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic protecti" IO Fundamentals Element "Removable item of COMSEC equipment, assembly, or subassembly; normally consisting of a single piece or group of replaceable parts." NSTISSI 4009 ELSEC Electronic Security ACRONYMS Embedded Computer Computer system that is an integral part of a larger system. NSTISSI 4009 Embedded Cryptographic System Cryptosystem performing or controlling a function as an integral element of a larger system or subsystem. NSTISSI 4009 Embedded Cryptography Cryptography engineered into an equipment or system whose basic function is not cryptographic. NSTISSI 4009 Emissions Security Protection resulting from measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment or an IS. NSTISSI 4009 EMSEC Emissions Security ACRONYMS Encipher Convert plain text to cipher text by means of a cryptographic system. NSTISSI 4009 Encode Convert plain text to cipher text by means of a code. NSTISSI 4009 Encrypt Generic term encompassing encipher and encode. NSTISSI 4009 Encryption Algorithm Set of mathematically expressed rules for rendering data unintelligible by executing a series of conversions controlled by a key. NSTISSI 4009 End-Item Accounting Accounting for all the accountable components of a COMSEC equipment configuration by a single short title. NSTISSI 4009 Endorsed for Unclassified Cryptographic Item Unclassified cryptographic equipment that embodies a U.S. Government classified cryptographic logic and is endorsed by NSA for the protection of national security information. See type 2 product. NSTISSI 4009 Endorsement NSA approval of a commercially developed product for safeguarding national security information. NSTISSI 4009 End-to-End Encryption Encryption of information at its origin and decryption at its intended destination without intermediate decryption. NSTISSI 4009 End-to-End Security Safeguarding information in an IS from point of origin to point of destination. NSTISSI 4009 Entrapment Deliberate planting of apparent flaws in an IS for the purpose of detecting attempted penetrations. NSTISSI 4009 Environment "Aggregate of external procedures, conditions, and objects affecting the development, operation, and maintenance of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 EO Executive Order ACRONYMS EP electronic protection IO Fundamentals EPL Evaluated Products List (a section in the INFOSEC Products and Services Catalogue) ACRONYMS EPW enemy prisoner of war IO Fundamentals Erasure Process intended to render magnetically stored information irretrievable by normal means. NSTISSI 4009 ERTZ Equipment Radiation TEMPEST Zone ACRONYMS ES electronic warfare support IO Fundamentals ET Execution Team ACRONYMS ETL Endorsed Tools List ACRONYMS ETPL Endorsed TEMPEST Products List ACRONYMS EUCI Endorsed for Unclassified Cryptographic Information ACRONYMS EV Enforcement Vector ACRONYMS Evaluated Products List (EPL) "Equipment, hardware, software, and/or firmware evaluated by the NCSC in accordance with DoD TCSEC and found to be technically compliant at a particular level of trust. The EPL is included in the NSA Information System Security Products and Services Catalogue." NSTISSI 4009 Event "(IS) Occurance, not yet assessed, that may affect the performance of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 EW electronic warfare IO Fundamentals Executive State "One of several states in which an IS may operate, and the only one in which certain privileged instructions may be executed. Such privileged instructions cannot be executed when the system is operating in other (e.g., user) states. Synonymous with supervisor state." NSTISSI 4009 Exercise Key Key used exclusively to safeguard communications transmitted over-the-air during military or organized civil training exercises. NSTISSI 4009 Exploitable Channel Channel that allows the violation of the security policy governing an IS and is usable or detectable by subjects external to the trusted computing base. See covert channel. NSTISSI 4009 Extraction Resistance Capability of crypto-equipment or secure telecommunications equipment to resist efforts to extract key. NSTISSI 4009 Fail Safe Automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems when hardware or software failure is detected. NSTISSI 4009 Fail Soft Selective termination of affected nonessential processing when hardware or software failure is determined to be imminent. NSTISSI 4009 Failure Access Unauthorized access to data resulting from hardware or software failure. NSTISSI 4009 Failure Control Methodology used to detect imminent hardware or software failure and provide fail safe or fail soft recovery. NSTISSI 4009 FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface ACRONYMS FDIU Fill Device Interface Unit ACRONYMS FDO flexible deterrent option IO Fundamentals Fetch Protection IS hardware provided restriction to prevent a program from accessing data in another user's segment of storage. NSTISSI 4009 FHA foreign humanitarian assistance IO Fundamentals File Protection "Aggregate of processes and procedures designed to inhibit unauthorized access, contamination, elimination, modification, or destruction of a file or any of its contents." NSTISSI 4009 File Security Means by which access to computer files is limited to authorized users only. NSTISSI 4009 Fill Device COMSEC item used to transfer or store key in electronic form or to insert key into a crypto-equipment. NSTISSI 4009 FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard ACRONYMS FIREFLY Key management protocol based on public key cryptography. NSTISSI 4009 Firewall "System designed to defend against unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both." NSTISSI 4009 Firmware Program recorded in permanent or semipermanent computer memory. NSTISSI 4009 FIWC Fleet Information Warfare Center ACRONYMS Fixed COMSEC Facility COMSEC facility located in an immobile structure or aboard a ship. NSTISSI 4009 Flaw "Error of commission, omission, or oversight in an IS that may allow protection mechanisms to be bypassed." NSTISSI 4009 Flaw Hypothesis Methodology "System analysis and penetration technique in which the specification and documentation for an IS are analyzed to produce a list of hypothetical flaws. The list is prioritized on the basis of the estimated probability that a flaw exists on the ease of exploiting it, and on the extent of control or compromise it would provide. The prioritized list is used to perform penetration testing of a system." NSTISSI 4009 Flooding Insertion of a large volume of data resulting in denial of service. NSTISSI 4009 FOCI "Foreign Owned, Controlled or Influenced" ACRONYMS Formal Access Approval Documented approval by a data owner allowing access to a particular category of information. NSTISSI 4009 Formal Development Methodology Software development strategy that proves security design specifications. NSTISSI 4009 Formal Proof Complete and convincing mathematical argument presenting the full logical justification for each proof step and for the truth of a theorem or set of theorems. These formal proofs provide A1 and beyond A1 assurance under the DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book). NSTISSI 4009 Formal Security Policy Model "Mathematically precise statement of a security policy. Such a model must define a secure state, an initial state, and how the model represents changes in state. The model must be shown to be secure by proving the initial state is secure and all possible subsequent states remain secure." NSTISSI 4009 Formal Top-Level Specifiction "Top-level specification written in a formal mathematical language to allow theorems, showing the correspondence of the system specification to its formal requirements, to be hypothesized and formally proven." NSTISSI 4009 Formal Verification Process of using format proofs to demonstrate the consistency between formal specification of a system and formal security policy model (design verification) or between formal specification and its high-level program implementation (implementation verification). NSTISSI 4009 FOUO "For Official Use Only - Information that has not been given a security classification pursuant to the criteria of an Executive Order, but which may be withheld from public disclosure under the criteria of the Freedom of Information Act, Title 5, U. S. C., Section 552." ACRONYMS FQT Formal Qualification Testing ACRONYMS Frequency Hopping "Repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission according to a specified algorithm, to minimize unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications." NSTISSI 4009 Front-End Security Filter Security filter logically separated from the remainder of an IS to protect system integrity. Synonymous with firewall. NSTISSI 4009 FSRS Functional Security Requirements Specification ACRONYMS FSTS Federal Secure Telephone Service ACRONYMS FTAM File Transfer Access Management ACRONYMS FTLS Formal Top-Level Specification ACRONYMS FTS Federal Telecommunications System ACRONYMS Full Maintenance "Complete diagonistic repair, modification, and overhaul of INFOSEC equipment, including repair of defective assemblies by piece part replacement. Also known as depot maintenance. See limited maintenance." NSTISSI 4009 Functional Proponent See network sponsor. NSTISSI 4009 Functional Testing Segment of security testing in which advertised security mechanisms of an IS are tested under operational conditions. NSTISSI 4009 Gateway "Interface providing a compatibility between networks by converting transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures." NSTISSI 4009 GCCS Global Command and Control System ACRONYMS GETS Government Emergency Telecommunications Service ACRONYMS GFE Government Furnished Equipment ACRONYMS GII global information infrastructure IO Fundamentals Global Information Infrastructure "The worldwide interconnection of communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics that make vast amounts of information available to users. The global information infrastructure encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scanners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks of all types, televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and adversary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted information constitute a critical component of the global information infrastructure. Also called GII. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals GOSC Global Operations Security Center ACRONYMS GOTS Government-Off-The-Shelf ACRONYMS Granularity Relative fineness to which an access control mechanism can be adjusted. NSTISSI 4009 GTS Global Telecommunications Service ACRONYMS Guard Processor that limits exchange of information between systems. NSTISSI 4009 GWEN Ground Wave Emergency Network ACRONYMS Gypsy Verification Environment "Integrated set of software tools for specifying, coding, and verifying programs written in the Gypsy language." NSTISSI 4009 Hacker Unauthorized user who attempts or gains access to an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Handshaking Procedures "Dialogue between two IS's for synchronizing, identifying, and authenticating themselves to one another." NSTISSI 4009 Hard Copy Key "Physical keying material, such as printed key lists, punched or printed key tapes, or programmable, read-only memories (PROM)." NSTISSI 4009 Hardwired Key Permanently installed key. NSTISSI 4009 Hash Total Value computed on data to detect error or manipulation. See checksum. NSTISSI 4009 Hashing Computation of a hash total. NSTISSI 4009 Hashword Memory address containing hash total. NSTISSI 4009 HDM Hierarchical Development Methodology ACRONYMS High Risk Environment Specific location or geographic area where there are insufficient friendly security forces to ensure the safeguarding of information systems security equipment. NSTISSI 4009 High Threat Environment See high risk environment. NSTISSI 4009 HN host nation IO Fundamentals HUMINT human intelligence IO Fundamentals HUS Hardened Unique Storage ACRONYMS HUSK Hardened Unique Storage Key ACRONYMS I&C Installation and Checkout ACRONYMS I&M Improvement and Modification ACRONYMS I&W indications and warning IO Fundamentals IASE Information Assurance Support Environment ACRONYMS IATO Interim Approval to Operate ACRONYMS IAW In Accordance With ACRONYMS IBAC Identity based Access Control ACRONYMS ICU Interface Control Unit ACRONYMS ID Identify ACRONYMS Identification Process that an IS uses to recognize an entity. NSTISSI 4009 Identity Token "Smart card, metal key, or other physical object used to authenticate identity." NSTISSI 4009 Identity Validation Tests enabling an IS to authenticate users or resources. NSTISSI 4009 IDS Intrusion Detection System ACRONYMS IEMATS Improved Emergency Message Automatic Transmission System ACRONYMS IFF "Identification, Friend or Foe" ACRONYMS IFFN "Identification, Friend, Foe, or Neutral" ACRONYMS IIRK Interarea Interswitch Rekeying Key ACRONYMS ILS Integrated Logistics Support ACRONYMS Imitative Communications Deception Introduction of deceptive messages or signals into an adversary's telecommunications signals. See communications deception and manipulative communications deception. NSTISSI 4009 Impersonating Form of spoofing. NSTISSI 4009 Implant Electronic device or electronic equipment modification designed to gain unauthorized interception of information-bearing emanations. NSTISSI 4009 Ina Jo "System Development Corporation's specification and verification methodology, based on a nonprocedural state-transition specification language, Ina Jo. The Ina Jo methodology incorporates user-supplied invariants to produce a formal demonstration that security properties are met." NSTISSI 4009 Inadvertent Disclosure Accidental exposure of information to a person not authorized access. NSTISSI 4009 Incident "In information operations, an assessed event of attempted entry, unauthorized entry, or an information attack on an automated information system. It includes unauthorized probing and browsing; disruption or denial of service; altered or destroyed input, processing, storage, or output of information; or changes to information system hardware, firmware, or software characteristics with or without the users' knowledge, instruction, or intent. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Incident (IS) Assessed occurance having actual or potentially adverse effects on an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Incomplete Parameter Checking "System flaw that exists when the operating system does not check all parameters fully for accuracy and consistency, thus making the system vulnerable to penetration." NSTISSI 4009 Indications and Warnings "Those intelligence activities intended to detect and report time-sensitive intelligence information on foreign developments that could involve a threat to the United States or allied/coalition military, political, or economic interests or to US citizens abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy actions or intentions; the imminence of hostilities; insurgency; nuclear/non-nuclear attack on the United States, its overseas forces, or allied/coalition nations; hostile reactions to US reconnaissance activities; terrorists' attacks; and other similar events. Also called I&W. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and is approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Indicator "An action, specific, generalized, or theoretical, that an adversary might be expected to take in preparation for an attack." NSTISSI 4009 Individual Accountability "Ability to associate positively the identity of a user with the time, method and degree of access to an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Information "1. Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. 2. The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their representation. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Information Assurance "Information operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities. Also called IA. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Information Assurance (IA) "Information Operations (IO) that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availablity, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilites." NSTISSI 4009 Information Assurance Red Team "Independent and focused threat-based effort by an interdisciplinary, simulated adversary to expose and exploit vulnerabilities as a means to improve the security posture of ISs." NSTISSI 4009 Information Assurance Red Team "Extent to which protective measures, techniques, and procedures must be applied to ISs and networks based on risk, threats, vulnerability, system interconnectivity considerations, and information assurance needs. Levels of protection are: 1. Basic: IS and networks requiring implementation of standard minimum security countermeasures. 2. Medium: IS and networks requiring layering of additional safeguards above the standard minimum security countermeasures. 3. High: IS and networks requiring the most stringent protection and rigorous security countermeasures." NSTISSI 4009 Information Environment "The aggregate of individuals, organizations, or systems that collect, process, or disseminate information; also included is the information itself. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Information Environment "Aggregate of individuals, organizations, or systems that collect, process or disseminate information, also included is the information itself." NSTISSI 4009 Information Flow Control Procedure to ensure that information transfers within an IS are not made from a higher security level object to an object of a lower security level. NSTISSI 4009 Information Operations Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems. Also called IO. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.) IO Fundamentals Information Operations Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems. NSTISSI 4009 Information Security "Information security is the protection and defense of information and information systems against unauthorized access or modification of information, whether in storage, processing, or transit, and against denial of service to authorized users. Information security includes those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats. Information security is composed of computer security and communications security. Also called INFOSEC. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02)." IO Fundamentals Information Superiority "The capability to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an adversary's ability to do the same. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1 -02.)" IO Fundamentals Information System "The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, and components that collect, process, store, transmit, display, disseminate, and act on information. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and is approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Information System "The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, and components for the collection, processing, storage, transmission, display, dissemination, and disposition of information." NSTISSI 4009 Information Systems Security (INFOSEC and/or ISS) "Protection of information systems against unauthorized access to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats." NSTISSI 4009 Information Systems Security Equipment Modification "Modification of any fielded hardware, firmware, software, or portion thereof, under NSA configuration control. There are three classes of modifications: Mandatory (to include human safety); optional/special mission modifications; and repair actions. These classes apply to elements, subassemblies, equipment, systems, and software packages performing functions such as key generation, key distribution, message encryption, decryption, authentication, or those mechanisms necessary to satisfy security policy, labeling, identification, or accountability." NSTISSI 4009 Information Systems Security Manager Principal advisor on computer security matters. NSTISSI 4009 Information Systems Security Officer "Person responsible to the designated approving authority for ensuring the security of an information system throughout its life cycle, from design through disposal. Synonymous with system security officer." NSTISSI 4009 Information Systems Security Product "Item (chip, module, assembly, or equipment), technique , or service that performs or relates to information systems security." NSTISSI 4009 Information Warfare Information operations conducted during time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries. Also called IW. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and will be included in Joint Pub 1-02.) IO Fundamentals Information-Based Processes "Processes that collect, analyze, and disseminate information using any medium or form. These processes may be stand-alone processes or sub-processes which, taken together, comprise a larger system or systems of processes. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals INFOSEC information security IO Fundamentals Initialize "Setting the state of a cryptographic logic prior to key generation, encryption, or other operating mode." NSTISSI 4009 Inspectable Space Three dimensional space surrounding equipment that process classified and/or sensitive information within which TEMPEST exploitation is not considered practical or where legal authority to identify and/or remove a potential TEMPEST exploitation exists. Synonymous with zone of control. NSTISSI 4009 Integrity "Quality of an IS that reflects the logical correctness and reliability of the operating system; the logical completeness of the hardware and software implementing protection mechanisms; and the consistency of the data structures and occurrence of the stored data. Note that, in a formal security mode, integrity is interpreted more narrowly to mean protection against unauthorized modification or destruction of information." NSTISSI 4009 Integrity Check Value Checksum capable of detecting modification of an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace "An analytical methodology employed to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace builds an extensive data base for each potential area in which a unit may be required to operate. The data base is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, an terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace is a continuing process. Also called IPB. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Interface Common boundary between independent systems or modules where interactions take place. NSTISSI 4009 Interface Control Document Technical document describing interface controls and identifying the authorities and responsibilities for ensuring the operation of such controls. This document is baselined during the preliminary design review and is maintained throughout the IS lifecycle. NSTISSI 4009 Interim Approval Temporary authorization granted by a designated approving authority for an IS to process information based on preliminary results of a security evaluation of the system. NSTISSI 4009 Internal Security Controls "Hardware, firmware, or software features within an IS that restrict access to resources only to authorized subjects." NSTISSI 4009 Internet Protocol (IP) Standard protocol for transmission of data from source to destinations in packet-switched communications network and interconnected systems of such networks. NSTISSI 4009 Internetwork Private Line Interface "Network cryptographic unit that provides secure connections, singularly or in simultaneous multiple connections, between a host and a predetermined set of corresponding hosts." NSTISSI 4009 IO information operations IO Fundamentals IPB intelligence preparation of the battlespace IO Fundamentals IPM Interpersonal Messaging ACRONYMS IPSO Internet Protocol Security Option ACRONYMS IRK Interswitch Rekeying Key ACRONYMS ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ACRONYMS ISO International Standards Organization ACRONYMS ISS Information Systems Security ACRONYMS ISSE Information System Security Engineer ACRONYMS ISSM Information System Security Manager ACRONYMS ISSO Information System Security Officer ACRONYMS IT Information Technology ACRONYMS IT&E Integration Test and Evaluation ACRONYMS ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulation ACRONYMS ITSEC Information Technology Security ACRONYMS IW Information Warfare (INFOWAR) ACRONYMS J-2 Intelligence Directorate of a joint staff IO Fundamentals J-3 Operations Directorate of a joint staff IO Fundamentals J-4 Logistics Directorate of a joint staff IO Fundamentals J-5 Plans Directorate of a joint staff IO Fundamentals J-6 "Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems Directorate of a joint staff" IO Fundamentals J-7 Operational Plans and Interoperability Directorate of a joint staff IO Fundamentals JC2WC Joint Command and Control Warfare Center IO Fundamentals JCCC joint communications control center IO Fundamentals JCMA Joint COMSEC (communications security) Monitoring Activity IO Fundamentals JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff ACRONYMS JCSE Joint Communications Support Element IO Fundamentals JFC joint force commander IO Fundamentals JIB Joint Information Bureau IO Fundamentals JOA joint operations area IO Fundamentals JOC joint operations center IO Fundamentals JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System IO Fundamentals JPG joint planning group IO Fundamentals JPO-STC Joint Program Office for Special Technology Countermeasures IO Fundamentals JPOTF joint psychological operations task force IO Fundamentals JRFL joint restricted frequency list IO Fundamentals JSC Joint Spectrum Center IO Fundamentals JTCB joint targeting coordination board IO Fundamentals JTF joint task force IO Fundamentals JWAC Joint Warfare Analysis Center IO Fundamentals KAK Key-Auto-Key ACRONYMS KEK Key Encryption Key ACRONYMS Key "Usually a sequence of random or pseudorandom bits used initially to set up and periodically change the operations performed in crypto-equipment for the purpose of encrypting or decrypting electronic signals, or for determining electronic counter-countermeasures patterns (e.g., frequency hopping or spread spectrum), or for producing other key." NSTISSI 4009 Key Card "Paper card, containing a pattern of punched holes, that establishes key for a specific cryptonet at a specific time." NSTISSI 4009 Key Distribution Center (KDC) COMSEC facility generating and distributing key in electrical form. NSTISSI 4009 Key List "Printed series of key settings for a specific cryptonet. Key lists may be produced in list, pad, or printed tape format." NSTISSI 4009 Key Management "Supervision and control of the process whereby key is generated, stored, protected, transferred, loaded, used, and destroyed." NSTISSI 4009 Key Material "Key, code, or authentication information in physical or magnetic form." NSTISSI 4009 Key Pair Public Key and its corresponding private key as used in public key cryptography. NSTISSI 4009 Key Production Key Key used to intialize a keystream generator for the production of other electronically generated key. NSTISSI 4009 Key Stream "Sequence of symbols (or their electrical or mechanical equivalents) produced in a machine or auto-manual cryptosystem to combine with plain text to produce cipher text, control transmission security processes, or produce key." NSTISSI 4009 Key Tag Identification information associated with certain types of electronic key. NSTISSI 4009 Key Tape Punched or magnetic tape containing key. Printed key in tape form is referred to as a key list. NSTISSI 4009 Key Updating Irreversible cryptographic process for modifying key. NSTISSI 4009 Key-Auto-Key Cryptographic logic using previous key to produce key. NSTISSI 4009 Keyboard Attack See Attack. NSTISSI 4009 Key-Encryption-Key (KEK) Key that encrypts or decrypts other key for transmission or storage. NSTISSI 4009 Keying Material Key code or authentication information in physical or magnetic form. NSTISSI 4009 KG Key Generator ACRONYMS KMASE Key Management Application Service Element ACRONYMS KMC Key Management Center ACRONYMS KMID Key Management Identification Number ACRONYMS KMODC Key Management Ordering and Distribution Center ACRONYMS KMP Key Management Protocol ACRONYMS KMPDU Key Management Protocol Data Unit ACRONYMS KMS Key Management System ACRONYMS KMSA Key Management System Agent ACRONYMS KMUA Key Management User Agent ACRONYMS KP Key Processor ACRONYMS KPK Key Production Key ACRONYMS KSOS Kernelized Secure Operating System ACRONYMS KVG Key Variable Generator ACRONYMS Label See security label. NSTISSI 4009 Labeled Security Protections Elementary-level mandatory access control protection features and intermediate-level discretionary access control features in a TCB that uses sensitivity labels to make access control decisions. NSTISSI 4009 Laboratory Attack Use of sophisticated signal recovery equipment in a laboratory environment to recover information from data storage media. NSTISSI 4009 LAN Local Area Network ACRONYMS LEAD Low-Cost Encryption/Authentication Device ACRONYMS LEAF Law Enforcement Access Field ACRONYMS Least Privilege "Principle requiring that each subject be granted the most restrictive set of privileges needed for the performance of authorized tasks. Application of this principle limits the damage that can result from accident, error, or unauthorized use of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Level of Protection "Extent to which protective measures, techniques, and procedures must be applied to ISs and network-based on risk, threat, vulnerability, system interconnectivity considerations, and information assurance needs. The levels of protection are: 1. Basic; ISs and networks requiring implementation of standard minimum security countermeasures. 2. Median; ISs and networks requiring layering of additional safeguards above the standard minimum security countermeasures. 3. High; ISs and networks requiring the most stringent protection and rigorous security countermeasures." NSTISSI 4009 Leveraging "In information operations, the effective use of information, information systems, and technology to increase the means and synergy in accomplishing information operations strategy. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and will be included in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Limited Maintenance "COMSEC maintenance restricted to fault isolation, removal, and replacement of plug-in assemblies. Soldering or unsoldering usually is prohibited in limited maintenance. See full maintenance." NSTISSI 4009 LIMS Local Information Management Systems ACRONYMS Line Conditioning "Elimination of unintentional signals or noise induced or conducted on a telecommunications or information system signal, power, control, indicator, or other external interface line." NSTISSI 4009 Line Conduction "Unintentional signals or noise induced or conducted on a telecommunications or information system signal, power, control, indicator, or other external interface line." NSTISSI 4009 Link Encryption Encryption of information between nodes of a communications system. NSTISSI 4009 List-Oriented Computer protection in which each protected object has a list of all subjects authorized to access it. See also ticket-oriented. NSTISSI 4009 LIWA Land Information Warfare Activity (ARMY) ACRONYMS LKG Loop Key Generator ACRONYMS LMD Local Management Device ACRONYMS LMD/KP Local Management Device/Key Processor ACRONYMS LME Layer Management Entry ACRONYMS LMI Layer Management Interface ACRONYMS LOC line of communications IO Fundamentals Local Authority Organization responsible for generating and signing user certificates. NSTISSI 4009 Local Management Device/Key Processor (LMD/KP) An EKMS platform providing automated management of COMSEC material and generating key for designated users. NSTISSI 4009 LOCK Logical Co-Processing Kernel ACRONYMS Lock and Key Protection System Protection system that involves matching a key or password with a specific access requirement. NSTISSI 4009 Logic Bomb Resident computer program triggering an unauthorized act when particular states of an IS are realized. NSTISSI 4009 Logical Completeness Measure Means for assessing the effectiveness and degree to which a set of security and access control mechanisms meets security specifications. NSTISSI 4009 Long Title Descriptive title of a COMSEC item. NSTISSI 4009 Low Probability of Detection Result of measures used to hide or disguise intentional electromagnetic transmissions. NSTISSI 4009 Low Probability of Intercept Result of measures to prevent the intercept of intentional electromagnetic transmissions. NSTISSI 4009 LPC Linear Predictive Coding ACRONYMS LPD Low Probability of Detection ACRONYMS LPI Low Probability of Intercept ACRONYMS LRIP Limited Rate Initial Preproduction ACRONYMS LSI Large Scale Integration ACRONYMS M&S modeling and simulation IO Fundamentals MAC 1. Mandatory Access Control 2. Message Authentication Code ACRONYMS Magnetic Remanence Magnetic representation of residual information remaining on a magnetic medium after the medium has been cleared. See clearing. NSTISSI 4009 Mailicious Code Software or firmware capable of performing an unauthorized function on an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Maintenance Hook "Special instructions (trapdoors) in software allowing easy maintenance and additional features development. Since maintenance hooks frequently allow entry into the code without the usual checks, they are a serious security risk if they are not removed prior to live implementation." NSTISSI 4009 Maintenance Key Key intended only for in-shop use. NSTISSI 4009 MAISRC Major Automated Information Systems Review Council ACRONYMS Malicious Applets Small application programs automatically downloaded and executed that perform an unauthorized function on an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Malicious Logic "Hardware, software, or firmware capable of performing an unauthorized function on an IS." NSTISSI 4009 MAN 1. Mandatory Modification 2. Metroplitan Area Network ACRONYMS Mandatory Access Control (MAC) "Means of restricting access to objects based on the sensitivity of the information contained in the objects and the formal authorization (i.e., clearance, formal access approvals, and need-to-know) or subjects to access information of such sensitivity. See discretionary access control." NSTISSI 4009 Mandatory Modification Change to a COMSEC end-item that NSA requires to be completed and reported by a specified date. See optional modification. NSTISSI 4009 Manipulative Communications Deception Alteration or simulation of friendly telecommunications for the purpose of deception. See communications deception and imitative communications deception. NSTISSI 4009 Manual Cryptosystem Cryptosystem in which the cryptographic processes are performed without the use of crypto-equipment or auto-manual devices. NSTISSI 4009 Manual Remote Rekeying "Procedure by which a distant crypto-equipment is rekeyed electrically, with specific actions required by the receiving terminal operator." NSTISSI 4009 Masquerading Form of spoofing. NSTISSI 4009 Master Crypto-Ignition key A key device with electronic logic and circuits providing the capability for adding more operational CIKs to a keyset (maximum of seven) any time after fill procedure is completed. The master CIK can only be made during the fill procedure as the first CIK. NSTISSI 4009 Material Symbol Communications circuit identifier used for key card resupply purposes. NSTISSI 4009 MATSYM Material Symbol ACRONYMS MCCB Modification/Configuration Control Board ACRONYMS MCEB Military Communications and Electronics Board ACRONYMS MCEB IA Military Communications and Electronics Board Information Assurance ACRONYMS MDC Manipulation Detection Code ACRONYMS MEECN Minimum Essential Emergency Communication Network ACRONYMS Memory Scavenging The collection of residual information from data storage. NSTISSI 4009 MEP Management Engineering Plan ACRONYMS MER Minimum Essential Requirements ACRONYMS Message Authentication Code Data associated with an authenticated message allowing a receiver to verify the integrity of the message. NSTISSI 4009 Message Externals "Information outside of the message text, such as the header, trailer, etc." NSTISSI 4009 Message Indicator "Sequence of bits transmitted over a communications system for synchronizing crypto-equipment. Some off-line cryptosystems, such as the KL-51 and one-time pad systems, employ message indicators to establish decryption starting points." NSTISSI 4009 MHS Message Handling System ACRONYMS MI Message Indicator ACRONYMS MIB Management Information Base ACRONYMS MIJI "Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference" ACRONYMS Military Deception "Actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military decisionmakers as to friendly military capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment o" IO Fundamentals Military Operations other than War "Operations that encompass the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. These military actions can be applied to complement any combination of the other instruments of national power and occur before, during, and after war. Also called MOOTW. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Mimicking Form of spoofing. NSTISSI 4009 MINTERM Miniature Terminal ACRONYMS MLS Multilevel Security ACRONYMS MLS PMO Multilevel Security Program Management Office ACRONYMS MLS WG Multilevel Security Working Group ACRONYMS MOA Memorandum of Agreement ACRONYMS Mode of Operation "Description of the conditions under which an IS operates based on the sensitivity of information processed and the clearance levels, format access approvals, and need-to-know of its users. Four modes of operation are authorized for processing or transmitting information; dedicated mode, system-high mode, compartmented/partitioned mode, and multilevel mode." NSTISSI 4009 MOOTW military operations other than war IO Fundamentals MOU Memorandum of Understanding ACRONYMS MRT Miniature Receiver Terminal ACRONYMS MSE Mobile Subscriber Equipment ACRONYMS Multilevel Device Equipment trusted to properly maintain and separate data of different security categories. NSTISSI 4009 Multilevel Mode "INFOSEC mode of operation wherein all the following statements are satisfied concerning the users who have direct or indirect access to the system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts; a. some users do not have a valid security clearance for all the information processed in the IS; b. all users have the proper security clearance and appropriate formal access approval for that information to which they have access; and c. all users have a valid need-to-know only for information to which they have access." NSTISSI 4009 Multilevel Security Concept of processing information with different classifications and categories that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances and denies access to users who lack authorization. NSTISSI 4009 Mutual Suspicion "Condition in which two IS's need to rely upon each other to perform a service, yet neither trusts the other to properly protect shared data." NSTISSI 4009 NACAM National COMSEC Advisory Memorandum ACRONYMS NACSI National COMSEC Instruction ACRONYMS NACSIM National COMSEC Information Memorandum ACRONYMS NAK Negative Acknowledge ACRONYMS National Information Infrastructure "The nation-wide interconnection of communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics that make vast amounts of information available to users. The national information infrastructure encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scanners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks of all types, televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and adversary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted information constitute a critical component of the national information infrastructure. Also called NII. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals National Security Information Information that has been determined pursuant to Executive Order 12958 or any predecessor order to require protection against unauthorized disclosure. NSTISSI 4009 National Security Systems "Any telecommunications or information system operated by the US Government, the function, operation, or use of which: 1. involves intelligence activities; 2. involves cryptologic activities related to national security; 3. involves command and control of military forces; 4. involves equipment that is an intregal part of a weapon or weapon system; or 5. is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions and does not include a system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications). (Title 40 U.S.C. Section 1452, Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996.)" NSTISSI 4009 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization ACRONYMS NCA National Command Authorities IO Fundamentals NCCD Nuclear Command and Control Document ACRONYMS NCSC National Computer Security Center ACRONYMS NDI Non-Developmental Item ACRONYMS Need-to-know "The necessity for access to, or knowledge or possession of, specific information required to carry out official duties." NSTISSI 4009 Network IS implemented with a collection of interconnected network nodes. NSTISSI 4009 Network Front-End Device implementing protocols that allow attachment of a computer system to a network. NSTISSI 4009 Network Reference Monitor Access control concept referring to an abstract machine that mediates all access to objects within a network by subjects within the network. See reference monitor. NSTISSI 4009 Network Security "The protection of networks and their services from unauthorized modification, destruction, or disclosure. It provides assurance the network performs its critical functions correctly and there are no harmful side-effects. " NSTISSI 4009 Network Security Architecture Subset of network architecture specifically addressing security-relevant issues. NSTISSI 4009 Network Security Officer Individual designated to assure network security. See Information System Security Officer. NSTISSI 4009 Network Sponsor "Individual or organization responsible for stating the security policy enforced by the network, designing the network security architecture to properly enforce that policy, and ensuring the network is implemented in such a way that the policy is enforced. For commercial-off-the-shelf systems (COTS), the network sponsor will normally be the vendor. For a fielded network system, the sponsor will normally be the project manager or system administrator." NSTISSI 4009 Network System System implemented with a collection of interconnected components. A network system is based on a coherent security architecture and design. NSTISSI 4009 Network Trusted Computing Base (NTCB) "Totality of protection mechanisms within a network, including hardware, firmware, and software, the combination of which is responsible for enforcing a security policy. See trusted computing base." NSTISSI 4009 Network Trusted Computing Base (NTCB) Partition "Totality of mechanisms within a single network component for enforcing the network policy, as allocated to that component; the part of the NTCB within a single network component." NSTISSI 4009 Network Weaving Penetration technique in which different communication networks are linked to access an IS to avoid detection and trace-back. NSTISSI 4009 NGO nongovernmental organization IO Fundamentals NII National Information Infrastructure ACRONYMS NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency ACRONYMS NIPRNET Not Classified Internet Protocol Router Network ACRONYMS NISAC National Industrial Security Advisory Committee ACRONYMS NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology ACRONYMS NKSR Nonkernel Security Related ACRONYMS NLW N-Level Workstation ACRONYMS NLZ No-Lone Zone ACRONYMS NOFORN No Foreign Dissemination ACRONYMS No-Lone Zone "Area, room, or space that, when staffed, must be occupied by two or more appropriately cleared individuals who remain within sight of each other. See-two-person integrity." NSTISSI 4009 Noncooperative Remote Rekeying Synonymous with automatic remote rekeying. NSTISSI 4009 Nonrepudiation "Assurance the sender of data is provided with proof of delivery and the recipient is provided with proof of the sender's identity, so neither can later deny having processed the data." NSTISSI 4009 Nonsecret Encryption Synonymous with Public Key Cryptography. NSTISSI 4009 NSA National Security Agency ACRONYMS NSAD Network Security Architecture and Design ACRONYMS NSD National Security Directive ACRONYMS NSDD National Security Decision Directive ACRONYMS NSEP National Security Emergency Preparedness ACRONYMS NSF Network Security Framework ACRONYMS NSI National Security Information ACRONYMS NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ACRONYMS NSTISSAM National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Advisory/Information Memorandum ACRONYMS NSTISSD National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Directive ACRONYMS NSTISSI National Security Telecommunications And Information Systems Security Instruction ACRONYMS NSTISSP National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy ACRONYMS NTCB Network Trusted Computing Base ACRONYMS NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration ACRONYMS NTISSAM National Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Advisory/Information Memorandum ACRONYMS NTISSC National Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Council ACRONYMS Null "Dummy letter, letter symbol, or code group inserted into an encrypted message to delay or prevent its decryption or to complete encrypted groups for transmission or transmission security purposes." NSTISSI 4009 O&M Operations and Maintenance ACRONYMS OADR Originating Agency's Determination Required ACRONYMS Object Passive entity that contains or receives information. Access to an object implies access to the information it contains. NSTISSI 4009 Object Reuse Reassignment and re-use of a storage medium containing one or more objects after ensuring no residual data remains on the storage medium. NSTISSI 4009 Offensive Information Operations "The integrated use of assigned and supporting capabilities and activities, mutually supported by intelligence, to affect adversary decisionmakers to achieve or promote specific objectives. These capabilities and activities include, but are not limited to, operations security, military deception, psychological operations electronic warfare, physical attack and/or destruction, and special information operations, and could include computer network attack. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Off-Line Cryptosystem Cryptosystem in which encryption and decryption are performed independently of the transmission and reception functions. NSTISSI 4009 OMB Office of Management and Budget ACRONYMS OMRT Operations and Maintenance Responsibility Transfer ACRONYMS One-Part Code "Code in which plain text elements and their accompanying code groups are arranged in alphabetical, numerical, or other systematic order, so one listing serves for both encoding and decoding. One-part codes are normally small codes used to pass small volumes of low-sensitivity information." NSTISSI 4009 One-Time Cryptosystem Cryptosystem employing key used only once. NSTISSI 4009 One-Time Pad Manual one-time cryptosystem produced in pad form. NSTISSI 4009 One-Time Tape Punched paper tape used to provide key streams on a one-time basis in certain machine cryptosystems. NSTISSI 4009 On-Line Cryptosystem Cryptosystem in which encryption and decryption are performed in association with the transmitting and receiving functions. NSTISSI 4009 OPCODE Operations Code ACRONYMS Open Security Environment "Environment that does not provide sufficient assurance that applications and equipment are protected against the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability." NSTISSI 4009 Open Storage "Storage of classified information within an accredited facility, but not in General Services Administration approved secure containers, while the facility is unoccupied by authorized personnel." NSTISSI 4009 Operational Data Security "Protection of data from either accidental or unauthorized intentional modification, destruction, or disclosure during input, processing, storage, transmission, or output operations." NSTISSI 4009 Operational Key Key intended for use over-the-air for protection of operational information or for the production or secure electrical transmission of key streams. NSTISSI 4009 Operational Level of War "The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations. Activities at this level link tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives needed to accomplish the strategic objectives, sequencing events to achieve the operational objectives, initiating actions, and applying resources to bring about and sustain these events. These activities imply a broader dimension of time or space than do tactics; they ensure the logistic and administrative support of tactical forces, and provide the means by which tactical successes are exploited to achieve strategic objectives. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Operational Waiver Authority for continued use of unmodified COMSEC end-items pending the completion of a mandatory modification. NSTISSI 4009 Operations Code Code composed largely of words and phrases suitable for general communications use. NSTISSI 4009 Operations Security A process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities to: a. Identify those actions that can be observed by adversary intelligence systems. b. Determine indicators hostile intelligence systems might obtain that could be interpreted or pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful to adversaries. c. Select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of friendly actions to adversary exploitation. Also called OPSEC. (Joint Pub 1-02) IO Fundamentals Operations Security Process denying information to potential adversaries about capabilities and/or intentions by identifying controlling and protecting unclassified generic activities. NSTISSI 4009 OPFOR opposition force IO Fundamentals OPLAN operation plan IO Fundamentals OPORD operation order IO Fundamentals OPSEC Operations Security ACRONYMS Optional Modification "NSA-approved modification not required for universal implementation by all holders of a COMSEC end-item. This class of modification requires all of the engineering/doctrinal control of mandatory modification but is usually not related to security, safety, TEMPEST, or reliability." NSTISSI 4009 ORA Organizational Registration Authority ACRONYMS Orange Book The DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (DoD 5200.28-STD). NSTISSI 4009 ORD Operations Requirements Document ACRONYMS Organizational Maintenance Limited maintenance performed by a user organization. NSTISSI 4009 Organizational Registration Authority (ORA) Entity within the PKI that authenticates the identity and the organizational affiliation of the users. NSTISSI 4009 OSD Office of Secretary of Defense ACRONYMS OT&E Operational Test and Evaluation ACRONYMS OTAD Over-the-Air Key Distribution ACRONYMS OTAR Over-the-Air Rekeying ACRONYMS OTAT Over-the-Air Transfer ACRONYMS OTP One-Time Pad ACRONYMS OTT One-Time Tape ACRONYMS Overt Channel Communications path within a computer system or network designed for the authorized transfer of data. See covert channel. NSTISSI 4009 Over-The-Air Key Distribution "Providing electronic key via over-the-air rekeying, over-the-air key transfer, or cooperative key generation." NSTISSI 4009 Over-The-Air Key Transfer Electronically distributing key without changing traffic encryption key used on the secured communications path over which the transfer is accomplished. NSTISSI 4009 Over-The-Air Rekeying (OTAR) Changing traffic encryption key or transmission security key in remote crypto-equipment by sending new key directly to the remote crypto-equipment over the communications path it secures. NSTISSI 4009 Overwrite Procedure Process of writing patterns of data on top of the data stored on a magnetic medium. NSTISSI 4009 P Model Preproduction Model ACRONYMS PA public affairs IO Fundamentals PAA Policy Approving Authority ACRONYMS PAAP Peer Access Approval ACRONYMS Packet Filter "Type of firewall in which each packet is examined and either allowed to pass through or is rejected, based on local security policy." NSTISSI 4009 PAE Peer Access Enforcement ACRONYMS PAL Permissive Action Link ACRONYMS Parity Bit(s) used to determine whether a block of data has been altered. NSTISSI 4009 Partitioned Security Mode "IS security mode of operation wherein all personnel have the clearance, but not necessarily formal access approval and need-to-know, for all information handled by an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Passphrase "Sequence of characters, longer than the acceptable length of a password, that is transformed by a password system into a virtual password of acceptable length." NSTISSI 4009 Password Protected/private alphanumeric string used to authenticate an identity or to authorize access to data. NSTISSI 4009 PC Personal Computer ACRONYMS PCA Policy Creation Authority ACRONYMS PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association ACRONYMS PCZ Protected Communications Zone ACRONYMS PDR Preliminary Design Review ACRONYMS PDS 1. Protected Distribution Systems 2. Practices Dangerous to Security ACRONYMS PDU Protocol Data Unit ACRONYMS Penetration Unauthorized act of bypassing the security mechanisms of a system. NSTISSI 4009 Penetration Testing Security testing in which evaluators attempt to circumvent the security features of a system based on their understanding of the system design and implementation. NSTISSI 4009 Per-Call Key Unique traffic encryption key generated automatically by certain secure telecommunications systems to secure single voice or data transmissions. See cooperative key generation. NSTISSI 4009 Perception Management "Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning; and to intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to influence official estimates, ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the originator's objectives. In various ways, perception management combines truth projection, operations security, cover and deception, and psychological operations. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Periods Processing "Processing of various levels of classified and unclassified information at distinctly different times. Under the concept of periods processing, the system must be purged of all information from one processing period before transitioning to the next." NSTISSI 4009 Permuter Device used in crypto-equipment to change the order in which the contents of a shift register are used in various nonlinear combining circuits. NSTISSI 4009 PES Positive Enable System ACRONYMS Physical Security "That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals PKA Public Key Algorithm ACRONYMS PKC Public Key Cryptography ACRONYMS PKI Public Key Infrastructure ACRONYMS PKSD Programmable Key Storage Device ACRONYMS Plain Text Unencrypted information. NSTISSI 4009 PNEK Post-Nuclear Event Key ACRONYMS POC Point of Contact ACRONYMS Policy Approving Authority (PAA) First Level of the PKI Certification Management Authority that approves the security policy of each PCA. NSTISSI 4009 Policy Creation Authority (PCA) Second level of the PKI Certification Management Authority that formulates the security policy under which it and its subordinate CAs will issue public key certificates. Also known as a policy certification authority. NSTISSI 4009 Positive Control Material "Generic term referring to a sealed authenticator system, permissive action link, coded switch system, positive enable system, or nuclear command and control documents, material, or devices." NSTISSI 4009 PPL Preferred Products List (a section in the INFOSEC Products and Services Catalogue) ACRONYMS PRBAC Partition Rule Base Access Control ACRONYMS Preproduction Model "Version of INFOSEC equipment employing standard parts and suitable for complete evaluation of form, design, and performance. Preproduction models are often referred to as beta models." NSTISSI 4009 Print Suppression Eliminating the display of characters in order to preserve their secrecy. NSTISSI 4009 Privacy System "Commercial encryption system that affords telecommunications limited protection to deter a casual listener, but cannot withstand a technically competent cryptanalytic attack." NSTISSI 4009 Private Key "Encryption methodology in which the encryptor and decryptor use the same key, which must be kept secret." NSTISSI 4009 Privileged Access "Explicitly authorized access of a specific user, process, or computer to a computer resource(s)." NSTISSI 4009 Probe Attempt to gather information about an IS or its users. NSTISSI 4009 Production Model INFOSEC equipment in its final mechanical and electrical form. NSTISSI 4009 PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory ACRONYMS PROPIN Proprietary Information ACRONYMS Proprietary Information "Material and information relating to or associated with a company's products, business or activities, including but not limited to: financial information; data or statements; trade secrets; product research and development; existing and future product designs and performance specification; marketing plans or techniques; schematics; client lists, computer programs, processes and know-how that have been clearly identified and properly marked by the company as proprietary information, trade secrets or company confidential information. The information must have been developed by the company and not be available to the government or to the public without restriction from another source." NSTISSI 4009 Protcol "Set of rules and formats, semantic, syntactic, permitting ISs to exchange information." NSTISSI 4009 Protected Communications Telecommunications deriving their protection through use of type 2 products or data encryption standard equipment. See type 2 product. NSTISSI 4009 Protected Distribution Systems (PDS) Wire line or fiber optic distribution system used to transmit unencrypted classified national security information through an area of lesser classification or control. NSTISSI 4009 Protection Philosophy "Informal description of the overall design of an IS delineating each of the protection mechanisms employed. Combination of formal and informal techniques, appropriate to the evaluation class, used to show the mechanisms are adequate to enforce the security policy." NSTISSI 4009 Protection Ring One of a hierarchy of privileged modes of an IS that gives certain access rights to user programs and processes that are authorized to operate in a given mode. NSTISSI 4009 Protective Packaging "Packaging techniques for COMSEC material that discourage penetration, reveal a penetration has occured or was attempted, or inhibit viewing or copying of keying material prior to the time it is exposed for use." NSTISSI 4009 Protective Technologies "Special tamper-evident features and materials employed for the purpose of detecting tampering and deterring attempts to compromise, modify, penetrate, extract, or substitute information processing equipment and keying material." NSTISSI 4009 Proxy Application acting on behalf of another application or system in responding to protocol requests. NSTISSI 4009 PSL Protected Services List ACRONYMS Psychological Operations "Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals PSYOP psychological operations IO Fundamentals Public Affairs "Those public information, command information, and community relations activities directed toward both the external and internal publics with interest in the Department of Defense. Also called PA. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals Public Cryptography "Body of cryptographic and related knowledge, study, techniques, and applications that is, or intended to be, in the public domain." NSTISSI 4009 Public Key Certificate "Contains the name of a user, the public key component of the user, and the name of the issuer who vouches that the public key component is bound to the named user." NSTISSI 4009 Public Key Cryptography (PKC) "Encryption system using a linked pair of keys. What one pair of keys encrypts, the other pair decrypts." NSTISSI 4009 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) "Framework established to issue, maintain, and revoke public key certificates accomodating a variety of security technologies, including the use of software." NSTISSI 4009 Purging Rendering stored information unrecoverable by laboratory attack. NSTISSI 4009 PWDS Protected Wireline Distribution System ACRONYMS QUADRANT Short name referring to technology that provides tamper-resistant protection to crypto-equipment. NSTISSI 4009 R&D Research and Development ACRONYMS RA Risk Assessment ACRONYMS RACE Rapid Automatic Cryptographic Equipment ACRONYMS Rainbow Series Set of publications that interpret Orange Book requirements for trusted systems. NSTISSI 4009 RAMP Rating Maintenance Program ACRONYMS Randomizer "Analog or digital source of unpredictable, unbiased, and usually independent bits. Randomizers can be used for several different functions, including key generation or to provide a starting state for a key generator." NSTISSI 4009 RASP Remote Access Security Program ACRONYMS RC Request Champion ACRONYMS RDT&E "Research, Development, Test and Evaluation" ACRONYMS Read Fundamental operation in an IS that results only in the flow of information from an object to a subject. NSTISSI 4009 Read Access Permission to read information in an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Real Time Reaction Immediate response to a penetration attempt that is detected and diagnosed in time to prevent access. NSTISSI 4009 Recovery Procedures Actions necessary to restore data files of an IS and computational capability after a system failure. NSTISSI 4009 RED "Designation applied to information systems, and associated areas, circuits, components, and equipment in which national security information is being processed." NSTISSI 4009 RED Signal "Any electronic emission (e.g., plain text, key, key stream, subkey stream, initial fill, or control signal) that would divulge national security information if recovered." NSTISSI 4009 RED/BLACK Concept "Separation of electrical and electronic circuits, components, equipment, and systems that handle national secuirty information (RED), in electrical form, from those that handle non-national security information (BLACK) in the same form." NSTISSI 4009 Reference Monitor Access control concept referring to an abstract machine that mediates all accesses to objects by subjects. NSTISSI 4009 Reference Validation Mechanism Portion of a trusted computing base whose normal function is to control access between subjects and objects and whose correct operation is essential to the protection of data in the system. NSTISSI 4009 Release Prefix "Prefix appended to the short title of U.S.-produced keying material to indicate its foreign releasability. A"" designates material that is releasable to specific allied nations and ""US"" designates material intended exclusively for U.S. use.""" NSTISSI 4009 Remanence Residual information remaining on storage media after clearing. See magnetic remanence and clearing. NSTISSI 4009 Remote Rekeying Procedure by which a distant crypto-equipment is rekeyed electrically. See automatic remote rekeying and manual remote rekeying. NSTISSI 4009 Repair Action "NSA-approved change to a COMSEC end-item that does not affect the original characteristics of the end-item and is provided for optional application by holders. Repair actions are limited to minor electrical and/or mechanical improvements to enhance operation, maintenance, or reliability. They do not require an identification label marking, or control but must be fully documented by changes to the maintenance manual." NSTISSI 4009 Reserve Keying Material Key held to satisfy unplanned needs. See contigency key. NSTISSI 4009 Residual Risk Portion of risk remaining after security measures have been applied. NSTISSI 4009 Residue "Data left in storage after information processing operations are complete, but before deguassing or overwriting has taken place." NSTISSI 4009 Resource Encapsulation Method by which the reference monitor mediates accesses to an IS resource. Resource is protected and not directly accessible by a subject. Satisfies requirement for accurate auditing of resource usage. NSTISSI 4009 Risk Analysis Synonymous with risk assessment NSTISSI 4009 Risk Assessment "Process of analyzing threats to and vulnerabilities of an IS, and the potential impact the loss of information or capabilities of a system would have on national security. The resulting analysis is used as a basis for identifying appropriate and cost-effective counter-measures." NSTISSI 4009 Risk Index "Difference between the minimum clearance or authorization of IS users and the maximum sensitivity (e.g., classification and categories) of data processed by the system." NSTISSI 4009 Risk Management "Process concerned with the identification, measurement, control, and minimization of security risks in information systems to a level commensurate with the value of the assets protected." NSTISSI 4009 ROE rules of engagement IO Fundamentals RQT Reliability Qualification Tests ACRONYMS S Secret ACRONYMS SA System Administrator ACRONYMS SABI Secret and Below Interoperability ACRONYMS Safeguarding Statement "Statement affixed to a computer output or printout that states the highest classification being processed at the time the product was produced and requires control of the product, at that level, until determination of the true classification by an authorized person. Synonymous with banner." NSTISSI 4009 Sample Key Key intended for off-the-air demonstration use only. NSTISSI 4009 Sanitize "Process to remove information from media such that data recovery is not possible. It includes removing all classified labels markings, and activity logs." NSTISSI 4009 SAO Special Access Office ACRONYMS SAP 1. System Acquisition Plan 2. Special Access Program ACRONYMS SAR Special Access Required ACRONYMS SARK SAVILLE Advanced Remote Keying NSTISSI 4009 SATE Security Awareness Training and Education ACRONYMS SBU "Sensitive But Unclassified Information - The designation applied only to information or material, the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to, or modification of, could adversely affect the national interest or the conduct of Federal programs, or the privacy to which individuals are entitled under Section 552a of Title 5, U. S. Code, but has not been specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive Order or an act of Congress to be kept classified in the interest of national defense or foreign policy." ACRONYMS Scavenging Searching through object residue to acquire data. NSTISSI 4009 SCI Sensitive Compartmented Information - Includes only that intelligence material having special controls indicating restrictive handling for which systems of compartmentation of handling are formally established. ACRONYMS SCIF Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility ACRONYMS Scratch Pad Store (SPS) Temporary key storage in crypto-equipment. NSTISSI 4009 SDNRIU Secure Digital Net Radio Interface Unit ACRONYMS SDNS Secure Data Network System ACRONYMS SDR System Design Review ACRONYMS SE\CM Systems Engineering\Configuration Management ACRONYMS Secure Communications Telecommunications deriving security through use of type1 products and/or protected distribution systems. NSTISSI 4009 Secure Hash Standard Specification for a secure hash algorithm that can generate a condensed message representation called a message digest. NSTISSI 4009 Secure Operating System "Resident software controlling hardware and other software functions in an IS to provide a level of protection or security appropriate to the classification, sensitivity, and/or criticality of the data and resources it manages." NSTISSI 4009 Secure State Condition in which no subject can access any object in an unauthorized manner. NSTISSI 4009 Secure Subsystem Subsystem containing its own implementation of the reference monitor concept for those resources it controls. Secure subsystem must depend on other controls and the base operating system for the control of subjects and the more primitive system objects. NSTISSI 4009 Security Fault Analysis "Assessment, usually performed on IS hardware, to determine the security properties of a device when hardware fault is encountered." NSTISSI 4009 Security Features Users Guide (SFUG) Guide or manual explaining how the security mechanisms in a specific system work. NSTISSI 4009 Security Filter IS trusted subsystem that enforces security policy on the data passing through it. NSTISSI 4009 Security Flaw Error of commission or omission in an IS that may allow protection mechanisms to be bypassed. NSTISSI 4009 Security Inspection "Examination of an IS to determine compliance with security policy, procedures, and practices." NSTISSI 4009 Security Kernel "Hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing base implementing the reference monitor concept. Security kernel must mediate all accesses, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct." NSTISSI 4009 Security Label "Information representing the sensitivity of a subject or object, such as its hierarchical classification (CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET, TOP SECRET) together with any applicable nonhierarchical security categories (e.g., sensitive compartmented information, critical nuclear weapon design information)." NSTISSI 4009 Security Net Control Station Management system overseeing and controlling implementation of network security policy. NSTISSI 4009 Security Perimeter All components/devices of an IS to be accredited. Separately accredited components generally are not included within the perimeter. NSTISSI 4009 Security Range "Highest and lowest security levels that are permitted in or on an IS, system component, subsystem, or network." NSTISSI 4009 Security Requirements "Types and levels of protection necessary for equipment, data, information, applications, and facilities to meet security policy." NSTISSI 4009 Security Requirements Baseline Description of the minimum requirements necessary for an IS to maintain an acceptable level of security. NSTISSI 4009 Security Safeguard "Protective measures and controls prescribed to meet the security requirements specified for an IS. Safeguards may include security features, management constraints, personnel security, and security of physical structures, areas, and devices. See accreditation." NSTISSI 4009 Security Specification Detailed description of the safeguards required to protect an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Security Test & Evaluation "Examination and analysis of the safeguards required to protect an IS, as they have been applied in an operational environment, to determine the security posture of that system." NSTISSI 4009 Security Testing Process to determine that an IS protects data and maintains functionally as intended. NSTISSI 4009 Seed Key Initial key used to start an updating or key generation process. NSTISSI 4009 Self-Authentication "Implicit authentication, to a predetermined level, of all transmissions on a secure communications system." NSTISSI 4009 Sensitive Information "Information, the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to modification of which would adversely affect the national interest or the conduct of federal programs, or the privacy to which individuals are entitled under 5 U.S.C. Section 552a (the Privacy Act), but that has not been specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive Order or an Act of Congress to be kept secret in the interest of the national defense or foreign policy. (Systems that are not national security systems, but contain sensitive information are to be protected in accordance with the requirements of the Computer Security Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-235).)" NSTISSI 4009 Sensitivity Label Information representing elements of the security label(s) of a subject and an object. Sensitivity labels are used by the trusted computing base (TCB) as the basis for mandatory access control decisions. NSTISSI 4009 SETA "Systems Engineering, Testing and Analysis" ACRONYMS SFA Security Fault Analysis ACRONYMS SFUG Security Features Users Guide ACRONYMS SHA Secure Hash Algorithm ACRONYMS Shielded Enclosure Room or container designed to attenuate electromagnetic radiation. NSTISSI 4009 Short Title "Identifying combination of letters and numbers assigned to certain COMSEC materials to facilitate handling, accounting, and controlling." NSTISSI 4009 SI Special Intelligence ACRONYMS Signals Security Generic term encompassing COMSEC and electronic security. NSTISSI 4009 SIGSEC Signals Security ACRONYMS Simple Security Property "Bell-La Padula security model rule allowing a subject read access to an object, only if the security level of the subject dominates the security level of the object." NSTISSI 4009 Single Point Keying "Means of distributing key to multiple, local crypto-equipment or devices from a single fill point." NSTISSI 4009 Single-Level Device IS device not trusted to properly maintain and separate data to different security levels. NSTISSI 4009 SIO special information operations IO Fundamentals SIPRNET Secret Internet Protocol Router Network ACRONYMS SISS Subcommittee on Information Systems Security ACRONYMS SMG Standard Mail Guard ACRONYMS SMU Secure Mobile Unit ACRONYMS Sniffer Software tool that audits and identifies network traffic packets. NSTISSI 4009 SOF special operations forces IO Fundamentals Software System Test and Evaluation Process "Process that plans, develops, and documents the quantitative demonstration of the fulfillment of all baseline functional performance, operational, and interface requirements." NSTISSI 4009 SOW Statement of Work ACRONYMS Special Information Operations "Information operations that by their sensitive nature, due to their potential effect or impact, security requirements, or risk to the national security of the United States, require a special review and approval process. Also called SIO. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Special Mission Modification "Mandatory or optional modification that applies only to a specific mission, purpose, operational, or environmental need." NSTISSI 4009 Speech Privacy Techniques using fixed sequence permutations or voice/speech inversion to render speech unintelligible to the casual listener. NSTISSI 4009 SPK Single Point Key(ing) ACRONYMS Split Knowledge "Separation of data or information into two or more parts, each part constantly kept under control of separate authorized individuals or teams so that no one individual or team will know the whole data." NSTISSI 4009 SPO System Program Office ACRONYMS Spoofing "Unauthorized use of legitimate Identification and Authentication (I&A) data, however, it was obtained to mimick a subject different from the attacker. Impersonating, masquerading, piggybacking, and mimicking are forms of spoofing." NSTISSI 4009 Spread Spectrum "Telecommunications techniques in which a signal is transmitted in a bandwidth considerably greater than the frequency content of the original information. Frequency hopping, direct sequence spreading, time scrambling, and combinations of these techniques are forms of spread spectrum." NSTISSI 4009 SPS Scratch Pad Store ACRONYMS SRR Security Requirements Review ACRONYMS SSE System Security Engineer ACRONYMS SSMP System Security Management Plan ACRONYMS SSO Systems Security Officer ACRONYMS SSRS System Security Requirements Specification ACRONYMS ST&E Security Test and Evaluation ACRONYMS Star (*) Property Bell-La Padula security model rule allowing a subject write access to an object only if the security level of the object dominates the security level of the subject. NSTISSI 4009 Start-Up KEK Key-encryption-key held in common by a group of potential communicating entities and used to establish ad hoc tactical networks. NSTISSI 4009 State Variable Variable representing either the state of an IS or the state of some system resource. NSTISSI 4009 STE Secure Terminal Equipment ACRONYMS STO special technical operations IO Fundamentals Storage Object An object supporting both read and write accesses to an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Strategic Level of War "The level of war at which a nation, often as a member of a group of nations, determines national or multinational (alliance or coalition) security objectives and guidance, and develops and uses national resources to accomplish these objectives. Activities atthis level establish national and multinational military objectives; sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks for the use of military and other instruments of national power; develop global plans or theater war plans to achieve these objectives; and provide military forces and other capabilities in accordance with strategic plans. (Joint Pub 1-02)" IO Fundamentals STS Subcommittee on Telecommunications Security ACRONYMS STU Secure Telephone Unit ACRONYMS Subassembly "Major subdivision of an assembly consisting of a package of parts, elements, and circuits that perform a specific function." NSTISSI 4009 Subject "Generally a person, process, or device causing information to flow among objects or changes the system state." NSTISSI 4009 Subject Security Level Sensitivity label(s) of the objects to which the subject has both read and write access. Security level of a subject must always be dominated by the clearance level of the user associated with the subject. NSTISSI 4009 Sub-Registration Authority (SRA) Individual with primary responsibility for managing the distinguished name process. NSTISSI 4009 Superencryption "Process of encrypting encrypted information. Occurs when a message, encrypted off-line, is transmitted over a secured, on-line circuit, or when information encrypted by the originator is multiplexed onto a communications trunk, which is then bulk encrypted." NSTISSI 4009 Supersession Scheduled or unscheduled replacement of a COMSEC aid with a different edition. NSTISSI 4009 Superuser "Special user who can perform control of processes, devices, networks, and file systems." NSTISSI 4009 Supervisor State Synonymous with executive state of an operating system. NSTISSI 4009 Suppression Measure "Action, procedure, modification, or device that reduces the level of, or inhibits the generation of, compromising emanations in an IS." NSTISSI 4009 Surrogate Access See discretionary access control. NSTISSI 4009 Syllabary "List of individual letters, combination of letters, or syllables, with their equivalent code groups, used for spelling out words or proper names not present in the vocabulary of a code. A syllabary may also be a spelling table." NSTISSI 4009 Synchronous Crypto-Operation Method of on-line crypto-operation in which crypto-equipment and associated terminals have timing systems to keep them in step. NSTISSI 4009 System Administrator (SA) "Individual responsible for the installation and maintenance of the nonsecurity aspects of an information system, providing effective IS utilization, adequate security parameters, and sound implementation of established INFOSEC policy and procedures. " NSTISSI 4009 System Assets "Any software, hardware, data, administrative, physical, communications, or personnel resource within an IS." NSTISSI 4009 System Development Methodologies Methodologies developed through software engineering to manage the complexity of system development. Development methodologies include software engineering aids and high-level design analysis tools. NSTISSI 4009 System High Highest security level supported by an IS. NSTISSI 4009 System High Mode "IS security mode of operation wherein each user, with direct or indirect access to the IS, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts, has all of the following: a. valid security clearance for all information within an IS; b. formal access approval and signed nondisclosure agreements for all the information stored and/or processed (including all compartments, subcompartments and/or special access programs); and c. valid need-to-know for some of the information contained within the IS." NSTISSI 4009 System Indicator Symbol or group of symbols in an off-line encrypted message identifying the specific cryptosystem or key used in the encryption. NSTISSI 4009 System Integrity "Attribute of an IS when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized manipulation of the system. " NSTISSI 4009 System Low Lowest security level supported by an IS. NSTISSI 4009 System Profile "Detailed security description of the physical structure, equipment component, location, relationship, and general operating environment of an IS." NSTISSI 4009 System Security Degree of security as determined by evaluation of the totality of all system elements and INFOSEC countermeasures. NSTISSI 4009 System Security Engineering The effort to achieve and maintain optimal security and survivability of a system throughout its life cycle. NSTISSI 4009 System Security Evaluation "Risk Assessment of a system, considering its vulnerabilities and perceived security threat." NSTISSI 4009 System Security Management Plan Formal document fully describing the responsibilities for security tasks planned to meet system security requirements. NSTISSI 4009 System Security Officer Synonymous with information system security officer. NSTISSI 4009 System Security Plan Formal document fully describing the planned security tasks required to meet system security requirements. NSTISSI 4009 TA Traffic Analysis ACRONYMS TACTED Tactical Trunk Encryption Device ACRONYMS TACTERM Tactical Terminal ACRONYMS Tactical Level of War The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this level focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other and to the enemy to achieve combat objectives. (Joint Pub 1-02) IO Fundamentals TAFIM Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management ACRONYMS TAG TEMPEST Advisory Group ACRONYMS TAISS Telecommunications and Automated Information Systems Security ACRONYMS Tampering Unauthorized modification altering the proper functioning of INFOSEC equipment. NSTISSI 4009 TC Team Chief ACRONYMS TCB Trusted Computing Base ACRONYMS TCD Time Compliance Data ACRONYMS TCSEC DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria ACRONYMS TD Transfer Device ACRONYMS Technical Attack "Attack that can be perpetrated by circumventing or nullifying hardware or software protection mechanisms, rather than by subverting system personnel or other users." NSTISSI 4009 TED Trunk Encryption Device ACRONYMS TEK Traffic Encryption Key ACRONYMS Telecommunications "Preparation, transmission, communication, or related processing of information (writing, images, sounds or other data) by electrical, electromagnetic, electromechanical, electro-optical or electronic means." NSTISSI 4009 Telecommunications & Automated Information Systems Security Superceded by information systems security. NSTISSI 4009 Telecommunications Security See information systems security. NSTISSI 4009 TEMP Test and Evaluation Master Plan ACRONYMS TEMPEST "Short name referring to investigation, study, and control of compromising emanations from IS equipment." NSTISSI 4009 TEMPEST Test Laboratory or on-site test to determine the nature of compromising emanations associated with an IS. NSTISSI 4009 TEMPEST Zone Designated area within a facility where equipment with appropriate TEMPEST characteristics (TEMPEST zone assignment) may be operated. NSTISSI 4009 TEP TEMPEST Endorsement Program ACRONYMS Test Key Key intended for testing of COMSEC equipment or systems. NSTISSI 4009 TFM Trusted Facility Manual ACRONYMS TFS Traffic Flow Security ACRONYMS Threat "Any circumstance or event with the potential to harm an IS through unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service." NSTISSI 4009 Threat Analysis Examination of information to identify the elements comprising a threat. NSTISSI 4009 Threat Assessment Formal description and evaluation of threat to an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Threat Monitoring "Analysis, assessment, and review of audit trails and other information collected for the purpose of searching out system events that may constitute violations of system security." NSTISSI 4009 Ticket-Oriented "Computer protection system in which each subject maintains a list of unforgeable bit patterns called tickets, one for each object a subject is authorized to access. See list-oriented." NSTISSI 4009 TIM Technical Interchange Meeting ACRONYMS Time Bomb Resident computer program that triggers an unauthorized act at a predefined time. NSTISSI 4009 Time-Compliance Date Date by which a mandatory modification to a COMSEC end-item must be incorporated if the item is to remain approved for operational use. NSTISSI 4009 Time-Dependent Password Password that is valid only at a certain time of day or during a specified interval of time. NSTISSI 4009 TLS Top-Level Specification ACRONYMS TNI Trusted Network Interpretation ACRONYMS TNIEG Trusted Network Interpretation Environment Guideline ACRONYMS TPC Two-Person Control ACRONYMS TPEP Trusted Products Evaluation Program ACRONYMS TPI Two-Person Integrity ACRONYMS Traditional COMSEC Program "Program in which NSA acts as the central procurement agency for the development and, in some cases, the production of INFOSEC items. This includes the Authorized Vendor Program. Modification to the INFOSEC end-items used in products developed and/or produced under these programs must be approved by NSA." NSTISSI 4009 Traffic Analysis Study of communications patterns. NSTISSI 4009 Traffic Encryption Key Key used to encrypt plain text or to superencrypt previously encrypted text and/or to decrypt cipher text. NSTISSI 4009 Traffic Padding Generation of spurious communications or data units to disguise the amount of real data units being sent. NSTISSI 4009 Traffic-Flow Security Measure used to conceal the presence of valid messages in an on-line cryptosystem or secure communications system. NSTISSI 4009 Training Key Cryptographic key for training. NSTISSI 4009 Tranquility Property whereby the security level of an object cannot change while the object is being processed by an IS. NSTISSI 4009 Transmission Security Component of communications security that results from the application of measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. NSTISSI 4009 Transmission Security Key "Key used in the control of TRANSEC processes, such as frequency hopping and spread spectrum." NSTISSI 4009 Trap-door Hidden software or hardware mechanism used to circumvent security controls. Synonymous with Back Door. NSTISSI 4009 TRB Technical Review Board ACRONYMS TRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications System ACRONYMS Trojan Horse "Program containing hidden code that allows the unauthorized collection, falsification, or destruction of information." NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Computer System IS employing sufficient hardware and software assurance measures to allow simultaneous processing of a range of classified or sensitive information. NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Computing Base (TCB) "Totality of protection mechanisms within a computer system, including hardware, firmware, and software, the combination responsible for enforcing a security policy." NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Distribution "Method for distributing trusted computing base (TCB) hardware, software, and firmware components that protects the TCB from modification during distribution." NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Facility Management "Administrative procedures, roles, functions, privileges, and databases used for secure system configuration, administration, and operation." NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Facility Manual "Document containing the operational requirements; security environment; hardware and software configurations and interfaces; and all security procedures, measures, and contingency plans." NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Identification Fowarding Identification method used in IS networks whereby the sending host can verify an authorized user on its system is attempting a connection to another host. The sending host transmits the required user authentication information to the receiving host. NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Path Mechanism by which a person using a terminal can communicate directly with the trusted computing base (TCB). Trusted path can only be activated by the person or the TCB and cannot be imitated by untrusted software. NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Process Process that has privileges to circumvent the system security policy and has been tested and verified to operate only as intended. NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Recovery Ability to ensure recovery without compromise after a system failure. NSTISSI 4009 Trusted Software Software portion of a trusted computing base (TCB). NSTISSI 4009 TS/SCI Top Secret/Special Compartmented Information ACRONYMS TSCM Technical Surveillance Countermeasures ACRONYMS TSEC Nomenclature System for identifying the type and purpose of certain items of COMSEC material. NSTISSI 4009 TSK Transmission Security Key ACRONYMS Tunneling Technology enabling one network to send its data via another network's connections. Tunneling works by incapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second network. NSTISSI 4009 Two-Part Code "Code consisting of an encoding section, in which the vocabulary items (with their associated code groups) are arranged in alphabetical or other systematic order, and a decoding section, in which the code groups (with their associated meanings) are arranged in a separate alphabetical or numeric order." NSTISSI 4009 Two-Person Control "Continuous surveillance and control of positive control material at all times by a minimum of two authorized individuals, each capable of detecting incorrect and unauthorized procedures with respect to the task being performed, and each familiar with established security and safety requirements." NSTISSI 4009 Two-Person Integrity (TPI) "System of storage and handling designed to prohibit individual access to certain COMSEC keying material by requiring the presence of at least two authorized persons, each capable of detecting incorrect or unauthorized security procedures with respect to the task being performed. See no-lone zone." NSTISSI 4009 Type 1 Product "Classified or controlled cryptographic item endorsed by the NSA for securing classified and sensitive US Government Information, when appropriately keyed. The term refers only to products, and not to information, key, services, or controls. Type 1 products contain classified NSA algorithms. They are available to U.S. Government users, their contractors, and Federally sponsored non-U.S. government activities, subject to export restrictions in accordance with International Traffic in Arms Regulation." NSTISSI 4009 Type 2 Product "Unclassified cryptographic equipment, assembly, or component, endorsed by the NSA, for use in national security systems as defined in Title 40 U.S.C. Section 1452." NSTISSI 4009 Type 3 Algorithm Cryptographic algorithm registered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for use in protecting unclassified sensitive information or commercial information. NSTISSI 4009 Type 4 Algorithm "Unclassified cryptographic algorithm that has been registered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), but not published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS)." NSTISSI 4009 U Unclassified ACRONYMS U.S. United States ACRONYMS U.S. Person "United States citizen or a permanent resident alien, an unincorporated association substantially composed of United States citizens or permanent resident aliens, or a corporation incorporated in the United States, except for a corporation directed and controlled by a foreign government or governments." NSTISSI 4009 U.S.-Controlled Facility Base or building to which access is physically controlled by U.S. persons who are authorized U.S. Government or U.S. Government contractor employees. NSTISSI 4009 U.S.-Controlled Space "Room or floor within a facility that is not a U.S.-controlled facility, access to which is physically controlled by U.S. persons who are authorized U.S. Government or U.S. Government contractor employees. Keys or combinations to locks controlling entrance to U.S.-Controlled spaces must be under the exclusive control of U.S. persons who are U.S. Government or U.S. Government contractor employees." NSTISSI 4009 UA User Agent ACRONYMS UIRK Unique Interswitch Rekeying Key ACRONYMS UIS User Interface System ACRONYMS Unauthorized Disclosure Exposure of information to individuals not authorized to receive it. NSTISSI 4009 Unclassified Information that has not been determined pursuant to Executive Order 12958 or any predecessor order to require protection against unauthorized disclosure and that is not designated as classified. NSTISSI 4009 Untrusted Process Process that has been evaluated or examined for adherence to the security policy. It may include incorrect or malicious code that attempts to circumvent the security mechanisms. NSTISSI 4009 Updating "Automatic or manual cryptographic process that irreversibly modifies the state of a COMSEC key, equipment, device or system." NSTISSI 4009 UPP User Partnership Program ACRONYMS USDE Undesired Signal Data Emanations ACRONYMS User "Person or process authorized to access an IS. (PKI) Individual defined, registered, and bound to a public key structure by a certification authority (CA)." NSTISSI 4009 User ID Unique symbol or character string used by an IS to identify a specific user. NSTISSI 4009 User Partnership Program Partnership between the NSA and a U.S. Government agency to facilitate development of secure IS equipment incorporating NSA approved cryptography. The result of this program is the authorization of the product or system to safeguard national security information in the user's specific application. NSTISSI 4009 User Profile Patterns of a user's activity that can show changes from normal behavior. NSTISSI 4009 User Representative Person authorized by an organization to order COMSEC keying material and interface with the keying system; providing information to key users and ensuring the correct type of key is ordered. NSTISSI 4009 USG United States Government IO Fundamentals USIA United States Information Agency IO Fundamentals V Model Advanced Development Model ACRONYMS Validation "Process of applying specialized security test and evaluation procedures, tools, and equipment needed to establish acceptance for joint usage of an IS by one or more departments or agencies and their contractors." NSTISSI 4009 VAP Vulnerability Assessment Process ACRONYMS Variant One of two or more code symbols having the same plain text equivalent. NSTISSI 4009 Verification "Process of comparing two levels of an IS specification for proper correspondence (e.g., security policy model with top-level specification, top-level specification with source code, or source code with object code)." NSTISSI 4009 Verified Design "Computer protection class in which formal security verification methods are used to assure mandatory and discretionary security controls can effectively protect classified and sensitive information stored in, or processed by, the system. Class A1 system is verified design." NSTISSI 4009 Virtual Password "IS password computed from a passphrase meeting the requirements of password storage (e.g., 64 bits)." NSTISSI 4009 Virtual Private Network (VPN) "Protected IS link utilizing tunneling, security controls (see information assurance), and end-point address translation giving the user the impression a dedicated line exists between nodes." NSTISSI 4009 Virus "Self replicating, malicious program segment that attaches itself to an application program or other executable system component and leaves no obvious signs of its presence." NSTISSI 4009 VIT VINSON Trunk Terminal ACRONYMS VPN Virtual Private Network ACRONYMS VST VINSON Subscriber Terninal ACRONYMS Vulnerability "1. The susceptibility of a nation or military force to any action by any means through which its war potential or combat effectiveness may be reduced or its will to fight diminished. 2. The characteristics of a system which cause it to suffer a definite degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of effects in an unnatural (manmade) hostile environment. 3. In information operations, a weakness in information system security design, procedures, implementation, or internal controls that could be exploited to gain unauthorized access to information or an information system. (This term and its definition modifies the existing term and definition and are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Vulnerability "Weakness in an IS, system security procedures, internal controls, or implentation that could be exploited." NSTISSI 4009 Vulnerability Analysis "In information operations, a systematic examination of an information system or product to determine the adequacy of security measures, identify security deficiencies, provide data from which to predict the effectiveness of proposed security measures, and confirm the adequacy of such measures after implementation. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)" IO Fundamentals Vulnerability Assessment "Systematic examination of an IS or product to determine the adequacy of security measures, identify security proficiencies, provide data from which to predict the effectiveness of proposed security measures, and confirm the adequacy of such measures after implementation." NSTISSI 4009 WAN Wide Area Network ACRONYMS WG Working Group ACRONYMS Work Factor "Estimate of the effort or time needed by a potential perpetrator, with specified expertise and resources, to overcome a protective measure." NSTISSI 4009 Worm "Independent program that replicates from machine to machine across network connections, often clogging networks and computer systems as it spreads." NSTISSI 4009 Write Fundamental operation in an IS that results only in the flow of information from a subject to an object. See access type. NSTISSI 4009 Write Access Permission to write to an object in an IS. NSTISSI 4009 WWMCCS Worldwide Military Command and Control System ACRONYMS XDM/X Model Experimental Development Model/Exploratory Development Model. ACRONYMS Zero Fill "To fill unused storage locations in an IS with the representation of the character denoting 0.""""" NSTISSI 4009 Zeroize To remove or eliminate the key from a crypto-equipment or fill device. NSTISSI 4009 Zone of Control Synonymous with inspectable space. NSTISSI 4009