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CBM 93-1 Laboratory Animal Welfare January 1992 through December 1992 87 Citations Prepared by Fritz P. Gluckstein, D.V.M., M.L.S. Coordinator for Veterinary Affairs U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1993SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1993 (approximately 7 bibliographies), send $24.00 ($30.00 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM93. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($3.50, $4.38 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login: as nlmpubs. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1993.LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE This is the ninth supplement to a selective annotated bibliography on laboratory animal welfare issued in January 1984. Items were selected for inclusion in this bibliography because they were judged to be representative of the most significant of those providing recent information or because they were considered to be useful guides to additional literature on the subject. The primary period covered is January 1992 through December 1992; a number of items published prior to January 1992 have also been included. Annotations that are direct quotations from the source document are indicated by quotation marks. Publishing History Laboratory Animal Welfare was originally published as Specialized Bibliography Series No. 1984-1. The first supplement was issued in January 1985, SBS No. 1984-5; the second in January 1986, SBS No. 1986-1; the third in January 1987, SBS No. 1987-1; and the fourth in January 1988, SBS No. 1988-1. The Specialized Bibliography Series was absorbed by this series, Current Bibliographies in Medicine, in 1989. The fifth update was published as CBM No. 89-3, the sixth as CBM No. 90-5, the seventh as CBM No. 91-1, and the eighth as CBM No. 92-2. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = ANIMAL WELFARE OR ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVES SS 2 = LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE OR ANIMALS, LABORATORY SS 3 = EXP K1.316 AND ANIMAL SS 4 = VIVISECTION SS 5 = 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer- based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography.SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Anderson BO, Harken AH. Carl John Wiggers' visionary views on vivisection. Ann Surg 1992 Jul;216(1):80-6. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Baird, Robert M.; Rosenbaum, Stuart E., editors. Animal experimentation: the moral issues. Buffalo (NY): Prometheus Books; 1991. 182 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.TABLE OF CONTENTS JOURNALS I. Historical Aspects II. Ethical and Philosophic Aspects III. Animal Rights IV. Laws, Regulations, Guidelines V. Replacement, Reduction, Refinement VI. Biomedical Education and Training VII. Other Aspects MONOGRAPHS BIBLIOGRAPHIES JOURNALS I. Historical Aspects Anderson BO, Harken AH. Carl John Wiggers' visionary views on vivisection. Ann Surg 1992 Jul;216(1):80-6. A detailed review of Wigger's use of laboratory animals in his research on hypovolemic shock. 39 references. II. Ethical and Philosophic Aspects Beauchamp TL. The moral standing of animals in medical research. Law Med Health Care 1992 Spring-Summer;20(1-2):7-16. After discussing the meaning of the term "standing," Beauchamp deals with cognitive criteria that give moral standing. He believes that a consensus concerning the ethics of animal experimentation will be difficult to attain. 19 references. Caplan AL. Is xenografting morally wrong? Transplant Proc 1992 Apr;24(2):722-7. The author discusses the need for xenografting caused by the scarcity of transplantable human organs and tissues. He then deals with ethical issues raised by xenografting and concludes that it is morally acceptable to use animals as sources of organs and tissues. 21 references. DeGrazia D. The moral status of animals and their use in research: a philosophical review. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1991 Mar;1(1):48-70. DeGrazia reviews the theories of the moral status of animals advanced by Singer, Frey, Regan, Midgley, and Sapontzis and discusses the application of these theories to animal experimentation. He also deals with three theoretical issues: equal consideration, the value of life, and marginal cases. 35 references. Gluck JP, Kubacki SR. Animals in biomedical research: the undermining effect of the rhetoric of the besieged. Ethics Behav 1991;1(3):157-73. Gluck and Kubacki believe that "three very important obstacles to communicative dialog that are perpetuated by the biomedical research community are: (a) lack of respect for the strong feelings about animals expressed by the animal protection movement; (b) a reluctance to admit to the existence of second-rate science due to fraud, misconduct, and mythmaking; and (c) a belief that differing sets of ethical values cannot be integrated or that a consensus cannot be reached between opposing parties." 47 references. Matfield M. Animal research within an ethical framework. ATLA 1992 Apr;20(2):334-7. The Executive Director of the Research Defence Society in London weighs the benefits of animal research against the adverse effects upon the animals. He discusses the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 which he believes to provide an ethical framework for animal experimentation. Nelson JL. Transplantation through a glass darkly. Hastings Cent Rep 1992 Sep-Oct;22(5):6-8. Nelson argues that baboons should not be used as xenograft donors "...when their moral nature remains a mystery to us." Riopelle JM. The ethics of using animal models to study treatment of phantom pain [letter]. Anesthesiology 1992 Jun;76(6):1069-71. Riopelle raises ethical concerns about an experiment described in an article [Katz J, Vaccarino AL, Codere TJ, Melzack RC. Injury prior to neurectomy alters the pattern of autotomy in rats: behavioral evidence of central neural pasticity. Anesthesiology 1991 Nov;75(5):876-83]. He believes that "limits should be placed ... on how much suffering we inflict on animals during our exploration of ideas that may eventually benefit humans." Followed by the authors' reply and a comment by a resarch scientist solicited by the editor. 22 references. Singer P. Xenotransplantation and speciesism. Transplant Proc 1992 Apr;24(2):728-32. Peter Singer draws parallels between nonhuman primates and mentally impaired humans to support his arguments against xenotransplantation. 7 references. Stafleu FR, Rivas E, Rivas T, Vorstenbosch J, Heeger FR, Beynen AC. The use of analogous reasoning for assessing discomfort in laboratory animals. Anim Welf 1992;1(1):77-84. A discourse on the analogy-postulate "...the causes or symptoms of discomfort in people will also apply to animals." The authors consider theoretical and practical objections to the postulate but conclude that there are sound reasons for accepting it. 10 references. Tuohey J, Ma TP. Fifteen years after "animal liberation": has the animal rights movement achieved philosophical legitimacy? J Med Humanit 1992 Summer;13(2):79-89. Upon publication of its second edition, the authors analyze Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation: a New Ethic for Our Treatment of Animals. They find Singer's logic philosophically flawed and conclude that his book "though influential is slowing and in some cases stopping biomedical research involving animals, the animal rights movement in the United States has yet to offer a clear and compelling argument for the equality of species." 31 references. Vance RP. An introduction to the philosophical presuppositions of the animal liberation/rights movement. JAMA 1992 Oct 7;268(13):1715-9. The author examines what he believes to be the three most persistent myths of the "animal liberation/rights movement (ALRM)." (1) ALRM is motivated by emotional or mystical sentiment, (2) ALRM does not distinguish betwen animals and humans, and (3) there is no divergence in philosophies within ALRM. 56 references. III. Animal Rights Anderson JH. Animal rights and research: common sense must prevail. Radiology 1992 Sep;1184(3):647-51. After reviewing the benefits of animal research and the laws and regulations governing it, the author deals in detail with the activities of animal rights activists. He then addresses the scientific community's responsibility toward laboratory animals and finally proposes measures to safeguard continued animal experimentation. 21 references. Caldwell JR. Patients' rights vs animal rights [editorial]. J Fla Med Assoc 1992 Jul;79(7):439-40. The writer takes issue with the actvities of animal rights activists and their campaigns in primary and secondary schools. D'Hooge R. Animal experimentation (but without man at the centre of the universe) [letter]. J Med Ethics 1991 Dec;17(4):213-5. A critical response to Martin J, "The rights of man and animal experimentation." [J Med Ethics 1990 Sep;16(3):160-1. See CBM No. 91-1, p.3]. Followed by Martin's rebuttal. 9 references. Fritzsche U. Animals and ethics: how society's attitudes have changed [letter]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 Apr;166(4):1312-3. A critical comment on Maharry JM, "The issue of animal rights and human rights." [Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 Jun;164(6 Pt 1):1543-8. See CBM No. 92-2, p. 3]. Followed by Maharry's reply. Goodwin FK. Animal rights: medical research and product testing: is this a "hang together or together we hang" issue? Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 1992 Jan;31(1):6-11. The Director of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration distinguishes between animal welfare and animal rights and traces the history of the later. He then addresses the most frequent arguments against animal experimentation and closes by outlining measures to oppose the animal rights movement. 7 references. Jamison WV, Lunch WM. Rights of animals, perceptions of science, and political activism: profile of American animal rights activists. Sci Technol Hum Values 1992 Autumn;17(4):438-58. "This article reports original research examining characteris of active followers of the American animal rights movement. Typical respondents were Caucasian, highly educated urban professional women approximately thirty years old with a median income of $33,000 (1989)." Historical, demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral data are presented. 41 references. Nicoll CS, Russel SM. Animal rights, animal research and human obligation. Mol Cell Neurosci 1992;3(4):271-7. The writers take issue with ten common assertions made by members of the animal rights/liberation movement in attempts to discredit animal experimentation. 65 references. Nicoll CS, Russel SM. Mozart, Alexander the Great, and the animal rights/liberation philosophy. FASEB J 1991 Nov;5(14):2888-92. After briefly tracing the history of animal experimentation and the antivivisection movement, the authors discuss the philosophy and activities of animal rights/liberation proponents, and the moral/ethical issues of laboratory animal use including speciesism. They conclude that continued progress in the biomedical sciences is threatened by the opponents of animal experimentation. 26 references. Animal rights/liberation philosophy [letter]. FASEB J 1992 Apr;6(7):2498-92. Four critical responses to the article above and replies by its authors. 15 references. Randolph MM, Perry M, Randolph B. Animal rights issues and African- American health-care providers [editorial]. J Natl Med Assoc 1992 Aug;84(8):665-7. After outlining the medical advances achieved through the use of animals in research, the authors comment on the disparity of the health status of white and African Americans. They oppose activities by animal rights advocates that will broaden this disparity by interfering with medical research. 5 references. Smith SZ. Animal rights and experimental medicine [editorial]. J Ky Med Assoc 1992 Aug;90(8):381. While condemning terrorist attacks on research facilities, the writer urges fellow physicians "...to support moral treatment [of laboratory animals] with as much ardor as [they] protect human subjects." IV. Laws, Regulations, Guidelines Griffin JP. Animal welfare -- the European dimension. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1992 Jul; 26(3):293-4. A discussion of the increasing effect of European Community legislation on the use of laboratory animals. 3 references. O'Donoghue PN. European regulation of animal experiments. Lab Anim (New York) 1992 Sep; 21(8):20-7. The President of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations gives an historical overview of the European approach to animal experimentation and explains the meaning of "European." He lists the main provisions of Directive 86/609/EEC, a significant document addressing laboratory animal welfare in the European Economic Community. Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Boosland MC, de Greeve P, van Zutphen BF. Legislation and animal experimentation in the Netherlands and the U.S.: is there a difference in approach? Lab Anim (New York) 1992 Sep;21(8):28-37. "The Dutch Government...emphasizes training, supervision, expert advice and prevention of undesirable conditions, while strictly prohibiting animal experiments involving pain and stress unless there is no alternative. The US...relies first on regulation and inspection to enforce protection of the welfare of experimental animals and emphsizes adequate veterinary care; the US regulations encourage, but do not require, the use of available alternatives." 8 references. Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences; Swiss Academy of Sciences. Ethical principles and guidelines for scientific experiments on animals. Experientia 1992 Jan 15;48(1):1-3. A reprint of the principles and guidelines published in 1983 dealing with "(1) legal bases, (2) ethical principles, 3) ethical requirements for the legitimation of experiments on animals, and (5) responsibilities [of scientists]... ." They form the basis on which editors and referees judge whether studies involving experimentation on animals can be considered for Experientia. V. Replacement, Reduction, Refinement Balls M. The replacement of animal testing: ethical issues and practical realities. Int J Cosmet Sci 1991 Feb;13(1):23-8. After reviewing current trends in the replacement of animals in cosmetics testing, the author lists various alternatives such as mathematical modeling, use of lower organisms, and human studies. He continues by discussing the attempts to replace the Draize test and ultimately concludes that total replacement of animals in the testing of cosmetics is undoubtedly achievable. 12 references. Bruner LH. Alternatives to the use of animals in household product and cosmetic testing. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Mar 1;200(5):669-73. After explaining the necessity of safety testing of household products and cosmetics, the author describes alternatives to the use of animals in such testing and discusses research efforts aimed at the replacement or reduction of test animals. 24 references. DeLuca AM, Kranda KC. Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Lab Anim (New York) 1992 Jan;21(1):38-44. The authors provided toys and treats to dogs, cats, and pigs but believe that such items, while alleviating boredom, do not replace human companionship. 5 references. Festing MF. The scope for improving the design of laboratory animal experiments. Lab Anim 1992 Oct; 26(4):256-68. A technical article exploring "...the scope for improvement in experimental design in animal research (particularly toxicology), with a view to improving the quality of research and reducing animal use." 51 references. Gettings SD. The current status of in vitro test validation (evaluation) in the United States. ATLA 1991 Oct;19(4):432-6. This article deals largely with the CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association) Evaluation of Alternatives Program. Five other evaluation programs are discussed briefly. 9 references. Guillot R. [Cell cultures. Complementary or alternative methods to animal experimentation]. J Pharm Belg 1991 May-Jun;46(3):197-200. (Fre). The writer reviews the development, principal applications, and limiting factors of in vitro methods. He believes that such methods, now largely used to complement animal testing, could in the future partially, but not completely, replace in vivo testing. 3 references. Hirsjarvi P. Everyday ethics in animal experimentation. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 1992;19(1):35-6. The author considers the psychologic needs of laboratory animals and calls for research designed to obtain objective information on their well-being. Holtzmann M. [Killing of experimental rabbits with captive bolt guns according to animal welfare regulations]. J Exp Anim Sci 1991; 34(5-6):203-6. (Ger). A brief review of the various methods of laboratory animal euthanasia and a description of the use of a bolt gun for the humane killing of rabbits. 6 references. Ladiges WC. Alternatives to the use of conventional research animals in neoplastic research. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Mar 1; 200(5):674-6. A brief discussion of the roles of cold-blooded vertebrates, invertebrates, in vitro techniques, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation in cancer research as well as the use of pet and zoo animals with naturally induced neoplasms. 11 references. Mahoney CJ. Opinion: some thoughts on psychological enrichment. Lab Anim (New York) 1992 May;21(5):27-37. After discussing the five types of physical enrichment for nonhuman primates -- tactile, visual, olfactory, auditory, and gustatory -- the author comments on the human-animal bond of trust and reports on the structured psychologic enrichment programs at the Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates of the New York University Medical Center, Long Island. 18 references. Spielmann H, Grune-Wolff B, Ewe S, Skolik S, Liebsch M, Trave D, Hever J. ZEBET's data bank information service on alternatives to the use of experimental animals in Germany. ATLA 1992 Jul;20(3):362-7. The data bank was establshed in 1989 by the Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods at the German Federal Health Office in order "...to facilitate the common use of all available information on in vitro methods and, where necessary, to provide information on a more appropriate use of experimental animals." Each method documented in the data bank is evaluated as to its adherence to the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. 7 references. Spinelli JS. Preventing suffering in laboratory animals. Scand J Lab Anin Sci 1991;18(4):159-64. A discussion of ways and means to satisfy the physical, psychologic, and emotional needs of laboratory animals. 17 references. Whitney RA Jr. Research and development to enhance laboratory animal welfare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Mar 1;200(5):663-6. The then Director of the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, and now Deputy Surgeon General briefly deals with two studies on the use of emulsion adjuvants aimed at minimizing discomfort in laboratory animals and reviews research efforts to improve the environment of primates, guinea pigs, and dogs. He also discusses the Center's support for the development of nonmammalian models for biomedical research. 9 references. VI. Biomedical Education and Training Appelgren LE. Teaching of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1991;87:87-9. This brief report mentions the use of computer simulation for such topics as drug distribution, drug excretion, and the effects of autonomic drugs. 3 references. Barnard ND. The AMA and the Physicians Committe for Responsible Medicine [letter]. JAMA 1992 Aug 12; 268(6):788-9. The President of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine objects to a statement by Jerod Loeb made in reply to letters critical of a report by the American Medical Association's Council of Scientific Affairs [JAMA 1991 Dec 25;266(24):3421-3. See CBM No. 92-2, p.8]. Followed by Loeb's response. Dewhurst DG, Ullyrott RT. Computer simulated demonstration of the actions of drugs on the isolated perfused mammalian heart (Langendorff preparation). ATLA 1991 Jul;19(3):316-22. A description of a computer-assisted, menu driven learning program simulating heart rate, contractile force, and coronary blood flow followed by a discussion of the program's potential in undergraduate teaching. 9 references. Foreman J. Physicians support use of animals in medical education [editorial]. Arch Ophthalmol 1992 Mar;110(3):324. The writer reviews the use of animals in U.S. medical schools. She also lists the American Medical Association guidelines for the use of animals in medical school curricula and continuing education, and the guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmogy for animal experimentation. 3 references. The use of animals in medical education [letters]. Arch Ophthalmol 1992 Dec; 110(12):1681-2. Two critical comments on Foreman's editorial and a reply by the Assistant Vice President for Science and Technology at the American Medical Association. 4 references. Hamm TE, Blum JR. The humane use of animals in teaching. Contemp Top Anim Sci 1992 Sep;31(5):20-5. After reviewing several cases of high school and college students refusing to work with preserved or live animals and California's legislative response to this problem, the authors discuss mechanisms that protect animals used for teaching. 33 references. Kelly DE. Use of animals in medical education. Physiologist 1992 Dec;35(6):291-3. A report on a survey by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) to assess the use of live animals in undergraduate training in United States medical schools. 3 references. Steffens K, Koob E, Hong G. Training in basic microsurgical techniques without experiments involving animals. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992;111(4):198-203. Use of the front legs of slaughtered pigs for the teaching of basic microvascular and micro-neurosurgical techniques. 17 references. White KK, Wheaton LG, Greene SA. Curriculum change related to live animal use: a four-year surgical curriculum. J Vet Med Educ 1992 Winter;19(1):6-10. The College of Veterinary Medicine at Washington State University has developed an alternative surgery curriculum for students concerned over the use of live animals in the teaching laboratory. Alternatives include the use of cadavers, chicken carcasses, and plastic bones (for orthopedic techniques) as well as spay/neuter surgery on animals to be returned to the pond. 30 references. VII. Other Aspects Animal experiments: the great debate. New Scientist 1992 Apr 4;134(1815):25 and others. A series of 18 nonreferenced articles (listed below in chronological order) by medical and social scientists, veterinarians, bioethicists, science writers, and animal rights advocates. The series aims "...to air a broad spectrum of opinions and provide a variety of perspectives on what is sadly becoming an increasing polarised debate." Birke L, Michael M. The researcher's dilemma. 1992 Apr 4;134(1815):25. Birke L, Michael M. Views from behind the barricade. 1992 Apr 4;134(1815):29-32. Arluke A. Trapped in a guilt cage. 1992 Apr 4;134(1815):33-5. Hampson J. The secret world of animal experiments. 1992 Apr 11;134(1816):24-7. Morton D. A fair press for animals. 1992 Apr 11;134(1816):28-30. Wall P. Neglected benefits of animal research. 1992 Apr 18;134(1817):30-1. Silcock S. Is your experiment really necessary? 1992 Apr 18;134(1817):32-4. Bateson P. Do animals feel pain? 1992 Apr 25;134(1818):30-3. Manser C. Telltale signs of a stressful life. 1992 Apr 25;134(1818):34-6. Botham P, Purchase l. Why laboratory rats are here to stay. 1992 May 2;134(1819):29-30. Balls M. Time to reform toxic tests. 1992 May 2;134(1819):31-3. Ward L. Time for talk across the trenches. 1992 May 9;134(1820):28-30. Smith J. Dissecting valves in the classroom. 1992 May 9;134(1820):31-5. MacKenzie D. The laboratory rats guide to Europe. 1992 May 16;134(1821):29-31. Gavaghan H. Animal experiments the American way. 1992 May 16;134(1821):32-6. Rogers LJ, Tremont R. Australian researchers take on animal rights. 1992 May 16;134(1821):37. Elston MA. Victorian values and animal rights. 1992 May 23;134(1822):28-31. Elston MA. Caught in the crossfire of the animal wars. 1992 May 23;134(1822):32-5. Banks R. Commentary: the unwritten rules of the LAM veterinarian - the IACUC experience. Lab Anim (New York) 1992 Apr;21(4):37-40. The author discusses what he believes to be the responsibilities of the laboratory animal veterinarian as a member of the institutional animal care and use committe, e.g., monitor experiment feasibility, be the animal's advocate, serve as reference source, judge a procedure's appropriateness for a species, and be a community liaison. Becker AB, Krzanowski JJ. Report of the Committee on the Role and Care of Animals in Research. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 Jan; 89(1 Pt 1):140. This report by a committee of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology states that "... although some research may be performed with alternative techniques, ultimately, studies must be performed in living organisms, on animals or tissues obtained from animals." The committee recommends that members of the Academy "..take an active stance in educating the public about animal research." Carey ME. Diagnosis - a forum for readers. US Med 1992 Nov;28(21-22):32. A professor of neurosurgery describes the effect of "animal extremism" on his own reseach and on brain research in general. Coblentz CL, Cleland S, Denny CJ, Perry S. Research in the clinical radiology department. Invest Radiol 1992 Nov;27(11):971-3. This article deals with the development of a review process for animal experimentation in the Radiology Department of McMasters University Medical Center in West Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 5 references. Compton L, Taylor C. Current ethical issues surrounding animal research. Drug Inf J 1992 Jan-Mar;26(1):85-94. The authors review the attempts by animal rights activists to stop animal research and discuss the current status of product safety testing. They also deal briefly with animal testing alternatives and regulations concerning laboratory and pound animals. The scientific community, they believe, must reassure the public, the media, and legislators that animal experimentation is humane, reasonable, and necessary. 19 references. Cooper AJ, Johnson CD. Animal experimentation. Br J Surg 1991 Dec; 78(12):1409-111. This concise essay in support of animal experimentation deals with animal welfare militants, animal welfare literature, animal rights, and alternative testing methods. 5 references. Dresser R. Standards for animal research: justification and assessment of alternatives. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Mar 1;200(5):667-9. The writer concludes that "the ethical justification for a proposal to use laboratory animals depends on the value of the research objective, the likelihood that the proposal will contribute to that objective, the availability of alternative methods to pursue that objective, and the harm imposed on animal research subjects." 12 references. Emergency Nurses Association position statement. Protection of animal subjects. J Emerg Nurs 1992 Apr;18(2):40A. The Emergency Nurses Association believes "investigators are responsible for the ethical and humane treatment of animal subjects" and calls for compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the Animal Welfare Act, and the standards of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 4 references. Guaitani A. Laboratory animal science in Italy: legislation, education, and training programs. Lab Anim (New York) 1992 Sep;21(8):39-44. Aside from reviewing legislation, education, and training programs, the article lists the number of various species of laboratory animals used in biomedical research in Europe and Italy and the total number of laboratory animals used in Italy categorized by type of institution. 14 references. Guggenheim B. [Medicine and animal experiments -- some thoughts and facts]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1992;102(1):112-8, 138-9. (Ger). Prior to a Swiss referendum on animal experimentation, the author reviews the history and moral issues of animal research and discusses the extent of laboratory animal use in Switzerland. He speaks in favor of animal experimentation and takes issue with arguments opposing it. 12 references. Healy B, Novello AC, Varmus H, Birney D. The crucial link between laboratory animal research and human health. Acad Med 1991 Sep;66(9):526-30. The Director of the National Institutes of Health, the Surgeon General, a Nobel Prize winner, and an actor present arguments in favor of the use of laboratory animals in medical research. Kesteven R. It is time for a new consensus on animal-based experimentation. Can Med Assoc J 1991 Dec 14;145(12):1604-5, 1612. Kesteven is on the Board of Directors of the J. F. Morgan Foundation established in 1988 "... to promote research to reduce the use of animals in experimentation while maintaining or improving scientific reliability." She maintains that "the argument that animal-based experiments are not a cost-effective way to protect human health is buttressed by ethical questions on our right to exploit other species." She also believes that such experiments have little relevance to human medicine. 12 references. Animal rights [letters]. Can Med Assoc J 1992 Jun 1;146(11):1895-9. Five replies, four critical and one supportive, to Kesteven and her response. 7 references. Knight B. Forensic science and animal rights [editorial]. Forensic Sci Int 1992 Nov;57(1):1-3. Knight believes that many animal experiments have little practical relevance. He also believes the most common type of animal experiment in forensic science research to be inhumane. "Unless it can be shown that there was a compelling scientific reason to operate on conscious animals and also that the results provide important advances that could be used in the practice of forensic science, it is the editorial policy [of Forensic Science International] not to accept such work. Lachman P. The use of animals in research [editorial]. BMJ 1992 Jul 4;305(6844):1. The President of the British Royal College of Pathologists reviews advances in medical science which are the result of animal experiments and discusses the issue of animal rights. He points out that mice and rats, which comprise over 80% of the laboratory animals, are exterminated as vermin outside the laboratory. 2 references. Lederer SE. Political animals. The shaping of biomedical research in literature in twentieth-century America. Isis 1992 Mar; 83(1):61-79. After reviewing the history of antivivisection in twentieth-century America, the writer discusses practices, including choice of words, followed in writing scientific articles in order to minimize criticism of animal experimentation. 56 references. Masoro EJ. The role of animal models in meeting the gerontologic challenge of the 21st century. Gerontologist 1992 Oct;32(5):627-33. In part of this article the author deals with three issues raised by the animal rights/liberation movement: (1) animal experimentation is cruel, (2) research using animals is of little value, and (3) animals have rights. He analyzes these issues within the context of the dietary restriction rodent model. 37 references. Williams TF. Animal studies are teaching us about aging [editorial]. Gerontologist 1992 Oct;32(5):580. A comment on the article above. 4 references. Matfield MJ. Animal liberation or animal research? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991 Nov; 12(11):411-5. The Executive Director of the Research Defence Society in London reviews the history and activities of the animal liberation movement. He predicts that unless the scientific community informs the public about the necessity of animal experimentation and the humane way in which it is conducted, biomedical research could become seriously restricted. 22 references. Morowitz HJ. Laboratory animals and Congress. Hosp Pract 1992 Aug 15;27(8):23-7. An appeal for increased funding of the Biological Models and Materials Research Program at the National Institutes of Health. O'Neill C. Justifiable cruelty? Nurs Stand 1992 Mar 4-10;6(24):46. O'Neill decries animal experimentation, considering it cruel and unreliable. She calls on British nurses to actively oppose the use of laboratory animals. 5 references. Franklin M. Points of view. Nurs Stand 1992 May 20-6;6(35):44. The writer presents arguments opposing O'Neill's point of view. Osswald W. [Ethics of animal research and application to humans]. Acta Med Port 1992 Apr;5(4):222-5. (Por). The writer calls on the biomedical community to allay concerns about animal experimentation by encouraging inquiries and explaining willingly the use of laboratory animals. Poole TB. The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. J Med Primatol 1992 Jul;21(5):237-8. A review of the UFAW's goals and activities on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of its founding. The UFAW accepts that animals are used in scientific experiments believing that the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement should be applied. 3 references. Porter DG. Ethical scores for animal experiments. Nature 1992 Mar 12; 356(6365):101-2. Porter proposes a scoring system "...to explore the experiment from the viewpoint of the research animal." He presents eight categories (e.g., pain, realistic potential of experiment to achieve objective) to be scored on a weighted scale from one to five. 7 references. Prentice ED, Crouse DA, Mann MD. Scientific merit review: the role of the IACUC. ILAR News 1992 Winter-Spring;34(1-2):15-9. The authors decribe the role of the institutional animal care and use committe at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in determining scientific merit of research with laboratory animals. They believe that optimally expert peer review committes should conduct scientific merit reviews. 12 references. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. The use of animals for research in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 1992 Sep;21(9):1138-9. The Society, after giving examples of benefits emergency medicine research has derived from animal models, sets standards for animal experimentation. It will not accept presentations or publications not meeting these standards. 32 references. Ueckert W. [Observations on the surveillance of experimental animal facilities in universities]. Tierarztl Umsch 1991;46(10):614-6. (Ger). A German government veterinarian discusses problems with animal housing, record keeping, and animal care personnel. MONOGRAPHS Baird, Robert M.; Rosenbaum, Stuart E., editors. Animal experimentation: the moral issues. Buffalo (NY): Prometheus Books; 1991. 182 p. Sixteen essays expressing opposing views in the debate over animal rights versus human good. The authors are philosophers, bioethicists, lawyers, psychologists, and physicians. Krulisch, Lee, editor. Implementation strategies for research animal well-being: institutional compliance with regulations. Bethesda (MD): Scientists Center for Animal Welfare; Washington: WARDS; 1992 Jun. 178 p. Proceedings of a conference sponsored jointly by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare and WARDS (Working with Animals Used in Research, Drugs, and Surgery) in December 1991. "The two-day conference focused on the revised Part 3 (USDA) regulations about the humane and responsible care of non-human primates and canines in research." Maehle, Andreas-Holger. Kritik und Verteidigung des Tierversuchs: Die Anfange der Diskussion im 17. unf 18. Jahrhundert [Critic and defense of animal experimentation: the beginning of the discussion in the 17th and 18th centuries]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag; 1992. 205 p. (Ger). The author traces and analyzes animal experimentation in the 17th and 18th centuries. He deals with (a) animal experimentation as seen by contemporary physicians and natural scientists; (b) theologic, philosophic, and legal aspects of animal experimentation; and (c) animal experimentation in English belles lettres. Mench, Joy A.; Mayer, Stephen J.; Krulisch, Lee, editors. The well-being of agricultural animals in biomedical and agricultural research. Bethesda (MD): Scientists Center for Animal Welfare; 1992 Feb. 112 p. Proceedings of a conference held in September 1990. The conference dealt with such topics as regulatory perspectives, handling and transport, behavioral assessment of welfare, and animal care and use committees. Included also are workshop reports on cattle, poultry, sheep, and swine. Rowan, Andrew N.; Moore, Deborah E. Refinement and rodents: a report concerning the well-being of laboratory rodents. N. Grafton (MA): Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy; 1991 Dec. 51 p. (Report no. 9). After addressing the question "what is well-being?," the report deals with stress, boredom, husbandry factors, enrichment, and the refinement of experimental procedures. Smith, Jane A.; Boyd, Kenneth M., editors. Lives in the balance: the ethics of using animals in biomedical research. The report of a working party of the Institute of Medical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991. 352 p. The eighteen members of the working party -- research scientists, veterinarians, pholosophers, animal welfarists, moral theologians, and a lawyer -- considered the ethics of animal experimen-tation. They dealt with such topics as the benefits of animal research, animal pain and stress, and research aims and methods. The working party saw the use of animals in biomedical research as a necessary evil and argued that such a view was an invitation "...to eliminate quickly, so far as possible, the circumstances which generate the moral conflict it involves." Tester, K. Animals and society: the humanity of animal rights. New York: Routledge; 1991. 218 p. The book examines the relations between humans and animals by raising questions about the philosophy, history, and politics of animal rights. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Animal care and use committees [bibliography]. Allen, Tim; Klingerman, Karen, compilers. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1992 Sep. 38 p. 186 citations. (Special Reference Briefs; SRB 92-16). Updates SRB 90-06. References with descriptors, mostly to journal articles, on various aspects of animal care and use committees including ethics, investigators' and public attitudes and concerns, training, and regulation. Animal welfare legislation: bills submitted to the 102nd Congress, January 1992-June 1992 [bibliography]. Smith, Cynthia P., compiler. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library: 1992 Jul. 7 p. 17 citations. (AWIC Series; no. 11: Preliminary Report no. 1). An annotated listing containing one item related to laboratory animals ("Recission of funds allowed for the care and housing of animals uses in university projects"). Animal welfare legislation and regulations January 1987-February 1992 [bibliography]. Smith, Cynthia P., compiler. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1992 Mar. 51 p. 293 citations. (Quick Biliography Series; QB 92-35). Updates QB 91-63. Citations derived from the AGRICOLA database to journal articles, proceedings, monographs, monograph chapters, and government publications; many relate to laboratory animals. Each citation is augmented by descriptors. Environmental enrichment information resources for nonhuman primates: 1987-1992 [bibliography]. Swanson, Janice C.; Kreger, Michael D.; Berry, D'Anna J.; Lyons-Carter, Jennifer L.; Larson, Jean A.; Gluckstein, Fritz P.; Pritchard, Jackie, compilers. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1992 May. 105 p. 665 citations. Published in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine and the Primate Information Center, University of Washington. This bibliography supercedes Information Resources for Environmental Enrichment of Primates: 1987-1990 published in March 1991. It consists of citations to journal articles, monograph chapters, monographs, and bibliographies. It also has an annotated list of institutions providing information on primates and a list of journals containing primate information. Ethical and moral issues relating to animals January 1985-February 1992 [bibliography]. Swanson, Janice C., compiler. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1992 Jun. 58 p. 349 citations. (Quick Biliography Series; QB 92-51). Updates QB 90-48. Citations, augmented by decriptors, derived from the AGRICOLA database to journal articles, proceedings, monographs and monograph chapters relating to laboratory, domestic, captive, and wild animals. Exercise for dogs [bibliography]. Swanson, Janice C., compiler. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1991 Nov. 24 p. 117 citations. (Special Reference Briefs; SRB 92-02). This bibliography is divided into five sections: regulatory issues, exercise physiology, environmental physiology and behavior, husbandry and management, and biologic reference values. Each citation is augmented by descriptors. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests [bibliography]. Kreger, Michael D., compiler. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library; 1992 Jul. 48 p. 307 citations. (Special Reference Briefs; SRB 92-12). Updated SRB 90-12. Citations with descriptors on such topics as methodology, alternatives, computer estimation, statistical analysis, legislation and regulation.